Relevant bibliographies by topics / HYDRALL

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'HYDRALL'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "HYDRALL"

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Magnani, F., A. Nolè, F. Ripullone, and J. Grace. "Growth patterns of Pinus sylvestris across Europe: a functional analysis using the HYDRALL model." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 2, no. 5 (October 15, 2009): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/ifor0516-002.

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Murukan, Greeshma, and Murugan K. "COMPOSITION OF PURIFIED ANTHOCYANIN ISOLATED FROM TEAK AND IT’S IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 9 (July 22, 2017): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i9.19517.

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Objective: The present study evaluates purification, characterization of anthocyanin from in vitro culture of teak and its antioxidant potential.Methods: Anthocyanin was extracted from in vitro culture, purified by using amber lite XAD column and fractionated by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Various antioxidant assays were carried such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), Nitric oxide (NO) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).Results: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed the major fraction as cyanidin 3-(2-xylosyl-rutinoside) with unknown peaks. The amount of anthocyanin was 15.23 mg/g monomeric anthocyanin. Further, the potential antioxidant capacity of the teak anthocyanin was comparable to common vegetables and fruits. Similarly, high correlations of anthocyanin with antioxidant activity, such as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) (r = 0.95, 0.93, and 0.80) were found.Conclusion: The high anthocyanins content and potential antioxidant activity suggests that teak anthocyanin may be applied in the food industry as a good source of natural pigments
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Yao, Kaiyong, Luyi Jiang, Jianxin Liu, Diming Wang, Hongyun Liu, and Daxi Ren. "Effect of Yellow Wine Lees Supplementation on Milk Antioxidant Capacity and Hematological Parameters in Lactating Cows under Heat Stress." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 2643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092643.

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Fifteen multiparous lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square Design to evaluate the effect of total mixed rations (TMR) containing unfermented and fermented yellow wine lees (YWL) on the oxidative status of heat-stressed lactating cows and the oxidative stability of the milk and milk fatty acids they produced. Cows were fed with three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets as follows: (1) TMR containing 18% soybean meal, (2) TMR containing 11% unfermented YWL (UM), and (3) TMR containing 11% fermented YWL (FM). The rectal temperature (at 1300 h) and respiratory rate were higher in control cows than in cows fed UM or FM. Both types of YWL were greater in total phenolic and flavonoid contents, reducing power, and radical scavenging abilities than soybean meal. Cows fed UM or FM had higher blood neutrophil, white blood cell, and lymphocyte counts, as well as lower plasma malondialdehyde level, higher plasma superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate levels, and higher total antioxidant capacity in the plasma than those fed control diet. The proportion of milk unsaturated fatty acids was higher and that of saturated fatty acids was lower in UM- and FM-fed animals than in the control animals. Milk from UM- and FM-fed cows had lower malondialdehyde content but higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate content than the control cows. In conclusion, feeding TMR containing UM and FM to cows reduced both the oxidative stress in heat-stressed cows and improved the oxidative capacity of their milk.
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BEEK, H. C. A., P. M. HEERTJES, C. HOUTEPEN, and D. RETZLOFF. "Formation of Hydrazyl Radicals and Hydrazo Compounds by Photoreduction of Azo Dyes." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 87, no. 3 (October 22, 2008): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1971.tb03006.x.

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Batubara, R., T. I. Hanum, and O. Affandi. "GC-MS analysis of young and mature wild agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) and its antioxidant potential." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 912, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/912/1/012038.

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Abstract Agarwood grows wildly in the nature and its leaves may be utilized as raw materials for agarwood tea, especially from Aquilaria species. The study was conducted to determine the chemical compounds in the young and mature leaves of wild gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk). Chemical compounds were detected using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (py-GCMS) while antioxidant capacity of the leaf extracts was assayed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical method. The results obtained a total of 30 chemical compounds in agarwood leaves extract with different composition between young and mature leaves. The agarwood leaves extracts displayed strong antioxidative capacity with a main compound namely octadecanoid acid or stearic acid.
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Heijkoop, G., and H. C. A. van Beek. "Decomposition and disproportionation of hydrazyl radicals and hydrazo compounds derived from azo dyes." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 95, no. 1 (September 2, 2010): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19760950103.

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AlNeyadi, Shaikha S., Naheed Amer, Tony G. Thomas, Ruba Al Ajeil, Priya Breitener, and N. Munawar. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity of Some 2-Methoxyphenols derivatives." Heterocyclic Communications 26, no. 1 (September 27, 2020): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hc-2020-0112.

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AbstractOxidative stress is a causative factor in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Therapeutic antioxidants are promising candidates for preventing and treating conditions in which oxidative stress is a contributing factor. In this study, we report the design, synthesis and antioxidant activity of six compounds containing the 2-methoxyphenol moiety core structure. The synthesized derivatives were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and elemental analysis spectroscopy. The antioxidant properties of the compounds were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. New phenolic acid-derived compounds with antioxidant activity were identified.
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Al-Mashhadani, Asia H. "Study of in vitro and in vivo free radical scavenging activity for radioprotection of cerium oxide nanoparticles." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 15, no. 35 (October 2, 2018): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v15i35.52.

