Journal articles: 'Hybrid thermochemical process'

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Ghazale, Hasan, Guillaume Morel, Alexis Godefroy, Emmanuel Hernandez, Jean-Jacques Huc, Pierre Neveu, Nathalie Mazet, and Maxime Perier-Muzet. "Hybrid thermochemical process for storage and conversion into cold and electricity based on a low temperature thermal source." MATEC Web of Conferences 379 (2023): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202337907004.

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This paper presents a hybrid thermochemical process concept for the cogeneration of cold, electricity and thermal storage based on low temperature sources. Several innovative architectures of the process were defined at PROMES-CNRS and the ‘simultaneous mode’ architecture was chosen to be under study. It provides both cold and electricity productions in the discharging step of this storage system. A numerical model was developed at PROMES simulating the simultaneous mode of the hybrid cycle. Based on the results of the model, an experimental prototype was developed at the lab. The thermochemical reactor was tested and operated properly in the charging and discharging phase of the cycle, before its hybridization. The expander was set under the first experimental characterization using nitrogen before integrating it with the thermochemical reactor in the hybrid system to analyze the real performance of the cycle.

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Aworanti, Oluwafunmilayo Abiola, Oluseye Omotoso Agbede, Samuel Enahoro Agarry, Ayobami Olu Ajani, Oyetola Ogunkunle, Opeyeolu Timothy Laseinde, S. M. Ashrafur Rahman, and Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah. "Decoding Anaerobic Digestion: A Holistic Analysis of Biomass Waste Technology, Process Kinetics, and Operational Variables." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 12, 2023): 3378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083378.

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The continual generation and discharge of waste are currently considered two of the main environmental problems worldwide. There are several waste management options that can be applied, though anaerobic digestion (AD) process technology seems to be one of the best, most reliable, and feasible technological options that have attracted remarkable attention due to its benefits, including the generation of renewable energy in the form of biogas and biomethane. There is a large amount of literature available on AD; however, with the continuous, progressive, and innovative technological development and implementation, as well as the inclusion of increasingly complex systems, it is necessary to update current knowledge on AD process technologies, process variables and their role on AD performance, and the kinetic models that are most commonly used to describe the process-reaction kinetics. This paper, therefore, reviewed the AD process technologies for treating or processing organic biomass waste with regard to its classification, the mechanisms involved in the process, process variables that affect the performance, and the process kinetics. Gazing into the future, research studies on reduced MS-AD operational cost, integrated or hybrid AD-biorefinery technology, integrated or hybrid AD-thermochemical process, novel thermochemical reactor development, nutrient recovery from integrated AD-thermochemical process, and solid and liquid residual disposal techniques are more likely to receive increased attention for AD process technology of biomass wastes.

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Kolb, Gregory J., Richard B. Diver, and Nathan Siegel. "Central-Station Solar Hydrogen Power Plant." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (April 13, 2006): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2710246.

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Solar power towers can be used to make hydrogen on a large scale. Electrolyzers could be used to convert solar electricity produced by the power tower to hydrogen, but this process is relatively inefficient. Rather, efficiency can be much improved if solar heat is directly converted to hydrogen via a thermochemical process. In the research summarized here, the marriage of a high-temperature (∼1000°C) power tower with a sulfuric acid∕hybrid thermochemical cycle was studied. The concept combines a solar power tower, a solid-particle receiver, a particle thermal energy storage system, and a hybrid-sulfuric-acid cycle. The cycle is “hybrid” because it produces hydrogen with a combination of thermal input and an electrolyzer. This solar thermochemical plant is predicted to produce hydrogen at a much lower cost than a solar-electrolyzer plant of similar size. To date, only small lab-scale tests have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of a few of the subsystems and a key immediate issue is demonstration of flow stability within the solid-particle receiver. The paper describes the systems analysis that led to the favorable economic conclusions and discusses the future development path.

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NAKAGIRI, Toshio, Akira OHTAKI, Taiji HOSHIYA, and Kazumi AOTO. "A New Thermochemical and Electrolytic Hybrid Hydrogen Production Process for FBR." Transactions of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 3, no. 1 (2004): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/taesj2002.3.88.

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Jiang, Xianzhu, Hui Tian, and Xuanhong Ge. "Transient numerical investigation on thermochemical erosion of C/C nozzles in hybrid rocket motors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2746, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2746/1/012016.

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Abstract Nozzle erosion is a vital important issue that impacts the performance of hybrid rocket motors. Serious nozzle erosion may significantly decrease the combustion chamber pressure and thrust, which increases the difficulty in designing flight control systems. This paper aims to reveal erosion mechanism systematically. In this paper, transient numerical simulations of thermochemical erosion in hybrid rocket motors are conducted, and combustion flow and thermochemical erosion are coupled calculated. The numerical computation of combustion flow is based on the chemical reactions of propellants and regression rate model, and that of thermochemical erosion is based on the surface reactions between oxidizing species and carbon. The movement of burning surface and nozzle inner surface is simulated through dynamic mesh method. The hybrid rocket motor adopts 90% hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. Distributions of flow field parameters and fuel regression rate are given. The spatial developing process of nozzle surface is presented, and it is found that the roughness of nozzle profile increases with time. The nozzle wall temperature and wall pressure decline with time. Erosion by different species is calculated. OH and H2O make a major contribution to the nozzle thermochemical erosion, while nozzle erosion contributed by CO2 and O2 are quite low. Time-varying characteristics of the erosion rate are unveiled. At the first 1.5 s, the total erosion rate remains almost constant, and then it reduces over time.

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BILGEN, E., and C. BILGEN. "A hybrid thermochemical hydrogen producing process based on the Cristina-Mark cycles." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 11, no. 4 (1986): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(86)90185-0.

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NAKAGIRI, Toshio. "Development of a New Thermochemical and Electrolytic Hybrid Hydrogen Production Process for FBR." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 50, no. 10 (2008): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.50.10_644.

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Lee, Jechan, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Sungyup Jung, and Eilhann E. Kwon. "Hybrid renewable energy systems involving thermochemical conversion process for waste-to-energy strategy." Chemical Engineering Journal 452 (January 2023): 139218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139218.

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Ioka, Ikuo, Yoshiro Kuriki, Jin Iwatsuki, Shinji Kubo, Hiroki Yokota, and Daisuke Kawai. "EVALUATION OF CONTAINER USING HYBRID TECHNIQUE FOR THERMOCHEMICAL WATER-SPLITTING IODINE-SULFUR PROCESS." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2023.30 (2023): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2023.30.1542.

