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Bonvik, Asbjoern M. (Asbjoern Margido). "Performance analysis of manufacturing systems under hybrid control policies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11038.
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Kreinar, David J. "Energy Management Techniques for Hybrid Electric Unmanned Aircraft Systems." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton159640308960136.
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Liljefors, Oskar, and Tan Joanna. "Two Management Ideas for the Price of One : A Study About Hybrid Management Control Systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446695.
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The increased competition and volatile market today have led to the increased interest in agile management control systems. Previous studies have been made on the subject where researchers argue that there is a need for organizations to become agile. However, many practitioners seem hesitant to only implement agile approaches. This study explores how hybrid management control systems are developed and used over time in a large organization. This is a case study that uses semi-structured interviews to collect data. This study found that an agile management control system was not a one-size-fits-all solution. The reason for this is because organizational context and obstacles prevent the organization from fully committing to one management idea. This study concludes that organizations are hesitant to change long-time used practices. Also, managers and employees have different preferences where managers value traditional approaches more while employees prefer agile approaches. Therefore, organizations incorporate parts from various management systems that fit their organization and develop a hybrid management control system.
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Liljefors, Oskar, and Joanna Tan. "Two Management Ideas for the Price of One : A Study About Hybrid Management Control Systems." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446695.
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The increased competition and volatile market today have led to the increased interest in agile management control systems. Previous studies have been made on the subject where researchers argue that there is a need for organizations to become agile. However, many practitioners seem hesitant to only implement agile approaches. This study explores how hybrid management control systems are developed and used over time in a large organization. This is a case study that uses semi-structured interviews to collect data. This study found that an agile management control system was not a one-size-fits-all solution. The reason for this is because organizational context and obstacles prevent the organization from fully committing to one management idea. This study concludes that organizations are hesitant to change long-time used practices. Also, managers and employees have different preferences where managers value traditional approaches more while employees prefer agile approaches. Therefore, organizations incorporate parts from various management systems that fit their organization and develop a hybrid management control system.
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Borzone, Tommaso. "Decentralized control of multi-agent systems : a hybrid formalism." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0078/document.
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Au cours des dernières années, les problèmes multi-agents ont été étudiés de manière intensive par la communauté de la théorie du contrôle. L'un des sujets les plus populaires est le problème de consensus où un groupe d'agents parvient à un accord sur la valeur d'un certain paramètre ou d’une variable. Dans ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur le consensus des réseaux d'agents avec une dynamique non linéaire de poursuite de référence. Nous utilisons des interactions sporadiques modélisées par la détection relative, pour traiter le consensus décentralisé des références. La référence est donc utilisée pour alimenter la dynamique de poursuite de chaque agent. L'analyse de stabilité du système globale a nécessitée l'utilisation d'outils théoriques propre de la théorie des systèmes hybrides, en raison de la double nature de l'approche en deux étapes. L'analyse est effectuée en tenant compte de différents scénarios de topologie et interactions. Pour chaque cas, une condition suffisante de stabilité est fournie, en termes de temps minimum autorisé entre deux mises à jour de référence consécutives. Le cadre proposé est appliqué aux missions de rendez-vous et de réalisation de formation pour les robots mobiles non-holonomes. Le même problème est abordé dans le contexte d'une application réelle sur le terrain, à savoir un système de gestion de flotte pour un groupe de véhicules robotisés déployés dans un environnement industriel à des fins de surveillance et de collecte de données. Le développement d'une telle application a été motivé par le fait que cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du projet FFLOR, développé par le département de recherche technologique du CEA techOver the last years, multi-agents problems have been extensively studied from the control theory community. One of the most popular multi-agents control topics is the consensus problem where a group of agents reaches an agreement over the value of a certain parameter or variable. In this work we focus our attention on the consensus problem of networks of non-linear reference tracking agents. In first place, we use sporadic interactions modeled by relative sensing to deal with the decentralized consensus of the references. The reference is therefore feeded the tracking dynamics of each agent. Differently from existent works, the stability analysis of the overall system required the usage of hybrid systems theory tools, due to dual nature of the two stages approach. The analysis is carried out considering different scenarios of network topology and interactions. For each case a stability sufficient condition in terms of the minimum allowed time between two consecutive reference updates is provided. The proposed framework is applied to the rendez-vous and formation realisation tasks for non-holonomic mobile robots, which appear among the richest research topics in recent years. The same problem is addressed in the context of a real field application, namely a fleet management system for a group of robotic vehicles deployable in an industrial environment for monitoring and data collection purpose. The development of such application was motivated by the fact that this thesis is part of the Future of Factory Lorraine (FFLOR) project, developed by the technological research department of the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA tech)
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Wollaeger, James P. "ITS in Energy Management Systems of PHEV's." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330704818.
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Farrall, Simon. "A study in the use of fuzzy logic in the management of an automotive heat engine/electric hybrid vehicle powertrain." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387380.
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Elsheikh, Esam. "Management Control Systems & Performance Measurement Systems in Hybrid Organizations : The case of The Swedish Municipal Housing Corporations." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-18372.
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Municipal housing companies (MHCs) can be seen as hybrid organizations, operating under multiple institutional logics that are likely in tension with each other. Measuring the performance of hybrid organizations is a much harder exercise than measuring the performance of pure public or pure private entities. There is a lack of research in this area. To fill this gab van Helden and Reichard’s (2016a) proposed a framework that assigns typical characteristics to PMS in hybrids. The authors call for empirics to test the framework. Accordingly, the first purpose of the thesis is to test the hypotheses of this framework in practice, using a case study approach of two MHCs, MKB AB and LKF AB. The second purpose is to shed light on challenges, conflicts and even propose solutions for MCS/PMS. The thesis ended up by proposing a conceptual model for MCS/PMS that aims to reconcile conflicting goals and logics. The model integrates strategic management control tools (BSC and ERP) to support strategy implementation and formulation as well as to reconcile the different interests of the various stakeholders.
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Lashway, Christopher R. "Resilient and Real-time Control for the Optimum Management of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems with Distributed Dynamic Demands." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3515.
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A continuous increase in demands from the utility grid and traction applications have steered public attention toward the integration of energy storage (ES) and hybrid ES (HESS) solutions. Modern technologies are no longer limited to batteries, but can include supercapacitors (SC) and flywheel electromechanical ES well. However, insufficient control and algorithms to monitor these devices can result in a wide range of operational issues. A modern day control platform must have a deep understanding of the source. In this dissertation, specialized modular Energy Storage Management Controllers (ESMC) were developed to interface with a variety of ES devices. The EMSC provides the capability to individually monitor and control a wide range of different ES, enabling the extraction of an ES module within a series array to charge or conduct maintenance, while remaining storage can still function to serve a demand. Enhancements and testing of the ESMC are explored in not only interfacing of multiple ES and HESS, but also as a platform to improve management algorithms. There is an imperative need to provide a bridge between the depth of the electrochemical physics of the battery and the power engineering sector, a feat which was accomplished over the course of this work. First, the ESMC was tested on a lead acid battery array to verify its capabilities. Next, physics-based models of lead acid and lithium ion batteries lead to the improvement of both online battery management and established multiple metrics to assess their lifetime, or state of health. Three unique HESS were then tested and evaluated for different applications and purposes. First, a hybrid battery and SC HESS was designed and tested for shipboard power systems. Next, a lithium ion battery and SC HESS was utilized for an electric vehicle application, with the goal to reduce cycling on the battery. Finally, a lead acid battery and flywheel ES HESS was analyzed for how the inclusion of a battery can provide a dramatic improvement in the power quality versus flywheel ES alone.
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Capancioni, Alessandro. "Development of a predictive thermal management function for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15248/.