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Nanoceria have shown numerous unique characteristics, such as biocompatibility and are excellent agents for biological applications. The aim of this study is to investigate cerium oxide nanoparticles for 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and their ability to offer protection against ionizing radiation. In vitro antioxidant activity study of nanoceria particles has shown good free radical scavenging activity for DPPH radical assayed within a concentration range of 0.01 to 0.05 g/l, at higher concentrations of nanoparticles showed reverse trend in absorbance and inhibition indicating this finite rang of concentration is suitable for scavenging free radicals, also nanoparticles were found to have significant antioxidant capacity and thus can be used as potential radical scavenger against deleterious damages caused by the free radicals. The results of histopathological examination showed effectiveness of CeO2 nanoparticles in radioprotection of skin cells in animal models during radiation exposure.
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Marinković, Jelena, Biljana Nikolić, Tatjana Marković, Milena Radunović, Jugoslav Ilić, Marko Bošković, Ana Ćirić, and Dejan Marković. "Cymbopogon citratus essential oil: an active principle of nanoemulsion against Enterococcus faecalis root canal biofilm." Future Microbiology 16, no. 12 (August 2021): 907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2021-0081.

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Aim: The objective was to formulate and characterize the nanoemulsion based on Cymbopogon citratus oil, intended for use in infected teeth root canal therapy. The investigation of the antioxidant and antibiofilm potential toward Enterococcus faecalis was aimed as well. Materials & methods: Characterization of oil (by GC/MS analysis) and nanoemulsion (by dynamic light scattering instrument), and determination of antibacterial (by microdilution assay), antibiofilm (by crystal violet assay) and antioxidant properties (by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate and thiobarbituric acid assay methods) were provided. Antibiofilm efficacy of irrigation procedure including nanoemulsion was screened on extracted teeth (by CFU-counting assay). Results: Notable antibacterial and antibiofilm activity, both against forming and preformed biofilms of oil, was observed. Irrigation involved nanoemulsion showed remarkable antibiofilm potential. Both substances induced some antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Results encourage further research with the aim of application of the nanoemulsion in dental practice.
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Lee, Chang-Hyun, Hyo-Soon Shin, Dong-Hun Yeo, Gook-Hyun Ha, and Sahn Nahm. "The Synthesis Mechanism of BaTiO3Nano Particle at Low Temperature by Hydrate Salt Method." Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 27, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/jkem.2014.27.12.852.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HYDRALL"

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Bagnara, Maurizio. "Modelling biogeochemical cycles in forest ecosystems: a Bayesian approach." Doctoral thesis, country:IT, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/25094.

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Forest models are tools for explaining and predicting the dynamics of forest ecosystems. They simulate forest behavior by integrating information on the underlying processes in trees, soil and atmosphere. Bayesian calibration is the application of probability theory to parameter estimation. It is a method, applicable to all models, that quantifies output uncertainty and identifies key parameters and variables. This study aims at testing the Bayesian procedure for calibration to different types of forest models, to evaluate their performances and the uncertainties associated with them. In particular,we aimed at 1) applying a Bayesian framework to calibrate forest models and test their performances in different biomes and different environmental conditions, 2) identifying and solve structure-related issues in simple models, and 3) identifying the advantages of additional information made available when calibrating forest models with a Bayesian approach. We applied the Bayesian framework to calibrate the Prelued model on eight Italian eddy-covariance sites in Chapter 2. The ability of Prelued to reproduce the estimated Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) was tested over contrasting natural vegetation types that represented a wide range of climatic and environmental conditions. The issues related to Prelued's multiplicative structure were the main topic of Chapter 3: several different MCMC-based procedures were applied within a Bayesian framework to calibrate the model, and their performances were compared. A more complex model was applied in Chapter 4, focusing on the application of the physiology-based model HYDRALL to the forest ecosystem of Lavarone (IT) to evaluate the importance of additional information in the calibration procedure and their impact on model performances, model uncertainties, and parameter estimation. Overall, the Bayesian technique proved to be an excellent and versatile tool to successfully calibrate forest models of different structure and complexity, on different kind and number of variables and with a different number of parameters involved
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Arjmandi, Mosayyeb. "Gas hydrate control by low dosage hydrate inhibitors." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2069.

