Journal articles: 'Hybrid metal/semiconductor light sources'

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Yokota, Hiroaki, Atsuhito Fukasawa, Minako Hirano, and Toru Ide. "Low-Light Photodetectors for Fluorescence Microscopy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062773.

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Over the years, fluorescence microscopy has evolved and has become a necessary element of life science studies. Microscopy has elucidated biological processes in live cells and organisms, and also enabled tracking of biomolecules in real time. Development of highly sensitive photodetectors and light sources, in addition to the evolution of various illumination methods and fluorophores, has helped microscopy acquire single-molecule fluorescence sensitivity, enabling single-molecule fluorescence imaging and detection. Low-light photodetectors used in microscopy are classified into two categories: point photodetectors and wide-field photodetectors. Although point photodetectors, notably photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), have been commonly used in laser scanning microscopy (LSM) with a confocal illumination setup, wide-field photodetectors, such as electron-multiplying charge-coupled devices (EMCCDs) and scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras have been used in fluorescence imaging. This review focuses on the former low-light point photodetectors and presents their fluorescence microscopy applications and recent progress. These photodetectors include conventional PMTs, single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), hybrid photodetectors (HPDs), in addition to newly emerging photodetectors, such as silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) (also known as multi-pixel photon counters (MPPCs)) and superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SSPDs). In particular, this review shows distinctive features of HPD and application of HPD to wide-field single-molecule fluorescence detection.

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Jin, Sangrak, Yale Jeon, Min Soo Jeon, Jongoh Shin, Yoseb Song, Seulgi Kang, Jiyun Bae, et al. "Acetogenic bacteria utilize light-driven electrons as an energy source for autotrophic growth." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 9 (February 22, 2021): e2020552118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020552118.

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Acetogenic bacteria use cellular redox energy to convert CO2 to acetate using the Wood–Ljungdahl (WL) pathway. Such redox energy can be derived from electrons generated from H2 as well as from inorganic materials, such as photoresponsive semiconductors. We have developed a nanoparticle-microbe hybrid system in which chemically synthesized cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS-NPs) are displayed on the cell surface of the industrial acetogen Clostridium autoethanogenum. The hybrid system converts CO2 into acetate without the need for additional energy sources, such as H2, and uses only light-induced electrons from CdS-NPs. To elucidate the underlying mechanism by which C. autoethanogenum uses electrons generated from external energy sources to reduce CO2, we performed transcriptional analysis. Our results indicate that genes encoding the metal ion or flavin-binding proteins were highly up-regulated under CdS-driven autotrophic conditions along with the activation of genes associated with the WL pathway and energy conservation system. Furthermore, the addition of these cofactors increased the CO2 fixation rate under light-exposure conditions. Our results demonstrate the potential to improve the efficiency of artificial photosynthesis systems based on acetogenic bacteria integrated with photoresponsive nanoparticles.

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Wei, Hong, and Hongxing Xu. "Nanowire-based plasmonic waveguides and devices for integrated nanophotonic circuits." Nanophotonics 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2012): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2012-0012.

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AbstractThe fast development of plasmonics have greatly advanced our understanding to the abundant phenomena related to surface plamon polaritons (SPPs) and improved our ability to manipulate light at the nanometer scale. With tightly confined local field, SPPs can be transmitted in waveguides of subwavelength dimensions. Nanophotonic circuits built with plasmonic elements can be scaled down to dimensions compatible with semiconductor-based nanoelectronic circuits, which provides a potential solution for the next-generation information technology. Different structures have been explored as plasmonic waveguides for potential integration applications. This review is focused on metallic nanowire waveguides and functional components in nanowire networks. We reviewed recent progress in research about plasmon generation, emission direction and polarization, group velocity, loss and propagation length, and the near-field distribution revealed by quantum dot fluorescence imaging. Electrical generation and detection of SPPs moves towards the building of plasmonic circuits, where bulky external light sources and detectors may be omitted. The coupling between metal nanowires and emitters is important for tailoring light-matter interactions, and for various potential applications. In multi-nanowire structures, plasmon signal control and processing are introduced. The working principles of these nanowire-based devices, which are based on the control to the near field distributions, will become the design rule for nanophotonic circuits with higher complexity for optical signal processing. The recent developments in hybrid photonic-plasmonic waveguides and devices are promising for making devices with unprecedented performance.

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Oda, Ryosuke, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, and Keiji Ogawa. "Hybrid Process of Laser Heat Treatment and Forming of Thin Plate with a Small Power Semiconductor Laser." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.423.

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In recent years, the recycling of resources has become important because of the aggravation of global environmental concerns. In light of this, it is necessary to minimize the resource needs of current production systems. This concept is called sustainable development. When this concept is applied to machine tools, the assumption is that small parts should be processed using small machines. Additionally, the diversification of consumer needs and the ephemeralization of product life cycles are progressing in industry. As a result, the overall production system has changed from high-mix low-volume production manufacturing, to variant types in variable quantity. In this background, the cell production system is receiving attention as a production system that can achieve variant types in variable quantity. The cell production system also requires miniaturization and process consolidation of machine tools, which has given rise to the need to consolidate heat treatments, especially as part of the process consolidation of machine tools. Laser beams have proved to be effective heat sources when integrated into heat-treatment processes, such as quenching and tempering on machine tool tables. On the other hand, In the case of the thin plate, it is well known that the deformation of a plate occurs due to laser irradiation, as named a laser forming. The laser forming is also effective to generate the complex shape without a press die set. Thus, we propose that the hybrid process of laser heat treatment and forming of thin plate with a small power semiconductor laser, and demonstrate that the proposed method makes it feasible to generate the hardened sheet metal products with a compact machine tools. Moreover, considering the power consumption in laser quenching and forming process, we investigate an appropriate laser irradiation condition from a view of reducing the environmental burden.