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Adenan, Mohd Shahriman, M. N. Berhan, and Esa Haruman. "Formation of Expanded Austenite Using Hybrid Low Temperature Thermochemical Heat Treatment on 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.244.

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Surface modification on 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) was performed by low temperature thermochemical hybrid (nitrocarburizing) heat treatment at temperature of 450° C and at holding time of 30 hours. During the process, carbon and nitrogen elements were simultaneously introduced onto the surface of DSS with composition of 5%CH4 + 25% NH3 + 70% N2. Microstructural observations reveal the formation of thick diffusional hybrid layer on the surface of 2205 DSS with very high hardness at cross sectional area. Both carbon and nitrogen diffusions formed expanded austenite (γN/C) and expanded ferrite (αC), however precipitation of nitride (Cr2N) which also occurred at the layer may deteriorate the corrosion resistance of 2205 DSS. Further investigation is required based on the parameters used in the process to produced precipitation free hybrid layer.

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Izanloo, Milad, and Mehdi Mehrpooya. "Investigation of a hybrid thermochemical Cu–Cl cycle, carbon capturing, and ammonia production process." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 144, no. 5 (April 13, 2021): 1907–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10768-5.

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SIMPSON, M., S. HERRMANN, and B. BOYLE. "A hybrid thermochemical electrolytic process for hydrogen production based on the reverse Deacon reaction." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31, no. 9 (August 2006): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.08.014.

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Adenan, M. S., M. N. Berhan, and E. Haruman. "Surface Modification of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel by Low Temperature Thermochemical Hybrid Heat Treatment at 450° C." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.408.

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An approach has been made in developing hybrid heat treatment process for improvement of surface properties of duplex stainless steel (DSS). The process was performed using horizontal tube furnace at temperature of 450° C at holding time of 4, 8, 16 and 30 hours. Carbon and nitrogen elements were simultaneously introduced onto the surface of DSS with a ratio of 5% CH4 + 25% NH3 + 70% N2. The microstructure, phase analysis, surface hardness and hardness profile were systematically assessed. Hybrid heat treatment process managed to produce diffusional layer, where longer holding time had increased the thickness of the layer and improved the surface hardness. Expanded austenite phase has been formed at specimens 8, 16 and 30 hours. Longer holding time however gradually diffused Cr2N at the ferrite grains at the substrates. From the process, it can be concluded that low temperature hybrid heat treatment be able to improve the surface hardness of DSS however concern on holding time must be highly considered.

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Mohamed, Mona, and Nissreen El Saber. "Prioritization Thermochemical Materials based on Neutrosophic sets Hybrid MULTIMOORA Ranker Method." Neutrosophic and Information Fusion 2, no. 1 (2023): 08–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/nif.020101.

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Present era, several technologies are combining in various industries to strengthen sustainable ecological, economic, and societal. For example, in storage energy industrial where a sophisticated technique for storing thermal energy called thermal energy storage (TES) can lessen the effects on the environment and enable cleaner and more effective energy systems. Particularly, thermochemical energy storage (TES) which is characterized by substantial density of energy. So, selecting suitable material among the set of materials is crucial process. This study emphasized employing durable techniques to elucidate complex interrelationships between criteria and several materials. Thus, this study employs Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. Also, we are supporting these methods with robust theory represents in neutrosohic theory to fortify MCDM methods in uncertainty and non-aligned situations. Moreover, we are utilizing Multi-objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis plus Full Multiplicative Form (MULTIMOORA) assists with Single Value Neutrosophic sets (SVNs). Finally, we applied our constructed framework to a real case study to guarantee that our framework is accurate and valid.

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Boujjat, Houssame, Sylvain Rodat, and Stéphane Abanades. "Solar-hybrid Thermochemical Gasification of Wood Particles and Solid Recovered Fuel in a Continuously-Fed Prototype Reactor." Energies 13, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 5217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195217.

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Solar thermochemical gasification is a promising solution for the clean production of low-emission synthetic fuels. It offers the possibility to upgrade various biomasses and waste feedstocks and further provides an efficient way to sustainably store solar energy into high-value and energy-intensive chemical fuels. In this work, a novel continuously-fed solar steam gasifier was studied using beechwood and solid recovered fuels (SRF) particles. Solar-only and hybrid solar/autothermal gasification experiments were performed at high temperatures to assess the performance of the reactor and its flexibility in converting various types of feedstocks. The hybrid operation was considered to increase the solar reactor temperature when the solar power input is not sufficient thanks to partial feedstock oxy-combustion. The hybrid solar process is thus a sustainable alternative option outperforming the conventional gasification processes for syngas production. Wood and waste particles solar conversion was successfully achieved, yielding high-quality syngas and suitable reactor performance, with Cold Gas Efficiencies (CGE) up to 1.04 and 1.13 respectively during the allothermal operation. The hybrid process allowed operating with a lower solar power input, but the H2 and CO yields noticeably declined. SRF gasification experiments suffered furthermore from ash melting/agglomeration issues and injection instabilities that undermined the continuity of the process. This study demonstrated the solar reactor flexibility in converting both biomass and waste feedstocks into syngas performed in continuous feeding operation. The experimental outcomes showed the feasibility of operating the reactor in both allothermal (solar-only) and hybrid allothermal/autothermal (combined solar and oxy-combustion heating) for continuous syngas production with high yields and energy conversion efficiencies.

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Díaz-Abad, Sergio, María Millán, Manuel A. Rodrigo, and Justo Lobato. "Review of Anodic Catalysts for SO2 Depolarized Electrolysis for “Green Hydrogen” Production." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010063.

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In the near future, primary energy from fossil fuels should be gradually replaced with renewable and clean energy sources. To succeed in this goal, hydrogen has proven to be a very suitable energy carrier, because it can be easily produced by water electrolysis using renewable energy sources. After storage, it can be fed to a fuel cell, again producing electricity. There are many ways to improve the efficiency of this process, some of them based on the combination of the electrolytic process with other non-electrochemical processes. One of the most promising is the thermochemical hybrid sulphur cycle (also known as Westinghouse cycle). This cycle combines a thermochemical step (H2SO4 decomposition) with an electrochemical one, where the hydrogen is produced from the oxidation of SO2 and H2O (SO2 depolarization electrolysis, carried out at a considerably lower cell voltage compared to conventional electrolysis). This review summarizes the different catalysts that have been tested for the oxidation of SO2 in the anode of the electrolysis cell. Their advantages and disadvantages, the effect of platinum (Pt) loading, and new tendencies in their use are presented. This is expected to shed light on future development of new catalysts for this interesting process.