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Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline compounds, which form through a combination of water and suitably sized' guest' molecules under low temperature and elevated pressure conditioiJ.s. The formation of gas hydrates in subsea pipelines can cause pipeline blockage, resulting in serious economic and safety issues. Gas hydrate formation is generally prevented by employment of so-called 'thermodynamic inhibitors', which include salts and organic compounds such as methanol and ethylene glycol. However, the use of thermodynamic inhibitors can 'become uneconomical when high concentrations are required and/or water cut is high. There are also important associated issues with respect to inhibitor recovery and environmental damage. In the light of this, other methods for hydrate prevention such as making use of natural hydrate inhibitors in oil systems and application of a new family of hydrate inhibitors, - . termed 'Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors' (LDHI), are becoming attractive options. In this work both methods have been addressed by investigating the primary mechanism and the parameters involved in hydrate inhibition by the mentioned methods, using novel experimental techniques, and an in-house hydrate model. It is known- that water/oil (W/O) emulsions can reduce gas hydrate blockage risks. Natural surfactants such as asphaltenes and resins in the oil are commonly identified as the agents responsible for stabilising W/O emulsions. In this work, it was shown that oil properties, mixing rate and mixing history, water content, and operational conditions ,- (e.g. pressure) play significant role in reducing hydrate blockage risks in oil/water _systems. The effect of mixing rate on the induction time before hydrate formation was shown to be a function of system mixing history (degree of emulsification of water in oil). Before formation of stable emulsion, the induction time increased with mixing rate. However after formation of stable water/oil emulsion induction time was not a strong function of the mixing rate. Water content found to be the most important factor in controlling the risk. It was shown that for the oils tested, water cuts up to 20% do not pose any risk of blockage in the system tested while at 30% water cut a low dosage hydrate inhibitor will be needed for preventing hydrate blockage. A novel experimental set up (Glass Micromodel set-up) was used to obtain visual information regarding the state of water oil emulsion, size of water droplets in the emulsion, hydrates particle size and morphology and distribution of different phases in the system. The results showed that heavier components in the oil phase are attracted on gas hydrate crystals formed in a water foil emulsion (the oil surrounding the hydrate particles became brighter and more transparent). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that at static condition the agglomeration of hydrate particles appears to be easier than in flowing conditions in the Micromodel set-up. That was in line with the results obtained from the kinetic rig tests (where long shut-in times resulted in stirrer blockage). The principal limitation to curren~ Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor (KHI) design techniques is a lack of verified molecular mechanisms for LDHI activity. In the framework of a jo~nt project between Heriot-Watt and Warwick Universities, a new approach has been used in the design and testing of new LDHIs. Chemicals designed using molecular dynamic simulation were subsequently synthesised (Warwick University) and tested using novel experimental techniques under simulated offshore pipeline conditions to evaluate their potential for use in offshore operations and factors affecting their performance and to study primary mechanism of hydrate inhibition (Heriot-Watt University). The new KHIs showed mild hydrate inhjbition erfect. In natural gas-water system, their performance was not as good as conventional i
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Smith, Jonathan David S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Hydrate-phobic surfaces." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69783.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 25-27).
Clathrate hydrate formation and subsequent plugging of deep-sea oil and gas pipelines represent a significant bottleneck for ultra deep-sea production. Current methods for hydrate mitigation focus on injecting thermodynamic or kinetic inhibitors into the flow, heating the pipe walls, or managing the flow of formed hydrates. These methods are expensive and energy intensive. An alternative approach involves reducing the adhesion of hydrates to surfaces, ideally to a low enough level that the force of flow detaches them and prevents plug formation. Systematic and quantitative studies of hydrate adhesion on smooth surfaces with varying energies were conducted. Surface energies were quantified using van Oss-Chaudhury-Good analysis of advancing and receding contact angles of polar and nonpolar fluids. The strengths of hydrate adhesion to these surfaces were measured using a custom-built testing apparatus, and greater than 75% reduction in adhesion strength of Tetrahydrofuran hydrate was achieved on treated surfaces compared with bare steel. This reduction is achievable on surfaces characterized by low Lewis acid, Lewis base, and van der Waals contributions to surface free energy such that the work of adhesion is minimized. Hydrate adhesion strength was correlated with the practical work of adhesion, i.e. with [gamma]₁(1 + cos [theta]rec) , of a suitable probe fluid, that is, one with similar surface energy properties to those of the hydrate. These fundamental studies provide a framework for the development of hydrate-phobic surfaces, and may lead to passive enhancement of flow assurance and prevention of blockages in deep-sea oil and gas operations.
by Jonathan David Smith.
S.M.
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Lin, Longfei. "The key parameters influencing the reactivity of magnesium silicate based catalysts : application to transesterification in liquid phase." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066313/document.

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Dans le domaine de la valorisation des dérivés de la biomasse, les réactions de transestérification suscitent un grand intérêt en raison de leur importance pour transformer des molécules plateformes biobasées. L'étude des paramètres clés régissant une réaction de transestérification modèle, catalysée par des solides de type silicate de magnésium, a été menée. L'ensemble des données expérimentales (XRD, XPS, DRIFTS, RMN) a démontré qu'une phase de silicate de magnésium hydraté (MSH) est présente à la surface des catalyseurs les plus actifs. Cette phase, possédant une structure proche de celle d'une argile mais avec des défauts et présentant des propriétés acido-basiques spécifiques, est capable d'activer à la fois l'alcool (sur des sites basiques) et l'ester (sur des sites acides). Ce résultat est confirmé par l'étude cinétique qui met en évidence un mécanisme Langmuir-Hinshelwood. En outre, il a été montré que l'eau coordonnée au magnésium situé sur le bord des feuillets des particules ou dans les défauts présents à la surface des silicates engendre des sites acides particuliers.Par ailleurs, une série de phyllosilicates de magnésium, a été testée dans la réaction de transestérification modèle. Le rôle de la taille des particules a été mis en évidence et les meilleurs résultats catalytiques ont été obtenus avec le talc et la laponite possédant des tailles de feuillet nanométriques. De plus, l'étude cinétique indique que la réaction de transestérification catalysée par la laponite, n’ayant seulement que des sites basiques, implique un mécanisme Eley-Rideal. Enfin, dans le cas de la laponite la dissociation de l’eau sur les sites basiques empoissonne la réaction
In the field of biomass derivatives valorisation, transesterification reactions have attracted numerous interest due to its importance to transform platform molecules. A study of the parameters governing the reactivity of magnesium silicate based catalyst in a model transesterification reaction was thoroughly undertaken. The set of experimental data (XRD, XPS, DRIFTS, NMR) demonstrated that a magnesium silicate hydrate (MSH) phase is formed at the surface of the most active silicates. It is thus concluded that this active phase, presented a clay-like structure with defects and specific acido-basic properties, is able to activate together the alcohol (over base sites) and the ester (over acid sites). This result fits with the kinetic study that implies the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Moreover, the acid sites were revealed that are created from the water coordinated to magnesium located on the edge of the clay-like particles or in the defects present in the silicate layer.Besides, a series of phyllosilicates having the similar structure with MSH, were tested in the model transesterification reaction. The influence of the particles size was investigated and the best catalytic performances were obtained with talc and laponite with nanosheets. In addition, kinetic study indicates that the transesterification reaction on the laponite, with purely basic sites, undergoes Eley-Rideal mechanism. Finally, unlike the positive role of water on the formation of acid sites in MSH, on laponite, the dissociation of the water on basic sites poisons the reaction
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Battah, Sam Jordan. "Natural gas hydrate production." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=15554.