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Graus, Javier, Carlos Bueno-Alejo, and Jose Hueso. "In-Situ Deposition of Plasmonic Gold Nanotriangles and Nanoprisms onto Layered Hydroxides for Full-Range Photocatalytic Response towards the Selective Reduction of p-Nitrophenol." Catalysts 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8090354.

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In this work, we present photocatalysis as a greener alternative to conventional catalysis where harsh reaction conditions, temperature and/or pressure are needed. Photodegradation of organic pollutants is a cost-effective, eco-friendly solution for the decontamination of water and air, and is a field that has been continuously growing over the last decade. Plasmonic metal nanoparticles absorb light irradiation that is transferred to the chemical reaction in a different fashion. Furthermore, plasmonic nanostructures can be combined with other materials, such as semiconductors or a basic support, to create hybrid systems capable of overcoming certain challenges that photocatalysis is facing nowadays and to expand the photocatalytic response towards the whole visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) ranges. The main objective of this work has been to in-situ synthesize plasmonic anisotropic gold nanoparticles onto hydrotalcite (HT) and calcined hydrotalcite (CHT) supports by way of a sequential deposition-reduction (DR) process and to evaluate their efficiency as heterogeneous catalysts towards the selective oxidation of p-nitrophenol (hereafter 4-NP), a well-known model contaminant, either in the absence or the presence of full-range light irradiation sources (LEDs) spanning the whole UV-Vis-NIR range. Special attention has been paid to the optimization of the catalyst preparation parameters, including the pH and the concentration of reducing and stabilizing agents. Interestingly, the use of thermally modified hydrotalcites has enabled a strong metal-support interaction to induce the preferential formation of triangular-shaped Au nanoparticles with ca. 0.8 wt.% loading while increasing the colloidal stability and surface area of the catalyst with respect to the commercial untreated HT supports.

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Paudel, Hari P., and Michael N. Leuenberger. "Light-Controlled Plasmon Switching Using Hybrid Metal-Semiconductor Nanostructures." Nano Letters 12, no. 6 (April 30, 2012): 2690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl203990c.

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Buchal, Ch, and M. Löken. "Silicon-Based Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Detectors." MRS Bulletin 23, no. 4 (April 1998): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940003027x.

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Photodetectors must provide fast and efficient conversion of photons to charge carriers. When considering semiconductor light sources, the indirect bandgap of silicon and germanium represents a serious obstacle to radiative electron-hole recombinations. Momentum conservation demands the simultaneous interaction of the electron-hole pair with a momentum-matching phonon. As a consequence, radiative recombinations are five orders of magnitude less probable in Si if compared to a direct semiconductor such as GaAs.Although the absorption of a photon and the generation of an electron-hole pair may be considered as the inverse process to emission, photon absorption within indirect semiconductors is a highly probable process if the photon energy is sufficient to bridge the energy gap in a direct process. The resulting electronhole pair is created in an excited state and relaxes sequentially. The ubiquitous-silicon solar cells operate this way. In the visible spectral range, Si photodetectors have demonstrated fast and efficient performance, being readily adapted for opto electronic applications and being fully compatible to standard-silicon processing schemes.

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Maeda, Kazuhiko, Keita Sekizawa, and Osamu Ishitani. "A polymeric-semiconductor–metal-complex hybrid photocatalyst for visible-light CO2 reduction." Chemical Communications 49, no. 86 (2013): 10127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc45532g.

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Park, Kyoung-Won, and Alexie M. Kolpak. "Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of Co/CoO hybrid structures: a first-principles study on the Co layer thickness effect." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 27 (2019): 16176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta04508b.

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Interfaces formed at metal/semiconductor hybrid system have the peculiar electronic characteristics depending on the thickness of metal layer. The different characteristics tune light responses of the metallic and semiconducting layers, resulting in various photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities in the hybrid system.

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Newaz, A. K. M., W. J. Chang, K. D. Wallace, L. C. Edge, S. A. Wickline, R. Bashir, A. M. Gilbertson, L. F. Cohen, and S. A. Solin. "A nanoscale Ti/GaAs metal-semiconductor hybrid sensor for room temperature light detection." Applied Physics Letters 97, no. 8 (August 23, 2010): 082105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3480611.

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Akitsu, Takashiro, Barbara Miroslaw, and Shanmugavel Sudarsan. "Photofunctions in Hybrid Systems of Schiff Base Metal Complexes and Metal or Semiconductor (Nano)Materials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710005.

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Composite materials very often provide new catalytic, optical or other physicochemical properties not observed for each component separately. Photofunctions in hybrid systems are an interesting topic of great importance for industry. This review presents the recent advances, trends and possible applications of photofunctions of hybrid systems composed of Schiff base metal complexes and metal or semiconductor (nano)materials. We focus on photocatalysis, sensitization in solar cells (DSSC—dye sensitized solar cell), ligand-induced chirality and applications in environmental protection for Cr(VI) to Cr(III) reduction, in cosmetology as sunscreens, in real-time visualization of cellular processes, in bio-labeling, and in light activated prodrug applications.

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Fouad, Dina Mamdouh, and Mona Bakr Mohamed. "Comparative Study of the Photocatalytic Activity of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Their Hybrid Metal Nanocomposites on the Photodegradation of Malathion." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/524123.

