Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid RPAS'
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1
Keshav, K. F., C. Chen, and A. Dutta. "Rpa4, a homolog of the 34-kilodalton subunit of the replication protein A complex." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 6 (June 1995): 3119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.6.3119.
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Replication protein A (RPA) is a complex of three polypeptides of 70, 34, and 13 kDa isolated from diverse eukaryotes. The complex is a single-stranded DNA-binding protein essential for simian virus 40-based DNA replication in vitro and for viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified a new 30-kDa human protein which interacts with the 70- and 13-kDa subunits of RPA, with a yeast two-hybrid/interaction trap method. This protein, Rpa4, has 47% identity with Rpa2, the 34-kDa subunit of RPA. Rpa4 associates with the 70- and 13-kDa subunits to form a trimeric complex capable of binding to single-stranded DNA. Rpa4 is preferentially expressed in placental and colon mucosa tissues. In the placenta, Rpa4 is more abundant than the 70-kDa Rpa1 subunit and is not associated with either Rpa1 or with any other single-stranded DNA-binding protein. In proliferating cells in culture, Rpa4 is considerably less abundant than Rpa1 and Rpa2. Northern (RNA) blot analysis suggest that there are alternatively processed forms of the RPA4 mRNA, and Southern blot analysis indicates that beside RPA4 there may be other members of the RPA2 gene family.
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Sukhodolets, Karen E., Alison B. Hickman, Sunita K. Agarwal, Maxim V. Sukhodolets, Victor H. Obungu, Elizabeth A. Novotny, Judy S. Crabtree, et al. "The 32-Kilodalton Subunit of Replication Protein A Interacts with Menin, the Product of the MEN1 Tumor Suppressor Gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 2 (January 15, 2003): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.2.493-509.2003.
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ABSTRACT Menin is a 70-kDa protein encoded by MEN1, the tumor suppressor gene disrupted in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. In a yeast two-hybrid system based on reconstitution of Ras signaling, menin was found to interact with the 32-kDa subunit (RPA2) of replication protein A (RPA), a heterotrimeric protein required for DNA replication, recombination, and repair. The menin-RPA2 interaction was confirmed in a conventional yeast two-hybrid system and by direct interaction between purified proteins. Menin-RPA2 binding was inhibited by a number of menin missense mutations found in individuals with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, and the interacting regions were mapped to the N-terminal portion of menin and amino acids 43 to 171 of RPA2. This region of RPA2 contains a weak single-stranded DNA-binding domain, but menin had no detectable effect on RPA-DNA binding in vitro. Menin bound preferentially in vitro to free RPA2 rather than the RPA heterotrimer or a subcomplex consisting of RPA2 bound to the 14-kDa subunit (RPA3). However, the 70-kDa subunit (RPA1) was coprecipitated from HeLa cell extracts along with RPA2 by menin-specific antibodies, suggesting that menin binds to the RPA heterotrimer or a novel RPA1-RPA2-containing complex in vivo. This finding was consistent with the extensive overlap in the nuclear localization patterns of endogenous menin, RPA2, and RPA1 observed by immunofluorescence.
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Moreira, Miguel Ângelo Lellis, Fernando Cesar Almeida Silva, Igor Pinheiro de Araújo Costa, Carlos Francisco Simões Gomes, and Marcos dos Santos. "SAPEVO-H² a Multi-Criteria Systematic Based on a Hierarchical Structure: Decision-Making Analysis for Assessing Anti-RPAS Strategies in Sensing Environments." Processes 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020352.
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Regarding high-level and complex decision-making scenarios, the study presents an extensive approach to the Simple Aggregation of Preferences Expressed by Ordinal Vectors-Multi Decision Making method (SAPEVO-M). In this context, the modeling proposal, named SAPEVO-Hybrid and Hierarchical (SAPEVO-H²), the objective of this study, based on the concepts of multi-criteria analysis, provides the evaluation of alternatives under the light of multiple criteria and perceptions, enabling the integration of the objectives of a problem, which are transcribed into attributes and structured in a hierarchical model, analyzing qualitative and quantitative data through ordinal and cardinal entries, respectively. As a case study, a decision analysis concerning the defense strategies against anti-Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) strategies for the Brazilian Navy is carried out. Using the technique of the causal maps approach based on Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA) methodology, the problematic situation is structured for numerical implementation, demonstrating the performance of objectives and elements of a hierarchical structure. As a result, rankings concerning objectives and anti-RPAS technologies, based on the treatment of subjective information, are presented. In the end, the main contribution of the study and its limitations are discussed, along with the conclusions and some proposals for future studies.
