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Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid ligands'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Fourmy, Kévin, Duc Hanh Nguyen, Odile Dechy-Cabaret, and Maryse Gouygou. "Phosphole-based ligands in catalysis." Catalysis Science & Technology 5, no. 9 (2015): 4289–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cy01701c.

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This review provides an overview of phosphole-based ligand families (monophospholes, multidentate hybrid phosphole ligands, diphosphole and 2,2′-biphosphole-based ligands) and their potential in metal- and organo-catalyzed reactions (asymmetric reactions included).

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2

Noh, Hyun Sung, and Jaehan Jung. "Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposites via a Simple Two-Phase Ligands Exchange." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3644.

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The surface of nanocrystals (NCs) was precisely engineered with bifunctional ligands via a simple yet effective two-phase ligand exchange strategy where the introduction of bifunctional ligands and displacement of insulating aliphatic ligands are simultaneously occurred. This is advantageous compared to conventional ligands exchange procedure where the desired ligands are often introduced through two-step processes after treating NC surface with short mobile ligands such as pyridine or short amines. In this study, 4-azidobenzoic acid possessing carboxylic acid for binding with NCs and azide group for chemical coupling was utilized as bifunctional ligands. A correlation between the concentration and the efficiency of ligands replacement was corroborated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy measurement. Lastly, organic–inorganic nanocomposites were crafted via click coupling between 1-octyne and azidobenzoic acid capped CdSe NCs. The success of coupling was substantiated by FTIR and 1H NMR.

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3

Luo, Yanqing, Tao Tan, Sen Wang, Ran Pang, Lihong Jiang, Da Li, Jing Feng, Hongjie Zhang, Su Zhang, and Chengyu Li. "Multivariant ligands stabilize anionic solvent-oriented α-CsPbX3 nanocrystals at room temperature." Nanoscale 13, no. 9 (2021): 4899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr08697e.

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A self-assembly method is proposed for cubic phase CsPbX₃ nanocrystals under ambient conditions. Long-term stability and high quantum efficiency are maintained via ligand evolution from paired X type ligands to hybrid L–X type ligands.

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4

Sheng, Kai, Jie Lin Wang, Ying Li, Yi Han Wang, Meng Xue Xu, and An Jin Liu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Luminescence Eu³⁺/Polyurethane Composite Material." Advanced Materials Research 884-885 (January 2014): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.884-885.247.

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Selecting lactam 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide (PDCA) as the ligand and 1,4-butanediol as chain extender, we prepare polyurea polyurethane PDCA-PU; then, introduction of rare earth ion Eu3+ and small molecule ligands 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), synthesized binary and ternary polyurethane composite containing Eu3+, and comparing the fluorescence properties of the material. We investigated the thermal stability and luminescence properties of hybrids and found that the ternary hybrid materials exhibit better thermal stability and stronger emission intensity.

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5

Biswas, Kabir H., and Jay T. Groves. "Hybrid Live Cell–Supported Membrane Interfaces for Signaling Studies." Annual Review of Biophysics 48, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 537–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-033330.

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A wide range of cell–microenvironmental interactions are mediated by membrane-localized receptors that bind ligands present on another cell or the extracellular matrix. This situation introduces a number of physical effects including spatial organization of receptor–ligand complexes and development of mechanical forces in cells. Unlike traditional experimental approaches, hybrid live cell–supported lipid bilayer (SLB) systems, wherein a live cell interacts with a synthetic substrate supported membrane, allow interrogation of these aspects of receptor signaling. The SLB system directly offers facile control over the identity, density, and mobility of ligands used for engaging cellular receptors. Further, application of various nano- and micropatterning techniques allows for spatial patterning of ligands. In this review, we describe the hybrid live cell–SLB system and its application in uncovering a range of spatial and mechanical aspects of receptor signaling. We highlight the T cell immunological synapse, junctions formed between EphA2- and ephrinA1-expressing cells, and adhesions formed by cadherin and integrin receptors.

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6

Vazquez-Rodriguez, Saleta, Santiago Vilar, Sonja Kachler, Karl-Norbert Klotz, Eugenio Uriarte, Fernanda Borges, and Maria João Matos. "Adenosine Receptor Ligands: Coumarin–Chalcone Hybrids as Modulating Agents on the Activity of hARs." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 4306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184306.