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The concept which led to the establishment of the research in natural gas hydrate production, was born by Dr. Robert Amin (currently Professor of Petroleum Engineering at Curtin University and Chair of the Woodside Research Foundation) and Alan Jackson of Woodside Energy. The intended research in this field is to establish the viability of utilizing a synthesised natural gas hydrate as a means to allow a cheaper form of transportation of natural gas from the wellhead to the customer in direct competition with liquefied natural gas (LNG). Natural gas exists in ice-like formations called hydrates found on or under sea-beds and under permafrost. Hydrates trap methane molecules inside a cage of frozen water, where the amount of hydrates trapped is dependent on surrounding formation pressure. The amount of natural gas trapped in hydrates is largely unknown, but it is very large. A number of scientists believe that hydrates contain more than twice as much energy as all the world's coal, oil, and natural gas combined, hence making it a viable option of fuel in the 21st century, in a world constantly seeking cleaner sources of energy. The feasibility of production of natural gas hydrates on offshore installations and onshore facilities makes this development a viable option. As such this technology requires detailed research and development in a laboratory environment coupled with a pilot plant construction for commercial operation. Current estimates for onshore based facilities for the production of hydrates show a cost reduction of approximately 25% compared with LNG plants of the same energy capacity.
There are two major issues which require detailed research and development in order to progress this technology. First is the enhancement of the hydrates production by the use of other additives, and second, the continuous production at near atmospheric pressures. Other research related to transport methodology and re-gasification will be essential for the overall success of this technology, however, this work is outside the scope of this research.
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Battah, Sam. "Natural gas hydrate production." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1221.

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The concept which led to the establishment of the research in natural gas hydrate production, was born by Dr. Robert Amin (currently Professor of Petroleum Engineering at Curtin University and Chair of the Woodside Research Foundation) and Alan Jackson of Woodside Energy. The intended research in this field is to establish the viability of utilizing a synthesised natural gas hydrate as a means to allow a cheaper form of transportation of natural gas from the wellhead to the customer in direct competition with liquefied natural gas (LNG). Natural gas exists in ice-like formations called hydrates found on or under sea-beds and under permafrost. Hydrates trap methane molecules inside a cage of frozen water, where the amount of hydrates trapped is dependent on surrounding formation pressure. The amount of natural gas trapped in hydrates is largely unknown, but it is very large. A number of scientists believe that hydrates contain more than twice as much energy as all the world's coal, oil, and natural gas combined, hence making it a viable option of fuel in the 21st century, in a world constantly seeking cleaner sources of energy. The feasibility of production of natural gas hydrates on offshore installations and onshore facilities makes this development a viable option. As such this technology requires detailed research and development in a laboratory environment coupled with a pilot plant construction for commercial operation. Current estimates for onshore based facilities for the production of hydrates show a cost reduction of approximately 25% compared with LNG plants of the same energy capacity.There are two major issues which require detailed research and development in order to progress this technology. First is the enhancement of the hydrates production by the use of other additives, and second, the continuous production at near atmospheric pressures. Other research related to transport methodology and re-gasification will be essential for the overall success of this technology, however, this work is outside the scope of this research.
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Battah, Sam. "Natural gas hydrate production /." Full text available, 2002. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-WCU20041207.145646.

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Mahabadian, Mohammadreza Ameri. "Solid-fluid equilibria modelling in wax, hydrate and combined wax-hydrate forming systems." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/3331.