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Palestini, C., and A. Basso. "3D DETECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION EXPERIMENTS IN RIVER BASINS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-543-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The survey and representation of river landscapes require complex operations related to the habitat identifying these environments that show heterogeneous connotations in which the anthropogenic contaminations, alternating with the peripheral areas, industrial or abandoned, are united in a territory with hybrid characteristics.</p><p>In this regard it is proposed as a case study the experimentation carried out on the Pescara river basin that specifically compares two low cost detection systems comparing the results obtained to carry out environmental readings and 3D reconstructions of the territory.</p><p>The operations of analysis and data acquisition include integrated procedures used with the aim of obtaining high-density 3D reconstructions of details applied on the river portions of Pescara-Aterno. Starting from the delta towards the inside, identification samples were analyzed to focus attention on the different criticalities. Integrated methodologies were employed involving the experimental use of specific software to obtain depth maps and territorial models compatible with real ones, crossing free open shared data obtained from the Google Earth Pro, photogrammetric reconstructions and information provided on site by RPAS instruments (Remoted Piloted Air System) that use the image based methodologies to carry out an in-depth scan of the territory.</p>
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Li, Ming, Haiping Wei, Jiahao Zhao, Qingchang Tao, and Zheng You. "A Novel Linear Sparse Array with Reconfigurable Pixel Antenna Elements." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (April 23, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3624563.
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In this paper, on the basis of multifunctional reconfigurable pixel antenna (RPA) elements, a novel linear sparse array with an attractive compound reconfigurability is presented. It has the potential advantages of its beam scanning with low gain fluctuation, low sidelobe in two orthogonal planes, and polarization reconfigurable performance. Specifically, an RPA with simultaneous polarization and pattern reconstruction capabilities, consisting of the driven patch and the parasitic pixels on the same layer of dielectric substrate, is firstly designed, which can work in several operation modes corresponding to steerable beam directions θ=0°;θxoz=25°, 45°;θyoz=15° with two circular polarizations in X-band. Cross-slot coupling feed is used to improve polarization reconstruction capability and reduce the complexity of hybrid reconstruction topology optimization. Then, those RPAs are integrated into the 1×8 linear sparse array to realize the reconfiguration of two circular polarizations and beam steering in xoz- and yoz-plane. Simulation results show that the gain fluctuation and sidelobe level of the array during beam scanning have significant advantages over the previous phased array, and the generation of antenna grating lobes is avoided. Moreover, both RPA element and RPA array prototypes have been fabricated and measured to testify the efficiency. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones, which indicates the application potential in the field of modern wireless communication system of the proposed linear sparse array.
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Kvasnikov, Volodymyr, Dmytro Ornatskyi, Maryna Graf, and Oleksii Shelukha. "Designing a computerized information processing system to build a movement trajectory of an unmanned aircraft." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, no. 9 (109) (February 27, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.225501.
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This paper addresses the issue of developing a computerized system for processing information in the construction of the trajectory of an unmanned aircraft (UAC), a remotely-piloted aviation system (RPAS), or another robotic system. Resolving this task involves the neural network learning algorithms based on the mathematical model of movement. The construction of such a trajectory between two specified destinations has been considered that provides for the possibility of bypassing static and dynamic obstacles. The specified trajectory is divided into several smaller parts. The possibility of restructuring when changing the position of obstacles in space has been considered. A UAC flight control algorithm has been developed, which implies training a neural network for bypassing obstacles of different sizes. To predict the development of the situation when an object moves between two specified points in space, it is proposed to use the Q-Learning algorithm. It has been shown that the smallest number of steps required for moving along a specified trajectory is 18, the largest is 273 steps. In case of distortion during data transmission, the training of the neural network makes it possible to reduce the possibility of collision with obstacles by improving the accuracy and speed of information transfer between the on-board computer and operator. A system of the video support to moving objects was modeled; dependence charts of the normalized frame size at different parameter values were built. Using the charts makes it possible to determine the function of the maneuver intensity. Existing neural network learning methods such as CNN and LSTM were compared. It has been proven that the success rate reaches 74 % when using CNN only, while it amounts to 92 % at the hybrid application of CNN+LSTM. The simulation results have demonstrated the high efficiency of the developed algorithm
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Widdup, K. H., S. W. Hussain, W. M. Williams, W. L. Lowther, H. N. Pryor, and B. L. Sutherland. "The development and plant characteristics of interspecific hybrids between white and caucasian clover." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.3004.