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The present thesis is focused on the development of a predictive control strategy oriented to battery thermal management for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The basic principle of the strategy is to reduce as much as possible battery energy usage related to power request from the respective cooling circuit actuators. At this end, a thermo-hydraulic model of the in-vehicle battery cooling circuit has been developed in AMESim environment. Then, it has been implemented in an already existing Simulink vehicle model, which includes components analytical models and control strategies. The predictive aspect of the novel strategy is related to the evaluation of battery temperature over the electronic horizon on the base of input signals such as vehicle speed and road slope profile. As a consequence of temperature prediction, the developed strategy is able to establish in an energy-efficient way if cooling power is either required or not. Results highlight the advantages of applying the predictive strategy instead of a rule-based one, which is on-board implemented in each vehicle. It is shown that major energetic benefits, related to the extension of the all-electric range and the reduction of fuel consumption, take place at middle environmental temperatures, at which battery cooling power request can seriously make the difference on its drain rate. Therefore, project goal has been reached and the results can be considered an interesting starting point for further development and enhancing of predictive control strategies.
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Singh, Chitranjan, and Tamas Tamilinas. "Energy optimization tool for mild hybrid vehicles with thermal constraints." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293496.
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The current global scenario is such where impact on the environment is becoming a rising concern. Global automotive manufacturers have focused more towards hybrid and electric vehicles as both more aware customers and governmental legislation have begun demanding higher emission standards. One of the many ways that Volvo Car Group approaches this trend is by mild hybridization which is by assisting the combustion engine by a small electric motor and a battery pack. A smart energy management strategy is needed in order to get the most out of the benefits that hybrid electric vehicles offer. The main objective of this strategy is to utilize the electrical energy on-board in such a manner that the overall efficiency of the hybrid powertrain becomes as high as possible. The current implementation is such that the decision for using the on-board battery is non-predictive. This results in a sub-optimal utilization of the hybrid powertrain. In this thesis, a predictive energy optimization tool is developed to maximize the utility of hybridization and the practical implementation of this tool is investigated. The optimization considers both the capacity as well as the thermal loadconstraints of the battery. The developed optimization tool uses information about the route ahead together with convex optimization to produce optimal reference trajectories of the battery states. These trajectories are used in a real-time controller to determine the battery use by controlling the adjoint states in the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy equation. This optimization tool is validated and compared with the baseline controller in a simulation environment based on Simulink. When perfect information about the road ahead is known, the average reduction in fuel consumption is 0.99% relative the baseline controller. Several issues occurring in the real implementation are explored, such as the limited computational speed and the length of the route ahead that can be predicted. For this reason the information input to the optimization tool is segmented and the resulting performance is investigated. For a 30 second segmentation of the future route information, the average saving in fuel consumption is 0.13% relative to the baseline controller. It is shown that the main factor limiting the amount of savings in fuel consumption is the introduction of the thermal load constraints on the battery.Det nuvarande globala scenariot är sådant där miljöpåverkan håller på att bli en växande angelägenhet. Globala fordonstillverkare har fokuserat mer på hybrid- och elfordon, eftersom både mer medvetna kunder och statlig lagstiftning har börjat kräva högre emissionskrav. Ett av de många sätt som Volvo Car Group närmar sig denna trend är genom mild hybridisering genom att bistå förbränningsmotorn med en liten elmotor och ett batteripaket. En smart strategi för energihantering behövs för att få ut det mesta av de fördelar som hybrida elfordon erbjuder. Huvudsyftet med denna strategi är att utnyttja den elektriska energin ombord på ett sådant sätt att den totala effektiviteten hos hybriddrivlinan blir så hög som möjligt.Den nuvarande implementeringen är sådan att beslutet att använda det fordonsbaserade batteriet är inte-förutsägbart. Detta resulterar i en suboptimal användning av hybriddrivlinan. I denna avhandling är ett prediktivt Energioptimeringsverktyg utvecklat för att maximera nyttan av hybridisering och det praktiska implementerandet av detta verktyg undersöks. Optimeringen beaktar både kapaciteten och de termiska belastningsbegränsningarna hos batteriet. Det utvecklade optimeringsverktyg använder information om vägen framåt tillsammans medkonvex optimering för att producera optimala referenstrajektorier av batteritillståndet. Dessa trajektorier används i en realtidsstyrenhet för att bestämma batterianvändningen genom att kontrollera adjungerade tillstånden strategiekvationen för den ekvivalenta förbrukningsminimiseringen. Optimeringsverktyget verifieras och jämförs med den ursprungliga styrenheten i en simuleringsmiljö baserad på Simulink. När perfekt information om vägen framåt är känd, är den genomsnittliga minskningen av bränsleförbrukningen 0,99 % relativt den ursprungliga styrenheten. Flera frågor som uppstår i den verkliga implementeringen undersöks, såsom den begränsade beräkningshastigheten och längden på den väg framåt som kan förutses. Av denna anledning är segmenteras informationen till optimeringsverktyget och den resulterande prestandan undersöks. För en 30 sekunders segmentering av framtida väginformation är den genomsnittliga besparingen i bränsleförbrukningen 0,13 % i förhållande till den ursprungligastyrenheten. Resultaten visar att den viktigaste faktorn som begränsar bränsleförbrukningsbesparingen är införandet av de termiska belastningsbegränsningarna på batteriet.
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Koprubasi, Kerem. "Modeling and control of a hybrid-electric vehicle for drivability and fuel economy improvements." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1220543044.
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Sarban, Singh Ranjit Singh. "A design scheme of energy management, control, optimisation system for hybrid solar-wind and battery energy storages system." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13788.
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Hybrid renewable energy system was introduced to improve the individual renewable energy power system’s productivity and operation-ability. This circumstance has led towards an extensive technological study and analysis on the hybrid renewable energy system. The extensive technological study is conducted using many different approaches, but in this research the linear programming, artificial intelligence and smart grid approaches are studied. This thesis proposed a complete hardware system development, implementation and construction of real-time DC Hybrid Renewable Energy System for solar-wind-battery energy source integrated with grid network support. The proposed real-time DC HRES hardware system adopts the hybrid renewable energy system concept which is composed of solar photovoltaic, wind energy system, battery energy storage system and grid network support. The real-time DC HRES hardware system research work is divided into three stages. Stage 1 involves modelling and simulation of the proposed system using MATLAB Simulink/Stateflow software. During this stage, system’s methodological design and development is emphasised. The obtained results are considered as fundamental finding to design, develop, integrate, implement and construct the real-time DC HRES hardware system. Stage II is designing and developing the electronic circuits for the real-time DC HRES hardware system using PROTEUS software. Real time simulation is performed on the electronic circuits to study and analyse the circuit’s behaviour. This stage also involves embedded software application development for the microcontroller PIC16F877A. Thus, continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is developed and incorporated into microcontroller PIC16F877A. Next, electronic circuits and continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm are integrated with the microcontroller PIC16F877A as a real-time DC HRES hardware system to perform real time simulation. The real-time DC HRES hardware system simulation results are studied, analysed and compared with the results obtained in Stage 1. Any indifference between the obtained results in Stage 1 and Stage 2 are analysed and necessary changes are made. Stage 3 involves integrating, implementation and construction of real-time DC HRES. The continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is also incorporated into the real microcontroller PCI16F877A development board. Real-time DC HRES’s experimental results have successfully demonstrated the system’s ability to perform supervision, coordination, management and control of all the available energy sources with lease dependency on the grid network. The obtained results demonstrated the energy management and optimisation of the available energy sources as primary power source deliver.
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Bao, Ran. "The architecture of pneumatic regenerative systems for the diesel engine." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21267.
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For vehicles whose duty cycle is dominated by start-stop operation, fuel consumption may be significantly improved by better management of the start-stop process. Pneumatic hybrid technology represents one technology pathway to realise this goal. Vehicle kinetic energy is converted to pneumatic energy by compressing air into air tank(s) during the braking. The recovered air is reused to supply an air starter, or supply energy to the air path in order to reduce turbo-lag. This research aims to explore the concept and control of a novel pneumatic hybrid powertrain for a city bus application to identify the potential for improvements in fuel economy and drivability. In order to support the investigation of energy management, system architecture and control methodologies, two kinds of simulation models are created. Backward-facing simulation models have been built using Simulink. Forward-facing models have been developed in the GT-POWER and Simulink co-simulation. After comparison, the fully controllable hybrid braking system is chosen to realize the regenerative braking function. A number of architectures for managing a rapid energy transfer into the powertrain to reduce turbo-lag have been investigated. A city bus energy control strategy has been proposed to realize the Stop-Start Function, Boost Function, and Regenerative Braking Function as well as the normal operations. An optimisation study is conducted to identify the relationships between operating parameters and respectively fuel consumption, performance and energy usage. In conclusion, pneumatic hybrid technology can improve the city bus fuel economy by at least 6% in a typical bus driving cycle, and reduce the engine brake torque response and vehicle acceleration. Based on the findings, it can be learned that the pneumatic hybrid technology offers a clear and low-cost alternative to the electric hybrid technology in improving fuel economy and vehicle drivability.