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Nomura, Mikihiro. "Development of a hydrogen permselective silica membrane and its application to the thermochemical water splitting method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2812, no. 1 (August 1, 2024): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2812/1/012001.

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Abstract The thermochemical water splitting IS process is one of the hydrogen production method to use a heat directly. The temperature of the thermal decomposition of water (4000 K) can be reduced under 700 K by introducing I2 and SO2 as recycling catalysts. One of the problems in the IS process is that the conversion of the HI decomposition reaction is low at about 20%. If a membrane reactor with the H2 permselective membrane is applied to the HI decomposition reaction, the hydrogen can be extracted to improve the HI conversion. We focus on a counter diffusion CVD method for the preparation method of the membranes. Two reactants (e.g. silica precursor and oxidant) are provided at the opposite side of the porous substrates and hybrid silica is deposited inside the pore of the substrate. The pore sizes are controlled by introducing organic functional groups to silica precursor. In this study, the silica hybrid membrane with high H2 permeation performance and high H2/HI selectivity were developed by introducing organic functional groups. Effects of the organic functional groups were summarized by using a pore model. The HI gas and other inorganic gases permeation performance were tested through silica hybrid membranes.

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Almeida Pazmiño, Gonzalo A., Seunghun Jung, and Sung-Hee Roh. "Process modeling of a hybrid-sulfur thermochemical cycle combined with solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine system." Energy Conversion and Management 262 (June 2022): 115669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115669.

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Liu, Taixiu, Qibin Liu, Xiaohe Wang, Jun Sui, and Hongguang Jin. "Performance investigation of a new solar-hybrid fuel-fired distributed energy system integrated with a thermochemical process." Energy Procedia 142 (December 2017): 815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.131.

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IOKA, Ikuo, Jin IWATSUKI, Yoshiro KURIKI, Daisuke KAWAI, Hiroki YOKOTA, Shinji KUBO, Yoshiyuki INAGAKI, and Nariaki SAKABA. "Study of container using hybrid technique for sulfuric acid decomposition of thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur process." Mechanical Engineering Journal 7, no. 3 (2020): 19–00377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/mej.19-00377.

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Baliban, Richard C., Josephine A. Elia, and Christodoulos A. Floudas. "Simultaneous process synthesis, heat, power, and water integration of thermochemical hybrid biomass, coal, and natural gas facilities." Computers & Chemical Engineering 37 (February 2012): 297–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.10.002.

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Corgnale, Claudio, Maximilian B. Gorensek, and William A. Summers. "Review of Sulfuric Acid Decomposition Processes for Sulfur-Based Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Cycles." Processes 8, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111383.

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Thermochemical processes based on sulfur compounds are among the most developed systems to produce hydrogen through water splitting. Due to their operating conditions, sulfur cycles are suited to be coupled with either nuclear or solar plants for renewable hydrogen production. A critical review of the most promising sulfur cycles, namely the Hybrid Sulfur, the Sulfur Iodine, the Sulfur Bromine and the Sulfur Ammonia processes, is given, including the work being performed for each cycle and discussing their maturity and performance for nuclear and solar applications. Each sulfur-based process is comprised of a sulfuric acid thermal section, where sulfuric acid is concentrated and decomposed to sulfur dioxide, water and oxygen, which is then separated from the other products and extracted. A critical review of the main solutions adopted for the H2SO4 thermal section, including reactor configurations, catalytic formulations, constitutive materials and chemical process configurations, is presented.

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Tang, Kai, Azam Rasouli, Jafar Safarian, Xiang Ma, and Gabriella Tranell. "Magnesiothermic Reduction of Silica: A Machine Learning Study." Materials 16, no. 11 (May 31, 2023): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16114098.

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Fundamental studies have been carried out experimentally and theoretically on the magnesiothermic reduction of silica with different Mg/SiO2 molar ratios (1–4) in the temperature range of 1073 to 1373 K with different reaction times (10–240 min). Due to the kinetic barriers occurring in metallothermic reductions, the equilibrium relations calculated by the well-known thermochemical software FactSage (version 8.2) and its databanks are not adequate to describe the experimental observations. The unreacted silica core encapsulated by the reduction products can be found in some parts of laboratory samples. However, other parts of samples show that the metallothermic reduction disappears almost completely. Some quartz particles are broken into fine pieces and form many tiny cracks. Magnesium reactants are able to infiltrate the core of silica particles via tiny fracture pathways, thereby enabling the reaction to occur almost completely. The traditional unreacted core model is thus inadequate to represent such complicated reaction schemes. In the present work, an attempt is made to apply a machine learning approach using hybrid datasets in order to describe complex magnesiothermic reductions. In addition to the experimental laboratory data, equilibrium relations calculated by the thermochemical database are also introduced as boundary conditions for the magnesiothermic reductions, assuming a sufficiently long reaction time. The physics-informed Gaussian process machine (GPM) is then developed and used to describe hybrid data, given its advantages when describing small datasets. A composite kernel for the GPM is specifically developed to mitigate the overfitting problems commonly encountered when using generic kernels. Training the physics-informed Gaussian process machine (GPM) with the hybrid dataset results in a regression score of 0.9665. The trained GPM is thus used to predict the effects of Mg-SiO2 mixtures, temperatures, and reaction times on the products of a magnesiothermic reduction, that have not been covered by experiments. Additional experimental validation indicates that the GPM works well for the interpolates of the observations.

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Oseña, R., J. Merto, S. Tayona, and G. Rustia. "Selection of Solar-Based Water-Splitting Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen Storage Technologies Using Neutrosophic Analytic Hierarchy Process and Neutrosophic Complex Proportional Assessment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1318, no. 1 (October 1, 2024): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1318/1/012052.