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A series of Trifolium ambiguum x T. repens hybrid populations has been developed at the hexaploid (four T. repens and two T. ambiguum genomes) and pentaploid (four T. repens and one T. ambiguum genome) level. When tested for effectiveness of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the 6x and 5x hybrids nodulated with either T. repens or T. ambiguum strains of rhizobia but only formed an effective N- fixing symbiosis with a mix of T. repens rhizobia strains. When grown in the field, the 6x and 5x hybrid plants had a similar morphology to white clover in that the hybrids grew surface stolons (fewer numbers than white clover) and no underground rhizomes. The advantage of the 6x hybrid was deeper roots and a greater proportion of root, a characteristic considered important for greater drought tolerance and persistence than for white clover. The 6x hybrid indicated 55% of the seed production potential of white clover, but there was large variation between plants in all reproductive traits. The 5x hybrid showed poor levels of seed set. The growth pattern of the 6x hybrids in the field indicated lower herbage yield in the first year but improved performance compared with white clover into the second year. At this early stage, the hybrid breeding populations consist of unselected and novel hybrid combinations. Variations in growth and reproductive characteristics exist between hybrid plants, thus providing scope for improvement through selection and breeding. Key words: caucasian clover, interspecific hybrid, morphology, nitrogen fixation, seed production, white clover
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Hamilton, Cyd, and Stan Faeth. "Neotyphodium infection and hybridisation as a function of environmental variation." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3076.
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Neotyphodium is an asexual, vertically transmitted, obligate fungal endosymbiont infecting cool-season grasses such as Arizona fescue. The relationship between Neotyphodium and several native grass hosts ranges from antagonistic to mutualistic. One theory that may explain how Neotyphodium infection is maintained despite inconsistent mutualistic benefit to the host is the bounded hybrid superiority hypothesis. This hypothesis argues that hybrids are more fit than non-hybrids in response to some environmental stresses. Neotyphodium infects hosts in both hybrid and non-hybrid forms. We tested the possibility of hybrid superiority in depauperate habitats (low soil water and nitrate) by quantifying the types and frequency of host infections (uninfected, hybrid-infected and non-hybrid-infected), and the quality of resources available between three host populations. A second theory, the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution, may also explain different symbiotic outcomes at the population level in response to variation in abiotic and biotic population characters. We provide cursory support for both hypotheses. Keywords: geographic mosaic theory of coevolution, hybrid, Festuca, Neotyphodium, symbiosis, mutualism, bounded hybrid superiority
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Ryan, D., and B. M. Cooper. "An evaluation of wild populations of perennial ryegrass from dairy farms in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty districts." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (January 1, 2011): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3198.
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A ryegrass breeding programme to improve the seasonal growth and plant persistence of perennial and hybrid ryegrasses in the Waikato began at AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton in 2001. One approach was to characterise the genetic diversity of the naturalised populations within 26 dairy farms from different districts around the Waikato and Bay of Plenty (BOP) regions. Plants from 26 individual breeding lines were evaluated as single spaced plants over a 3-year period in comparison with three commercialised ryegrass cultivars. Principal Component Analysis was used to order the plant populations in accordance with the observed plant variables of seasonal growth pattern, tillering ability, leaf size and extension, and the incidence of crown rust. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the wild populations revealed two distinct plant groups. A mix of large leaf Italian Lolium multiflorum and hybrid plants were typical from the warmer drier areas of the BOP. The Italian ryegrass was prone to severe crown rust infection whereas the hybrids were more resistant. Shorter, narrow leaved and densely tillered plants with a high rust infection dominated the Waikato populations. Ecotypes that maintained high plant tiller density throughout the seasons had the best persistence. Plants that displayed an improvement in seasonal yield and tillering over the commercial cultivars were considered an important genetic source to develop new persistent cultivars for the Waikato and BOP regions. Keywords crown rust, drought, ecotypes, Lolium spp., plant breeding
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Stevens, D. R., I. D. Corson, and R. P. Littlejohn. "Preliminary findings of genotype variations in growth rate and feed intake of weaner deer." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 9 (January 1, 2003): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.9.2002.3416.
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Deer are seasonal animals with a feed intake that varies with day length, reaching a low in winter. Feed intake then rises rapidly in spring. Superimposed on the nutritional response to day length are the genetics of the deer. This paper documents preliminary findings of live weight gain in winter and spring and intake during September for red deer (Cervus elaphus) and elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) x red deer hybrids. Two experiments examined the relative growth rates and feed intake of rising 1 year old red and elk x red hybrid male deer during winter and spring 2001 and 2002. Live weight gain was higher in the elk x red than the red deer in both winter (averaging 262 and 144 g/d respectively) and spring (averaging 390 and 272 g/d respectively). Dry matter intake in September 2001 was 1.64 and 2.13 kg DM/d for red and elk x red deer respectively (P=0.003). Dry matter intake in September 2002 averaged 2.04 and 2.35 kg DM/d (P
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Cousins, Greig, and Derek Woodfield. "Effect of inbreeding on growth of white clover." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3026.