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Reichenwallner, Christopher, and Daniel Wasborg. "Control of a Hydraulic Hybrid System for Wheel Loaders." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fluida och mekatroniska system, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158902.
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In recent years many companies have investigated the use of hybrid technology due to the potential of increasing the driveline’s efficiency and thus reducing fuel consumption. Previous studies show that hydraulic hybrid technology can be favourable to use in construction machinery such as wheel loaders, which often operate in repetitive drive cycles and have high transient power demands. Parallel as well as Series hybrid configurations are both found suitable for wheel loader applications as the hybrid configurations can decrease the dependency on the torque converter. This project has investigated a novel hydraulic hybrid concept which utilizes the wheel loaders auxiliary pump as a supplement to enable both Series and Parallel hybrid operation. Impact of accumulator sizes has also been investigated, for which smaller accumulator sizes resembles a hydrostatic transmission. The hybrid concept has been evaluated by developing a wheel loader simulation model and a control system based on a rule-based energy management strategy. Simulation results indicate improved energy efficiency of up to 18.80 % for the Combined hybrid. Moreover, the accumulator sizes prove to have less impact on the energy efficiency. A hybrid system with decreased accumulator sizes shows improved energy efficiency of up to 16.40 %.
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Parrilla, Javier A. "Hybrid Environmental Control System Integrated Modeling Trade Study Analysis for Commercial Aviation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1396454368.
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Chaussée, Laury, and Marine Foray. "Understanding the Management Control System Used by Hybrid Companies : A Case Study of IKEA and MIO." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148440.
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Due to the globalization, companies have to review their strategy permanently. In the same way, they need to choose the right management control system which will be in line with their strategy. Recent research has been made and it was highlighted that new strategies have been created to face up to the globalization and stay competitive. One of the new strategies is called “hybrid strategy”. It consists of combining the low-cost competitive advantage with the differentiation competitive advantage. By doing that, a company differentiates itself from its competitors with a special feature and, by the same time, has the lowest cost in its market. This new strategy came after the three generic strategies from Porter, which explains that a company needs to choose a competitive advantage if it wants to be profitable. The competitive advantages are either low-cost or differentiation. Most of the research made about the hybrid strategy was about the efficiency of this strategy. A very few research was made about the management of companies using the hybrid strategy. This is why in this paper, we would like to understand what kind of management control companies using this strategy have, more particularly do they use more a tight or a loose control. We also are looking at what kind of objectives companies using hybrid strategies have. If it is more a short-term or a long- term perspective and if it is more focused on monetary goals or non-monetary goals. For that, we compared the management control implemented in a hybrid company with the management controlled implemented in a low-cost company in Sweden. Four interviews were made at IKEA and MIO, which are two Swedish furniture companies in Sweden. To be able to draw a conclusion, we choose one hybrid company and one pure company to compare them. IKEA is the company using the hybrid strategy. These interviews gave us a lot of information to better understand the type of management control both companies have implemented. Then, the data were analyzed and discussed in order to highlight a potential conclusion. The gathered data suggest that hybrid companies and companies using a low-cost strategy have approximately the same management control system which is more tight control. About the objectives, both companies have the same. Indeed, IKEA and MIO have monetary goals and are more short-term goals oriented, at least for the lower level management. However, there are some differences that we can noticed. The first thing is that MIO uses more the informal control than IKEA. The second thing is that IKEA is more concerned by its employees. To conclude, even if IKEA and MIO are using two different strategies, they are very similar when looking to their management control.
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Ali, Ahmed Mohammed [Verfasser], and Dirk [Akademischer Betreuer] Söffker. "Design of Hybrid Propulsion Systems for Vehicles Considering Optimal Power Management and Control in Real-Time / Ahmed M. Ali ; Betreuer: Dirk Söffker." Duisburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1196008132/34.
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Feroldi, Diego Hernán. "Control and design of pem fuel cell-based systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5958.
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Las pilas de combustible son muy ventajosas debido a su alta eficiencia en la conversión de energía y nula contaminación. En esta tesis se realiza un extenso estudio sobre el control y diseño de sistemas de generación eléctrica basados en pilas de combustible. El núcleo principal de la misma son los sistemas híbridos con pilas de combustible y supercapacitores como elementos almacenadores de energía, orientado a aplicaciones automotrices. La determinación del Grado de Hibridización (i.e. la determinación del tamaño de la pila de combustible y del número de supercapacitores) se realiza mediante una metodología propuesta con el objetivo de satisfacer requisitos de conductibilidad y consumiendo la menor cantidad de hidrógeno posible.El proceso de diseño comienza con la determinación de la estructura eléctrica de generación del vehículo y utiliza un modelo detallado realizado en ADVISOR, una herramienta para modelado y estudio de sistemas híbridos. Se analiza el flujo de energía a través de los componentes del vehículo cuando el vehículo sigue diferentes ciclos de conducción estándares, mostrando las pérdidas en cada componente que degradan la eficiencia del sistema y limitan la recuperación de energía de frenado. Con respecto a la recuperación de energía, se ha definido y analizado un parámetro que cuantifica la cantidad de energía que realmente es reaprovechada: el ratio frenado/hidrógeno.
Para controlar el flujo de energía entre la pila de combustible, los almacenadores de energía y la carga eléctrica, se proponen tres Estrategias de Gestión de Energía (EMS) para Vehículos Híbridos con Pila de Combustible (FCHVs) basadas en el mapa de eficiencia de la pila y se validan mediante un montaje experimental desarrollado para emular el sistema híbrido. Los resultados de consumo de hidrógeno son comparados con dos referencias: el consumo correspondiente al caso del vehículo sin hibridización y el caso óptimo con el menor consumo para el vehículo propuesto. El consumo óptimo se calcula mediante una metodología propuesta que, a diferencia de otras, evita la discretización de las variables de estado.
Para operar el sistema eficientemente, la pila de combustible es controlada mediante una metodología de control, basada en Control de Matriz Dinámica (DMC). Esta metodología de control utiliza como variables de control el voltaje de compresor y una nueva variable propuesta: la apertura de una válvula proporcional ubicada a la salida del cátodo. Los objetivos de control son controlar el exceso de oxígeno en el cátodo y el voltaje generado por la pila. Se analiza tanto en régimen estacionario como transitorio las ventajas de emplear esta nueva variable de control y se muestran resultados de funcionamiento por simulación del controlador ante perturbaciones en la corriente de carga.
Por otro lado, se aborda el diagnóstico y el control tolerante a fallos del sistema basado en pila de combustible proponiendo una metodología de diagnóstico basada en las sensibilidades relativas de los fallos y se muestra que la estructura de control con las dos variables propuestas tiene buena capacidad de rechazo a fallos en el compresor cuando se controla el exceso de oxígeno en el cátodo.
The use of fuel cell systems based on hydrogen is advantageous because of their high efficiency in the energy conversion and null emissions. In this thesis, an extensive study about the control and design of electrical generation systems based on fuel cells is performed. The main focus is in hybrid systems composed of fuel cells and supercapacitors as energy storage elements, oriented to automotive applications. The determination of the hybridization degree (i.e. the determination of the fuel cell size and the number of supercapacitors) is performed through a proposed methodology with the objective to fulfil the conductibility requirements and to consume the lowest amount of hydrogen.
The process of design starts with the determination of the electrical structure and utilizes a detail model developed using ADVISOR, a MATLAB toolbox for modelling and studying hybrid vehicles. The energy flow between the vehicle components is analyzed when the vehicle is tested with different Standard Driving Cycles, showing how the losses in each component degrade the efficiency of the system and limit the energy recovery from braking.
With regard to the energy recovery, a parameter to quantify the amount of energy that is actually reused is defined and analyzed: the braking/hydrogen ratio.