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Abstract The production of hydrogen through water-splitting using solar energy has the potential to meet the world’s future energy demand while also addressing the issue of greenhouse gas emissions. To compare and select the best technology among solar thermochemical cycles, photoelectrochemical, and photocatalytic water-splitting in terms of solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, production cost, safety, life expectancy, maintenance cost, and detrimental impact on the environment, this study used a multi-criteria decision analysis hybrid called Neutrosophic Analytic Hierarchy Process (NAHP) and Neutrosophic Complex Proportional Assessment (NCOPRAS). The same method was used to determine the best technology for automobiles among compressed hydrogen storage, metal hydrides, metal-organic frameworks, and chemical storage in terms of gravimetric system capacity, volumetric system capacity, safety, system cost, cycle life, energy efficiency, detrimental impact on the environment, and refueling time. There were 4 experts each in hydrogen storage and hydrogen, specifically from the Philippines, Australia, India, Romania, and Italy. All experts’ judgments have a consistency ratio (CR) < 0.1. The priority criterion for hydrogen production was life expectancy (weighted value (WV) = 0.189), and gravimetric system capacity for hydrogen storage (WV = 0.137). The result showed that among all alternatives for hydrogen production, the solar thermochemical cycle was the best (relative significance value (RSV) = 0.3432) as for hydrogen storage, the best technology among the alternatives was metal hydrides (RSV = 0.2575). A sensitivity analysis was used to check the variability and robustness of the solution.

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Baldelli, Matteo, Lorenzo Bartolucci, Stefano Cordiner, Giorgio D’Andrea, Emanuele De Maina, and Vincenzo Mulone. "Biomass to H2: Evaluation of the Impact of PV and TES Power Supply on the Performance of an Integrated Bio-Thermo-Chemical Upgrading Process for Wet Residual Biomass." Energies 16, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16072966.

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The last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) assessment report highlighted how actions to reduce CO2 emissions have not been effective so far to achieve the 1.5 C limit and that radical measures are required. Solutions such as the upgrading of waste biomass, the power-to-X paradigm, and an innovative energy carrier such as hydrogen can make an effective contribution to the transition toward a low-carbon energy system. In this context, the aim of this study is to improve the hydrogen production process from wet residual biomass by examining the advantages of an innovative integration of anaerobic digestion with thermochemical transformation processes. Furthermore, this solution is integrated into a hybrid power supply composed of an electric grid and a photovoltaic plant (PV), supported by a thermal energy storage (TES) system. Both the performance of the plant and its input energy demand—splitting the power request between the photovoltaic system and the national grid—are carefully assessed by a Simulink/Simscape model. The preliminary evaluation shows that the plant has good performance in terms of hydrogen yields, reaching 5.37% kgH2/kgbiomass, which is significantly higher than the typical value of a single process (approximately 3%). This finding demonstrates a good synergy between the biological and thermochemical biomass valorization routes. Moreover, thermal energy storage significantly improves the conversion plant’s independence, almost halving the energy demand from the grid.

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Chikazawa, Yoshitaka, Toshio Nakagiri, Mamoru Konomura, Shouji Uchida, and Yoshihiko Tsuchiyama. "A System Design Study of a Fast Breeder Reactor Hydrogen Production Plant Using Thermochemical and Electrolytic Hybrid Process." Nuclear Technology 155, no. 3 (September 2006): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt06-a3766.

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Dewangan, Akhilesh Kumar, Isham Panigrahi, and R. K. Paramguru. "An Investigation of a Hybrid Plasma Gasification System for Various Waste Plastics Thermochemical Degradation in the Fuel Extraction Process." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i03.015.

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Organic junk contamination is one of the serious environmental concerns throughout today’s world. Heavy usage of throwaway plastics devastates nature by obstructing rainwater drainage. From constant exposure to sunlight and warmth, plastics release hazardous gasses into the atmosphere. To reflect the vastly increased amount of various waste plastics, a scaled hybrid plasma gasification reactor is being introduced, which uses an advanced pyrolysis process to break down the plastic waste. The design is simple, transportable, easy to handle, and required very little repair work on long-period usage. Thermochemical investigations are carried out at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600 degrees Celsius, with heating rates ranging from 15 to 22 degrees Celsius per minute, yielding 76-88 percent pyrolysis oil, 10-23 percent syngas, and 4-15 percent chars as besides. It occurs when the molecular architecture of polymers is separated, resulting in the creation of Synthesis gas, which is then condensed into synthesis petroleum fuel. The highest yielding of oil utilizes gas and solid char is determined at 550oC, 600oC, and 450oC respectively, according to the computed pyrolysis kinetic parameter on oil recovery from various waste plastics. The mono-graphic analysis is also used to classify different waste residual char. The model reduces the volume of waste plastic by 89.2%, lowering the detrimental impacts on all living things while simultaneously producing a synthesis of petroleum fuel as a by-product that may be utilized as a replacement or addition to traditional fuel.

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IOKA, Ikuo, Yoshiro KURIKI, Jin IWATSUKI, Shinji KUBO, Jinya KATSUYAMA, and Yoshiyuki INAGAKI. "Characteristics of hybrid tube with Fe-high Si alloy lining by centrifugal casting for thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur process." Mechanical Engineering Journal 3, no. 3 (2016): 15–00619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/mej.15-00619.

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Jahiding, M., Mashuni Mashuni, Erzam S. Hasan, La Aba, F. S. Purnamasari, and Yuke Milen. "Decomposition and characterization of bio-oil from coconut shell waste for bio-coke hybrid application as alternative energy resources." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2498, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2498/1/012036.

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Abstract Bioenergy sources continue to be developed to solve environmental problems due to agricultural biomass waste and alternative energy sources. Bioenergy from biomass raw materials through the pyrolysis method is a thermochemical conversion technology that produces bio-oil and bio-char. The conversion process of coconut shell (CS) biomass with a size of 60 mesh at a temperature of 500-700°C without adding a catalyst. The results showed that the optimum decomposition process occurred at a temperature of 700°C. Based on the GC-MS analysis of bio-oil from CS, the compound consisting of 58.18% phenol, 18.86% 2.6 dimethoxy-phenol, 1.35% 1-(acetyloxy)-2-propanone, 6.57% 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene and 2.55% 4-ethyl-2,6-methoxy-phenol was obtained. While the SEM-EDS characterization of bio-char contains the main constituent elements, including 94.37% carbon and minor elements consisting of 5.50% oxygen, 0.09% sodium and 0.05% chlorine. Comprehensive analysis shows that pyrolysis is an efficient and sustainable method for converting CS biomass into material for hybrid bio-coke applications as an alternative renewable energy source.

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Triwiyanto, A., S. Mridha, and E. Haruman. "Low Temperature Thermochemical Surface Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Steel for Improved Mechanical and Tribological." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.489.