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Determining the impact of inbreeding on white clover growth will assist in determining the optimal breeding strategies for future population improvement. A dominant self-fertility allele (Sf) at the S locus was used to inbreed white clover to nearhomozygosity (F=0.99). Inbreeding depression was higher in the glasshouse experiment than was observed under sheep grazing in the field. It was also higher for comparable generations with a 54% reduction in herbage yield of the S1 generation in the glasshouse compared with 29% yield reduction under grazing. The level of inbreeding depression for herbage yield of the S1 and S2 generations observed in the glasshouse were consistent with the theoretical reduction in yield. However in later generations the actual herbage yield was consistently higher than expected. This may be due to heterozygosity being maintained during inbreeding or to the elimination of weaker individuals under higher competition and grazing experienced under field conditions. The degree to which inbreeding depression is overcome by outcrossing (heterosis) in white clover will determine whether hybrids or semi-hybrid cultivars can be successfully developed
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Tamrin, M. S., and M. R. Ahmad. "Simulation of adaptive power management circuit for hybrid energy harvester and real-time sensing application." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp658-666.
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Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
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Nichols, Phillip, and Philip Cocks. "Use of bulk hybrid populations to select for adaptation to contrasting environments in subterranean clover." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3017.
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Population changes were measured over 17 years within a highly variable bulk hybrid population of subterranean clover in a short and long growing season mediterranean-type environment in Western Australia. Flowering time was used as an indicator of evolutionary change and was highly responsive to environment. Markedly different populations evolved, with rapid selection for early flowering at the short growing season site and later flowering at the long growing season site. The use of bulk hybrid populations is suggested as a low-input means of breeding and selecting annual pasture legumes adapted to target environments and farming systems. While adapted genotypes can be selected after just 3 seasons, further adaptive fine-tuning occurs with increased homozygosity. The success of the method hinges on the original parents containing genes for desirable characters, trial sites being representative of target environments and trial management being representative of typical farm practice
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Burr, Kirsti, Shipra Mittal, Andy Hopkins, and Carolyn Young. "Characterisation of fungal endophytes present in Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye)." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3126.
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Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye - CWR) is a native perennial cool season bunch grass tolerant to a range of soils, winter hardy and able to grow across the United Sates and as far North as Southern Alaska. Canada wildrye is often used for prairie restoration, conservation and erosion stabilisation. Young CWR plant tissue is palatable and nutritious to grazing animals. CWR has been reported to harbour a sexual endophytic fungus, Epichloë elymi, but some accessions have been identified that have not produced stroma. We isolated and characterised the epichloë endophytes from three endophyte-infected CWR accessions collected from Mexico and Texas. We established that the endophytes present in these CWR accessions are of hybrid origin, with E. elymi and E. amarillans ancestral genomes, and are therefore considered to be asexual isolates. The endophytes were examined for their alkaloid potential, particularly the detrimental ergot alkaloids, with inconclusive results. Keywords: Elymus canadensis, Canada wildrye, hybrid, Epichloë elymi, Epichloë amarillans
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Densley, R. J., I. D. Williams, J. J. Kleinmans, S. B. Mccarter, and R. Tsimba. "Use of maize silage to improve pasture persistence in dairy farm systems: a review." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (January 1, 2011): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3205.
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Maize is a drought tolerant crop that produces high dry matter yields. Growing maize silage as part of a pasture renewal programme can help improve pasture persistence by reducing the level of weeds, insect pests and carryover ryegrass seed. Feeding maize silage to dairy cows results in pasture substitution. This decreases grazing pressure and can be used to manipulate farm pasture cover levels reducing overgrazing. The combination of maize silage and a well-designed stand-off pad with feeding bins allows farmers to keep cows off wet pastures reducing pugging damage and subsequent losses in pasture production without compromising milk production or animal welfare. Maize hybrid selection is critical to ensure timely regrassing. Crop simulation models such as CERES-maize may be useful to determine the best maize hybrid maturity x planting date combinations required to maximise silage yield and meet desired silage harvest and regrassing dates. Best-practice maize silage management including seed bed preparation, weed control and insecticide-treated maize seed will help farmers achieve high yields of silage and assist in the subsequent establishment of high yielding and persistent pastures. Keywords: pasture persistence, maize silage, feed pad
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Cooper, Bruce, David Hume, Kathryn Panckhurst, Alison Popay, and Tom Lyons. "The role of perennial ryegrass endophyte in Italian ryegrass." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3022.