To control the energy flow between the fuel cell, the energy storage system, and the electrical load in Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles (FCHVs), three Energy Management Strategies (EMSs) based on the fuel cell efficiency map are presented and validated through an experimental setup, which is developed to emulate the FCHV. The resulting hydrogen consumptions are compared with two references: the consumption of the pure fuel cell case, a vehicle without hybridization, and the optimal case with the minimum consumption. The optimal consumption for a given vehicle is determined through a methodology proposed that, unlike other previous methodologies, avoids the discretization of the state variables.
To operate the fuel cell system efficiently, the system is controlled through a proposed control technique, which is based on Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC). This control technique utilizes the compressor voltage as control variable and also a new proposed variable: the opening area of a proportional valve at the cathode outlet. The control objectives are the control of the oxygen excess ratio at the cathode and the fuel cell voltage. The advantages of this new control variable are analyzed both in steady state and transient state. Simulation results show and adequate performance of the controller when a series of step changes in the load current is applied.
On the other hand, the diagnosis and fault-tolerant control of the fuel cell-based system is approached. A diagnosis methodology based on the relative fault sensitivity is proposed. The performance of the methodology to detect and isolate a set of proposed failures is analyzed and simulation results in an environment developed to include the set of faults are given. The fault-tolerant control is approached showing that the proposed control structure with two control variables has good capability against faults in the compressor when the oxygen excess ratio in the cathode is controlled.
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Park, Sang Gyun. "Optimal control based method for design and analysis of continuous descent arrivals." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53005.
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Continuous Descent Arrival (CDA) is a procedure where aircraft descend, at or near idle thrust, from their cruise altitude to their Final Approach Fix without leveling off. By eliminating inefficient leveling off at low altitude, CDA provides benefits such as fuel savings, flight time savings, and the significant noise reduction near airports, but the usage of CDAs has been limited in low traffic condition due to difficulty in the separation management. For the successful CDA without degradation of the runway throughput, air traffic controllers should know the performance bound of the CDA trajectory and control the time of arrival for each aircraft, which is interpreted as Required Time of Arrival (RTA) from the aircraft standpoint.
This thesis proposes a novel trajectory optimization methodology to meet RTA constraint. The CDA trajectory optimization problem in the flight management system is modeled as a path constrained optimal control problem of switched dynamical system. A sequential method that performs mode sequence estimation and parameter optimization, sequentially, is proposed to solve this problem. By analyzing the relaxed optimal solution with simplified dynamics, a computationally efficient algorithm to find the optimal switching structure is proposed and applied for the mode sequence estimation. This thesis also proposes a performance-bound analysis methodology using optimal control techniques to help controllers make a feasible schedule for CDA operations at a meter fix. The feasible time range analysis for a wide variety of aircraft is performed by using the proposed methodology. Based on the analysis result, a single flight time strategy is proposed for the application of CDA in high traffic conditions. The simulation with real traffic data has been shown that the single flight time strategy, combined with the proposed fixed RTA trajectory optimization, guarantees the conflict free CDA operation.
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Vagg, Christopher. "Optimal control of hybrid electric vehicles for real-world driving patterns." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648946.
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Optimal control of energy flows in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is crucial to maximising the benefits of hybridisation. The problem is complex because the optimal solution depends on future power demands, which are often unknown. Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) is among the most advanced control optimisation algorithms proposed and incorporates a stochastic representation of the future. The potential of a fully developed SDP controller has not yet been demonstrated on a real vehicle; this work presents what is believed to be the most concerted and complete attempt to do so. In characterising typical driving patterns of the target vehicles this work included the development and trial of an eco-driving driver assistance system; this aims to reduce fuel consumption by encouraging reduced rates of acceleration and efficient use of the gears via visual and audible feedback. Field trials were undertaken using 15 light commercial vehicles over four weeks covering a total of 39,300 km. Average fuel savings of 7.6% and up to 12% were demonstrated. Data from the trials were used to assess the degree to which various legislative test cycles represent the vehicles’ real-world use and the LA92 cycle was found to be the closest statistical match. Various practical considerations in SDP controller development are addressed such as the choice of discount factor and how charge sustaining characteristics of the policy can be examined and adjusted. These contributions are collated into a method for robust implementation of the SDP algorithm. Most reported HEV controllers neglect the significant complications resulting from extensive use of the electrical powertrain at high power, such as increased heat generation and battery stress. In this work a novel cost function incorporates the square of battery C-rate as an indicator of electric powertrain stress, with the aim of lessening the affliction of real-world concerns such as temperatures and battery health. Controllers were tested in simulation and then implemented on a test vehicle; the challenges encountered in doing so are discussed. Testing was performed on a chassis dynamometer using the LA92 test cycle and the novel cost function was found to enable the SDP algorithm to reduce electrical powertrain stress by 13% without sacrificing any fuel savings, which is likely to be beneficial to battery health.
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Tulpule, Pinak J. "Control and optimization of energy flow in hybrid large scale systems - A microgrid for photovoltaic based PEV charging station." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313522717.
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Peirano, Fabio. "Development of Optimal Energy Management Strategies for a Hybrid Boat." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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The present work proposes different approaches to extend the mathematical methods of supervisory energy management used in terrestrial environments to the maritime sector, that diverges in constraints, variables and disturbances. The aim is to find the optimal real-time solution that includes the minimization of a defined track
time, while maintaining the classical energetic approach. Starting from analyzing and modelling the powertrain and boat dynamics, the energy economy problem formulation is done, following the mathematical principles behind the optimal control theory. Then, an adaptation aimed in finding a winning strategy for the Monaco Energy Boat Challenge endurance trial is performed via ECMS and A-ECMS control strategies, which lead to a more accurate knowledge of energy sources and boat’s behaviour. The simulations show that the algorithm accomplishes fuel economy and
time optimization targets, but the latter adds huge tuning and calculation complexity.
In order to assess a practical implementation on real hardware, the knowledge of the previous approaches has been translated into a rule-based algorithm, that let it be run on an embedded CPU. Finally, the algorithm has been tuned and tested in a real-world race scenario, showing promising results.
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Meyer, Danielle L. "Energy Optimization of a Hybrid Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523493111005807.
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Neblett, Alexander Mark Hattier. "Application of Functional Safety Standards to the Electrification of a Vehicle Powertrain." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84485.
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With the introduction of electronic control units to automotive vehicles, system complexity has increased. With this change in complexity, new standards have been created to ensure safety at the system level for these vehicles. Furthermore, vehicles have become increasingly complex with the push for electrification of automotive vehicles, which has resulted in the creation of hybrid electric and battery electric vehicles.
The goal of this thesis is to provide an example of a hazard and operability analysis as well as a hazard and risk analysis for a hybrid electric vehicle. Additionally, the safety standards developed do not align well with educational prototype vehicles because the standards are designed for corporations. The hybrid vehicle supervisory controller example within this thesis demonstrates how to define a system and then perform system-level analytical techniques to identify potential failures and associated requirements. Ultimately, through this analysis suggestions are made on how best to reduce system complexity and improve system safety of a student built prototype vehicle.Master of Science
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Herrera, Santisbon Eunice. "Production-consumption system coordination by hybrid predictive approaches : application to a solar cooling system for buildings." Thesis, CentraleSupélec, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SUPL0006/document.