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This work is devoted to synthesize different semiconductor nanoparticles and their metal-hybrid nanocomposites such as TiO2, Au/TiO2, ZnO, and Au/ZnO. The morphology and crystal structure of the prepared nanomaterials are characterized by the TEM and XRD, respectively. These materials are used as catalysts for the photodegradation of Malathion which is one of the most commonly used pesticides in the developing countries. The degradation of 10 ppm Malathion under ultraviolet (UV) and visible light in the presence of the different synthesized nanocomposites was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-Visible Spectra. A comprehensive study is carried out for the catalytic efficiency of the prepared nanoparticles. Different factors influencing the catalytic photodegradation are investigated, as different light source, surface coverage, and nature of the organic contaminants. The results indicate that hybrid nanocomposite of the semiconductor-metal hybrid serves as a better catalytic system compared with semiconductor nanoparticles themselves.

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Boller, Klaus-J., Albert van Rees, Youwen Fan, Jesse Mak, Rob Lammerink, Cornelis Franken, Peter van der Slot, et al. "Hybrid Integrated Semiconductor Lasers with Silicon Nitride Feedback Circuits." Photonics 7, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7010004.

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Hybrid integrated semiconductor laser sources offering extremely narrow spectral linewidth, as well as compatibility for embedding into integrated photonic circuits, are of high importance for a wide range of applications. We present an overview on our recently developed hybrid-integrated diode lasers with feedback from low-loss silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 in SiO 2 ) circuits, to provide sub-100-Hz-level intrinsic linewidths, up to 120 nm spectral coverage around a 1.55 μ m wavelength, and an output power above 100 mW. We show dual-wavelength operation, dual-gain operation, laser frequency comb generation, and present work towards realizing a visible-light hybrid integrated diode laser.

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Zhu, Kai, Chunrui Wang, Pedro H. C. Camargo, and Jiale Wang. "Investigating the effect of MnO2 band gap in hybrid MnO2–Au materials over the SPR-mediated activities under visible light." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 3 (2019): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09785b.

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Micheel, Mathias, Kaituo Dong, Lilac Amirav, and Maria Wächtler. "Lateral charge migration in 1D semiconductor–metal hybrid photocatalytic systems." Journal of Chemical Physics 158, no. 15 (April 21, 2023): 154701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0144785.

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Colloidal nanorods based on CdS or CdSe, functionalized with metal particles, have proven to be efficient catalysts for light-driven hydrogen evolution. Seeded CdSe@CdS nanorods have shown increasing performance with increasing rod length. This observation was rationalized by the increasing lifetime of the separated charges, as a large distance between holes localized in the CdSe seed and electrons localized at the metal tip decreases their recombination rate. However, the impact of nanorod length on the electron-to-tip localization efficiency or pathway remained an open question. Therefore, we investigated the photo-induced electron transfer to the metal in a series of Ni-tipped CdSe@CdS nanorods with varying length. We find that the transfer processes occurring from the region close to the semiconductor–metal interface, the rod region, and the CdSe seed region depend in different ways on the rods’ length. The rate of the fastest process from excitonic states generated directly at the interface is independent of the rod length, but the relative amplitude decreases with increasing rod length, as the weight of the interface region is decreasing. The transfer of electrons to the metal tip from excitons generated in the CdS rod region depends strongly on the length of the nanorods, which indicates an electron transport-limited process, i.e., electron diffusion toward the interface region, followed by fast interface crossing. The transfer originating from the CdSe excitonic states again shows no significant length dependence in its time constant, as it is probably limited by the rate of overcoming the shallow confinement in the CdSe seed.

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Dana, Jayanta, Partha Maity, and Hirendra N. Ghosh. "Hot-electron transfer from the semiconductor domain to the metal domain in CdSe@CdS{Au} nano-heterostructures." Nanoscale 9, no. 27 (2017): 9723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr02232h.

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Semiconductor–metal hybrid nanostructures are recognized as great materials due to their high level of light-induced charge separation, which has direct relevance in photocatalysis and solar energy conversion.

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Lian, Tianquan. "(Invited) Light Driven H₂ Generation in Pt-Tipped CdS Nanorods: Dependence on the Pt Size and CdS Rod Length." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 13 (July 7, 2022): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0113932mtgabs.

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Colloidal quantum confined semiconductor-metal nano-heterostructures are a promising class of photocatalysts for solar energy conversion. In these photocatalysts, the semiconductor domain serves as the light absorber and the metal as the catalyst. Such photocatalysts combine the superior light absorption and charge transport properties of the semiconductor with the superior catalytic activity and selectivity of the metal. Furthermore, both domains can be independently tuned to enhance the photocatalytic performance of the heterostructure. Among various semiconductor/metal heterostructures, metal-tipped colloidal semiconductor nanorods (such as CdS-Pt), have attracted extensive interest because they have been reported to have high quantum efficiencies of light driven H2 generation and their morphology can be systematically tuned. The overall light driven H2 generation process involves multiple elementary charge separation and recombination steps in the semiconductor and across the semiconductor/metal interface as well as proton-coupled electron transfer reactions at the catalytic center. The change of the semiconductor or metal domains can often have effects on multiple competing processes involved in the overall reaction. As a result of these complexities, the mechanisms for the morphological dependence of the observed H2 generation efficiencies are not fully understood, hindering the rational design of these photocatalysts. In this talk, we use Pt tipped CdS nanorods (CdS-Pt) as a model system to examine the effect of Pt size and CdS rod length on their light driven H2 generation efficiency. We show that increasing the Pt particle size increases the overall H2 generation quantum efficiency through both increasing the rate of electron transfer from the CdS to Pt and enhancing the efficiency of water/proton reduction; H2 generation efficiency increases at longer CdS rod length by suppression of charge recombination across the Pt/CdS interface. Our work demonstrates that through systematic in situ study of elementary processes involved in the overall H2 generation, it is possible to rationally design and improve semiconductor-metal hybrid photocatalysts.

