Academic literature on the topic 'Hydraulic bargain'

There is little empirical research to indicate whether the introduction of sentencing guidelines displaces discretion from judges to prosecutors. In the handful of studies that examine the hydraulic displacement of discretion, discretion is usually measured by the rate of charge bargaining. The current study uses an alternative methodology—calculating the value of the bargain—to examine the effect of sentencing guidelines on prosecutorial discretion in the District of Columbia Superior Court. It measures the impact of charge bargaining on sentence length in a sample of 266 pre-guidelines sentences and 263 post-guidelines sentences, and finds that the rate of charge bargaining did not change after the introduction of guidelines, but that the impact of bargaining on sentence length increased slightly. Although the amount of displacement of discretion in the D.C. Guidelines was modest, the study demonstrates that alternative measures (value of the bargain) might reveal displacement of discretion when traditional measures (rate of the bargain) do not.

Engineering for flood resilience of dense coastal regions often neglects the resultant impact on urban design quality. Vital subsurface infrastructure such as hydraulic systems, water networks, civil construction, transport, energy supply and soil systems are especially important in shaping the urban environment and integrating resilience. However, the complexity and resource intensive nature of these engineering domains make it a challenge to incorporate them into design measures. In the process of planning, this impedes proactive collaboration between the design and engineering communities. This study presents a collaborative design engineering exercise undertaken to find spatial solutions to flood-prone Edogawa ward in Tokyo, Japan. The team included urbanists, hydraulic engineers, water resource managers, and landscape architects. Hydraulic engineering solutions were combined with spatial planning methods to deliver two alternative strategies for the chosen site. Each alternative was then evaluated for its urban design quality and effectiveness in reducing flood risk. The exercise highlighted that successful design requires comprehensive interdisciplinary collaboration to arrive at a sustainable bargain between hard and soft measures.

Estimation of design flood is imperative for hydraulic designs of spillways and various other water resources development projects as well as very essential for flood risk assessment. The objective of the present study is to apply Geographical Information System (GIS) supported hydro informatics approach for estimation of design flash-flood in Bargi dam cross-section. A criterion used for estimation of design flash flood is validated by central water commission (CWC). A hydrologic modelling software (HEC-GeoHMS) is used for the delineation of basin characterises for simulation of the precipitation-runoff process of the dendritic basin system. The SUH (Synthetic Unit Hydrograph) and flood hydrographs for 25, 50 and 100 year return periods are computed along with time distribution curve which can be used to derive the time distribution co-efficient of storm rainfall in the sub-basins for the rainstorm of any duration. It is observed in this research that the peak characteristics of the design flash-flood are more perceptive to the various design storm pattern. It is demonstrated that flood hydrographs are important in flood-risk management. The results attained exhibit the capability of the flood hydrograph to describe the effects of different hydraulic systems.

Between 1961 and 1976 Häi Hung province -- present day Häi Duong and Hung Yên -- lost the equivalent of two entire districts of agricultural land. How could so much land be abandoned under a collectivised agriculture system? And what role did poor water control infrastructure play in creating such a situation?¶ I answer these questions by examining the historical patterns of hydraulic development in northern Vietnam from the beginning of the 19th century until the introduction of the Production Contract system in 1981. Underlying both the French colonial and communist visions of modernity and economic development was a belief that improving agricultural productivity, of which large-scale hydraulic infrastructure was an important component, could catalyse growth in the rural economy, which could then finance industrialisation. I argue throughout this thesis that developing large-scale hydraulic infrastructure in the Red River delta has relied upon the creation of a hydraulic bargain between the state and water users. This is in contrast to Wittfogel's theory of the hydraulic state, insofar as developing hydraulic infrastructure has depended upon the active political and economic participation and support of water users, and not the absolute power of the state. The political economic history of the hydraulic bargain highlights the relative power of peasants to influence the direction of large-scale hydraulic development and, as such, the shape of the Red River delta's wet-rice economy.

Between 1961 and 1976 Häi Hung province -- present day Häi Duong and Hung Yên -- lost the equivalent of two entire districts of agricultural land. How could so much land be abandoned under a collectivised agriculture system? And what role did poor water control infrastructure play in creating such a situation?¶ I answer these questions by examining the historical patterns of hydraulic development in northern Vietnam from the beginning of the 19th century until the introduction of the Production Contract system in 1981. Underlying both the French colonial and communist visions of modernity and economic development was a belief that improving agricultural productivity, of which large-scale hydraulic infrastructure was an important component, could catalyse growth in the rural economy, which could then finance industrialisation. I argue throughout this thesis that developing large-scale hydraulic infrastructure in the Red River delta has relied upon the creation of a hydraulic bargain between the state and water users. This is in contrast to Wittfogel's theory of the hydraulic state, insofar as developing hydraulic infrastructure has depended upon the active political and economic participation and support of water users, and not the absolute power of the state. The political economic history of the hydraulic bargain highlights the relative power of peasants to influence the direction of large-scale hydraulic development and, as such, the shape of the Red River delta's wet-rice economy.