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Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrass (L. boucheanum) have reliable establishment and high cool season growth, but varying persistence after the first summer. In Northland, there is increased stress on ryegrass from invertebrate insect attack. Selected strains of endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) have been identified that protect perennial ryegrass from invertebrate attack. Two of these endophyte strains (AR1 and AR37) were inoculated into two Italian ryegrass cultivars (Status and Corvette) and compared in a small plot agronomic trial with the same cultivars free or low in the naturally-occurring endophyte N. occultans. From April 2004 to June 2005, ryegrass plots with these endophyte-cultivar combinations were measured for dry matter yields and plant survival under summer/autumn insect pressure in Northland. In autumn/winter 2005, novel endophytes resulted in greater plant survival and yield advantages (82%) than the same cultivars with no/low N. occultans endophyte. These effects were consistent across cultivars. Increased agronomic performance corresponded with lower damage from African black beetle larvae (Heteronychus arator). This result has implications for extending the persistence and potential yields of Italian/hybrid ryegrass pastures subject to pest attack.
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Brown, K. R., and R. R. Mcintosh. "MANAWA, MOATA AND TAMA." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 5 (January 1, 1990): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.5.1998.3335.
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Grasslands Manawa, Moata and Tama are greenfeed crops. Manawa is a perennial x Italian hybrid, also known as 'short-rotation ryegrass'. Moata is a tetraploid Italian ryegrass and Tama is a tetraploid Westerwolds Italian ryegrass (i.e., it is an extreme annual type). About 1500 ha of these three were entered for certification in the 1987/88 season; twice as much Moata was sown as Manawa and Tama. Yields of l$OO kg ha-' are achieved by specialist growers in these crops; in theory yields of 2000 kg ha-' should be possible.
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Morozov, A., L. M. S. Margato, A. Blanco, and D. Galaviz. "Concept of a fast neutron detector based on 10B-RPCs." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): P02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/p02016.
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Abstract We propose an alternative approach for the detection of fast neutrons in the energy range from 10-4 to 5 MeV based on 10B-RPCs (hybrid double-gap Resistive Plate Chambers with 10B4C neutron converters) surrounded by a polyethylene moderator. The detection efficiency as a function of the neutron energy is obtained in Monte Carlo simulations performed with the Geant4 toolkit for several detector configurations. The thickness of the neutron converter is optimized for the maximum efficiency. The results show that for this type of detector it is possible to obtain an average detection efficiency larger than 50% with a weak dependence on the neutron energy. The dark count rate and gamma sensitivity are also discussed.
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Gao, Ling-Yan, Xiao-Yan Liu, Cheng-Jun Chen, Jian-Cheng Wang, Qiang Feng, Min-Zhi Yu, Xiao-Fei Ma, et al. "Core-Shell type lipid/rPAA-Chol polymer hybrid nanoparticles for in vivo siRNA delivery." Biomaterials 35, no. 6 (February 2014): 2066–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.046.
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Hall, E. J., R. Reid, B. Clark, and R. Dent. "The search for alternative temperate perennial pasture species for low to medium rainfall environments in Tasmania." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3239.
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In response to the need to find better adapted and more persistent perennial pasture plants for the dryland pastures in the cool-temperate low to medium rainfall (500-700 mm) regions, over 1000 accessions representing 24 species of perennial legumes and 64 species of perennial grasses, were introduced, characterised and evaluated for production and persistence under sheep grazing at sites throughout Tasmania. The work has identified four alternative legume species in Talish Clover (Trifolium tumens). Caucasian Clover (T. ambiguum), Stoloniferous Red Clover (T. pratense var. stoloniferum), Lucerne x Yellow Lucerne Hybrid (Medicago sativa x M.sativa subsp. falcata); and two grass species in Coloured Brome (Bromus coloratus) and Hispanic Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata var hispanica). Keywords: persistence, perennial grass, perennial legume
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Hocking, J. D. "Alternative tree species on farms." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2980.
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The more commonly and successfully grown species of timber trees, grown in New Zealand as alternatives to radiata pine, are briefly reviewed, with emphasis on site requirements and timber end uses. Their silviculture and marketing is considered. The groups covered are Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menzesii), the cypresses (Cupressus species and hybrids), eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.), acacias (Acacia melanoxylon and some others) and more briefly redwood (Sequoia sempervirens and Sequoiadendron giganteum) and poplars (Populus spp.).
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Stewart, Alan. "Genetic origins of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for New Zealand pastures." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3042.