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Lan, Meng, Guoli Fan, Lan Yang, and Feng Li. "Enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic performance of a novel ternary semiconductor coupling system based on hybrid Zn–In mixed metal oxide/g-C3N4 composites." RSC Advances 5, no. 8 (2015): 5725–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07073a.

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Ternary semiconductor coupling system based on hybrid Zn–In mixed metal oxide/g-C₃N₄ composites exhibited significantly enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic performance.

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Ooi, Zi-En, Thelese R. B. Foong, Samarendra P. Singh, Khai Leok Chan, and Ananth Dodabalapur. "A light emitting transistor based on a hybrid metal oxide-organic semiconductor lateral heterostructure." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 9 (February 27, 2012): 093302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3689758.

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Yang, Mo, Jin Cheng Song, and Miao Yi. "Compact Reflection Bragg Grating Based on Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Structure." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 2260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.2260.

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An ultra-compact and broad-band Bragg grating based on hybrid plasmonic waveguide is presented and investigated. The Bragg grating is formed by a semiconductor trip which is separated from a metal surface by a nanoscale insulator layer. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed structure shows the capability of efficient wavelength selection near the telecom bandwidths and transmits the light with a strong mode confinement and low propagation loss. It will have a potential application in the broad-band telecommunications systems and the integrated photonic circuits.

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Zhang, Xiangchao, Difa Xu, Yanrong Jia, and Shiying Zhang. "Fabrication of metal/semiconductor hybrid Ag/AgInO2 nanocomposites with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties." RSC Advances 7, no. 48 (2017): 30392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra02331f.

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XI, J. Q., MANAS OJHA, WOOJIN CHO, TH GESSMANN, E. F. SCHUBERT, J. L. PLAWSKY, and W. N. GILL. "OMNI-DIRECTIONAL REFLECTOR USING A LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX MATERIAL." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 14, no. 03 (September 2004): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156404002740.

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Triple-layer omni-directional reflectors (ODRs) consisting of a semiconductor, a transparent quarter-wavelength dielectric layer and metal layer have high reflectivities at all angles of incidence. In this paper, triple-layer ODRs are demonstrated that incorporate nanoporous SiO 2, a novel low-refractive-index (low-n) material with refractive indices n ≪ 1.46 as well as dense SiO 2 (n = 1.46). GaP and Ag serve as the semiconductor and metal layer materials, respectively. An angle-integrated transverse electric (TE) mode reflectivity of R avg | TE = 99.9 % and transverse magnetic (TM) mode reflectivity R avg | TM = 98.9 % are calculated for the triple-layer ODRs employing nanoporous SiO 2. Reflectivity measurements, including the angular dependence of R, are presented. Novel hybrid ODRs consisting of semiconductor, a several micron thick low-n dielectric material layer, a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and metal layer have outstanding reflectivities for all incident angles. GaP and Ag serve as the semiconductor and metal layer, respectively. Nanoporous SiO 2 is used as the low-n material. TiO 2 and dense SiO 2 serve as the DBR materials. The angle-intergrated reflectivities of the TE and TM modes are calculated to be larger than 99.9 % for the hybrid ODRs. The results indicate the great potential of the ODRs for light-emitting diodes with high light extraction efficiency.

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Lee, Ho-Jun, Jung-Wook Min, Kye-Jin Lee, Kwang-Yong Choi, Jung-Hyun Eum, Dong-Kun Lee, and Si-Young Bae. "Improved Light Output Power of Chemically Transferred InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes for Flexible Optoelectronic Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/142096.

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Recent needs of semiconductor lighting sources have pursued diverse functionalities such as flexibility and transparency under high quantum efficiency. Inorganic/organic hybrid light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are one way to meet these requirements. Here, we report on flexible III-nitride-based LEDs and the improvement of their electrical and optical properties. To realize high light emission power and stable current operation, high-quality epitaxy and elaborate chip processing were performed. The fabricated flexible LEDs showed over threefold optical output power compared to normal LEDs on Si and had comparable forward voltage and series resistances.

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Camargo, Franco V. A., Yuval Ben-Shahar, Tetsuhiko Nagahara, Yossef E. Panfil, Mattia Russo, Uri Banin, and Giulio Cerullo. "Visualizing Ultrafast Electron Transfer Processes in Semiconductor–Metal Hybrid Nanoparticles: Toward Excitonic–Plasmonic Light Harvesting." Nano Letters 21, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04614.

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Huang, Zhenping, Jian Chen, Yi Liu, Li Tang, Guiqiang Liu, Xiaoshan Liu, and Zhengqi Liu. "Hybrid metal-semiconductor cavities for multi-band perfect light absorbers and excellent electric conducting interfaces." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 33 (July 28, 2017): 335106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa7c14.

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Maeda, Kazuhiko. "Metal‐Complex/Semiconductor Hybrid Photocatalysts and Photoelectrodes for CO 2 Reduction Driven by Visible Light." Advanced Materials 31, no. 25 (May 8, 2019): 1808205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201808205.

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Hong, Jong-Wook. "Development of Visible-Light-Driven Rh–TiO2–CeO2 Hybrid Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070848.

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Visible-light-driven hydrogen production through photocatalysis has attracted enormous interest owing to its great potential to address energy and environmental issues. However, photocatalysis possesses several limitations to overcome for practical applications, such as low light absorption efficiency, rapid charge recombination, and poor stability of photocatalysts. Here, the preparation of efficient noble metal–semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production is presented. The prepared ternary Rh–TiO2–CeO2 hybrid photocatalysts exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance toward the hydrogen production reaction compared with their counterparts, ascribed to the synergistic combination of Rh, TiO2, and CeO2.