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This paper describes the results of four thermochemical surface treatments of austenitic stainless steels carried out at 450oC in a fluidised bed furnace and they are nitriding, carburizing and the newly developed hybrid process involving the simultaneous and sequential incorporation of nitrogen and carbon to form a dual layer structure in order to achieve much enhanced surface hardness and wear resistance without compromising the corrosion resistance of the steel. In all these treatments there formed alloyed layers with a common feature of being precipitation-free and supersaturated with nitrogen, or carbon or both in the austenite lattice which is known as S Phase or expanded austenite. However the layer thickness was not uniform in any of these treatments and an effective layer was produced after 8h treatment duration. The nitriding treatment produced thicker and harder layer compared to other treatments; the maximum hardness was over 1500 Hv for nitriding and the minimum hardness of 500 Hv for carburizing treatment. The nitriding treatment sample gave high wear resistance which corresponded to high hardness values.

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ZHANG, ZHI-HUI, TAO GAO, XIAO-FENG TIAN, and NA HE. "THERMOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE THIOCARBONYLTHIO COMPOUNDS FROM CONVENTIONAL DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 09, supp01 (January 2010): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633610005542.

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Density functional theory (DFT) calculations employed at two levels, B3LYP/6-31G+(d) and B3P86/6-31G+(d), are reported for the geometry, enthalpy, and free energy of reaction of a number of dithiobenzoate reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) reagents ( S=C(Ph)S–R , S=C(Z)S–CH2Ph ). Based on these theoretical data, the effectiveness of these RAFT reagents is analyzed. The conclusions, especially obtained at B3LYP/6-31G+(d) level, are in good agreement with the experimental results. Our calculations suggest that the dithiobenzoate ( S=C(Z)S–CH2Ph ), where Z is OC6H5 or N(alkyl)2 , is a poor RAFT reagent. Contrarily, the compound S=C(Ph)S–R , where R is C(Me)2Ph or C(Me)2CN , is a highly efficient RAFT reagent. Our results reveal the utility of the theoretical calculations of physical magnitudes for the rationalization of judging the effectiveness of RAFT reagents and demonstrated that DFT is a good method to calculate these data. In addition, our results on the enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of formation for the R radicals are calculated with the same method. These data are important for the design of logical and economical chemical process. Finally, the B3LYP hybrid functional is employed to predict the values of thermodynamic magnitudes for several new ithiobenzoates. Those results need to be verified by future experimental measurements or theoretical calculations.

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Baliban, Richard C., Josephine A. Elia, and Christodoulos A. Floudas. "Optimization framework for the simultaneous process synthesis, heat and power integration of a thermochemical hybrid biomass, coal, and natural gas facility." Computers & Chemical Engineering 35, no. 9 (September 2011): 1647–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2011.01.041.

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Ferliandi, Ferliandi, Arief Budiman, Eko Agus Suyono, and Nugroho Dewayanto. "Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process in the Selection of Botryococcus braunii Cultivation Technology for Bio-crude Oil Production." Frontiers in Renewable Energy 1, no. 1 (July 8, 2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/free.v1i1.3838.

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Bio-crude oil is a way to utilize bioenergy that can reduce the Indonesian government's dependence on fossil energy. Bio-crude oil can be obtained by carrying out a thermochemical process of biomass. Microalgae is a potential source of biomass and Botryococcus braunii is one of the promising types of microalgae for this matter. One of the units required in the conversion process of microalgae into bio-crude oil is the cultivation unit. The objective of this study is to determine the most effective and optimal cultivation technology to be applied to the bio-crude oil refinery plant. Location of the cultivation system is in Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. A study was conducted for this purpose using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The cultivation systems proposed to be the alternatives were open raceway pond, flat panel photo-bioreactor, hybrid, and membrane photo-bioreactor. The AHP results showed that the open raceway pond was selected to be applied to the bio-crude oil refinery process. The biomass production potential of Botryococcus braunii from the cultivation unit in this study was 19.8795 ton/year/ha which could be processed into 11.5301 ton of bio-crude oil with a high heating value (HHV) of 553,448.8 MJ.

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Foffi, Rachele, Elisa Savuto, Matteo Stante, Roberta Mancini, and Katia Gallucci. "Study of Energy Valorization of Disposable Masks via Thermochemical Processes: Devolatilization Tests and Simulation Approach." Energies 15, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15062103.

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The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the use of medical protective equipment, including face masks, to protect the individual from the virus. This work studies the feasibility of using these materials as fuel for thermochemical processes for the production of syngas. A preliminary physic-chemical characterization was made by means of moisture and ash determination, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray fluorescence. Afterward, pyrolysis and gasification tests were executed in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor with chirurgical and FFP2 masks investigating four temperature levels and three different operating conditions (fluidizing agents and dry/wet sample). A qualitative and quantitative analysis of condensable aromatic hydrocarbons in the produced gas, collected during the test campaign, was performed employing a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The experimental data from the tests were used to propose a hybrid approach to simulate the gasification process, based on experimental laws for the devolatilization step and a thermodynamic equilibrium approach for char gasification. The resulting data were compared with a thermodynamic equilibrium model, showing that the new approach captures non-equilibrium effects always present in real gasifiers operation.

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Bayer Botero, Nicolas, Dennis Thomey, Alejandro Guerra Niehoff, Martin Roeb, Christian Sattler, and Robert Pitz-Paal. "Modelling and scaling analysis of a solar reactor for sulphuric acid cracking in a hybrid sulphur cycle process for thermochemical hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 19 (May 2016): 8008–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.11.088.

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Baliban, Richard C., Josephine A. Elia, Ruth Misener, and Christodoulos A. Floudas. "Global optimization of a MINLP process synthesis model for thermochemical based conversion of hybrid coal, biomass, and natural gas to liquid fuels." Computers & Chemical Engineering 42 (July 2012): 64–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.03.008.

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Msheik, Malek, Sylvain Rodat, and Stéphane Abanades. "CFD Simulation of a Hybrid Solar/Electric Reactor for Hydrogen and Carbon Production from Methane Cracking." Fluids 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids8010018.

