Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hybrid node

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hybrid node'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hybrid node"

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Sivamurugan, D., and L. Raja. "SECURE ROUTING IN MANET USING HYBRID CRYPTOGRAPHY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2017): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i4.2017.1798.

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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a group of mobile nodes that communicates with each other without any supporting infrastructure. These networks have some unique features such as dynamic mobility, open nature, lack of infrastructure, limited physical security and they are vulnerable to several security threats. Malicious node can drop all or partial received packets instead of forwarding them to the next hop through the path. In order to find the malicious nodes, an initial transmission is made between the source and destination nodes. Using fuzzy rules, the trust value of each node is computed and it varies from 0 to 1. A common threshold value is set for each node and by using this threshold value, every node in the network can be identified as either a malicious node or a regular node. After identifying the malicious nodes, these nodes are eliminated by muting the power to off state. As the malicious nodes are eliminated between source and destination nodes, source node can select another trusted path to its destination node. For security and authentication of routing information, hybrid cryptography is employed, using advanced encryption standard (AES) and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) algorithms. AES algorithm is used as symmetric algorithm to encrypt the routing information and ECC algorithm is used as asymmetric algorithm to encrypt the public key. During encryption, the original plain text is converted into cipher text with encrypted public key and similarly during decryption cipher text is converted into original plain text with decrypted private keys. So the proposed method involves both AES and ECC algorithms which provides security mechanism as efficient and sufficient one. The experimental simulations are carried for the proposed model using network simulator 2 (NS-2) for Throughput, Delay, Packet delivery ratio, Packet overhead and Packet drop.
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Kaundal, Vivek, Paawan Sharma, and Manish Prateek. "Wireless Sensor Node Localization based on LNSM and Hybrid TLBO- Unilateral technique for Outdoor Location." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 63, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2017-0054.

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Abstract The paper aims at localization of the anchor node (fixed node) by pursuit nodes (movable node) in outdoor location. Two methods are studied for node localization. The first method is based on LNSM (Log Normal Shadowing Model) technique to localize the anchor node and the second method is based on Hybrid TLBO (Teacher Learning Based Optimization Algorithm)- Unilateral technique. In the first approach the ZigBee protocol has been used to localize the node, which uses RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) values in dBm. LNSM technique is implemented in the self-designed hardware node and localization is studied for Outdoor location. The statistical analysis using RMSE (root mean square error) for outdoor location is done and distance error found to be 35 mtrs. The same outdoor location has been used and statistical analysis is done for localization of nodes using Hybrid TLBO-Unilateral technique. The Hybrid- TLBO Unilateral technique significantly localizes anchor node with distance error of 0.7 mtrs. The RSSI values obtained are normally distributed and standard deviation in RSSI value is observed as 1.01 for outdoor location. The node becomes 100% discoverable after using hybrid TLBO- Unilateral technique.
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P. Saveetha, P. Saveetha, Y. Harold Robinson P. Saveetha, Vimal Shanmuganathan Y. Harold Robinson, Seifedine Kadry Vimal Shanmuganathan, and Yunyoung Nam Seifedine Kadry. "Hybrid Energy-based Secured Clustering technique for Wireless Sensor Networks." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 1 (January 2022): 021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022012301003.

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<p>The performance of the Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) identified as the efficient energy utilization and enhanced network lifetime. The multi-hop path routing techniques in WSNs have been observed that the applications with the data transmission within the cluster head and the base station, so that the intra-cluster transmission has been involved for improving the quality of service. This paper proposes a novel Hybrid Energy-based Secured Clustering (HESC) technique for providing the data transmission technique for WSNs to produce the solution for the energy and security problem for cluster based data transmission. The proposed technique involves the formation of clusters to perform the organization of sensor nodes with the multi-hop data transmission technique for finding the specific node to deliver the data packets to the cluster head node and the secured transmission technique is used to provide the privacy of the sensor nodes through the cluster. The residual energy of the sensor nodes is another parameter to select the forwarding node. The simulation results can show the efficiency of this proposed technique in spite of lifetime within the huge amount data packets. The security of this proposed technique is measured and increases the performance of the proposed technique.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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Hasan, Ola, Abdulmuttalib Rashid, and Ramzy Ali. "Hybrid approach for multi-node localization and Identification." Basrah journal for engineering science 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33971/bjes.16.2.2.

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In this paper, a new approach for the positioning(localization) of multi-node systems is presented. Each nodeincluding the beacon node contains two types of sensors: onefor the distance sensing and the other type is forcommunication. The main idea of our proposed approach is touse the control of beacon to construct anodes' tree which isgoing to be used later by the nodes to know the paths in whichthe information will flow. During the tree construction, theidentities of nodes will be known. Every node except thebeacon will use the information obtained from its previousneighbor in the tree to find its own location and orientation.Several simulations using visual basic 2012 are implemented todiscern the performance of this algorithm.
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Masoud, Mohammad Z., Yousef Jaradat, Ismael Jannoud, and Mustafa A. Al Sibahee. "A hybrid clustering routing protocol based on machine learning and graph theory for energy conservation and hole detection in wireless sensor network." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 15, no. 6 (June 2019): 155014771985823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147719858231.