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Ferrera, M., M. Rahaman, S. Sanders, Y. Pan, I. Milekhin, S. Gemming, A. Alabastri, F. Bisio, M. Canepa, and D. R. T. Zahn. "Controlling excitons in the quantum tunneling regime in a hybrid plasmonic/2D semiconductor interface." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 3 (September 2022): 031401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0078068.

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The electromagnetic field confinement and amplification typical of nano-sized metallic objects supporting localized surface plasmon resonances, i.e., light-induced collective electronic oscillations, can significantly strengthen the interaction of light with atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides. In view of the realization of plasmon-enhanced devices, it is crucial to investigate the effects induced by light confinement within metallic nanostructures on the excitonic properties of these materials at the nanoscale. Here, we exploit tip-enhanced photoluminescence spectroscopy to locally control the excitons of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coupled with gold nanotriangles in the quantum tunneling regime. The spatial resolution of 10 nm in the tip-enhanced photoluminescence measurements made it possible to image the light-emission related properties of monolayer MoS2 across one single metallic nanostructure and to investigate the effect of the plasmonic enhancement on its photoluminescence peak. Moreover, by taking advantage of the degree of freedom given by the tuning of the tip-sample distance; it was possible to probe the effect of the plasmonic pico-cavity size on the photoluminescence quenching rate of monolayer MoS2.

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Zhang, Jing, Xiao Meng Wu, and Bo Dang. "Optical bistability and multistability in hybrid system." Laser Physics 33, no. 9 (July 13, 2023): 096002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ace3bd.

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Abstract In this letter, a comprehensive investigation has been conducted on the optical bistability (OB) and optical multistability (OM) phenomena manifested by transmitted light in a ring cavity consisting of a hybrid system of metal nanoparticle (MNP) and semiconductor quantum dot (SQD). Our study has been primarily devoted to examining the influence of the distance between SQD and MNP, as well as the susceptibilities of the SQD, the MNP, and the hybrid nanostructure as a whole, on the OB and OM traits of the transmitted light. Our discoveries demonstrate that a transition from OB to OM, or vice versa, can be accomplished for a definite distance between MNP and QD. It is our contention that our proposed model may have potential applications in the domain of quantum information processes based on SQD-MNP hybrid systems.

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Nemanich, R. J., S. L. English, J. D. Hartman, W. Yang, H. Ade, and R. F. Davis. "Photo-Electron Emission Microscopy of Semiconductor Surfaces." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 606–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600023151.

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The technique of photo-electron emission microscopy (PEEM) is based on imaging of photo excited electrons from a surface. Typically ultra violet (UV) light above the work function of a metal will cause electrons to be emitted from a surface. Since photo excited electrons originate very near to the surface, they essentially reflect the electronic structure of the surface. These electrons may be accelerated and imaged, and the image will reflect the properties of the surface.While the PEEM technique has been understood in a basic sense for many years, it has been limited by the lack of high intensity UV light sources. The most crucial part of the electron imaging system for PEEM, the objective lens, is essentially the same as for the sister technique of low energy electron microscopy (LEEM), and advances in electron optics capabilities have been exploited both for LEEM and for PEEM.

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Chen, Hua-Jun. "Fano resonance induced fast to slow light in a hybrid semiconductor quantum dot and metal nanoparticle system." Laser Physics Letters 17, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 025201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ab60ac.

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Waiskopf, Nir, Yuval Ben-Shahar, Michael Galchenko, Inbal Carmel, Gilli Moshitzky, Hermona Soreq, and Uri Banin. "Photocatalytic Reactive Oxygen Species Formation by Semiconductor–Metal Hybrid Nanoparticles. Toward Light-Induced Modulation of Biological Processes." Nano Letters 16, no. 7 (May 31, 2016): 4266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01298.

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Linic, Suljo. "(Invited) Maximizing Efficiencies of Photocatalytic Water Splitting By Engineering Interfaces in Multi-Component Photocatalysts." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2018-01, no. 31 (April 13, 2018): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2018-01/31/1868.

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Solar splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen is a critical chemical transformation for which no commercially viable photocatalytic systems exist. Developing materials that could execute this reaction with high efficiencies would fundamentally change the environmental footprint of many segments of our economy, including chemical industry, manufacturing and energy sectors. The materials that have received the most attention for this application are hybrids that contain a semiconductor light absorber and an attached metal electrocatalyst that performs chemical transformations. In these systems, the semiconductor serves to provide the electromotive force (voltage) that is used by the electrocatalysts to drive the reaction. The main problems in the development of these hybrid photocatalysts are the chemical instability of the desired semiconductors (with the appropriate, relatively low band gap) under the relevant water splitting conditions, and the losses associated with the presence of the semiconductor/electrocatalyst junction in these photo-catalytic system. Recently, it has been demonstrated that these low band gap semiconductor light absorbers can in some cases be stabilized by the use of protective insulator layers by forming metal/insulator/semiconductor (MIS) photocatalysts. This strategy incorporates a stable insulator layer placed between a metal electrocatalyst and semiconductor forming a metal-insulator-semiconductor junction. So far the central focus of this area of research has been on experimentally demonstrating the enhanced stability of the semiconductors covered by these insulating layers under the reaction conditions. In this contribution, we will discuss the realistic targets for solar water splitting for these MIS photocatalyst. We will also analyze the critical problems associated with these multi-component photocatalysts. We will discuss the impact of various components on the photo-catalysts performance. We will also show how by controlling the geometries of these systems at atomistic level we can optimize their solar to hydrogen efficiencies.