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Waxes and hydrates formation are two major flow assurance challenges, imposing considerable costs for prevention and, in worst case scenario, pipeline blockage removal and deferred production. Employing remediation and prevention schemes for hydrate and wax related problems necessitates knowledge of their formation conditions as well as their amount. The main focus of this work is thermodynamic modelling of phase equilibria in systems prone to waxes, hydrates and combined wax−hydrate formation. Study of these complex mixtures requires the development of a robust multiphase flash calculation algorithm capable of identifying the correct number and nature of the phases in equilibrium. Such an algorithm is devised in this work based on the Gibbs free energy minimization concept. The algorithm is first applied to complex hydrate forming systems and then extended to combined wax-hydrate forming mixtures, enabling investigation of the mutual interactions between hydrates and waxes from the thermodynamics viewpoint. The new algorithm is fast and is capable of showing complex behaviours in hydrate and wax forming systems including stability of several wax phases or more than one hydrate structure at equilibrium conditions. In this work, an integrated thermodynamic model coupling three highly accurate schemes, i.e., the cubic plus association equation of state, UNIQUAC activity coefficient model and van der Waals and Platteeuw approach−to describe the non-idealities of the fluids, paraffinic solids (waxes) and hydrates, respectively−is implemented. Furthermore, the formation of waxes in high-pressure condition is thoroughly investigated, especially for highly asymmetric condensate-like systems. Accordingly, a modified thermodynamic model is presented for wax formation in high-pressure systems. Comparing with experimental solid-fluid equilibrium data of synthetic mixtures, the integrated model presents excellent agreement which demonstrates the reliability of the approach. Finally, the method available for the extension of the integrated model−which was based on synthetic mixtures−to real oil systems and especially for wax formation, are evaluated. Based on the analysis presented the best model is chosen and used for illustrating the combined wax-hydrate precipitation in a real crude oil.
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Puri, Atul. "Biochemical, molecular, and physiological aspects of fluridone herbicide resistance in hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013738.

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Martin, Ana Isabel. "Hydrate Bearing Sediments-Thermal Conductivity." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6844.

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The thermal properties of hydrate bearing sediments remain poorly studied, in part due to measurement difficulties inside the hydrate stability envelope. In particular, there is a dearth of experimental data on hydrate-bearing sediments, and most available measurements and models correspond to bulk gas hydrates. However, hydrates in nature largely occur in porous media, e.g. sand, silt and clay. The purpose of this research is to determine the thermal properties of hydrate-bearing sediments under laboratory conditions, for a wide range of soils from coarse-grained sand to fine-grained silica flour and kaolinite. The thermal conductivity is measured before and after hydrate formation, at effective confining stress in the range from 0.03 MPa to 1 MPa. Results show the complex interplay between soil grain size, effective confinement and the amount of the pore space filled with hydrate on the thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments.
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Books on the topic "HYDRALL"

1

Boyd, William A. HYDRIL (version 1.0): A simulation model for growth of hydrilla. [Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1996.

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Sloan, E. Dendy. Hydrate engineering. Richardson, Tex: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000.

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Demirbas, Ayhan. Methane gas hydrate. London: Springer, 2010.

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Demirbas, Ayhan. Methane Gas Hydrate. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-872-8.

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Mrosovsky, Kitty. Hydra. London: Allison and Busby, 1985.

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Tardent, P. Hydra. Zürich: O. Füssli, 1988.

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McKerley, Jennifer Guess. Hydra. Detroit: KidHaven Press, 2009.

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Mrosovsky, Kitty. Hydra. London: Allison and Busby, 1985.

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HYDRA. [Place of publication not identified]: RIBBIT Books, 2015.

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D, Adamopoulou-Paulou, ed. Hydra. Athens: Ekdoseis Vergas, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "HYDRALL"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Hydrate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 373. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6090.

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Polhill, R. M., and David Simpson. "Hydrilla." In Flora of Tropical East Africa, 5–6. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003071945-3.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "hydrate." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 263. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_4847.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Hydrat." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 262–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_4844.

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Albayrak, Ismail, and Robert M. Boes. "Fish Guidance Structure with Wide Bar Spacing: Mechanical Behavioural Barrier." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower, 99–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_8.

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AbstractThis chapter deals with the fish guidance structures (FGS) with wide bar spacing and focuses on Curved-Bar Rack-Bypass Systems (CBR-BS) (Beck 2020) for fish protection and fish guidance at water intakes. In: Boes RM (ed) VAW-Mitteilung, vol 257. VAW, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. https://vaw.ethz.ch/en/the-institute/publications/vaw-communications/2010-2019.html, Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:807–818, 2020a; Beck et al., J Hydraul Res 58:819–830, 2020b; Beck et al., Water 12:3244, 2020c). FGS with wider bar spacing are classified as mechanical behavioural barriers and designed for use mainly at run-of-river hydropower plants (HPPs) and water intakes with large design discharges. In the following, different types of the FGS with wide bar spacing are introduced and, fish guidance performance and design recommendations of CBR-BS are presented.
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Hoyer, Daniel, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, Sarah Parylak, Micaela Morelli, Nicola Simola, Nicola Simola, et al. "Chloral Hydrate." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 278–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_1814.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Chromic Hydrate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 144. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2372.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Chromium Hydrate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 144. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2375.

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Bagirov, E., and I. Lerche. "Hydrate Hazards." In Impact of Natural Hazards on Oil and Gas Extraction, 149–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3019-7_6.

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Irvine, William M. "Clathrate Hydrate." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 479–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_302.

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Conference papers on the topic "HYDRALL"

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Wang, Yandong, Li Zhang, Jian Tan, Min Li, Yuqing Gao, Xavier Guerin, Xiaoqiao Meng, and Shicong Meng. "HydraDB." In SC15: The International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2807591.2807614.

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Ehrhart, Brian, Gabriela Bran Anleu, Jamal Mohmand, Leonard Klebanoff, and Austin Baird. "Current Efforts in Hydrogen for Rail." In Proposed for presentation at the 16th Annual International Hydrail Conference held June 29-29, 2021 in ,. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1874683.