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Adenosine receptors (ARs) play an important role in neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy and schizophrenia. The different subtypes of ARs and the knowledge on their densities and status are important for understanding the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diseases and for developing new therapeutics. Looking for new scaffolds for selective AR ligands, coumarin–chalcone hybrids were synthesized (compounds 1–8) and screened in radioligand binding (hA1, hA2A and hA3) and adenylyl cyclase (hA2B) assays in order to evaluate their affinity for the four human AR subtypes (hARs). Coumarin–chalcone hybrid has been established as a new scaffold suitable for the development of potent and selective ligands for hA1 or hA3 subtypes. In general, hydroxy-substituted hybrids showed some affinity for the hA1, while the methoxy counterparts were selective for the hA3. The most potent hA1 ligand was compound 7 (Ki = 17.7 µM), whereas compound 4 was the most potent ligand for hA3 (Ki = 2.49 µM). In addition, docking studies with hA1 and hA3 homology models were established to analyze the structure–function relationships. Results showed that the different residues located on the protein binding pocket could play an important role in ligand selectivity.

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7

Horvath, Marcou, and Varnek. "Generative Topographic Mapping of the Docking Conformational Space." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122269.

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Following previous efforts to render the Conformational Space (CS) of flexible compounds by Generative Topographic Mapping (GTM), this polyvalent mapping technique is here adapted to the docking problem. Contact fingerprints (CF) characterize ligands from the perspective of the binding site by monitoring protein atoms that are “touched” by those of the ligand. A “Contact” (CF) map was built by GTM-driven dimensionality reduction of the CF vector space. Alternatively, a “Hybrid” (Hy) map used a composite descriptor of CFs concatenated with ligand fragment descriptors. These maps indirectly represent the active site and integrate the binding information of multiple ligands. The concept is illustrated by a docking study into the ATP-binding site of CDK2, using the S4MPLE program to generate thousands of poses for each ligand. Both maps were challenged to (1) Discriminate native from non-native ligand poses, e.g., create RMSD-landscapes “colored” by the conformer ensemble of ligands of known binding modes in order to highlight “native” map zones (poses with RMSD to PDB structures < 2Å). Then, projection of poses of other ligands on such landscapes might serve to predict those falling in native zones as being well-docked. (2) Distinguish ligands–characterized by their ensemble of conformers–by their potency, e.g., testing the hypotheses whether zones privileged by potent binders are clearly separated from the ones preferred by decoys on the maps. Hybrid maps were better in both challenges and outperformed the classical energy and individual contact satisfaction scores in discriminating ligands by potency. Moreover, the intuitive visualization and analysis of docking CS may, as already mentioned, have several applications–from highlighting of key contacts to monitoring docking calculation convergence.

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8

Sugama, Hiroshi, Hirohisa Saito, Hiroshi Danjo, and Tsuneo Imamoto. "P-Chirogenic Phosphine/Sulfide Hybrid Ligands." Synthesis 2001, no. 15 (2001): 2348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18433.

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9

Cubanski, John R., Matthew E. Reish, Allan G. Blackman, Peter J. Steel, Keith C. Gordon, David A. McMorran, and James D. Crowley. "Hybrid Pyrazolyl-1,2,3-Triazolyl Tripodal Tetraamine Ligands: Click Synthesis and Cobalt(III) Complexes." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 7 (2015): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14700.

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A family of tripodal tetraamine ligands incorporating two pyrazolyl and one 1,2,3-triazolyl donor arm have been synthesized in modest-to-excellent yields (42–90 %) using the copper(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Mono-, bis-, and tris-tripodal ligand scaffolds were readily generated using this method. The coordination chemistry of the ligands with cobalt(iii) ions has been studied, and cobalt(iii) carbonato complexes of the ligands have been isolated and characterized spectroscopically and crystallographically. X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy of the mono-metallic complexes showed that racemic mixtures of the cis-isomer are formed selectively. The di- and tri-metallic systems could not be crystallized, but NMR spectroscopy indicates that these compounds were isolated as mixtures of stereoisomers.

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10

Yang, Jia Wei, Xian Ge Xie, Xiao Mei Wang, Chang Qing Ye, and Yu Yang Zhou. "Structure-Performance Correlations in Electrochromic Behaviors of Terpyridine-Metal Hybrid Materials." Materials Science Forum 852 (April 2016): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.852.156.

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Exploring the structure-property relationships is a fundamental but significant work for the design of new molecular. Rationaly designing of electrochromic materials that can switch rapidly and durably requires sophisticated understanding of the correlations between molecular structure and the performance. This work presents four electro-polymerizable metallosupramolecular coordinations self-assembled from triphenylamine-based terpyridine ligands and metal ions (Fe2+, Ru2+). The polymerized metal complexes can exhibit reversible change of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption intensity. Along with the increase of voltage, the intensity of MLCT absorption peaks gradually reduced to disappear. Structure/performance correlations in electrochromic performance, especially the influence of different ligands and metal ions upon the coloration efficiency have been discussed.