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In this work, a new hybrid clustering routing protocol is proposed to prolong network life time through detecting holes and edges nodes. The detection process attempts to generate a connected graph without any isolated nodes or clusters that have no connection with the sink node. To this end, soft clustering/estimation maximization with graph metrics, PageRank, node degree, and local cluster coefficient, has been utilized. Holes and edges detection process is performed by the sink node to reduce energy consumption of wireless sensor network nodes. The clustering process is dynamic among sensor nodes. Hybrid clustering routing protocol–hole detection converts the network into a number of rings to overcome transmission distances. We compared hybrid clustering routing protocol–hole detection with four different protocols. The accuracy of detection reached 98%. Moreover, network life time has prolonged 10%. Finally, hybrid clustering routing protocol–hole detection has eliminated the disconnectivity in the network for more than 80% of network life time.
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Xu, Hui, and Hang Zhang. "Research on Relay Node Placement Based on Hybrid Greedy Optimization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3028.

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In this paper, we propose a hybrid greedy optimization algorithm for (WSN, wireless sensor networks) and then design the relay node layout system. The test results demonstrate that the hybrid algorithm greatly reduces the number of nodes required to avoid wasting too much unnecessary relay node.
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Kang, Min Wook, and Yun Won Chung. "An Improved Hybrid Routing Protocol Combining MANET and DTN." Electronics 9, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030439.

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Hybrid protocols combining a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and a delay tolerant network (DTN) have recently been proposed. In these works, a whole network is fragmented, and MANET is generally used for intra-fragment communication, while DTN is used for inter-fragment communication. In this paper, an improved hybrid routing protocol was proposed, wherein virtual source nodes are selected based on the delivery predictability to the destination node if routing path to the destination node is not successfully established using MANET protocol. Then, messages are delivered to the destination node from the original source node and selected virtual source nodes. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed protocol with appropriate selection of delivery predictability threshold values has a better delivery ratio than conventional protocol, at the expense of overhead ratio in the considered parameter setting.
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Draz, Umar, Muhammad Hasanain Chaudary, Tariq Ali, Abid Sohail, Muhammad Irfan, and Grzegorz Nowakowski. "Trust-Based Beacon Node Localization Algorithm for Underwater Networks by Exploiting Nature Inspired Meta-Heuristic Strategies." Electronics 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 4131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244131.

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Conventional underwater technologies were not able to provide authentication and proper visualization of unexplored ocean areas to accommodate a wide range of applications. The aforesaid technologies face several challenges including decentralization, beacon node localization (for identification of nodes), authentication of Internet of Underwater Things (IoUTs) objects and unreliable beacon node communication between purpose oriented IoT-enabled networks. Recently, new technologies such as blockchain (BC) and the IoUTs have been used to reduce the issues but there are still some research gaps; for example, unreliable beacon messages for node acquisition have significant impacts on node identification and localization and many constrained node resources, etc. Further, the uncertainty of acoustic communication and the environment itself become problems when designing a trust-based framework for the IoUTs. In this research, a trust-based hybrid BC-enabled beacon node localization (THBNL) framework is proposed to employ a secure strategy for beacon node localization (BNL) to mine the underwater localized nodes via the hybrid blockchain enabled beacon node localization (HB2NL) algorithm. This framework helps to merge two disciplines; it is hybrid because it follows the nature and bio inspired meta heuristics algorithms for scheduling the beacon nodes. The performance of the proposed approach is also evaluated for different factors such as node losses, packet delivery ratios, residual and energy consumption and waiting time analysis, etc. These findings show that the work done so far has been successful in achieving the required goals while remaining within the system parameters.
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OLA, ARJUN LAL. "Evaluation of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] hybrids for growth, yield attributes and yield." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 23, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10098.

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The present experiment was carried out at RLBCAU, Jhansi with okra hybrids during summer season of 2020 to evaluate the performance of okra hybrids for growth and yield. Fourteen okra hybrids were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that 50 % seed germination was observed in hybrid NS-7772. The highest plant height (133.7cm) was recorded in hybrid Somaya, while, highest number of nodes per plant (27.4) was observed in NOH-05. The minimum length of node (3.27cm) was noticed in SW 001.The maximum number of primary branches per plant (3.73) was noticed in hybrid NOH-1053. On the basis of yield attributes, the maximum pod length (12.4 cm), 10 pod weight (160.7g), yield per plant (461.2g) and yield (17.08 t ha-1) were observed in hybrid NS 7772.
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M. Udhaya Sankar, S., S. Thanga Revathi, and R. Thiagarajan. "Hybrid Authentication Using Node Trustworthy to Detect Vulnerable Nodes." Computer Systems Science and Engineering 45, no. 1 (2023): 625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/csse.2023.030444.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hybrid node"

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Rusu, Alexandrina Doina. "Synthesis and catalytic applications of carbene-functionalized hybrid catalysts." München Verl. Dr. Hut, 2009. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/node?id=737218.

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Reiner, Thomas. "Metalla affinity labels - a new route to organometallic enzyme hybrids." kostenfrei, 2009. http://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/node?id=685539.