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Bozhko, Yu Yu, and O. S. Yashutina. "Dissociation of double hydrate and methane hydrate." In INTERNATIONAL YOUTH SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN THE THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ENERGY EQUIPMENT” (HMTTSC 2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5120653.

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Aminnaji, Morteza, Alfred Hase, and Laura Crombie. "Anti-Agglomerants: Study of Hydrate Structural, Gas Composition, Hydrate Amount, and Water Cut Effect." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22765-ms.

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Abstract Kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) and anti-agglomerants (AAs) – known as low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) – have been used widely for gas hydrate prevention in oil and gas operations. They offer significant advantages over thermodynamic inhibitors (e.g., methanol and glycols). While significant works have been done on KHIs evaluation, AAs suffer from their evaluation in terms of hydrate structural effect, gas composition, water cut, and hydrate amount, which are the main objectives of this work. A Shut-in-Restart procedure was carried out to experimentally evaluate (using a visual rocking cell) various commercial AAs in different gas compositions (from a simple methane system to multicomponent natural gas systems). The kinetics of hydrate growth rate and the amount of hydrate formation in the presence of AAs were also analysed using the recorded pressure-temperature data. The amount of hydrate formation (WCH: percentage of water converted to hydrate) was also calculated by pressure drop and establishing the pressure-temperature hydrate flash. The experimental results from the step heating equilibrium point measurement suggest the formation of multiple hydrate structures or phases in order of thermodynamic stability rather than the formation of simple structure II hydrate in the multicomponent natural gas system. The initial findings of experimental studies show that the performance of AAs is not identical for different gas compositions. This is potentially due to the hydrate structural effect on AAs performance. For example, while a commercially available AA (as tested here) could not prevent hydrate agglomeration/blockage in the methane system (plugging occurred after 2% hydrate formed in the system), it showed a much better performance in the natural gas systems. In addition, while hydrate plugging was not observed in the visual rocking cell in the rich natural gas system with AA (at a high subcooling temperature of ∼15°C), some hydrate agglomeration and hydrate plugging were observed for the lean natural gas system at the same subcooling temperature. It is speculated that methane hydrate structure I is potentially the main reason for hydrate plugging and failure of AAs. Finally, the results indicate that water cut%, gas composition, and AAs concentration have a significant effect on hydrate growth rate and hydrate plugging. In addition to increasing confidence in AAs field use, findings potentially have novel applications with respect to hydrate structural effect on plugging and hydrate plug calculation. A robust pressure-temperature hydrate flash calculation is required to calculate the percent of water converted to hydrate during hydrate growth in the presence of AAs.
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Song, Shangfei, Bohui Shi, Weichao Yu, Wang Li, and Jing Gong. "Optimization of Hydrate Management in Deepwater Gas Well Testing Operations." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78269.

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Low temperature and high pressure conditions in deep water wells and sub-sea pipelines favour the formation of gas clathrate hydrates which is very undesirable during oil and gas industries operation. The management of hydrate formation and plugging risk is essential for the flow assurance in the oil and gas production. This study aims to show how the hydrate management in the deepwater gas well testing operations in the South China Sea can be optimized. As a result of the low temperature and the high pressure in the vertical 3860 meter-tubing, hydrate would form in the tubing during well testing operations. To prevent the formation or plugging of hydrate, three hydrate management strategies are investigated including thermodynamic inhibitor injection, hydrate slurry flow technology and thermodynamic inhibitor integrated with kinetic hydrate inhibitor. The first method, injecting considerable amount of thermodynamic inhibitor (Mono Ethylene Glycol, MEG) is also the most commonly used method to prevent hydrate formation. Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor tracking is utilized to obtain the distribution of MEG along the pipeline. Optimal dosage of MEG is calculated through further analysis. The second method, hydrate slurry flow technology is applied to the gas well. Low dosage hydrate inhibitor of antiagglomerate is added into the flow system to prevent the aggregation of hydrate particles after hydrate formation. Pressure Drop Ratio (PDR) is defined to denote the hydrate blockage risk margin. The third method is a recently proposed hydrate risk management strategy which prevents the hydrate formation by addition of Poly-N-VinylCaprolactam (PVCap) as a kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI). The delayed effect of PVCap on the hydrate formation induction time ensures that hydrates do not form in the pipe. This method is effective in reducing the injection amount of inhibitor. The problems of the three hydrate management strategies which should be paid attention to in industrial application are analyzed. This work promotes the understanding of hydrate management strategy and provides guidance for hydrate management optimization in oil and gas industry.
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Lachance, Jason W., and Brendon L. Keinath. "Hydrate Cold Restarts: Paradigm Shifts in Hydrate Management." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-18432-ms.

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Sun, Xiaohui, Baojiang Sun, and Zhiyuan Wang. "Wellbore Dynamics of Kick Evolution Considering Hydrate Phase Transition on Gas Bubbles Surface During Deepwater Drilling." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61125.