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New Zealand perennial ryegrass germplasm originated largely from seed introduced from the UK during the 1800s. Modern breeding began in the 1930s and soon utilised selections from the best ecotypes as "mother" seed for the seed industry and after numerous reselections this resulted in the release of Grasslands Ruanui 1955. Winter growth was improved by hybridising with Italian ryegrass to produce the "short rotation hybrid" cultivar Grasslands Manawa, released in 1943. Further introgression to perennial ryegrass led to the development of Grasslands Ariki "long rotation hybrid", functionally a perennial, released in 1965. The identification of a valuable ecotype from the Mangere district in Northern New Zealand in the late 1960s had a substantial impact on ryegrass breeding in New Zealand and has subsequently been widely used in all Australasian ryegrass breeding programs. Germplasm from mild oceanic regions of North West Spain, collected in the 1980s, has provided a valuable combination of winter growth with late flowering behaviour. This has been used in many recent breeding programs. Considerable research has gone into endophytes of ryegrass to develop safe and persistent pastures. The lack of chemical diversity within endophytes of New Zealand ecotypes has required considerable sourcing of overseas germplasm for endophyte discovery. In recent years breeders have introgressed a wider range of germplasm, including winter active Mediterranean material, cold tolerant Northern European material, as well as Italian ryegrass and meadow fescue. Tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivars have been released in the last 20 years, based largely on New Zealand diploid cultivars but also using some European tetraploids. Today a full range of cultivars from early flowering diploids to late flowering tetraploids is available to the farming industry. The use of a wider range of germplasm is discussed in relation to advances in our knowledge of genetic origins of perennial ryegrass. Genetic advances should be achievable from more diverse germplasm by using a combination of traditional breeding techniques and new technologies, such as marker assisted selection. However, lifting overall pasture performance still remains a challenge as ryegrass cultivars are used in mixtures with white clover and any increase in the ryegrass yield is often partially cancelled by decreased clover yields
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Cooper, B. M., D. E. Hume, K. A. Panckhurst, and A. J. Popay. "Agronomic response of Italian ryegrasses infected with different Neotyphodium strains." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3147.
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Italian (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrasses (L. boucheanum) are utilised by farmers for their reliable establishment and yield potential for winter feeding, but lack summer production and persistence. To improve the performance of these ryegrasses, endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) strains from perennial ryegrass were inoculated into several cultivars and evaluated for agronomic performance in the Northland region of New Zealand. 'Moata' tetraploid Italian ryegrass families usually showed a reduction in yield when infected with the AR5 strain compared with endophyte-free Moata. Infection of the Italian ryegrass cultivars 'Corvette' and 'Status' with the N. lolii endophytes strains, AR1 and more particularly AR37, usually increased plant production and persistence. Natural infection with the N. occultans endophyte also improved plant performance. Improved plant performance was most closely associated with reduced damage from African black beetle. Interactions between plant line/cultivar and endophyte strain offer the potential for plant breeders to provide enhanced endophyte-infected cultivars of Italian ryegrasses to farmers. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Neotyphodium occultans, Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum, dry matter yields, plant persistence, insect damage
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Brown, Colin. "Consolidated summary of key points from the Ryegrass Endophyte Symposium: a farm consultant's perspective." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 7 (January 1, 1999): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.7.1999.3392.
Full textAbstract:
Background on endophytes Endophyte is a fungus, which exists inside individual ryegrass plants, and reproduces through infecting ryegrass seed. Endophytes are very widespread in New Zealand pastures, being present in 70% of ryegrass tillers in Southland, and 99% in the upper North Island. The presence of endophyte confers benefits to the host ryegrass plant, inhibiting its susceptibility to grazing by: • domestic animals. • above ground insects, particularly. (a) Argentine stem weevil (b) Black beetles (c) Mealy bug. General awareness of its existence, and understanding of its role, began in the 1980s, and is still expanding. Knowledge of its existence and impacts now allow us to better explain the reasons for "inexplicable" results from scientific trials before 1980. It may also be a prime cause of summer "ill thrift". The endophyte responsible for ryegrass staggers in cattle, sheep, deer and horses occurs in perennial ryegrass and some hybrid ryegrass plants. Endophytes that have toxic effects on grazing animals also occur in other grass species, for example, the endophyte in roadside tall fescue that causes "fescue foot". However, commercial cultivars of tall fescue sold in New Zealand do not contain toxic endophyte.
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Hyslop, M. G., M. W. A. Slay, and C. A. Moffat. "Dry matter accumulation and sheep grazing preference of six winter active annual legumes." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.3006.
Full textAbstract:
Winter active legumes are suited to the mild winter areas of New Zealand, where they provide high quality forage in late winter and early to mid-spring. Six winter active annual legumes, persian clover, balansa clover, sweet clover, hybrid serradella, subterranean clover, and Medicago truncatula, were sown in a randomised complete block design with four replicates. Their dry matter (DM) accumulation and grazing preference to young sheep were measured every 3-6 weeks from sowing on 6 April 2000 until 24 October 2000. Total ungrazed DM production ranged from 5 500 kg/ha (sweet clover) to 9 300 kg/ha (balansa clover) over this period. The seasonal pattern of growth varied significantly between species, as did hogget grazing preference, with persian, balansa, and subterranean clover most preferred. These six plant species are capable of producing large amounts of high quality dry matter, but at all grazings, preference was extreme (measured by the number of sheep preferring to graze any one of the species when given a choice of all six), which may indicate the limited usefulness of some species. Key words: accumulative yield, grazing preference, Medicago truncatula, Melilotus albus, Ornithopus sativus x compressus, seasonal growth, sheep, Trifolium balansae, Trifolium respinatum, Trifolium subterraneum, winter active legumes
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Woodfield, D. R., and D. W. R. White. "Breeding strategies for developing transgenic white clover cultivars." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 6 (January 1, 1996): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.6.1995.3351.