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Garantir le confort thermique des bâtiments est directement lié à la consommation d'énergie. Dans les zones tropicales, les systèmes de refroidissement représentent l'un des postes les plus gourmands en énergie. Afin de réduire la consommation d'énergie mondiale, il est primordial d'améliorer l'efficacité de ces systèmes ou bien de développer de nouvelles méthodes de production de froid. Une installation de refroidissement solaire basé sur le cycle à absorption est une alternative pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la consommation d'électricité. Contrairement aux systèmes classiques de refroidissement à compression mécanique, la production de froid par absorption est un système complexe composé de plusieurs composants comme des panneaux solaires, un ballon de stockage, une tour de refroidissement et une machine à absorption. Outre le dimensionnement des composants, ce système complexe nécessite des actions de contrôle pour être efficace parce que la coordination entre le stockage d'eau chaude, la production et la consommation du froid est nécessaire. Le but de cette thèse est de proposer une structure producteur-consommateur d'énergie basée sur la commande prédictive (MPC). Le système de refroidissement par absorption solaire est considéré comme faisant partie de ce système de production-consommation d'énergie, le système de stockage d'eau chaude est le producteur et la machine à absorption qui distribue de l'eau froide au bâtiment est l'un des consommateurs. Pour que la structure de commande soit modulaire, la coordination entre les sous-systèmes est réalisée en utilisant une approche de partitionnement où des contrôleurs prédictifs locaux sont conçus pour chacun des sous-systèmes. Les contrôleurs des consommateurs calculent un ensemble de profils de demande d'énergie. Ces profils sont ensuite envoyés au contrôleur du producteur qui sélectionne le profil qui minimise le coût global. Dans une première partie, l'approche proposée est testée sur un modèle linéaire simplifié composé d'un producteur et plusieurs consommateurs. Dans une deuxième partie, un cas plus complexe est étudié. Un modèle simplifié d'un système de refroidissement à absorption est évaluée en utilisant l'outil de simulation TRNSYS. Le modèle de production n'est plus linéaire, il est décrit par un modèle non linéaire hybride qui augmente la complexité du problème d'optimisation. Les résultats des simulations montrent que la sous-optimalité induite par la méthode est faible. De plus, la performance de l'approche atteint les objectifs de commande tout en respectant les contraintesTo guarantee thermal comfort in buildings is directly related to energy consumption. In tropical climates, cooling systems for buildings represent one of the largest energy consumers. Therefore, as energy consumption is a major concern around the world, it is important to improve the systems efficiency or seeking new methods of cooling production. A solar cooling installation based on the absorption cycle is an alternative to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and electricity consumption. In contrast to conventional vapor-compression based cooling systems, the absorption cooling production involves a complex system composed of several components as collector panel, storage tank, cooling tower and absorption chiller. Besides the sizing of the components, this complex system requires control actions to be efficient as a coordination between hot water storage, cooling water production and consumption is necessary. The aim of this research is to propose a management approach for a production-consumption energy system based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). The solar absorption cooling system is seen as part of this production-consumption energy system where the hot water storage system is the producer and the chiller-building system is one of the consumers. In order to provide modularity to the control structure, the coordination between the subsystems is achieved by using a partitioning approach where local predictive controllers are developed for each of the subsystems. The consumer controllers compute a set of energy demand profiles sent to the producer controller which selects the profile that better minimize the global optimization cost. In a first part, the proposed approach is tested on a simplified linear model composed of one producer and several consumers. In a second part, a more complex case is studied. A simplified model of an absorption cooling system is evaluated using the simulation tool TRNSYS. The producer model is no longer linear, instead it is described by a nonlinear hybrid model which increases the complexity of the optimization problem. The simulations results show that the suboptimality induced by the method is low and the control strategy fulfills the objectives and constraints while giving good performances
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Farhadi, Mustafa. "Hybrid Energy Storage Implementation in DC and AC Power System for Efficiency, Power Quality and Reliability Improvements." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2471.
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Battery storage devices have been widely utilized for different applications. However, for high power applications, battery storage systems come with several challenges, such as the thermal issue, low power density, low life span and high cost. Compared with batteries, supercapacitors have a lower energy density but their power density is very high, and they offer higher cyclic life and efficiency even during fast charge and discharge processes. In this dissertation, new techniques for the control and energy management of the hybrid battery-supercapacitor storage system are developed to improve the performance of the system in terms of efficiency, power quality and reliability.
To evaluate the findings of this dissertation, a laboratory-scale DC microgrid system is designed and implemented. The developed microgrid utilizes a hybrid lead-acid battery and supercapacitor energy storage system and is loaded under various grid conditions. The developed microgrid has also real-time monitoring, control and energy management capabilities.
A new control scheme and real-time energy management algorithm for an actively controlled hybrid DC microgrid is developed to reduce the adverse impacts of pulsed power loads. The developed control scheme is an adaptive current-voltage controller that is based on the moving average measurement technique and an adaptive proportional compensator. Unlike conventional energy control methods, the developed controller has the advantages of controlling both current and voltage of the system. This development is experimentally tested and verified. The results show significant improvements achieved in terms of enhancing the system efficiency, reducing the AC grid voltage drop and mitigating frequency fluctuation.
Moreover, a novel event-based protection scheme for a multi-terminal DC power system has been developed and evaluated. In this technique, fault identification and classifications are performed based on the current derivative method and employing an artificial inductive line impedance. The developed scheme does not require high speed communication and synchronization and it transfers much less data when compared with the traditional method such as the differential protection approach. Moreover, this scheme utilizes less measurement equipment since only the DC bus data is required.
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Mokrenko, Olesia. "Gestion de l'énergie dans un réseau de capteurs au niveau application." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30199/document.
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L'énergie est une ressource clé dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSNs), en particulier lorsque les nœuds capteurs sont alimentés par des batteries. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la réduction de la consommation de l'énergie d'un réseau de capteurs au niveau application construite au-dessus de ce réseau, grâce à des stratégies de contrôle, en temps réel et de façon dynamique. La première stratégie de gestion de l'énergie considérée s'appuie sur le contrôle prédictif (MPC). Le choix de MPC est motivé par les objectifs globaux qui sont de réduire la consommation d'énergie de l'ensemble des nœuds capteurs tout en assurant un service donné, nommé mission, pour le réseau de capteurs. En outre, un ensemble de contraintes sur les variables de contrôle binaires et sur les nœuds capteur doit être rempli. La deuxième stratégie de gestion de l'énergie au niveau de l'application utilise une approche de contrôle hybride (HDS). Ce choix est motivé par la nature inhérente du système WSN qui est par essence hybride, en particulier lorsque l'on s'intéresse à la gestion de l'énergie. La nature hybride vient essentiellement de la combinaison de processus physiques continus tels la charge et décharge des batteries des nœuds; tandis que la partie discrète est liée à la modification des modes de fonctionnement et l'état Inaccessible des nœuds. Les stratégies proposées sont évaluées et comparées en simulation sur des différents scenarios réalistes. Elles ont aussi \'et\'e mises en œuvre sur un banc d'essai réel et les résultats obtenus ont été discutésEnergy is a key resource in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), especially when sensor nodes are powered by batteries. This thesis is investigates how to save energy of the whole WSN, at the application level, thanks to control strategies, in real time and in a dynamic way. The first energy management strategy investigated is based on Model Predictive Control (MPC). The choice of MPC is motivated by the global objectives that are to reduce the energy consumption of the set of sensor nodes while ensuring a given service, named mission, for the sensor network. Moreover, a set of constraints on the binary control variables and on the sensor modes must be fulfilled. The second energy management strategy at the application level is based on a Hybrid Dynamical System (HDS) approach. This choice is motivated by the hybrid inherent nature of the WSN system when energy management is considered. The hybrid nature basically comes from the combination of continuous physical processes, namely, the charge / discharge of the node batteries; while the discrete part is related to the change in the functioning modes and the Unreachable condition of the nodes. The proposed strategies are evaluated and compared in simulation on a realistic test-case. Lastly, they have been implemented on a real test-bench and the results obtained have been discussed
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Vallur, Rajendran Avinash. "A Methodology for Development of Look Ahead Based Energy Management System Using Traffic In Loop Simulation." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1514828055131881.
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Abreu, De Oliveira Amanda. "Commande prédictive hiérarchisée hybride pour la gestion de l’énergie dans les bâtiments." Thesis, CentraleSupélec, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CSUP0004.