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11

Santos Vieira, Ines dos, and Sonja Herres-Pawlis. "Novel Guanidine-Quinoline Hybrid Ligands and the Application of their Zinc Complexes in Lactide Polymerisation." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 67, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2012-0405.

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The syntheses of the three new guanidine-quinoline hybrid ligands TMGmqu, DMEGmqu and TMGtbqu are reported. Zinc chlorido and triflato complexes with these ligands were obtained and structurally characterised by X-ray crystallography. In the chlorido complexes the zinc atom is coordinated by two chlorido ligands and the bidentate guanidine ligand in a distorted tetrahedron. Using zinc triflate, tetrahedral bis(chelate) complexes are formed, and the triflate anions serve only for charge compensation. All reported complexes show activity in the polymerisation of rac-lactide, with the chlorido complexes only showing a poor activity. With the bis(chelate) triflato complexes a high polymerisation activity with a slight heterotactic bias was observed. Kinetic studies reveal a firstorder chain growth reaction for the lactide polymerisation with all complexes.

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12

Walser, Reto, Jörg H. Kleinschmidt, Arne Skerra, and Oliver Zerbe. "β-Barrel scaffolds for the grafting of extracellular loops from G-protein-coupled receptors." Biological Chemistry 393, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 1341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2012-0234.

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Abstract Owing to the difficulties in production and purification of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), relatively little structural information is available about this class of receptors. Here we aim at developing small chimeric proteins, displaying the extracellular ligand-binding motifs of a human GPCR, the Y receptor. This allows the study of ligand-receptor interactions in simplified systems. We present comprehensive information on the use of transmembrane (OmpA) and soluble (Blc) β-barrel scaffolds. Whereas Blc appeared to be not fully compatible with our approach, owing to problems with refolding of the hybrid constructs, loop-grafted versions of OmpA delivered encouraging results. Previously, we described a chimeric construct based on OmpA displaying all three extracellular Y1 receptor loops in different topologies and showing moderate affinity to one of the natural ligands. Now, we present detailed data on the interaction of these constructs with several Y receptor ligands along with data on new constructs. Our findings suggest a common binding mode for all ligands, which is mediated through the C-terminal residues of the peptide ligand, supporting the functional validity of these hybrid receptors. The observed binding affinities, however, are well below those observed for the natural receptors, clearly indicating limitations in mimicking the natural systems.

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13

Khajavian, Ruhollah, Vida Jodaian, Fatemeh Taghipour, Joel T. Mague, and Masoud Mirzaei. "Roles of Organic Fragments in Redirecting Crystal/Molecular Structures of Inorganic–Organic Hybrids Based on Lacunary Keggin-Type Polyoxometalates." Molecules 26, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 5994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195994.

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Lacunary polyoxometalates (LPOMs) are key precursors for the synthesis of functional POMs. To date, reviews dedicated to behavioral studies of LPOMs often comprise the role of metal ions, including transition metal (TM) and rare earth (RE) ions, in extending and stability of high-nuclearity clusters. In contrast, the role of organic ligands in the structures and properties of lacunary-based hybrids has remained less explored. In this review, we focus on the role of organic fragments in the self-assembling process of POM-based architectures and discuss relationships between the nature and structure of organic ligand and properties such as the topology of hybrid inorganic–organic material in RE and TM-RE heterometallic derivatives of lacunary Keggin-type POMs. The effects of organic fragment in mixed ligand hybrids are also briefly reviewed.

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14

Shi, Lili, Pai Peng, Jiao Zheng, Qiwei Wang, Zhijin Tian, Huihui Wang, and Tao Li. "I-Motif/miniduplex hybrid structures bind benzothiazole dyes with unprecedented efficiencies: a generic light-up system for label-free DNA nanoassemblies and bioimaging." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 4 (January 17, 2020): 1681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa020.

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Abstract I-motif DNAs have been widely employed as robust modulating components to construct reconfigurable DNA nanodevices that function well in acidic cellular environments. However, they generally display poor interactivity with fluorescent ligands under these complex conditions, illustrating a major difficulty in utilizing i-motifs as the light-up system for label-free DNA nanoassemblies and bioimaging. Towards addressing this challenge, here we devise new types of i-motif/miniduplex hybrid structures that display an unprecedentedly high interactivity with commonly-used benzothiazole dyes (e.g. thioflavin T). A well-chosen tetranucleotide, whose optimal sequence depends on the used ligand, is appended to the 5′-terminals of diverse i-motifs and forms a minimal parallel duplex thereby creating a preferential site for binding ligands, verified by molecular dynamics simulation. In this way, the fluorescence of ligands can be dramatically enhanced by the i-motif/miniduplex hybrids under complex physiological conditions. This provides a generic light-up system with a high signal-to-background ratio for programmable DNA nanoassemblies, illustrated through utilizing it for a pH-driven framework nucleic acid nanodevice manipulated in acidic cellular membrane microenvironments. It enables label-free fluorescence bioimaging in response to extracellular pH change.