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Haffner, Christian, Andreas Joerg, Michael Doderer, Felix Mayor, Daniel Chelladurai, Yuriy Fedoryshyn, Cosmin Ioan Roman, et al. "Nano–opto-electro-mechanical switches operated at CMOS-level voltages." Science 366, no. 6467 (November 14, 2019): 860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8645.

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Combining reprogrammable optical networks with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics is expected to provide a platform for technological developments in on-chip integrated optoelectronics. We demonstrate how opto-electro-mechanical effects in micrometer-scale hybrid photonic-plasmonic structures enable light switching under CMOS voltages and low optical losses (0.1 decibel). Rapid (for example, tens of nanoseconds) switching is achieved by an electrostatic, nanometer-scale perturbation of a thin, and thus low-mass, gold membrane that forms an air-gap hybrid photonic-plasmonic waveguide. Confinement of the plasmonic portion of the light to the variable-height air gap yields a strong opto-electro-mechanical effect, while photonic confinement of the rest of the light minimizes optical losses. The demonstrated hybrid architecture provides a route to develop applications for CMOS-integrated, reprogrammable optical systems such as optical neural networks for deep learning.

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Suzuki, Tomiko M., Akihide Iwase, Hiromitsu Tanaka, Shunsuke Sato, Akihiko Kudo, and Takeshi Morikawa. "Z-scheme water splitting under visible light irradiation over powdered metal-complex/semiconductor hybrid photocatalysts mediated by reduced graphene oxide." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 25 (2015): 13283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02045j.

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González-Fernández, Alfredo A., Mariano Aceves-Mijares, Oscar Pérez-Díaz, Joaquin Hernández-Betanzos, and Carlos Domínguez. "Embedded Silicon Nanoparticles as Enabler of a Novel CMOS-Compatible Fully Integrated Silicon Photonics Platform." Crystals 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11060630.

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The historical bottleneck for truly high scale integrated photonics is the light emitter. The lack of monolithically integrable light sources increases costs and reduces scalability. Quantum phenomena found in embedded Si particles in the nanometer scale is a way of overcoming the limitations for bulk Si to emit light. Integrable light sources based in Si nanoparticles can be obtained by different CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) -compatible materials and techniques. Such materials in combination with Si3N4 photonic elements allow for integrated Si photonics, in which photodetectors can also be included directly in standard Si wafers, taking advantage of the emission in the visible range by the embedded Si nanocrystals/nanoparticles. We present the advances and perspectives on seamless monolithic integration of CMOS-compatible visible light emitters, photonic elements, and photodetectors, which are shown to be viable and promising well within the technological limits imposed by standard fabrication methods.

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Morisawa, Naoya, Mitsuhisa Ikeda, Sho Nakanishi, Akira Kawanami, Katsunori Makihara, and Seiichi Miyazaki. "Light-Induced Carrier Transfer in NiSi-Nanodots/Si-Quantum-Dots Hybrid Floating Gate in Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Structures." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 49, no. 4 (April 20, 2010): 04DJ04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.49.04dj04.

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Torres-Pinto, André, Maria J. Sampaio, Cláudia G. Silva, Joaquim L. Faria, and Adrián M. T. Silva. "Recent Strategies for Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Metal-Free Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts." Catalysts 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9120990.

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a chemical which has gained wide importance in several industrial and research fields. Its mass production is mostly performed by the anthraquinone (AQ) oxidation reaction, leading to high energy consumption and significant generation of wastes. Other methods of synthesis found in the literature include the direct synthesis from oxygen and hydrogen. However, this H2O2 production process is prone to explosion hazard or undesirable by‑product generation. With the growing demand of H2O2, the development of cleaner and economically viable processes has been under intense investigation. Heterogeneous photocatalysis for H2O2 production has appeared as a promising alternative since it requires only an optical semiconductor, water, oxygen, and ideally solar light irradiation. Moreover, employing a metal-free semiconductor minimizes possible toxicity consequences and reinforces the sustainability of the process. The most studied metal‑free catalyst employed for H2O2 production is polymeric carbon nitride (CN). Several chemical and physical modifications over CN have been investigated together with the assessment of different sacrificial agents and light sources. This review shows the recent developments on CN materials design for enhancing the synthesis of H2O2, along with the proposed mechanisms of H2O2 production. Finally, the direct in situ generation of H2O2, when dealing with the photocatalytic synthesis of added-value organic compounds and water treatment, is discussed.

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Griffiths, A. D., J. Herrnsdorf, J. J. D. McKendry, M. J. Strain, and M. D. Dawson. "Gallium nitride micro-light-emitting diode structured light sources for multi-modal optical wireless communications systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2169 (March 2, 2020): 20190185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0185.

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Gallium nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have revolutionized the lighting industry with their efficient generation of blue and green light. While broad-area (square millimetre) devices have become the dominant LED lighting technology, fabricating LEDs into micro-scale pixels (micro-LEDs) yields further advantages for optical wireless communications (OWC), and for the development of smart-lighting applications such as tracking and imaging. The smaller active areas of micro-LEDs result in high current density operation, providing high modulation bandwidths and increased optical power density. Fabricating micro-LEDs in array formats allows device layouts to be tailored for target applications and provides additional degrees of freedom for OWC systems. Temporal and spatial control is crucial to use the full potential of these micro-scale sources, and is achieved by bonding arrays to pitch-matched complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor control electronics. These compact, integrated chips operate as digital-to-light converters, providing optical signals from digital inputs. Applying the devices as projection systems allows structured light patterns to be used for tracking and self-location, while simultaneously providing space-division multiple access communication links. The high-speed nature of micro-LED array devices, combined with spatial and temporal control, allows many modes of operation for OWC providing complex functionality with chip-scale devices. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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Feng, Chengang, Mingdong Yi, Shunyang Yu, Ivo A. Hümmelgen, Tong Zhang, and Dongge Ma. "Hybrid Permeable Metal-Base Transistor with Large Common-Emitter Current Gain and Low Operational Voltage." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 2037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.054.