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Ladha, Sonia. "Second Generation Immigrant Adaptation: Construction of a Hybrid Cultural Identity." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,194.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of New Orleans, 2005.
Title from electronic submission form. "A thesis ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology"--Thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Baptista, Albano Manuel Cardoso. "Reconfigurable remote nodes for hybrid passive optical networks." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2036.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações
O presente documento tem por objectivo demonstrar, analisar e optimizar nós remotos passivos para redes ópticas passivas baseadas numa topologia de anel de dupla fibra com multiplexagem no comprimento de onda onde estão penduradas árvores mono fibra baseadas na multiplexagem no tempo. A rede ‘Scalable Advanced Ring-based passive Dense Access Network Architecture’ (SARDANA) baseada nesta topologia é apresentada e demonstrada. Na rede SARDANA a interligação entre o anel e as árvores é realizada pelo intermédio de um nó especial denominado de nó remoto. Esse nó remoto é um elemento fundamental para o funcionamento, resiliência e escalabilidade da rede. Neste documento são apresentadas e comparadas diferentes topologias para a implementação desse nó remoto. É também apresentada a reconfigurabilidade remota desses mesmos nós remotos através de módulos de conversão energética e controlo, implementada nos nós remotos. Um factor importante para a optimização dos nós remotos é a amplificação remota realizada por intermédio de fibras dopadas de érbio pelo que o seu estudo é também apresentado. Finalmente é demonstrado um protótipo de um nó remotamente reconfigurado e eficiente. ABSTRACT: The objective of this document is to demonstrate, analyze and optimize remote nodes for passive optical networks based on double fiber ring multiplexed in wavelength connected to single fiber trees multiplexed in time. The network ‘Scalable Advanced Ring-based passive Dense Access Network Architecture’ (SARDANA) based on this topology is presented and demonstrated. In the SARDANA network the interconnection between the ring and the trees is done by means of a special node, the remote node. This node is a fundamental element to the operation, resiliency and scalability of the network. This document presents and compares different topologies to the implementation of the remote node. Remotely reconfigurability of the remote nodes is also demonstrated by means of optical conversion and control modules. An important factor to the optimization of the remote nodes is the remote amplification done by means of erbium doped fibers being presented the analysis of the amplifier. Finally is demonstrated a prototype of a node remotely reconfigured and efficient.
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Cui, Li. "Conducting polymer-based QCM-interdigitated electrode hybrid electronic nose system." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3974/.

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This research project was concerned with the establishment and characterisation of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) - conductimetric interdigitated electrode hybrid "second generation" Electronic Nose system. Research objectives covered a number of technical limitations and analytical difficulties existed in the "first generation" Electronic Nose system. A wide variety of work was carried out, including the design and fabrication of the electronic nose system, the optimisation of sensors response, the device modelling, the studies of vapour-polymer interaction mechanisms and the application of the electronic nose in multi-component analysis. A QCM-interdigitated electrode hybrid sensor odour measurement system was established, and sensor fabrication techniques developed. Some important parameters corresponding to sensor characteristics were investigated such as the conditions for polymer film polymerisation. By studying 16 different coatings, "optimal" individual initial resistances were proposed, which minimise long-term baseline resistance drift, whilst maintaining good sensitivity. A set of sensors was made with low initial resistance variation. Sensor detection dynamic range was found to be dependent on the type of the coating material and the film thickness. The response of a combined hybrid sensor pair remained stable during a test period of 45 days, which showed an improved stability. The principle of the sensor's response and device modelling were addressed. The vapour-polymer interactions and sensor pair's response were linked by a sensitivity coefficient (S), which was defined as the relative resistivity change by a single molecule absorbed into the polymer film. A pair of sensors showing concentration independence over a wide concentration range can be formed on separate QCM and interdigitated electrodes with the same polymer. The combined response (Srf) can be used to identify a particular vapour. Based on the concentration independence, the proposed "odour maps" showed the feasibility of distinguishing odourants using a significantly lower number of different types of sensor coatings. This demonstrated the improved selectivity of a hybrid system compared with the single property system.
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Megahed, Mohamed Helmy Mostafa. "SurvSec Security Architecture for Reliable Surveillance WSN Recovery from Base Station Failure." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31154.