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15

Ng, Marcus C. K., Simon Fong, and Shirley W. I. Siu. "PSOVina: The hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for protein–ligand docking." Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology 13, no. 03 (May 15, 2015): 1541007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219720015410073.

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Protein–ligand docking is an essential step in modern drug discovery process. The challenge here is to accurately predict and efficiently optimize the position and orientation of ligands in the binding pocket of a target protein. In this paper, we present a new method called PSOVina which combined the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with the efficient Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shannon (BFGS) local search method adopted in AutoDock Vina to tackle the conformational search problem in docking. Using a diverse data set of 201 protein–ligand complexes from the PDBbind database and a full set of ligands and decoys for four representative targets from the directory of useful decoys (DUD) virtual screening data set, we assessed the docking performance of PSOVina in comparison to the original Vina program. Our results showed that PSOVina achieves a remarkable execution time reduction of 51–60% without compromising the prediction accuracies in the docking and virtual screening experiments. This improvement in time efficiency makes PSOVina a better choice of a docking tool in large-scale protein–ligand docking applications. Our work lays the foundation for the future development of swarm-based algorithms in molecular docking programs. PSOVina is freely available to non-commercial users at http://cbbio.cis.umac.mo .

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16

Cantos, Paula M., Simon J. A. Pope, and Christopher L. Cahill. "An exploration of homo- and heterometallic UO22+ hybrid materials containing chelidamic acid: synthesis, structure, and luminescence studies." CrystEngComm 15, no. 44 (2013): 9039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ce41655k.

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17

Boeda, Fabien, Thomas Beneyton, and Christophe Crevisy. "Hybrid Bidentate Phosphoramidite Ligands in Asymmetric Catalysis." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 96–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157019308784223613.

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18

Bellini, Rosalba, and Joost N. H. Reek. "Supramolecular Hybrid Bidentate Ligands in Asymmetric Hydrogenation." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2012, no. 29 (August 13, 2012): 4684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201200549.

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19

Jesser, Anton, Ines dos Santos Vieira, and Sonja Herres-Pawlis. "Novel Tin(IV) Complexes with the Hybrid Guanidine Ligand DMEGqu." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 68, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2013): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2013-3080.

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Novel Sn(IV) complexes with the guanidine-quinoline hybrid ligand DMEGqu are reported. With SnCl4, SnBr4, Me2SnCl2, Me2SnBr2, and the 3,5-di-tert-butyl-catecholate coligand complexes with different donor sets were synthesized. Four of these tin compounds have been modelled by density functional theory. Additionally, a tetranuclear Sn(IV) oxocluster with a novel structure motif, a distorted hetero-adamantane with bridging oxido and hydroxido ligands, is presented

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20

SHI, JUYING, ZHUAN LU, QIANLING ZHANG, MINGLIANG WANG, CHUNG F. WONG, and JIANHONG LIU. "SUPPLEMENTING THE PBSA APPROACH WITH QUANTUM MECHANICS TO STUDY THE BINDING BETWEEN CDK2 AND N2-SUBSTITUTED O6-CYCLOHEXYLMETHOXYGUANINE INHIBITORS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 09, no. 03 (June 2010): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633610005876.

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Because classical Poisson–Boltzman Surface Area (PBSA) model does not allow re-polarization of charges and does not account for charge transfer when a ligand binds to a protein, we have examined a hybrid approach in which we describe the protein–ligand interface by quantum mechanics and the rest of the system with the classical PBSA model. We found this approach to rank order the binding of five N2 -substituted O6 -cyclohexylmethoxyguanine inhibitors to CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) properly. The calculated binding free energy correlated well with experimental Log(IC50) with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. A regression fit between experimental Log(IC50) and calculated binding free energy yielded a root-mean-square error of 0.48 when Log(IC50) spanned a range over three units. In addition, we observed charge transfer between the ligand and the protein at the interface — an effect not accounted for by the classical PBSA model. We also found that the direct interactions between the protein and the ligands provided the dominant factor to distinguish the binding affinity of the five ligands studied here. This hybrid approach can better prioritize derivatives of lead compounds for synthesis and biological evaluation.