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Methane pyrolysis is a transitional technology for environmentally benign hydrogen production with zero greenhouse gas emissions, especially when concentrated solar energy is the heating source for supplying high-temperature process heat. This study is focused on solar methane pyrolysis as an attractive decarbonization process to produce both hydrogen gas and solid carbon with zero CO2 emissions. Direct normal irradiance (DNI) variations arising from inherent solar resource variability (clouds, fog, day-night cycle, etc.) generally hinder continuity and stability of the solar process. Therefore, a novel hybrid solar/electric reactor was designed at PROMES-CNRS laboratory to cope with DNI variations. Such a design features electric heating when the DNI is low and can potentially boost the thermochemical performance of the process when coupled solar/electric heating is applied thanks to an enlarged heated zone. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations through ANSYS Fluent were performed to investigate the performance of this reactor under different operating conditions. More particularly, the influence of various process parameters including temperature, gas residence time, methane dilution, and hybridization on the methane conversion was assessed. The model combined fluid flow hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer coupled with gas-phase pyrolysis reactions. Increasing the heating temperature was found to boost methane conversion (91% at 1473 K against ~100% at 1573 K for a coupled solar-electric heating). The increase of inlet gas flow rate Q0 lowered methane conversion since it affected the gas space-time (91% at Q0 = 0.42 NL/min vs. 67% at Q0 = 0.84 NL/min). A coupled heating also resulted in significantly better performance than with only electric heating, because it broadened the hot zone (91% vs. 75% methane conversion for coupled heating and only electric heating, respectively). The model was further validated with experimental results of methane pyrolysis. This study demonstrates the potential of the hybrid reactor for solar-driven methane pyrolysis as a promising route toward clean hydrogen and carbon production and further highlights the role of key parameters to improve the process performance.

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Yeo, Taehan, Kyungmin Kim, Jaeho Lee, Byungseok Seo, Seonghyun Park, and Wonjoon Choi. "Studies toward Morphological Changes of Silver/Carbon Fiber Composites and Their Optimization for High-Performance Electrochemical Electrodes." International Journal of Energy Research 2024 (April 17, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8851270.

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The integration of micro/nanostructured metal/metal oxides with carbon-based materials has emerged as a promising approach for developing electrochemical electrodes. However, the fabrication of such hybrids entails complex and multistep procedures involving the grain boundaries and interfaces between the constituent materials, thus, degrading the overall performance. Herein, we report a facile electrothermal process (ETP) for the scalable fabrication of hybrid carbon fiber (CF) sheets integrated with tunable morphology of silver micro/nanoparticles. The application of an electric field across the layered film, consisting of AgNO3 and CF, enabled the rapid dissipation of thermochemical energy in an open-air environment via ETP. The ETP facilitated ultrafast heat dissipation within a few milliseconds, leading to the rapid decomposition of AgNO3, which resulted in the formation of liquefied Ag on the CF surface affording a reduced Ag-CF composite with adjustable structures through input power. The capability of ETP driven by controlling duration and number of electrical pulses was demonstrated by examining the corresponding physiochemical and electrochemical characteristics of the resulting composite. The Ag-CF composite fabricated using three cycles of a screened ETP pulse (1500 W and 75 ms for power and duration) acted as a supercapacitor electrode demonstrating excellent area capacitance (13 F/cm2) and exceptional capacitance retention (98% after 10,000 cycles). Thus, the utilization of ETP can provide manufacturing strategies enabling scalable synthesis of functional hybrids in vacuum-free ambient environments within milliseconds. These hybrids possess unique interfaces and particle boundaries, exhibiting considerable potential for diverse electrochemical applications.

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Quintero Perez, Henderson Ivan, Maria Carolina Ruiz Cañas, Ruben Hernan Castro Garcia, and Arnold Rafael Romero Bohorquez. "Use of nanoparticles to improve thermochemical resistance of synthetic polymer to enhanced oil recovery applications: a review." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 10, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.259.

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Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (HPAM) is the polymer most used in chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR) processes and it has been implemented in several field projects worldwide. Polymer injection has shown to be an effective EOR process. However, it has not been implemented massively due to HPAM polymer's limitations, mostly related to thermal and chemical degradation caused by exposure at high temperatures and salinities (HTHS). As an alternative, a new generation of chemically stable monomers to improve the properties of HPAM has been assessed at laboratory and field conditions. However, the use of enhanced polymers is limited due to its larger molecular size, large-scale production, and higher costs. One of the alternatives proposed in the last decade to improve polymer properties is the use of nanoparticles, which due to their ultra-small size, large surface area, and highly reactive capacity, can contribute to reduce or avoid the degrading processes of HPAM polymers. Nanoparticles (NPs) can be integrated with the polymer in several ways, it being worth to highlight mixing with the polymer in aqueous solution or inclusion by grafting or chemical functionalization on the nanoparticle surface. This review focuses on hybrid nanomaterials based on SiO2 NPs and synthetic polymers with great EOR potential. The synthesis process, characterization, and the main properties for application in EOR processes, were reviewed and analyzed. Nanohybrids based on polymers and silica nanoparticles show promising results in improving viscosity and thermal stability compared to the HPAM polymer precursor. Furthermore, based on recent findings, there are great opportunities to implement polymer nanofluids in cEOR projects. This approach could be of value to optimize the technical-economic feasibility of projects by reducing the polymer concentration of using reasonable amounts of nanoparticles. However, more significant efforts are required to understand the impact of nanoparticle concentrations and injection rates to support the upscaling of this cEOR technology.

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Yang, Miao, Margot Vander Elst, Ilse Smets, Huili Zhang, Shuo Li, Jan Baeyens, and Yimin Deng. "Reviewing Improved Anaerobic Digestion by Combined Pre-Treatment of Waste-Activated Sludge (WAS)." Sustainability 16, no. 15 (July 26, 2024): 6419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16156419.

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The anaerobic digestion of wastewater treatment sludge (WAS) produces a “green” biogas while reducing the amount of residual sludge. To increase the yield of biogas, several individual or combined pre-treatment methods of WAS can be used. These pre-treatment methods substantially reduce the amount of volatile suspended solids (VSSs) and their associated total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD). Pre-treating the sludge will increase the methane yield by 15 to 30%. Although the individual methods have been dealt with in research and large-scale operations, the combined (hybrid) methods have not previously been reviewed. Here, different hybrid treatment methods are reviewed, including (1) thermochemical hydrolysis pre-treatment, using an alkaline or acid addition to enhance solubilization of the sludge cells and increase biogas production; (2) alkaline and high-pressure homogenizer pre-treatment, combining a chemical and mechanical treatment; (3) alkaline and ultrasound pre-treatment, capable of solubilizing organic sludge compounds by different mechanisms, such as the fast and effective ultrasound disruption of cells and the increasing effect of the alkaline (NaOH) treatment; (4) combined alkaline and microwave pre-treatment, which enhances sludge solubilization by at least 20% in comparison with the performance of each separate process; (5) microwave (MW) and peroxidation pre-treatment of WAS suspended solids (SSs), which are quickly (<5 min) disintegrated by MW irradiation at 80 °C; (6) ultrasound and peroxidation pre-treatment, with ozone and peroxides as powerful oxidizing agents; and (7) pulsed electric field (PEF) pretreatment. All literature findings are assessed, discussing relevant operation conditions and the results achieved.