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Surveillance wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are highly vulnerable to the failure of the base station (BS) because attackers can easily render the network useless for relatively long periods of time by only destroying the BS. The time and effort needed to destroy the BS is much less than that needed to destroy the numerous sensing nodes. Previous works have tackled BS failure by deploying a mobile BS or by using multiple BSs, which requires extra cost. Moreover, despite using the best electronic countermeasures, intrusion tolerance systems and anti-traffic analysis strategies to protect the BSs, an adversary can still destroy them. The new BS cannot trust the deployed sensor nodes. Also, previous works lack both the procedures to ensure network reliability and security during BS failure such as storing then sending reports concerning security threats against nodes to the new BS and the procedures to verify the trustworthiness of the deployed sensing nodes. Otherwise, a new WSN must be re-deployed which involves a high cost and requires time for the deployment and setup of the new WSN. In this thesis, we address the problem of reliable recovery from a BS failure by proposing a new security architecture called Surveillance Security (SurvSec). SurvSec continuously monitors the network for security threats and stores data related to node security, detects and authenticates the new BS, and recovers the stored data at the new BS. SurvSec includes encryption for security-related information using an efficient dynamic secret sharing algorithm, where previous work has high computations for dynamic secret sharing. SurvSec includes compromised nodes detection protocol against collaborative work of attackers working at the same time where previous works have been inefficient against collaborative work of attackers working at the same time. SurvSec includes a key management scheme for homogenous WSN, where previous works assume heterogeneous WSN using High-end Sensor Nodes (HSN) which are the best target for the attackers. SurvSec includes efficient encryption architecture against quantum computers with a low time delay for encryption and decryption, where previous works have had high time delay to encrypt and decrypt large data size, where AES-256 has 14 rounds and high delay. SurvSec consists of five components, which are: 1. A Hierarchical Data Storage and Data Recovery System. 2. Security for the Stored Data using a new dynamic secret sharing algorithm. 3. A Compromised-Nodes Detection Algorithm at the first stage. 4. A Hybrid and Dynamic Key Management scheme for homogenous network. 5. Powerful Encryption Architecture for post-quantum computers with low time delay. In this thesis, we introduce six new contributions which are the followings: 1. The development of the new security architecture called Surveillance Security (SurvSec) based on distributed Security Managers (SMs) to enable distributed network security and distributed secure storage. 2. The design of a new dynamic secret sharing algorithm to secure the stored data by using distributed users tables. 3. A new algorithm to detect compromised nodes at the first stage, when a group of attackers capture many legitimate nodes after the base station destruction. This algorithm is designed to be resistant against a group of attackers working at the same time to compromise many legitimate nodes during the base station failure. 4. A hybrid and dynamic key management scheme for homogenous network which is called certificates shared verification key management. 5. A new encryption architecture which is called the spread spectrum encryption architecture SSEA to resist quantum-computers attacks. 6. Hardware implementation of reliable network recovery from BS failure. The description of the new security architecture SurvSec components is done followed by a simulation and analytical study of the proposed solutions to show its performance.
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Shin, Hyun Woo. "A hybrid electronic nose system for monitoring the quality of potable water." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1999. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/111031/.

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This PhD thesis reports on the potential application of an electronic nose to analysing the quality of potable water. The enrichment of water by toxic cyanobacteria is fast becoming a severe problem in the quality of water and a common source of environmental odour pollution. Thus, of particular interest is the classification and early warning of toxic cyanobacteria in water. This research reports upon the first attempt to identify electronically cyanobacteria in water. The measurement system comprises a Cellfacts instrument and a Warwick e-nose specially constructed for the testing of the cyanobacteria in water. The Warwick e- nose employed an array of six commercial odour sensors and was set-up to monitor not only the different strains, but also the growth phases, of cyanobacteria. A series of experiments was carried out to analyse the nature of two closely related strains of cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 which produces a toxin and PCC 7941 that does not. Several pre-processing techniques were explored in order to remove the noise factor associated with running the electronic nose in ambient air, and the normalised fractional difference method was found to give the best PCA plot. Three supervised neural networks, MLP, LVQ and Fuzzy ARTMAP, were used and compared for the classification of both two strains and four different growth phases of cyanobacteria (lag, growth, stationary and late stationary). The optimal MLP network was found to classify correctly 97.1 % of unknown non-toxic and 100 % of unknown toxic cyanobacteria. The optimal LVQ and Fuzzy ARTMAP algorithms were able to classify 100% of both strains of cyanobacteria. The accuracy of MLP, LVQ and Fuzzy ARTMAP algorithms with 4 different growth phases of toxic cyanobacteria was 92.3 %, 95.1 % and 92.3 %, respectively. A hybrid e-nose system based on 6 MOS, 6 CP, 2 temperature sensors, 1 humidity sensor and 2 flow sensors was finally developed. Using the hybrid system, data were gathered on six different cyanobacteria cultures for the classification of growth phase. The hybrid resistive nose showed high resolving power to discriminate six growth stages as well as three growth phases. Even though time did not permit many series of the continuous monitoring, because of the relatively long life span (30-40 days) of cyanobacteria, improved results indicate the use of a hybrid nose. The HP 4440 chemical sensor was also used for the discrimination of six different cyanobacteria samples and the comparison with the electronic nose. The hybrid resistive nose based on 6 MOS and 6 CP showed a better resolving power to discriminate six growth stages as well as three growth phases than the HP 4440 chemical sensor. Although the mass analyser detects individual volatile chemicals accurately, it proves no indication of whether the volatile is an odour. The results demonstrate that it is possible to apply the e-nose system for monitoring the quality of potable water. It would be expected that the hybrid e-nose could be applicable to a large number of applications in health and safety with a greater flexibility.
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Beidalah, Chadrick J. Coudray Aaron D. "The technologies and principles needed for the powering of remote nodes in an interoperability network." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/March/09Mar%5FBeidalah.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Buddenberg, Rex. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 24, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Power Generation, Remote Network Node, Interoperability Network, Electric Generator, Wind Power, Solar Power, Photovoltaic, Thermoelectric, Energy Storage, Fuel Cell, Hybrid Power, Power Monitoring, Power Management. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-120). Also available in print.
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Ru, Jifeng. "Adaptive estimation and detection techniques with applications." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/NOD,285.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New Orleans, 2005.
Title from electronic submission form. "A dissertation ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering and Applied Science"--Dissertation t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Liu, Xing. "Hybrid real-time operating system integrated with middleware for resource-constrained wireless sensor nodes." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22472/document.