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We demonstrate the suitability of N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-naphthylphenyl)-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (NPB), an organic semiconductor widely used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), for high-gain, low operational voltage nanostructured vertical-architecture transistors, which operate as permeable-base transistors. By introducing vanadium oxide (V2O5) between the injecting metal and NPB layer at the transistor emitter, we reduced the emitter operational voltage. The addition of two Ca layers, leading to a Ca/Ag/Ca base, allowed to obtain a large value of common-emitter current gain, but still retaining the permeable-base transistor character. This kind of vertical devices produced by simple technologies offer attractive new possibilities due to the large variety of available molecular semiconductors, opening the possibility of incorporating new functionalities in silicon-based devices.

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Morris, Gareth, Ioritz Sorzabal-Bellido, Matthew Bilton, Karl Dawson, Fiona McBride, Rasmita Raval, Frank Jäckel, and Yuri A. Diaz Fernandez. "A Novel Self-Assembly Strategy for the Fabrication of Nano-Hybrid Satellite Materials with Plasmonically Enhanced Catalytic Activity." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061580.

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The generation of hydrogen from water using light is currently one of the most promising alternative energy sources for humankind but faces significant barriers for large-scale applications due to the low efficiency of existing photo-catalysts. In this work we propose a new route to fabricate nano-hybrid materials able to deliver enhanced photo-catalytic hydrogen evolution, combining within the same nanostructure, a plasmonic antenna nanoparticle and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). For each stage of our fabrication process we probed the chemical composition of the materials with nanometric spatial resolution, allowing us to demonstrate that the final product is composed of a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) plasmonic core, surrounded by satellite Pt decorated CdS QDs (CdS@Pt), separated by a spacer layer of SiO2 with well-controlled thickness. This new type of photoactive nanomaterial is capable of generating hydrogen when irradiated with visible light, displaying efficiencies 300% higher than the constituting photo-active components. This work may open new avenues for the development of cleaner and more efficient energy sources based on photo-activated hydrogen generation.

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Singh, Deobrat, Pritam Kumar Panda, Nabil Khossossi, Yogendra Kumar Mishra, Abdelmajid Ainane, and Rajeev Ahuja. "Impact of edge structures on interfacial interactions and efficient visible-light photocatalytic activity of metal–semiconductor hybrid 2D materials." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 10 (2020): 3279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy00420k.

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Nakada, Akinobu, Ryo Kuriki, Keita Sekizawa, Shunta Nishioka, Junie Jhon M. Vequizo, Tomoki Uchiyama, Nozomi Kawakami, et al. "Effects of Interfacial Electron Transfer in Metal Complex–Semiconductor Hybrid Photocatalysts on Z-Scheme CO2 Reduction under Visible Light." ACS Catalysis 8, no. 10 (September 12, 2018): 9744–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.8b03062.

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Sun, Feiying, Changbin Nie, Xingzhan Wei, Hu Mao, Yupeng Zhang, and Guo Ping Wang. "All-optical modulation based on MoS₂-Plasmonic nanoslit hybrid structures." Nanophotonics 10, no. 16 (October 15, 2021): 3957–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0279.

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Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials with excellent optical properties and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility have promising application prospects for developing highly efficient, small-scale all-optical modulators. However, due to the weak nonlinear light-material interaction, high power density and large contact area are usually required, resulting in low light modulation efficiency. In addition, the use of such large-band-gap materials limits the modulation wavelength. In this study, we propose an all-optical modulator integrated Si waveguide and single-layer MoS2 with a plasmonic nanoslit, wherein modulation and signal light beams are converted into plasmon through nanoslit confinement and together are strongly coupled to 2D MoS2. This enables MoS2 to absorb signal light with photon energies less than the bandgap, thereby achieving high-efficiency amplitude modulation at 1550 nm. As a result, the modulation efficiency of the device is up to 0.41 dB μm−1, and the effective size is only 9.7 µm. Compared with other 2D material-based all-optical modulators, this fabricated device exhibits excellent light modulation efficiency with a micron-level size, which is potential in small-scale optical modulators and chip-integration applications. Moreover, the MoS2-plasmonic nanoslit modulator also provides an opportunity for TMDs in the application of infrared optoelectronics.

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Garcia-Peiro, Jose I., Javier Bonet-Aleta, Carlos J. Bueno-Alejo, and Jose L. Hueso. "Recent Advances in the Design and Photocatalytic Enhanced Performance of Gold Plasmonic Nanostructures Decorated with Non-Titania Based Semiconductor Hetero-Nanoarchitectures." Catalysts 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121459.