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It is of high potential and risk to form gas hydrate along the wellbore in deepwater drilled-kick scenarios. Considering the transient mass transfer process that appears as the hydrate shell renewal at gas-liquid interface, we build a fully coupled hydrodynamic-hydrate model to describe the interaction of hydrate phase transition characteristics and wellbore multiphase flow behaviors. Through comparison with experimental data, the performance of proposed model is validated and evaluated. The simulation results show that the hydrate formation region is mainly near the seafloor affected by the fluid temperature and pressure distributions along the wellbore. The volume change and mass transfer over a hydrate coated moving bubble, vary complicatedly, because of the hydrate formation, hydrate decomposition and bubble dissolution (both gas and hydrate). Overall, hydrate phase transition can significantly alter the void fraction and migration velocity of free gas in two aspects: (1) when gas enters the hydrate stability field, a solid hydrate shell will form around the gas bubble, and thereby the velocity and void fraction of free gas can be considerably decreased; (2) the free gas will separate from solid hydrate and expand rapidly near the sea surface (out of hydrate stability field), which can lead to an abrupt hydrostatic pressure loss and explosive development of kick accident. These two phenomena generated by hydrate phase transition can make deepwater gas kick to be “hidden” and “abrupt” successively, and present challenges to early kick detection and wellbore pressure management.
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Sahari Moghaddam, Farzan, Ali Hamid, Majid Abdi, and Lesley James. "Consideration of Various Parameters and Scenarios in the Simulation of Hydrate Formation." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208881-ms.

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Abstract This study investigates the effect of various parameters on hydrate formation under two scenarios of regular and cold start-up operations in a flowline and a subsea network. Parameters including hydrate adhesion forces, required subcooling for hydrate nucleation, and a weighting parameter for hydrate-oil slip (COIL) are evaluated. The effect of methanol injection and the mentioned parameters on hydrate formation are compared to 0.2 hydrate fraction threshold from literature. Hydrate formation from oil having 184 m3/m3 GOR and 35% WC is studied using two scenarios of regular and cold start-up operations in a 6-km flowline and a subsea tieback network (consisting of two branches and a main flowline). The overall heat transfer coefficient is 22.7 W/(m2.K), and the simulation is conducted by OLGA-CSMHyK-MUTIFLASH. Slurry relative viscosity, hydrate fraction, and hydrate propensity in terms of temperature difference known as DTHYD are used as indicators, and a hydrate fraction threshold of 0.2 is considered. Adhesion forces (0.5 - 0.005 N/m), required subcooling (3.61 - 10 °C), COIL (0.2-1), and methanol injection are investigated. During regular operation, the flow pattern remains stratified in a single flowline having 35% WC and 1 COIL. By increasing the required subcooling for hydrate nucleation from 3.6 °C to 10 °C, the hydrate fraction was reduced from approximately 1.7% to zero. COIL has the greatest effect on hydrate fraction. The reduction of adhesion forces had a noticeable effect on oil viscosity compared to the other indicators. Plug formation is not expected in the studied single flowline and subsea network under normal operation. On the other hand, a potential plug based on higher hydrate formation occurs in a cold start-up operation even under the effect of the studied parameters. However, the chance of plug formation is considerably reduced by injecting 20 wt% methanol. Overall, assessing the three indicators of hydrate formation (slurry relative viscosity, hydrate fraction, and DTHYD) are critical and provide more realistic insight about hydrate formation compared to using only one of the indicators for the evaluations. This work investigates the three aforementioned indicators of hydrate formation rather than relying on only one indicator (e.g., hydrate fraction) under regular and cold restart operations. The study evaluates hydrate formation based on a hydrate fraction threshold of 0.2 for a potential plug, compared to thermodynamically preventing hydrate formation.
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Ping, Xiaolin, Guoqing Han, Xueqi Cen, Zhenqiang Bai, Weitao Zhu, Long Peng, and Bojiaer Ma. "Prediction of Pressure and Temperature Profiles and Hydrate Formation Region in ESP-Lifted Natural Gas Hydrate Wells." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209288-ms.

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Abstract Depressurization is one of the most effective methods in natural gas hydrate (NGH) production trails. Meanwhile, electric submersible pumps (ESP) are mostly employed to depressurize natural gas hydrate reservoirs. The profiles of temperature and pressure in the wellbore have an important impact on the secondary formation of hydrate. The pressure increase caused by ESP system and the low temperature on seabed will increase the risk of secondary hydrate formation in gas hydrate production wells. In contrast, the temperature rise generated by motor and the heater added to the ESP string will decrease the risk of secondary hydrate formation. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the risk of gas hydrate formation in ESP-Lifted gas hydrate production wells. Based on the world's first offshore methane-hydrate production-test system in Nankai Trough comprised of an ESP with a gas-separation system and a heater, a gas-liquid two-phase flow model coupling temperature and pressure is established to predict the formation region of hydrate in dedicated gas/water lines and mixing-delivery line. The influences of operating frequency of ESP and power of heater on temperature and pressure are analyzed in the proposed model in this research. The results of the proposed model are verified by comparing with the first offshore gas hydrate production test in the Nankai Trough. The temperature limit for gas hydrate formation inside the well can be estimated with the proposed model and phase equilibrium model to predict the risk of secondary hydrate formation in ESP-lifted wells. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the highest hydrate formation risk is above the discharge location of the pump and the middle and lower part of the seawater section of the water drainage line. Increasing the operating frequency of ESP and power of heater can reduce gas hydrate formation in gas hydrate wells. Besides, injection of chemical inhibitor can eliminate the risk of hydrate reformation. The results of this research can lay the foundation for flow assurance, ESP designs and production optimization of natural gas hydrate production wells.
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Tong, Shikun, Zhiyuan Wang, Jianbo Zhang, Zhangrui Chen, Yingchao Li, and Baojiang Sun. "Thickness Investigation and Prevention Strategy of Hydrate Deposition During Avoidance Typhoon for Deep Water Gas Well." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205661-ms.