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La maîtrise des flux énergétiques à l’intérieur de l’habitat est un sujet d’actualité largement promu par l’engagement gouvernemental et incité par l’évolution croissante des solutions technologiques pour les bâtiments intelligents. Pour faire face aux nouveaux besoins d’efficacité, les gestionnaires d’énergie doivent être capables de piloter de manière opportune l’utilisation des équipements de consommation ainsi que d’optimiser le confort des occupants. Ce mémoire étudie les stratégies de commande prédictive hiérarchisée hybride à multi-échelles de temps appliquées à la gestion d’énergie dans les bâtiments. Le contrôleur proposé est composé de deux niveaux. Un niveau supérieur qui met en oeuvre une optimisation économique pour planifier l’utilisation de l’énergie à long terme. Et un niveau inférieur responsable d’assurer le suivi de la planification en exécutant une optimisation à horizon de prédiction plus court et une fréquence d’échantillonnage plus élevée. Les niveaux travaillent ensemble pour maîtriser conjointement l’énergie et la puissance du système. Deux sujets liés au fonctionnement des contrôleurs à multi-échelle de temps sont considérés. Le premier est l’interaction entre les niveaux d’optimisation et la cohérence des informations échangées. Différentes stratégies pour projeter les résultats du niveau supérieur au niveau inférieur sont comparées en soulignant leur impact sur le comportement de la commande finale. Le deuxième est l’adaptation de l’approche hiérarchisée pour le pilotage des charges du type Marche/Arrêt. Une analyse géométrique de l’espace de décision du problème d’optimisation long terme du contrôleur est réalisée pour étudier les conséquences de l’ajout des contraintes binaires. Nous proposons ensuite, une reformulation capable d’améliorer la qualité de la commande finale et de limiter l’effort nécessaire pour trouver la solutionIntelligent management strategies to optimize building energy consumption are considerably gaining attention due to the current climate challenges and the technological evolution of the automation solutions. To tackle the new energy efficiency standards, building energy management systems must be able to control energy consuming devices in order to minimize the costs and optimize the comfort of occupants. In this thesis, we study hybrid multitime scale model predictive control strategies to tackle building energy management problems. We proposed a two-layer hierarchical controller to jointly control the energy consumption and power demand of the system. The upper level implements a long term economic optimization that takes into account the energy price and the requirements of the occupants. The lower layer ensures the tracking of the optimal scheduling plan computed by the upper layer with a shorter prediction horizon and a higher sampling rate. Two topics related to the operation of multi-scale controllers are considered. The first is the interaction between the levels of optimization and the consistency of the information exchanged. We investigate different strategies to project the results of the upper layer at the lower one and provide comparisons to highlight its impact on the closed-loop behavior. The second is the management of On/Off loads in the multi-time scale framework. A geometric analysis of the decision space of the long-term optimization problem is performed to study the consequences of adding binary constraints to the problem. Then, we propose a reformulation strategy to improve the quality of the final control and limit the effort required to find the solution
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Manning, Peter Christopher. "Development of a Series Parallel Energy Management Strategy for Charge Sustaining PHEV Operation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49436.
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The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team of Virginia Tech (HEVT) is participating in the 2012-2014 EcoCAR 2: Plugging in to the Future Advanced Vehicle Technology Competition series organized by Argonne National Lab (ANL), and sponsored by General Motors Corporation (GM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The goals of the competition are to reduce well-to-wheel (WTW) petroleum energy consumption (PEU), WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria emissions while maintaining vehicle performance, consumer acceptability and safety. Following the EcoCAR 2 Vehicle Development Process (VDP) of designing, building, and refining an advanced technology vehicle over the course of the three year competition using a 2013 Chevrolet Malibu donated by GM as a base vehicle, the selected powertrain is a Series-Parallel Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with P2 (between engine and transmission) and P4 (rear axle) motors, a lithium-ion battery pack, an internal combustion engine, and an automatic transmission.
Development of a charge sustaining control strategy for this vehicle involves coordination of controls for each of the main powertrain components through a distributed control strategy. This distributed control strategy includes component controllers for each individual component and a single supervisory controller responsible for interpreting driver demand and determining component commands to meet the driver demand safely and efficiently. For example, the algorithm accounts for a variety of system operating points and will penalize or reward certain operating points for other conditions. These conditions include but are not limited to rewards for discharging the battery when the state of charge (SOC) is above the target value or penalties for operating points with excessive emissions. Development of diagnostics and remedial actions is an important part of controlling the powertrain safely. In order to validate the control strategy prior to in-vehicle operation, simulations are run against a plant model of the vehicle systems. This plant model can be run in both controller Software- and controller Hardware-In-the-Loop (SIL and HIL) simulations.
This paper details the development of the controls for diagnostics, major selection algorithms, and execution of commands and its integration into the Series-Parallel PHEV through the supervisory controller. This paper also covers the plant model development and testing of the control algorithms using controller SIL and HIL methods. This paper details reasons for any changes to the control system, and describes improvements or tradeoffs that had to be made to the control system architecture for the vehicle to run reliably and meet its target specifications. Test results illustrate how changes to the plant model and control code properly affect operation of the control system in the actual vehicle. The VT Malibu is operational and projected to perform well at the final competition.Master of Science
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Denis, Nicolas. "Système de gestion d'énergie d'un véhicule électrique hybride rechargeable à trois roues." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5856.
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Résumé : Depuis la fin du XXème siècle, l’augmentation du prix du pétrole brut et les problématiques environnementales poussent l’industrie automobile à développer des technologies plus économes en carburant et générant moins d’émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Parmi ces technologies, les véhicules électriques hybrides constituent une solution viable et performante. En alliant un moteur électrique et un moteur à combustion, ces véhicules possèdent un fort potentiel de réduction de la consommation de carburant sans sacrifier son autonomie. La présence de deux moteurs et de deux sources d’énergie requiert un contrôleur, appelé système de gestion d’énergie, responsable de la commande simultanée des deux moteurs. Les performances du véhicule en matière de consommation dépendent en partie de la conception de ce contrôleur. Les véhicules électriques hybrides rechargeables, plus récents que leur équivalent non rechargeable, se distinguent par l’ajout d’un chargeur interne permettant la recharge de la batterie pendant l’arrêt du véhicule et par conséquent la décharge de celle-ci au cours d’un trajet. Cette particularité ajoute un degré de complexité pour ce qui est de la conception du système de gestion d’énergie. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle complet du véhicule dédié à la conception du contrôleur. Nous étudions ensuite la dépendance de la commande optimale des deux moteurs par rapport au profil de vitesse suivi au cours d’un trajet ainsi qu’à la quantité d’énergie électrique disponible au début d’un trajet. Cela nous amène à proposer une technique d’auto-apprentissage visant l’amélioration de la stratégie de gestion d’énergie en exploitant un certain nombre de données enregistrées sur les trajets antérieurs. La technique proposée permet l’adaptation de la stratégie de contrôle vis-à-vis du trajet en cours en se basant sur une pseudo-prédiction de la totalité du profil de vitesse. Nous évaluerons les performances de la technique proposée en matière de consommation de carburant en la comparant avec une stratégie optimale bénéficiant de la connaissance exacte du profil de vitesse ainsi qu’avec une stratégie de base utilisée couramment dans l’industrie. // Abstract : Since the end of the XXth century, the increase in crude oil price and the environmental concerns lead the automotive industry to develop technologies that can improve fuel savings and decrease greenhouse gases emissions. Among these technologies, the hybrid electric vehicles stand as a reliable and efficient solution. By combining an electrical motor and an internal combustion engine, these vehicles can bring a noticeable improvement in terms of fuel consumption without sacrificing the vehicle autonomy. The two motors and the two energy storage systems require a control unit, called energy management system, which is responsible for the command decision of both motors. The vehicle performances in terms of fuel consumption greatly depend on this control unit. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are a more recent technology compared to their non plug-in counterparts. They have an extra internal battery charger that allows the battery to be charged during OFF state, implying a possible discharge during a trip. This particularity adds complexity when it comes to the design of the energy management system. In this thesis, a complete vehicle model is proposed and used for the design of the controller. A study is then carried out to show the dependence between the optimal control of the motors and the speed profile followed during a trip as well as the available electrical energy at the beginning of a trip. According to this study, a self-learning optimization technique that aims at improving the energy management strategy by exploiting some driving data recorded on previous trips is proposed. The technique allows the adaptation of the control strategy to the current trip based on a pseudo-prediction of the total speed profile. Fuel consumption performances for the proposed technique will be evaluated by comparing it with an optimal control strategy that benefits from the exact a priori knowledge of the speed profile as well as a basic strategy commonly used in industry.
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Bailey, William Anthony. "Herbicide-based Weed Management Systems for Potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Growth and Reproductive Characteristics of Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28578.