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Avec les avancées récentes en microélectronique, en traitement numérique et en technologie de communication, les noeuds de réseau de capteurs sans fil (noeud RCSF) deviennent de moins en moins encombrants et coûteux. De ce fait la technologie de RCSF est utilisée dans de larges domaines d’application. Comme les noeuds RCSF sont limités en taille et en coût, ils sont en général équipés d’un petit microcontrôleur de faible puissance de calcul et de mémoire etc. De plus ils sont alimentés par une batterie donc son énergie disponible est limitée. A cause de ces contraintes, la plateforme logicielle d’un RCSF doit consommer peu de mémoire, d’énergie, et doit être efficace en calcul. Toutes ces contraintes rendent les développements de logiciels dédiés au RCSF très compliqués. Aujourd’hui le développement d’un système d’exploitation dédié à la technologie RCSF est un sujet important. En effet avec un système d’exploitation efficient, les ressources matérielles d’une plateforme RCSF peuvent être utilisées efficacement. De plus, un ensemble de services système disponibles permet de simplifier le développement d’une application. Actuellement beaucoup de travaux de recherche ont été menés pour développer des systèmes d’exploitation pour le RCSF tels que TinyOS, Contiki, SOS, openWSN, mantisOS et simpleRTJ. Cependant plusieurs défis restent à relever dans le domaine de système d’exploitation pour le RCSF. Le premier des défis est le développement d’un système d’exploitation temps réel à faible empreinte mémoire dédié au RCSF. Le second défi est de développer un mécanisme permettant d’utiliser efficacement la mémoire et l’énergie disponible d’un RCSF. De plus, comment fournir un développement d’application pour le RCSF reste une question ouverte. Dans cette thèse, un nouveau système d’exploitation hybride, temps réel à énergie efficiente et à faible empreinte mémoire nommé MIROS dédié au RCSF a été développé. Dans MIROS, un ordonnanceur hybride a été adopté ; les deux ordonnanceurs évènementiel et multithread ont été implémentés. Avec cet ordonnanceur hybride, le nombre de threads de MIROS peut être diminué d’une façon importante. En conséquence, les avantages d’un système d’exploitation évènementiel qui consomme peu de ressource mémoire et la performance temps réel d’un système d’exploitation multithread ont été obtenues. De plus, l’allocation dynamique de la mémoire a été aussi réalisée dans MIROS. La technique d’allocation mémoire de MIROS permet l’augmentation de la zone mémoire allouée et le réassemblage des fragments de mémoire. De ce fait, l’allocation de mémoire de MIROS devient plus flexible et la ressource mémoire d’un noeud RCSF peut être utilisée efficacement. Comme l’énergie d’un noeud RCSF est une ressource à forte contrainte, le mécanisme de conservation d’énergie a été implanté dans MIROS. Contrairement aux autres systèmes d’exploitation pour RCSF où la conservation d’énergie a été prise en compte seulement en logiciel, dans MIROS la conservation d’énergie a été prise en compte à la fois en logiciel et en matériel. Enfin, pour fournir un environnement de développement convivial aux utilisateurs, un nouveau intergiciel nommé EMIDE a été développé et intégré dans MIROS. EMIDE permet le découplage d’une application de système. Donc le programme d’application est plus simple et la reprogrammation à distance est plus performante, car seulement les codes de l’application seront reprogrammés. Les évaluations de performance de MIROS montrent que MIROS est un système temps réel à faible empreinte mémoire et efficace pour son exécution. De ce fait, MIROS peut être utilisé dans plusieurs plateformes telles que BTnode, IMote, SenseNode, TelosB et T-Mote Sky. Enfin, MIROS peut être utilisé pour les plateformes RCSF à fortes contraintes de ressources
With the recent advances in microelectronic, computing and communication technologies, wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes have become physically smaller and more inexpensive. As a result, WSN technology has become increasingly popular in widespread application domains. Since WSN nodes are minimized in physical size and cost, they are mostly restricted to platform resources such as processor computation ability, memory resources and energy supply. The constrained platform resources and diverse application requirements make software development on the WSN platform complicated. On the one hand, the software running on the WSN platform should be small in the memory footprint, low in energy consumption and high in execution efficiency. On the other hand, the diverse application development requirements, such as the real-time guarantee and the high reprogramming performance, should be met by the WSN software. The operating system (OS) technology is significant for the WSN proliferation. An outstanding WSN OS can not only utilize the constrained WSN platform resources efficiently, but also serve the WSN applications soundly. Currently, a set of WSN OSes have been developed, such as the TinyOS, the Contiki, the SOS, the openWSN and the mantisOS. However, many OS development challenges still exist, such as the development of a WSN OS which is high in real-time performance yet low in memory footprint; the improvement of the utilization efficiency to the memory and energy resources on the WSN platforms, and the providing of a user-friendly application development environment to the WSN users. In this thesis, a new hybrid, real-time, energy-efficient, memory-efficient, fault-tolerant and user-friendly WSN OS MIROS is developed. MIROS uses the hybrid scheduling to combine the advantages of the event-driven system's low memory consumption and the multithreaded system's high real-time performance. By so doing, the real-time scheduling can be achieved on the severely resource-constrained WSN platforms. In addition to the hybrid scheduling, the dynamic memory allocators are also realized in MIROS. Differing from the other dynamic allocation approaches, the memory heap in MIROS can be extended and the memory fragments in the MIROS can be defragmented. As a result, MIROS allocators become flexible and the memory resources can be utilized more efficiently. Besides the above mechanisms, the energy conservation mechanism is also implemented in MIROS. Different from most other WSN OSes in which the energy resource is conserved only from the software aspect, the energy conservation in MIROS is achieved from both the software aspect and the multi-core hardware aspect. With this conservation mechanism, the energy cost reduced significantly, and the lifetime of the WSN nodes prolonged. Furthermore, MIROS implements the new middleware software EMIDE in order to provide a user-friendly application development environment to the WSN users. With EMIDE, the WSN application space can be decoupled from the low-level system space. Consequently, the application programming can be simplified as the users only need to focus on the application space. Moreover, the application reprogramming performance can be improved as only the application image other than the monolithic image needs to be updated during the reprogramming process. The performance evaluation works to the MIROS prove that MIROS is a real-time OS which has small memory footprint, low energy cost and high execution efficiency. Thus, it is suitable to be used on many WSN platforms including the BTnode, IMote, SenseNode, TelosB, T-Mote Sky, etc. The performance evaluation to EMIDE proves that EMIDE has less memory cost and low energy consumption. Moreover, it supports small-size application code. Therefore, it can be used on the high resource-constrained WSN platforms to provide a user-friendly development environment to the WSN users
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Books on the topic "Hybrid node"