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Abstract The investigation of hydrate deposition is a significant basis for the hydrate prevention strategy during avoidance typhoons for deepwater gas wells. Shut-in operation is a necessary procedure due to avoidance typhoon, the hydrate intrinsic kinetic potential increases the growth rate under shut-in conditions. We establish the model of hydrate thickness investigation and the simulations illustrate that the hydrate thickness layer is relatively minor during avoidance typhoon. Meanwhile, hydrate is aggravated by the environment of low temperature and strong disturbance near the mud line due to production after avoidance typhoon. We discuss the variation of temperature profile and concentration of ethylene glycol during restart operation. The concentration variation of the ethylene glycol on the induced flow show after restart operation that the hydrate inhibitor satisfies the hydrate prevention requirements. This research provides a significant design for the hydrate management program during avoidance typhoon for deepwater gas wells, which is useful to the development of traditional avoidance strategy and decreased the cost of hydrate inhibitors.
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Reports on the topic "HYDRALL"

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Mudge, Christopher, and Kurt Getsinger. Comparison of generic and proprietary aquatic herbicides for control of invasive vegetation; part 3 : submersed plants. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42061.

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Herbicide selection is key to efficiently managing nuisance vegetation in our nation’s waterways. After selecting the active ingredient, there still remains multiple proprietary and generic products to choose from. Recent small-scale research has been conducted to compare the efficacy of these herbicides against floating and emergent species. Therefore, a series of mesocosm and growth chamber trials were conducted to evaluate subsurface applications of the following herbicides against submersed plants: diquat versus coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata L.f. Royle), southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis (Sprengel) Magnus), and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.); flumioxazin versus coontail, hydrilla, and Eurasian watermilfoil; and triclopyr against Eurasian watermilfoil. All active ingredients were applied at concentrations commonly used to manage these species in public waters. Visually, all herbicides within a particular active ingredient performed similarly with regard to the onset and severity of injury symptoms throughout the trials. All trials, except diquat versus Eurasian watermilfoil, resulted in no differences in efficacy among the 14 proprietary and generic herbicides tested, and all herbicides provided 43%–100% control, regardless of active ingredient and trial. Under mesocosm and growth chamber conditions, the majority of the generic and proprietary herbicides evaluated against submersed plants provided similar control.
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Mudge, Christopher, Bradley Sartain, Kurt Getsinger, and Michael Netherland. Efficacy of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on dioecious hydrilla and hybrid water milfoil - concentration and exposure time requirements. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42062.

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This study conducted small-scale trials under various concentration and exposure time (CET) scenarios to determine florpyrauxifen-benzyl activity on dioecious hydrilla and hybrid watermilfoil and determine impact on water stargrass and elodea. Hydrilla treated with 12, 24, or 36 μg active ingredient (a.i.) L⁻¹ florpyrauxifen-benzyl and exposed for 12, 24, or 48 hr under outdoor mesocosm conditions was reduced in biomass by 30-75% at 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). An additional hydrilla trial at the same herbicide concentrations, but under longer exposures (24, 72, or 168 hr), resulted in 33–85% plant control. Under indoor conditions, hybrid watermilfoil dry weight decreased 98–100% with subsurface applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl under CET scenarios of 3–12 μg a.i. L⁻¹ at 3–24 hr exposure times in a growth chamber trial. Under shorter exposure periods (0.5–4 hr) in a follow-up trial, low doses (3–9 μg a.i. L⁻¹) achieved 50–100% control of hybrid watermilfoil. In the same trial, the nontarget species water stargrass and elodea proved relatively tolerant to the florpyrauxifen-benzyl at doses up to 6 μg a.i. L⁻¹ (4 hr exposure) and 9 μg a.i. L⁻¹ (1 hr exposure). These small-scale trials demonstrate florpyrauxifen-benzyl’s potential to selectively manage invasive species.
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John H. Cohen, Thomas E. Williams, Ali G. Kadaster, and Bill V. Liddell. HYDRATE CORE DRILLING TESTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/811812.

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Bentz, Dale P., and Edward J. Garboczi. Guide to using HYDRA3D:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4746.

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Schoderbek, David, Helen Farrell, James Howard, Kevin Raterman, Suntichai Silpngarmlert, Kenneth Martin, Bruce Smith, and Perry Klein. ConocoPhillips Gas Hydrate Production Test. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1123878.

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Rudy Rogers and John Etheridge. Gas Hydrate Storage of Natural Gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/903468.

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Thomas E. Williams, Keith Millheim, and Bill Liddell. METHANE HYDRATE PRODUCTION FROM ALASKAN PERMAFROST. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836258.

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Thomas E. Williams, Keith Millheim, and Buddy King. METHANE HYDRATE PRODUCTION FROM ALASKAN PERMAFROST. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836267.

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Thomas E. Williams, Keith Millheim, and Bill Liddell. METHANE HYDRATE PRODUCTION FROM ALASKAN PERMAFROST. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836997.

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Ali Kadaster, Bill Liddell, Tommy Thompson, Thomas Williams, and Michael Niedermayr. METHANE HYDRATE PRODUCTION FROM ALASKAN PERMAFROST. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/839317.

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