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The introduction of foreign genes into elite white clover (Trifolium repens L.) genotypes has resulted in the first field test of genetically modified white clover. We now require breeding strategies which efficiently deploy transgenes into commercial cultivars. Current white clover cultivars are synthetics, produced by randomly intermating selected parents or seed lines for up to 6 generations. Unfortunately, the uncontrolled nature of transgene insertion means each transformant has a different site of insertion and frequently has a variable number of inserts. This complicates breeding strategies because populations produced by intercrossing these transformants will contain multiple insertion sites, variable dosage at each insertion site, and be highly heterogeneous for expression level. A modified synthetic breeding method is proposed for crosspollinated crops such as white clover which overcomes these difficulties by identifying F2 progeny homozygous for a defined number of transgenes. These homozygotes are used as the parents to develop a synthetic with a specific genetic composition and high expression levels of the transgene in all progeny. The advantages of backcrossing into existing cultivars or directly transforming inbreds are also discussed. The initiation of new crossing programmes in successive years can be utilised to offset the initial lagphase until strategies which reduce the number of generations required to obtain commercial quantities are developed. Keywords: backcrossing, breeding methods, cross-pollinated, hybrids, inbreeding, plant breeding, transgenic plants, Trifolium repens L.
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Zhang, Jinxia, Honglin Chen, Gerry Weinmaster, and S. Diane Hayward. "Epstein-Barr Virus BamHI-A Rightward Transcript-Encoded RPMS Protein Interacts with the CBF1-Associated Corepressor CIR To Negatively Regulate the Activity of EBNA2 and NotchIC." Journal of Virology 75, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 2946–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.6.2946-2956.2001.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs) are expressed in all EBV-associated tumors as well as in latently infected B cells in vivo and cultured B-cell lines. One of the BART family transcripts contains an open reading frame, RPMS1, that encodes a nuclear protein termed RPMS. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that BART transcripts with the splicing pattern that generates the RPMS1 open reading frame are commonly expressed in EBV-positive lymphoblastoid cell lines and are also detected in Hodgkin's disease tissues. Experiments undertaken to determine the function of RPMS revealed that RPMS interacts with both CBF1 and components of the CBF1-associated corepressor complex. RPMS interaction with CBF1 was demonstrated in a glutathione S-transferase (GST) affinity assay and by the ability of RPMS to alter the intracellular localization of a mutant CBF1. A Gal4-RPMS fusion protein mediated transcriptional repression, suggesting an additional interaction between RPMS and corepressor proteins. GST affinity assays revealed interaction between RPMS and the corepressor Sin3A and CIR. The RPMS-CIR interaction was further substantiated in mammalian two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and colocalization experiments. RPMS has been shown to interfere with NotchIC and EBNA2 activation of CBF1-containing promoters in reporter assays. Consistent with this function, immunofluorescence assays performed on cotransfected cells showed that there was colocalization of RPMS with NotchIC and with EBNA2 in intranuclear punctate speckles. The effect of RPMS on NotchIC function was further examined in a muscle cell differentiation assay where RPMS was found to partially reverse NotchIC-mediated inhibition of differentiation. The mechanism of RPMS action was examined in cotransfection and mammalian two-hybrid assays. The results revealed that RPMS blocked relief of CBF1-mediated repression and interfered with SKIP-CIR interactions. We conclude that RPMS acts as a negative regulator of EBNA2 and Notch activity through its interactions with the CBF1-associated corepressor complex.
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Monteil, Véronique, Annie Kolb, Claudine Mayer, Sylviane Hoos, Patrick England, and Françoise Norel. "Crl Binds to Domain 2 of σS and Confers a Competitive Advantage on a Natural rpoS Mutant of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 24 (October 8, 2010): 6401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00801-10.