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Integrated weed management involves the utilization of weed biology principles to develop effective and economical control strategies. This research involved investigations of herbicide-based weed management programs in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as well as investigations of the biological characteristics of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus), a troublesome species in many crops. Sulfentrazone is an herbicide registered for use in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) that may also have potential for use in potato. In field experiments, potato tolerance to preemergence (PRE) applications of sulfentrazone at rates up to 0.21 kg/ha was similar to that from the registered herbicides metribuzin, metolachlor, or metribuzin plus metolachlor PRE. Potato generally did not tolerate sulfentrazone applications to foliage. Sulfentrazone effectively controlled common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) at rates as low as 0.11 kg/ha and also controlled several annual grasses at higher application rates, but was slightly less effective on jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) and ineffective on common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.).
Potato tuber yield and grade from sulfentrazone PRE applications was similar to yield of potato treated with registered herbicides. Laboratory research was also conducted to determine the mechanism of sulfentrazone selectivity between potato (a tolerant species), common lambsquarters (a sensitive species), and jimsonweed (an intermediate species). After 48 h root exposure to [14C] sulfentrazone, absorption by common lambsquarters was nearly two-fold that of jimsonweed and three-fold that of potato. Both weed species also exhibited nearly a two-fold increase in sulfentrazone translocation from roots to shoots compared to potato. Since the site of action of sulfentrazone, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, is located in shoot tissue, translocation to shoots is essential for sulfentrazone toxicity. Therefore, the proposed primary mechanisms of selectivity between these species are differential root absorption and differential translocation. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the potential of the experimental herbicide AE F130060 03 for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) control in winter wheat. In laboratory research, foliar absorption of AE F130060 03 in Italian ryegrass was at least three times that in wheat. Additionally, herbicide metabolism was greater in wheat, particularly in wheat treated with the herbicide safener AE F107892. In field experiments, AE F130060 03 was as effective as diclofop-methyl for control of diclofop-sensitive Italian ryegrass and more effective than diclofop-methyl and all other herbicides tested for control of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass. Although wheat injury from AE F130060 03 was greater than from other herbicides, wheat recovered and yields were not affected. Postemergence AE F130060 03 applications controlled Italian ryegrass from emergence until the end of tillering, but applications made to four- to five-tiller Italian ryegrass resulted in the least amount of new Italian ryegrass emergence following application. To further define the utility of AE F130060 03 in winter wheat, ten wheat cultivars adapted to Virginia were evaluated for tolerance to AE F130060 03. Biomass production between cultivars was not influenced by AE F130060 03 application in the greenhouse, although slight yield decreases due to herbicide application were found in FFR 518, Coker 9663, AgriPro Patton, and VA98W593 under weed-free conditions in the field. Greenhouse, growth chamber, and field experiments were also conducted to investigate growth and seed production of one imidazolinone-susceptible (S) and five -resistant (R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5) smooth pigweed biotypes. Although the S biotype produced more total biomass than four of the five R biotypes, R4 displayed a more rapid growth rate at 3 to 5 wk after planting and a faster germination rate than S and all other R biotypes. Seed production in R4 was similar to S and greater than in all other R biotypes. Early rapid growth in R4 did not translate into increased biomass accumulation compared to S at the conclusion of the experiments.Ph. D.
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Trontis, Anastasios. "Control synthesis for hybrid systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275176.
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Lemch, Ekaterina S. "Nonlinear and hierarchical hybrid control systems." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0032/NQ64600.pdf.
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Chudoung, Jerawan. "Robust Control for Hybrid, Nonlinear Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26983.
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We develop the robust control theories of stopping-time nonlinear systems and switching-control nonlinear systems. We formulate a robust optimal stopping-time control problem for a state-space nonlinear system and give the connection between various notions of lower value function for the associated game (and storage function for the associated dissipative system) with solutions of the appropriate variational inequality (VI). We show that the stopping-time rule can be obtained by solving the VI in the viscosity sense. It also happens that a positive definite supersolution of the VI can be used for stability analysis. We also show how to solve the VI for some prototype examples with one-dimensional state space.
For the robust optimal switching-control problem, we establish the Dynamic Programming Principle (DPP) for the lower value function of the associated game and employ it to derive the appropriate system of quasivariational inequalities (SQVI) for the lower value vector function. Moreover we formulate the problem in the L2-gain/dissipative system framework. We show that, under appropriate assumptions, continuous switching-storage (vector) functions are characterized as viscosity supersolutions of the SQVI, and that the minimal such storage function is equal to the lower value function for the game. We show that the control strategy achieving the dissipative inequality is obtained by solving the SQVI in the viscosity sense; in fact this solution is also used to address stability analysis of the switching system. In addition we prove the comparison principle between a viscosity subsolution and a viscosity supersolution of the SQVI satisfying a boundary condition and use it to give an alternative derivation of the characterization of the lower value function. Finally we solve the SQVI for a simple one-dimensional example by a direct geometric construction.Ph. D.
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Akar, Mehmet. "Variations on control of hybrid systems /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488192447428844.
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Sakurama, Kazunori. "Trajectory Tracking Control of Hamiltonian and Hybrid Control Systems." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147576.
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Propes, Nicholas Chung. "Hybrid Systems Diagnosis and Control Reconfiguration for Manufacturing Systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5150.
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A methodology for representing and analyzing manufacturing systems in a hybrid systems framework for control reconfiguration purposes in the presence of defects and failures at the product and system levels is presented. At the top level, a supervisory Petri net directs parts/jobs through the manufacturing system. An object-based hybrid systems model that incorporates both Petri nets at the event-driven level and differential equations at the time-driven level describes the subsystems. Rerouting capabilities utilizing this model at the product and operation levels were explained. Simulations were performed on a testbed model for optimal time and mode transition cost to determine the route for parts. The product level reconfiguration architecture utilizes an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to map histogram comparison metrics to set-point adjustments when product defects were detected. Tests were performed on good and defective plastic parts from a plastic injection molding machine. In addition, a mode identification architecture was described that incorporates both time- and event-driven information to determine the operating mode of a system from measured sensor signals. Simulated data representing the measured process signals from a Navy ship chiller system were used to verify that the appropriate operating modes were detected.
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Stockton, Nicklas O. "Hybrid Genetic Fuzzy Systems for Control of Dynamic Systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1523635312922039.
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Ezzine, Jelel. "On stabilization and control of hybrid systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15626.
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Pang, Yan. "Control synthesis and optimization of hybrid systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405490.
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Yang, Hao. "Fault tolerant control design for hybrid systems." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10068/document.
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Les Systèmes Hybrides sont des systèmes dynamiques dont le comportement résulte de l’interaction entre une dynamique continue et une dynamique discrète. Cette thèse concerne la synthèse de contrôleurs tolérants aux pannes pour ce type de système. Dans une première partie, des méthodes de commande tolérante aux défauts sont proposées afin de maintenir les performances continues. Différents systèmes hybrides sont considérés en fonction du type de commutation. Deux idées sont développées: la première est de synthétiser la loi de commande tolérante afin de stabiliser chaque mode défaillant puis d’appliquer les résultats sur la stabilité des SH. La deuxième idée est de rechercher directement la stabilité du SH sans reconfigurer le contrôleur dans chaque mode défaillant instable. L’objectif de la commande tolérante peut être atteint si les effets négatifs des modes instables sont compensés par ceux des modes stables. Dans une deuxième partie, différentes techniques sont proposées afin de maintenir les spécifications discrètes. L’idée maîtresse est de reconfigurer la partie discrète en tenant compte de l’atteignabilité des dynamiques continues. Enfin, plusieurs solutions de commande supervisée tolérante aux défauts sont proposées. Les schémas reposent sur un schéma simple de commutation de contrôleur. La stabilité du système pendant la le diagnostic et le retard d’application de la commande peut être garanti. De nombreux exemples sont traités pour illustrer les performances des résultats théoriques : systèmes électroniques, moteurs à courant continu, unité centrale de traitement, systèmes manufacturiers, systèmes de transport intelligent et véhicule électrique automatiséHybrid systems (HS) are dynamical systems that involve the interaction of continuous and discrete dynamics. This thesis is concerned with the design of fault tolerant controllers (FTC) for that kind of systems. Firstly, for HS with various switching a set of FTC methods based on continuous system theories are proposed to maintain the systems' continuous performance. Two natural ideas are considered: One way is first to design FTC law to stabilize each faulty mode, and then apply the stability results of HS. Another way is to research directly the stability of HS without reconfiguring the controller in each unstable faulty mode. Secondly, for HS where discrete specifications are imposed, a set of schemes are derived from discrete event system (DES) point of view to keep these discrete specifications. The key idea is to reconfigure the discrete part by taking into account the reachability of the continuous dynamics, such that the specification is maintained. Finally, based on HS approaches, several supervisory FTC schemes are developed. The proposed FTC schemes do not need a series of models or filters to isolate the fault, but only rely on a simple controller switching scheme. The stability of the system during the fault diagnosis and FTC delay can be guaranteed.The materials in the monograph have explicit and broad practical backgrounds. Many examples are taken to illustrate the applicability and performances of the obtained theoretical results, e.g. Circuit systems; DC motors; CPU process; Manufacturing system; Intelligent transportation systems and electric automated vehicles, etc
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Flaßkamp, Kathrin [Verfasser]. "On the optimal control of mechanical systems - hybrid control strategies and hybrid dynamics / Kathrin Flaßkamp." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1047636069/34.