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Sleep, Sylvia, Raghav Munjal, Michael Leitch, Marcius Extavour, Adriana Gaona, Shah Ahmad, Emily Nishikawa, et al. "Carbon footprinting of carbon capture and -utilization technologies: discussion of the analysis of Carbon XPRIZE competition team finalists." Clean Energy 5, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab039.

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Abstract Life cycle assessments (LCAs) of early-stage technologies can provide valuable insights about key drivers of emissions and aid in prioritizing research into further emissions-reduction opportunities. Despite this potential value, further development of LCA methods is required to handle the increased uncertainty, data gaps, and confidentially of early-stage data. This study presents a discussion of the life cycle carbon footprinting of technologies competing in the final round of the NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE competition—a US$20 million competition for teams to demonstrate the conversion of CO2 into valuable products at the scale of a small industrial pilot using consistent deployment conditions, boundaries, and methodological assumptions. This competition allowed the exploration of how LCA can be used and further improved when assessing disparate and early-stage technologies. Carbon intensity estimates are presented for two conversion pathways: (i) CO2 mineralization and (ii) catalytic conversion (including thermochemical, electrochemical, photocatalytic and hybrid process) of CO2, aggregated across teams to highlight the range of emissions intensities demonstrated at the pilot for individual life cycle stages. A future scenario is also presented, demonstrating the incremental technology and deployment conditions that would enable a team to become carbon-avoiding relative to an incumbent process (i.e. reducing emissions relative to a reference pathway producing a comparable product). By considering the assessment process across a diverse set of teams, conversion pathways and products, the study presents generalized insights about opportunities and challenges facing carbon capture and -utilization technologies in their next phases of deployment from a life cycle perspective.

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Vogli, Luciano, Stefano Macrelli, Diego Marazza, Paola Galletti, Cristian Torri, Chiara Samorì, and Serena Righi. "Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Balance of a Novel Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production Process with Mixed Microbial Cultures Fed on Pyrolytic Products of Wastewater Treatment Sludge." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 2706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112706.

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A “cradle-to-grave” life cycle assessment is performed to identify the environmental issues of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced through a hybrid thermochemical-biological process using anaerobically digested sewage sludge (ADSS) as feedstock. The assessment includes a measure of the energy performance of the process. The system boundary includes: (i) Sludge pyrolysis followed by volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production; (ii) PHAs-enriched biomass production using a mixed microbial culture (MMC); (iii) PHAs extraction with dimethyl carbonate; and iv) PHAs end-of-life. Three scenarios differing in the use of the syngas produced by both pyrolysis and biochar gasification, and two more scenarios differing only in the external energy sources were evaluated. Results show a trade-off between environmental impacts at global scale, such as climate change and resources depletion, and those having an effect at the local/regional scale, such as acidification, eutrophication, and toxicity. Process configurations based only on the sludge-to-PHAs route require an external energy supply, which determines the highest impacts with respect to climate change, resources depletion, and water depletion. On the contrary, process configurations also integrating the sludge-to-energy route for self-sustainment imply more onsite sludge processing and combustion; this results in the highest values of eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. There is not a categorical winner among the investigated configurations; however, the use of a selected mix of external renewable sources while using sludge to produce PHAs only seems the best compromise. The results are comparable to those of both other PHAs production processes found in the literature and various fossil-based and bio-based polymers, in terms of both non-biogenic GHG emissions and energy demand. Further process advancements and technology improvement in high impact stages are required to make this PHAs production process a competitive candidate for the production of biopolymers on a wide scale.

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Rinawati, Dyah Ika, Alexander Ryota Keeley, Shutaro Takeda, and Shunsuke Managi. "A systematic review of life cycle assessment of hydrogen for road transport use." Progress in Energy 4, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac34e9.

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Abstract This study conducted a systematic literature review of the technical aspects and methodological choices in life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of the use of hydrogen for road transport. More than 70 scientific papers published during 2000–2021 were reviewed, in which more than 350 case studies of the use of hydrogen in the automotive sector were found. Only some studies used hybrid LCA and energetic input–output LCA, whereas most studies addressed attributional process-based LCA. A categorization based on the life cycle scope distinguished case studies that addressed the well-to-tank (WTT), well-to-wheel (WTW), and complete life cycle approaches. Furthermore, based on the hydrogen production process, these case studies were classified into four categories: thermochemical, electrochemical, thermal–electrochemical, and biochemical. Moreover, based on the hydrogen production site, the case studies were classified as centralized, on-site, and on-board. The fuel cell vehicle passenger car was the most commonly used vehicle. The functional unit for the WTT studies was mostly mass or energy, and vehicle distance for the WTW and complete life cycle studies. Global warming potential (GWP) and energy consumption were the most influential categories. Apart from the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation model and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for assessment of the GWP, the Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden method was most widely used in other impact categories. Most of the articles under review were comparative LCA studies on different hydrogen pathways and powertrains. The findings provide baseline data not only for large-scale applications, but also for improving the efficiency of hydrogen use in road transport.

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Muhammed, Musa, Mousa Javidani, Majid Heidari, and Mohammad Jahazi. "Enhancing the Tribological Performance of Tool Steels for Wood-Processing Applications: A Comprehensive Review." Metals 13, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081460.