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Center, Langley Research, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., eds. A 4-node assumed-stress hybrid shell element with rotational degrees of freedom. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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Aminpour, Mohammad A. A 4-node assumed-stress hybrid shell element with rotational degrees of freedom. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1990.

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Center, Langley Research, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., eds. A 4-node assumed-stress hybrid shell element with rotational degrees of freedom. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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Center, Langley Research, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Division., eds. Direct formulation of a 4-node hybrid shell element with rotational degrees of freedom. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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K, kokula Krishna Hari, ed. Detection of Replica Node Attack Based on Hybrid Artificial Immune System Technique: ICCS 2014. Bangkok, Thailand: Association of Scientists, Developers and Faculties, 2014.

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Harpe, Pieter, Kofi A. A. Makinwa, and Andrea Baschirotto, eds. Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61285-0.

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Shin, Hyun Woo. A hybrid electronic nose system for monitoring the quality of potable water. [s.l.]: typescript, 1999.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. 4-Node Assumed-Stress Hybrid Shell Element with Rotational Degrees of Freedom. Independently Published, 2018.

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Harpe, Pieter, Andrea Baschirotto, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design: Advances in Analog Circuit Design 2017. Springer, 2018.

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Harpe, Pieter, Andrea Baschirotto, and Kofi A. A. Makinwa. Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design: Advances in Analog Circuit Design 2017. Springer, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hybrid node"

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Singh, Madhusudan. "Decentralized Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (DHWMP) Mechanism." In Node-to-Node Approaching in Wireless Mesh Connectivity, 31–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0674-7_5.

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Bayá, Gabriel, Antonio Mauttone, Franco Robledo, and Pablo Romero. "The Capacitated m Two-Node Survivable Star Problem: A Hybrid Metaheuristic Approach." In Hybrid Metaheuristics, 171–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39636-1_13.

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Pereira, Romain, Adrien Roussel, Patrick Carribault, and Thierry Gautier. "Communication-Aware Task Scheduling Strategy in Hybrid MPI+OpenMP Applications." In OpenMP: Enabling Massive Node-Level Parallelism, 197–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85262-7_14.

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Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J., and Soumya Roy. "Node-Centric Hybrid Routing for Wireless Internetworking." In Mobile and Wireless Internet, 191–216. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0225-8_8.

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Oh, Sang-Hoon. "Hidden Node Pruning of Multilayer Perceptrons Based on Redundancy Reduction." In Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology, 245–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24082-9_30.

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Doris, Kostas. "Hybrid Data Converters." In Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design, 3–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61285-0_1.

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Song, Ho-Guen, Dae-Cheol Jeon, Hee-Dong Park, and Do-Hyeon Kim. "Energy-Efficient Sensor Node Control Based on Sensed Data and Energy Monitoring." In Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology, 315–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24082-9_39.

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Yang, Jung Kyu, Yeong Rak Seong, Jun-Seok Park, and Ha-Ryoung Oh. "Design of a Dual Processor Structure Sensor Node for Energy Harvesting Environments." In Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology, 496–504. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32692-9_62.

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Kubalík, Jiří, Eduard Alibekov, Jan Žegklitz, and Robert Babuška. "Hybrid Single Node Genetic Programming for Symbolic Regression." In Transactions on Computational Collective Intelligence XXIV, 61–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53525-7_4.

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Sanyal, Arindam, Wenjuan Guo, and Nan Sun. "Hybrid VCO Based 0-1 MASH and Hybrid ΔΣ SAR." In Hybrid ADCs, Smart Sensors for the IoT, and Sub-1V & Advanced Node Analog Circuit Design, 61–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61285-0_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hybrid node"

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Rajabi, Mohammad, Sofie Pollin, and Dominique Schreurs. "Hybrid rectifier-receiver node." In 2017 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - IMS 2017. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2017.8058769.