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Hassan, Ahmad. "Software management of hybrid main memory systems." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.706689.
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Power and energy efficiency have become major concerns for modern computing systems. Main memory is a key energy consumer and a critical component of system design. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is the de-facto technology for main memory in modern computing systems. However, DRAM is unlikely to scale beyond 22nm which restricts the amount of main memory available to a system. Moreover, DRAM consumes significant static energy both in active and idle state due to continuous leakage and refresh power. Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) technology is emerging as a compelling main memory technology due to its high density and low leakage power. Current NVM devices have higher read and write access latencies than DRAM. Unlike DRAM, NVM technology is characterized by asymmetric read and write latencies; with write suffering more than read. Moreover, NVM suffers from higher dynamic access energy and reduced durability than DRAM. This dissertation proposes to leverage a hybrid memory architecture, consisting of both DRAM and NVM, with an aim to reduce energy. An application-level data management policies have been proposed that decide to place data on DRAM ys. NVM. With careful data placement, hybrid memory exhibits the latency and dynamic energy ot DRAM in the common case, while rarely exposing the latency and high dynamic energy of NVM. Moreover, main memory capacity is increased by NVM without expending the static energy of DRAM.
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Schöllig, Angela. "Optimal Control of Hybrid Systems with Regional Dynamics." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19874.
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In this work, hybrid systems with regional dynamics are considered. These are systems where transitions between different dynamical regimes occur as the continuous state of the system reaches given switching surfaces. In particular, the attention is focused on the optimal control problem associated with such systems. More precisely, given a specific cost function, the goal is to determine the optimal path of going from a given starting point to a fixed final state during an a priori specified time horizon.
The key characteristic of the approach presented in this thesis is a hierarchical decomposition of the hybrid optimal control problem, yielding to a framework which allows a solution on different levels of control. On the highest level of abstraction, the regional structure of the state space is taken into account and a discrete representation of the connections between the different regions provides global accessibility relations between regions. These are used on a lower level of control to formulate the main theorem of this work, namely, the Hybrid Bellman Equation for multimodal systems, which, in fact, provides a characterization of global optimality, given an upper bound on the number of transitions along a hybrid trajectory. Not surprisingly, the optimal solution is hybrid in nature, in that it depends on not only the continuous control signals, but also on discrete decisions as to what domains the system's continuous state should go through in the first place.
The main benefit with the proposed approach lies in the fact that a hierarchical Dynamic Programming algorithm can be used to representing both a theoretical characterization of the hybrid solution's structural composition and, from a more application-driven point of view, a numerically implementable calculation rule yielding to globally optimal solutions in a regional dynamics framework. The operation of the recursive algorithm is highlighted by the consideration of numerous examples, among them, a heterogeneous multi-agent problem.
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Shaikh, Mohammad Shahid. "Optimal control of hybrid systems : theory and algorithms." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85095.
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Many complex systems are hybrid in the sense that: (i) the state set possesses continuous and discrete components, and (ii) system evolution may occur in both continuous and discrete time. One important class of hybrid systems is that characterized by a feedback configuration of a set of continuous controlled low level systems and a high level discrete controller; such systems appear frequently in engineering and are particularly evident when a system is required to operate in a number of distinct modes. Other classes of hybrid systems are found in such diverse areas as (i) air traffic management systems, (ii) chemical process control, (iii) automotive engine-transmission systems, and (iv) intelligent vehicle-highway systems.In this thesis we first formulate a class of hybrid optimal control problems (HOCPs) for systems with controlled and autonomous location transitions and then present necessary conditions for hybrid system trajectory optimality. These necessary conditions constitute generalizations of the standard Minimum Principle (MP) and are presented for the cases of open bounded control value sets and compact control value sets. These conditions give information about the behaviour of the Hamiltonian and the adjoint process at both autonomous and controlled switching times.
Such proofs of the necessary conditions for hybrid systems optimality which can be found in the literature are sufficiently complex that they are difficult to verify and use; in contrast, the formulation of the HOCP given in Chapter 2 of this thesis, together with the use of (i) classical variational methods and more recent needle variation techniques, and (ii) a local controllability condition, called the small time tubular fountain (STTF) condition, make the proofs in that chapter comparatively accessible. We note that the STTF condition is used to establish the adjoint and Hamiltonian jump conditions in the autonomous switchings case.
A hybrid Dynamic Programming Principle (HDPP) generalizing the standard dynamic programming principle to hybrid systems is also derived and this leads to hybrid Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation which is then used to establish a verification theorem within this framework. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Wei, Yuan-Jun. "Logic control : Markovian fragments, hierarchy and hybrid systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39894.
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Based upon the COCOLOG (Conditional Observer and Controller Logic) logic control formalism, we present a framework, called a system of Markovian fragments, which permits efficient updating of the axiom sets of a COCOLOG system. The key idea is that one should only retain those axioms and theorems concerning the most recent state estimate of the controlled machine. This information is sufficient to evaluate the truth of conditional control formulas which only depend upon the current state estimate of the controlled machine. As a result, a Markovian fragment system is demonstrated to have virtually the same control power as a full COCOLOG system. Further, it is shown that a Markovian fragmented system has a complexity of logical deduction which is time-dependent while a full COCOLOG system has a complexity which increases monotonically with time.In order to formulate the analysis and synthesis of hierarchical systems, a hierarchical structure based upon the notion of dynamical consistency is presented. The underlying motivation for this notion is that high level dynamics should be consistent with low level dynamics. The major part of this investigation is carried out for the so-called in-block controllable partition lattices, which are the lattices of partitions for which each block element constitutes a controllable submachine. We show that most controllable finite state machines have at least one non-trivial in-block controllable partition machine. It is also shown that, subject to in-block controllability, the resulting partition machines are controllable if and only if the base machines are controllable. A consequence of this construction is that a state-to-state reachability problem can be decomposed into reachability problems at different levels of abstraction. In terms of this theory, a hierarchical control system is a set of control systems associated with a chain from the top element to the bottom element of the in-block controllable partition lattice of a controlled machine.
As an extension of regular COCOLOG, we give the HICOLOG formulation of hierarchical logic control. The basic contribution is the construction of a system wherein a high level logic controller makes its control decisions with respect to the information available to it and communicates its commands as control objectives to the associated low level logic control systems; this is continued down the chain of systems in a given hierarchical lattice. Information flows up the hierarchy in the form of abstract statements concerning the system state.
The notion of dynamical consistency is extended to hybrid systems so as to define the set of dynamically consistent hybrid partition machines associated with a continuous system ${ cal S}$. It is shown that it is possible to define an in-block controllable hybrid partition lattice for ${ cal S}$ and this permits the hybrid control of a continuous system ${ cal S}$ to be formulated within a lattice theoretic hierarchical control theory.
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Yan, Wenguang. "Multilevel sliding mode control in hybrid power systems." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1172766787.
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Nadesalingam, K. "Fault detection and diagnosis in hybrid control systems." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356732.
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