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ABSTRACTThe RpoS sigma factor (σS) is the master regulator of the bacterial response to a variety of stresses. Mutants inrpoSarise in bacterial populations in the absence of stress, probably as a consequence of a subtle balance between self-preservation and nutritional competence. We characterized here one naturalrpoSmutant ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi (Ty19). We show that therpoSallele of Ty19 (rpoSTy19) led to the synthesis of a σSTy19protein carrying a single glycine-to-valine substitution at position 282 in σSdomain 4, which was much more dependent than the wild-type σSprotein on activation by Crl, a chaperone-like protein that increases the affinity of σSfor the RNA polymerase core enzyme (E). We used the bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid system to demonstrate that Crl bound to residues 72 to 167 of σSdomain 2 and that G282V substitution did not directly affect Crl binding. However, this substitution drastically reduced the ability of σSTy19to bind E in a surface plasmon resonance assay, a defect partially rescued by Crl. The modeled structure of the EσSholoenzyme suggested that substitution G282V could directly disrupt a favorable interaction between σSand E. TherpoSTy19allele conferred a competitive fitness when the bacterial population was wild type forcrlbut was outcompeted in Δcrlpopulations. Thus, these results indicate that the competitive advantage of therpoSTy19mutant is dependent on Crl and suggest thatcrlplays a role in the appearance ofrpoSmutants in bacterial populations.
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Taylor, Breanna, Anna Mills, Malcolm Smith, Richard Lucas, and Derrick Moot. "Yield and botanical composition of four dryland pastures at Ashley Dene Research Farm over 8 years." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 17 (May 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.17.2021.3445.
Full textAbstract:
Dry matter yield and botanical composition of four grazed dryland pasture types were compared over 8 years in summer-dry conditions at Ashley Dene, Canterbury, New Zealand. The experiment was sown in March 2013 to evaluate cocksfoot (CF)- or meadow fescue/ryegrass hybrid (RG)-based pastures established with either subterranean (Sub) or subterranean and balansa (S+B) clovers. Plantain was included in all pasture types. Perennial ryegrass established poorly on the low soil moisture holding capacity Lismore soil and in Year 2 was re-broadcast into the RG pastures. Despite this, plantain was the main sown species in RG pastures beyond Year 3. Total spring yield was greatest in Year 5 at 6720 kg DM/ha and varied with spring rainfall. Cocksfoot-based pastures had 60% of sown species present in the spring of Year 8, compared with 28% in RG-based pastures. Balansa clover was only present up to Year 5 after a managed seeding event in the first spring. White clover did not persist in the dryland environment past Year 2. Sub clover yield depended on the time and amount of autumn rainfall but contributed up to 45% of the spring yield. Cocksfoot-sub clover pastures appear to be most resilient in this summer-dry environment with variable spring rainfall.
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Hryckowian, Andrew J., Aurelia Battesti, Justin J. Lemke, Zachary C. Meyer, and Rodney A. Welch. "IraL Is an RssB Anti-adaptor That Stabilizes RpoS during Logarithmic Phase Growth in Escherichia coli and Shigella." mBio 5, no. 3 (May 27, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01043-14.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTRpoS (σS), the general stress response sigma factor, directs the expression of genes under a variety of stressful conditions. Control of the cellular σSconcentration is critical for appropriately scaled σS-dependent gene expression. One way to maintain appropriate levels of σSis to regulate its stability. Indeed, σSdegradation is catalyzed by the ClpXP protease and the recognition of σSby ClpXP depends on the adaptor protein RssB. Three anti-adaptors (IraD, IraM, and IraP) exist inEscherichia coliK-12; each interacts with RssB andinhibitsRssBactivity under different stress conditions, thereby stabilizing σS. Unlike K-12, someE. coliisolates, including uropathogenicE. colistrain CFT073, show comparable cellular levels of σSduring the logarithmic and stationary growth phases, suggesting that there are differences in the regulation of σSlevels amongE. colistrains. Here, we describe IraL, an RssB anti-adaptor that stabilizes σSduring logarithmic phase growth in CFT073 and otherE. coliandShigellastrains. By immunoblot analyses, we show that IraL affects the levels and stability of σSduring logarithmic phase growth. By computational and PCR-based analyses, we reveal thatiraLis found in manyE. colipathotypes but not in laboratory-adapted strains. Finally, by bacterial two-hybrid and copurification analyses, we demonstrate that IraL interacts with RssB by a mechanism distinct from that used by other characterized anti-adaptors. We introduce a fourth RssB anti-adaptor found inE. colispecies and suggest that differences in the regulation of σSlevels may contribute to host and niche specificity in pathogenic and nonpathogenicE. colistrains.IMPORTANCEBacteria must cope with a variety of environmental conditions in order to survive. RpoS (σS), the general stress response sigma factor, directs the expression of many genes under stressful conditions in both pathogenic and nonpathogenicEscherichia colistrains. The regulation of σSlevels and activity allows appropriately scaled σS-dependent gene expression. Here, we describe IraL, an RssB anti-adaptor that, unlike previously described anti-adaptors, stabilizes σSduring the logarithmic growth phase in the absence of additional stress. We also demonstrate thatiraLis found in a large number ofE. coliandShigellaisolates. These data suggest that strains containingiraLare able to initiate σS-dependent gene expression under conditions under which strains withoutiraLcannot. Therefore, IraL-mediated σSstabilization may contribute to host and niche specificity inE. coli.