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Zhang, J. M., and Z. H. Yao. "REGULAR HYBRID BOUNDARY NODE METHOD." In Proceedings of the 1st Asian Workshop on Meshfree Methods. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812778611_0024.

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Hoon Ko and Seonho Kim. "One-way Authentication Protocol to Mobile Node in MIPv6." In 2006 International Conference on Hybrid Information Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichit.2006.253465.

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Shim, P. Y., and S. Mannoochehri. "A Hybrid Shape Optimization Method Based on Implicit Differentiation and Node Removal Techniques." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0434.

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Abstract This paper presents a hybrid shape optimal design methodology using an implicit differentiation approach for sensitivity analysis and a node removal technique for shape alteration. The approach presented attempts to overcome the weaknesses inherent in each individual technique. The basic idea is to combine the sensitivity analysis, which forms the analytical basis for the algorithm, and a node removal technique, which grossly modifies the shape without the need for a remeshing after each iteration. The sensitivity analysis is based on the finite element equilibrium equation and the implicit differentiation technique. It examines the effect positional changes of the boundary nodes have on the stress values. Using the sensitivity results, a sequential linear programming algorithm is utilized to determine optimum positions of the boundary nodes. These optimization results are provided as inputs to an algorithm that decides which boundary nodes should be removed. By removing boundary nodes, the boundary elements change to either a triangular or a non-existent type. This shape modification procedure starts from the boundary elements and moves toward the internal elements. Only two iterations of finite element analysis are required to modify one boundary layer. To maintain the structural integrity and the connectivity of the elements in the model, a connectivity check is performed after each iteration. Three design examples are given to illustrate the accuracy and the steps involved in the proposed optimal design methodology.
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Oh, Kyutae. "Performance increment of hybrid ad.hoc network coexisting fixed node and mobile node." In 2009 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscit.2009.5341113.

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Chen, Ruichuan, Wenjia Guo, Liyong Tang, Jianbin Hu, and Zhong Chen. "Hybrid Overlay Structure Based on Virtual Node." In 2007 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2007.4381519.

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Wang, Shupeng, Mei Yang, Jianping Wang, Yingtao Jiang, and Ju-Yeon Jo. "Mobile Node Deployment in Hybrid Sensor Networks." In 2007 Second International Conference on Communications and Networking in China. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chinacom.2007.4469522.

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Vaid, Alok, Alexander Elia, Mark Kelling, John Allgair, Carsten Hartig, Peter Ebersbach, Erin McLellan, et al. "Hybrid metrology solution for 1X node technology." In SPIE Advanced Lithography, edited by Alexander Starikov. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.916940.

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Shi, Yijun, Dazhi He, Genning Zhang, Yihang Huang, Miao Zhao, Yue Zhao, Guangmin Wang, Yunfeng Guan, Yao Wang, and Wenjun Zhang. "Hybrid constellation mapping for punctured-node LDPC." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmsb.2015.7177200.

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Shi, Yijun, Dazhi He, Genning Zhang, Yihang Huang, Miao Zhao, Yue Zhao, Guangmin Wang, Yunfeng Guan, Yao Wang, and Wenjun Zhang. "Hybrid constellation mapping for punctured-node LDPC." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmsb.2015.7177265.

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Reports on the topic "Hybrid node"

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MATTHAI, Stephan K., Julian MINDEL, and Hamidreza MAGHAMI-NICK. A Hybrid (FEM - Node-Centered FVM) Method with Special Treatment of Wells and Material Discontinuitues for Fast and Spatially Adaptive Simulation of Coupled Reservoir Processes. Cogeo@oeaw-giscience, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5242/iamg.2011.0160.

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Bischof, C., G. Corliss, and A. Griewank. ADIFOR working note No. 8: Hybrid evaluation of second derivatives in ADIFOR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10154392.

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Bischof, C., G. Corliss, and A. Griewank. ADIFOR working note No. 8: Hybrid evaluation of second derivatives in ADIFOR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5067936.

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Ross, T., S. Aceves, and F. Espinosa-Loza. Safety Note: Demonstration of a Hydrogen Hybrid Vehicle with a Cryogenic Capable Pressure Vessel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1817988.

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Clément-Fontaine, Mélanie, Roberto Di Cosmo, Bastien Guerry, Patrick Moreau, and François Pellegrini. Note d’opportunité sur la valorisation des logiciels issus de la recherche. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52949/17.

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Le logiciel est un objet hybride au sein de la recherche, dont il est à la fois moteur (comme outil), résultat (comme preuve d’existence d’une solution) et objet d’études (comme artefact). Ce statut spécifique doit amener à la définition de stratégies, d’outils et de procédures adaptés aux différents enjeux qu’il soulève, tels que notamment : la citation des contributions relatives à la conception et à la production de logiciels, la reproductibilité des résultats de recherche faisant intervenir des logiciels, la valorisation et la pérennisation du patrimoine logiciel créé.
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Iwara, MaryAnne. Hybrid Peacebuilding Approaches in Africa: Harnessing Complementary Parallels. RESOLVE Network, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2020.15.lpbi.