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Plasmonic photocatalysts combining metallic nanoparticles and semiconductors have been aimed as versatile alternatives to drive light-assisted catalytic chemical reactions beyond the ultraviolet (UV) regions, and overcome one of the major drawbacks of the most exploited photocatalysts (TiO2 or ZnO). The strong size and morphology dependence of metallic nanostructures to tune their visible to near-infrared (vis-NIR) light harvesting capabilities has been combined with the design of a wide variety of architectures for the semiconductor supports to promote the selective activity of specific crystallographic facets. The search for efficient heterojunctions has been subjected to numerous studies, especially those involving gold nanostructures and titania semiconductors. In the present review, we paid special attention to the most recent advances in the design of gold-semiconductor hetero-nanostructures including emerging metal oxides such as cerium oxide or copper oxide (CeO2 or Cu2O) or metal chalcogenides such as copper sulfide or cadmium sulfides (CuS or CdS). These alternative hybrid materials were thoroughly built in past years to target research fields of strong impact, such as solar energy conversion, water splitting, environmental chemistry, or nanomedicine. Herein, we evaluate the influence of tuning the morphologies of the plasmonic gold nanostructures or the semiconductor interacting structures, and how these variations in geometry, either individual or combined, have a significant influence on the final photocatalytic performance.

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Tang, Ling, Shan Liang, Jian-Bo Li, Dou Zhang, Wen-Bo Chen, Zhong-Jian Yang, Si Xiao, and Qu-Quan Wang. "Controlled Synthesis of Au Nanocrystals-Metal Selenide Hybrid Nanostructures toward Plasmon-Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Energy Conversion." Nanomaterials 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030564.

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A simple method for the controllable synthesis of Au nanocrystals–metal selenide hybrid nanostructures via amino acid guiding strategy is proposed. The results show that the symmetric overgrowth mode of PbSe shells on Au nanorods can be precisely manipulated by only adjusting the initial concentration of Pb2+. The shape of Au–PbSe hybrids can evolve from dumbbell-like to yolk-shell. Interestingly, the plasmonic absorption enhancement could be tuned by the symmetry of these hybrid nanostructures. This provides an effective pathway for maneuvering plasmon-induced energy transfer in metal–semiconductor hybrids. In addition, the photoactivities of Au–PbSe nanorods sensitized TiO2 electrodes have been further evaluated. Owing to the synergism between effective plasmonic enhancement effect and efficient interfacial charge transfer in these hybrid nanostructures, the Au–PbSe yolk-shell nanorods exhibit an outstanding photocurrent activity. Their photocurrent density is 4.38 times larger than that of Au–PbSe dumbbell-like nanorods under light irradiation at λ > 600 nm. As a versatile method, the proposed strategy can also be employed to synthesize other metal–selenide hybrid nanostructures (such as Au–CdSe, Au–Bi2Se3 and Au–CuSe).

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Saad, A. M., M. B. Mohamed, and I. M. Azzouz. "Synthesis, optical properties, and amplified spontaneous emission of hybrid Ag–SiO2–CdTe nanocomposite." Canadian Journal of Physics 95, no. 10 (October 2017): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2016-0368.

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In this work, a hybrid nanocomposite of metal–dielectric–semiconductor, Ag–SiO2–CdTe, nanoparticles has been synthesized. Silica shell was used as a spacer to isolate and control the distance between Ag plasmonic and luminescent CdTe QDs. It was found that insertion of silica shell enhances the plasmonic field more than 31%. Accordingly, Ag-SiO2 plasmonic enhances the luminescence and quantum yield of CdTe quantum dots by 200% and 55%, respectively. The threshold power of amplified spontaneous emission of CdTe was found to depend on both temperature and excitation wavelength location with respect to plasmon and exciton absorption. This nanocomposite could be potentially used in light-emitting diodes, biological sensing, and thermal therapy.

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Govatsi, Katerina, Aspasia Antonelou, Labrini Sygellou, Stylianos G. Neophytides, and Spyros N. Yannopoulos. "Hybrid ZnO/MoS2 Core/Sheath Heterostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting." Applied Nano 2, no. 3 (July 7, 2021): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applnano2030012.

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The rational synthesis of semiconducting materials with enhanced photoelectrocatalytic efficiency under visible light illumination is a long-standing issue. ZnO has been systematically explored in this field, as it offers the feasibility to grow a wide range of nanocrystal morphology; however, its wide band gap precludes visible light absorption. We report on a novel method for the controlled growth of semiconductor heterostructures and, in particular, core/sheath ZnO/MoS2 nanowire arrays and the evaluation of their photoelectrochemical efficiency in oxygen evolution reaction. ZnO nanowire arrays, with a narrow distribution of nanowire diameters, were grown on FTO substrates by chemical bath deposition. Layers of Mo metal at various thicknesses were sputtered on the nanowire surface, and the Mo layers were sulfurized at low temperature, providing in a controlled way few layers of MoS2, in the range from one to three monolayers. The heterostructures were characterized by electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and spectroscopy (XPS, Raman, PL). The photoelectrochemical properties of the heterostructures were found to depend on the thickness of the pre-deposited Mo film, exhibiting maximum efficiency for moderate values of Mo film thickness. Long-term stability, in relation to similar heterostructures in the literature, has been observed.

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Naya, Shin-ichi, Tadahiro Niwa, Ryo Negishi, Hisayoshi Kobayashi, and Hiroaki Tada. "Multi-Electron Oxygen Reduction by a Hybrid Visible-Light-Photocatalyst Consisting of Metal-Oxide Semiconductor and Self-Assembled Biomimetic Complex." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 50 (October 6, 2014): 13894–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201408352.

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Naya, Shin-ichi, Tadahiro Niwa, Ryo Negishi, Hisayoshi Kobayashi, and Hiroaki Tada. "Multi-Electron Oxygen Reduction by a Hybrid Visible-Light-Photocatalyst Consisting of Metal-Oxide Semiconductor and Self-Assembled Biomimetic Complex." Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 50 (October 6, 2014): 14114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201408352.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid metal/semiconductor light sources'

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