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The stochastic nature of tool wear during wood machining, owing to the dynamic properties of the biological material and its dependence on various factors, has raised significant industrial and research concerns in recent years. Explicitly, the tool wear is a product of the interaction between wood properties (such as hardness, density, and contamination level) and machining parameters (such as cutting speed, feed rate, and rake angle) alongside ambient conditions (such as temperature and humidity). The objective of this review paper is to provide an overview of recent advancements in the field of wood machining. To begin with, it highlights the important role of wood properties and ambient conditions influencing tool wear. Furthermore, the paper examines the various mechanisms involved in the wood-machining process and discusses their cost implications from an industrial perspective. It also covers technological advancements in the characterization of tool wear and explores the relationship between this parameter and other machining variables. It provides critical and analytical discussions on various methods for enhancing tool wear, including heat treatment, cryogenic treatment, thermochemical treatment, coating deposition, and hybrid treatments. Additionally, the paper incorporates statistical analysis to achieve two objectives. Firstly, it aims to identify the most significant wood property that affects tool wear and establish the correlation between this parameter and wood properties. Secondly, it investigates the effect of heat treatment parameters and carbide characteristics on tool wear as well as their correlation. Lastly, the review provides recommendations based on relevant literature for prospective researchers and industrial counterparts in the field. These recommendations aim to guide further exploration and practical applications in the subject matter.

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Salviati, Sergio, Federico Carosio, Guido Saracco, and Alberto Fina. "Hydrated Salt/Graphite/Polyelectrolyte Organic-Inorganic Hybrids for Efficient Thermochemical Storage." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030420.

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Hydrated salt thermochemical energy storage (TES) is a promising technology for high density energy storage, in principle opening the way for applications in seasonal storage. However, severe limitations are affecting large scale applications, related to their poor thermal and mechanical stability on hydration/dehydration cycling. In this paper, we report the preparation and characterization of composite materials manufactured with a wet impregnation method using strontium bromide hexahydrate (SBH) as a thermochemical storage material, combined with expanded natural graphite (G). In addition to these fully inorganic formulations, an organic polyelectrolyte (PDAC, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride) was exploited in the structure, with the aim to stabilize the salt, while contributing to the sorption/desorption process. Different formulations were prepared with varying PDAC concentration to study its contribution to material morphology, by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, as well as water sorption/desorption properties, by thermogravimetry and differential calorimetry. Furthermore, the SBH/G/PDAC powder mixture was pressed to form tabs that were analyzed in a climatic chamber, which is evidence for an active role of PDAC in the improvement of water sorption, coupled with a significant enhancement of mechanical resistance upon hydration/dehydration cycling. Therefore, the addition of the polyelectrolyte is proposed as an innovative approach in the fabrication of efficient and durable TES devices.

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NAKAGIRI, Toshio, Takeshi KASE, Shoichi KATO, and Kazumi AOTO. "Development of a New Thermochemical and Electrolytic Hybrid Hydrogen Production System for Sodium Cooled FBR." JSME International Journal Series B 49, no. 2 (2006): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.49.302.

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Khudayar, Dadullah, Mehdi Mehrpooya, and Seyed Mohammad Ali Moosavian. "Hybrid Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Process and Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage System, Investigation and Process Development." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, March 7, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-024-08848-3.

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"Novel SO2 Electrolysis Membranes for Hydrogen Production by the Hybrid Sulfur Thermochemical Process." ECS Meeting Abstracts, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2009-01/7/397.

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"S-Phase Layer Development on 316 LVM Using Low Temperature Hybrid Thermochemical Treatment Process." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 5845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.a3015.109119.

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This investigation focuses on the improvement of surface properties of medical grade austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316LVM). The aim is to develop a homogenous supersaturated hard layer of expanded austenite (s-phase) at the surface of AISI 316LVM using low temperature hybrid thermochemical heat treatment process. The s-phase layer produced by this process is able to improve the surface properties of AISI 316LVM, overcoming its drawback of low surface hardness and wear resistance, without impairing the corrosion resistance of the steel. During the heat treatment process, ammonia (NH3 ) and methane (CH4 ) gasses were introduced into the furnace with temperatures of 425°C and 475°C, at 6 and 12 hours with gas composition of 75% of NH3, 10% of CH4, and 15% of Nitrogen (N2 ). Characterization on the microstructure showed the formation of the S-phase layer with variation of thickness according to parameters used. The S-phase formation was confirmed with phase analysis using XRD. Besides, the surface hardness also significantly increased from 210.9 HV to 1170.0 HV. In conclusion, low temperature hybrid heat treatment process is able to produce a homogenous hard s-phase layer.

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de Wild, Paul J., Herman den Uil, Johannes H. Reith, Anton Lunshof, Carlijn Hendriks, Ernst R. H. van Eck, and Erik J. Heeres. "Bioenergy II: Biomass Valorisation by a Hybrid Thermochemical Fractionation Approach." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 7, no. 1 (November 4, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1542-6580.1929.

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The need for green renewable sources is adamant because of the adverse effects of the increasing use of fossil fuels on our society. Biomass has been considered as a very attractive candidate for green energy carriers, chemicals and materials. The development of cheap and efficient fractionation technology to separate biomass into its main constituents is highly desirable. It enables treatment of each constituent separately, using dedicated conversion technologies to get specific target chemicals. The synergistic combination of aquathermolysis (hot pressurised water treatment) and pyrolysis (thermal degradation in the absence of oxygen) is a promising thermolysis option, integrating fractionation of biomass with production of valuable chemicals. Batch aquathermolysis in an autoclave and subsequent pyrolysis using bubbling fluidised bed reactor technology with beech, poplar, spruce and straw indicate the potential of this hybrid concept to valorise lignocellulosic biomass. Hemicellulose-derived furfural was obtained in yields that ranged from 2 wt% for spruce to 8 wt% for straw. Hydroxymethylfurfural from hemicellulose was obtained in yields from 0.3 wt% for poplar to 3 wt% for spruce. Pyrolysis of the aquathermolised biomass types resulted in 8 wt% (straw) to 11 wt% (spruce) of cellulose-derived levoglucosan. Next to the furfurals and levoglucosan, appreciable amounts of acetic acid were obtained as well from the aquathermolysis step, ranging from 1 wt% for spruce to 5 wt% for straw. To elucidate relations between the chemical changes occurring in the biomass during the integrated process and type and amount of the chemical products formed, a 13C-solid state NMR study has been conducted. Main conclusions are that aquathermolysis results in hemicellulose degradation to lower molecular weight components. Lignin ether bonds are broken, but apart from that, lignin is hardly affected by the aquathermolysis. Cellulose is also retained, although it seems to become more crystalline, probably due to a higher ordering of amorphous cellulose when the samples are cooled down after aquathermolysis. These NMR results are in agreement with thermogravimetric analyses results.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid thermochemical process'

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