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Many of the most pressing conflicts across sub-Saharan Africa today—including violent extremism, sexual and gender-based violence, pastoralist/farmer conflicts, and criminal banditry—are shaped by local, community-level drivers. Despite these local drivers, however, international peacebuilding approaches often ignore or neglect bottom-up, grassroots strategies for addressing them. Often, international efforts to contribute to the prevention and management of local conflicts depend heavily on large-scale, expensive, and external interventions like peacekeepers, while under-investing in or by-passing traditional/customary mechanisms and resources that uphold locally defined values of peace, tolerance, solidarity, and respect. Recognizing that these traditional and customary practices themselves sometimes have their own legacies of violence and inequality, this policy note emphasizes the possibility of combining aspects of traditional peacebuilding mechanisms with international conflict management approaches to harness the benefits of both.
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Clément-Fontaine, Mélanie, Roberto Di Cosmo, Bastien Guerry, Patrick Moreau, and François Pellegrini. Encouraging a wider usage of software derived from research. Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52949/4.

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Software is a hybrid object in the world research as it is equally a driving force (as a tool), a result (as proof of the existence of a solution) and an object of study (as an artefact). This specific status means we need to define strategies, tools and procedures which are adapted to the various issues it raises. These include the citation of contributions to software design and production, the reproducibility of research results involving software and the wider usage and long-term sustainability of the software heritage created. This opportunity note by the Committee for Open Science's Free Software and Open Source Project Group describes the issues at stake and formulates actionable recommendations.
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Blum, Abraham, Henry T. Nguyen, and N. Y. Klueva. The Genetics of Heat Shock Proteins in Wheat in Relation to Heat Tolerance and Yield. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568105.bard.

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Fifty six diverse spring wheat cultivars were evaluated for genetic variation and heritability for thermotolerance in terms of cell-membrane stability (CMS) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. The most divergent cultivars for thermotolerance (Danbata-tolerant and Nacozari-susceptible) were crossed to develop an F8 random onbred line (RIL) population. This population was evaluated for co-segragation in CMS, yield under heat stress and HSP accumulation. Further studies of thermotolerance in relations to HSP and the expression of heterosis for growth under heat stress were performed with F1 hybrids of wheat and their parental cultivars. CMS in 95 RILs ranged from 76.5% to 22.4% with 71.5% and 31.3% in Danbata and Nacozari, respectively. The population segregated with a normal distribution across the full range of the parental values. Yield and biomass under non-stress conditions during the normal winter season at Bet Dagan dit not differ between the two parental cultivar, but the range of segregation for these traits in 138 RILs was very high and distinctly transgressive with a CV of 35.3% and 42.4% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. Mean biomass and yield of the population was reduced about twofold when grown under the hot summer conditions (irrigated) at Bet Dagan. Segregation for biomass and yield was decreased relative to the normal winter conditions with CV of 20.2% and 23.3% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. However, contrary to non-stress conditions, the parental cultivars differed about twofold in biomass and yield under heat stress and the population segregated with normal distribution across the full range of this difference. CMS was highly and positively correlated across 79 RILs with biomass (r=0.62**) and yield (r=0.58**) under heat stress. No such correlation was obtained under the normal winter conditions. All RILs expressed a set of HSPs under heat shock (37oC for 2 h). No variation was detected among RILs in high molecular weight HSP isoforms and they were similar to the patterns of the parental cultivars. There was a surprisingly low variability in low molecular weight HSP isoforms. Only one low molecular weight and Nacozari-specific HSP isoform (belonging to HSP 16.9 family) appeared to segregate among all RILs, but it was not quantitatively correlated with any parameter of plant production under heat stress or with CMS in this population. It is concluded that this Danbata/Nacozari F8 RIL population co-segregated well for thermotolerance and yield under heat stress and that CMS could predict the relative productivity of lines under chronic heat stress. Regretfully this population did not express meaningful variability for HSP accumulation under heat shock and therefore no role could be seen for HSP in the heat tolerance of this population. In the study of seven F1 hybrids and their parent cultivars it was found that heterosis (superiority of the F1 over the best parent) for CMs was generally lower than that for growth under heat stress. Hybrids varied in the rate of heterosis for growth at normal (15o/25o) and at high (25o/35o) temperatures. In certain hybrids heterosis for growth significantly increased at high temperature as compared with normal temperature, suggesting temperature-dependent heterosis. Generally, under normal temperature, only limited qualitative variation was detected in the patterns of protein synthesis in four wheat hybrids and their parents. However, a singular protein (C47/5.88) was specifically expressed only in the most heterotic hybrid at normal temperature but not in its parent cultivars. Parental cultivars were significantly different in the sets of synthesized HSP at 37o. No qualitative changes in the patterns of protein expression under heat stress were correlated with heterosis. However, a quantitative increase in certain low molecular weight HSP (mainly H14/5.5 and H14.5.6, belonging to the HSP16.9 family) was positively associated with greater heterosis for growth at high temperature. None of these proteins were correlated with CMS across hybrids. These results support the concept of temperature-dependent heterosis for growth and a possible role for HSP 16.9 family in this respect. Finally, when all experiments are viewed together, it is encouraging to find that genetic variation in wheat yield under chronic heat stress is associated with and well predicted by CMS as an assay of thermotolerance. On the other hand the results for HSP are elusive. While very low genetic variation was expressed for HSP in the RIL population, a unique low molecular weight HSP (of the HSP 16.9 family) could be associated with temperature dependant heterosis for growth.
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Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts, and Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.

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Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.
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10

Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580683.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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