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21

Wassenaar, Jeroen, and Joost N. H. Reek. "Hybrid bidentate phosphorus ligands in asymmetric catalysis: Privileged ligand approach vs. combinatorial strategies." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 9, no. 6 (2011): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ob00732c.

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22

Wang, Xiaojing, Yi Yang, Nan Chen, Bingfa Liu, and Guihua Liu. "Preparation of LaF3:Eu3+ Based Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanostructures via an Ion Exchange Method and Their Strong Luminescence." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3729–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12339.

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Lanthanide doped inorganic–organic hybrid nanostructures have received much attention in recent years due to their strong luminescence sensitized by organic ligands via an energy transfer route. In this work, an ion exchange method was used to prepare Eu3+ doped LaF3 based inorganic– organic hybrid nanostructures with organic ligands. The undoped LaF3 nanoparticles were first synthesized by a hydrothermal method, and Eu3+ ions were then ion exchanged into these LaF3 nanoparticles to form the Eu3+ doped LaF3 nanoparticles, which were then used to prepare the inorganic–organic hybrid nanostructures with benzoic acid and 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone. As a result of the luminescence sensitization, strong luminescence was observed in these inorganic–organic hybrid nanostructures, and the luminescence enhancement was over 40 times. Dependence of the luminescence of the hybrid nanostructures on the doping concentration and amount of organic ligands was studied in detail, and optimization was conducted to obtain the maximum luminescence for the hybrid nanostructures.

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23

Klawitter, Iris, Steffen Meyer, Serhiy Demeshko, and Franc Meyer. "Nickel(II) and Iron(II) Complexes with Tetradentate NHC/Amide Hybrid Ligands." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 68, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2013): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2013-3091.

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Two methylene-bridged bis(imidazolium) salts [H4L1](PF6)2 and [H4L2](PF6)2 with appended amide groups have been synthesized which, after deprotonation, may serve as potentially tetradentate ligands providing two bis(imidazole-2-ylidene) and two amide donors. Using [H4L1](PF6)2, a square-planar nickel(II) complex [NiL1] and a six-coordinate bis(ligand) iron(II) complex [Fe(HL1)2] have been isolated and structurally characterized. Their low-spin states have been confirmed spectroscopically, and their redox properties have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. Oxidations are metal-centered to give NiIII and FeIII species, respectively

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24

Zlatovic, Mario, Vladimir Sukalovic, Goran Roglic, Sladjana Kostic-Rajacic, and Deana Andric. "The influence of dispersive interactions on the binding affinities of ligands with an arylpiperazine moiety to the dopamine D2 receptor." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 74, no. 10 (2009): 1051–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0910051z.

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Several isosteric 1,3-dihydro-5-[2-(4-aryl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl]-2H-benzimidazole-2-thiones were used to investigate the interactions of different ligands with the binding site of the D2 receptor. Due to limitations of the simulation methods, docking analysis failed to show precisely the interactions that influence the binding affinity of the ligands. It is presumed that dispersive forces or more precisely edge-to-face interactions play an important role in the binding process, especially for the lipophilic part of the ligands. In order to confirm this hypothesis, ab initio calculations were applied on a model system in order to find the stabilization energies of potential edge-to-face interactions and then to correlate them with the ligand affinity. The obtained results indicate that there is a significant correlation between the strength of dispersive interactions and ligand affinity. It was shown that for the calculation of stabilization energies of modeled receptor-ligand complexes the Becke 'half-and-half' hybrid DFT method can be used, thus speeding up the usually long calculation time and reducing the required computer strength.

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25

Burrows, Andrew D. "The Design and Applications of Multifunctional Ligands." Science Progress 85, no. 3 (August 2002): 199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685002783238799.

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The properties of a metal coordination complex are determined as much by the ligand set – the molecules and ions coordinated to the metal centre – as by the nature of the metal itself. The design and use of new ligands is consequently a major part of chemical research. This review considers the role of multifunctional ligands in three separate and distinct areas of chemistry. In homogeneous catalysis, the role of hybrid and hemilabile ligands is considered, and the introduction of functionalities designed to overcome problems of separation, either by tethering or solubilising, is discussed. In supramolecular chemistry, functionalities enabling the recognition and sensing of cations and anions are examined. In addition, ligands containing two or more faces are discussed for their role in metallodendrimer formation and self-assembly reactions, and the use of bifunctional ligands in crystal engineering is addressed. The application of metal complexes in medicine is examined by consideration of cis-platin and its derivatives as antitumour agents. Imaging agents are also discussed with the uses of gadolinium MRI contrast agents and γ-emitting technetium complexes highlighted.

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26

Kleczkowska, Patrycja, Andrzej Lipkowski, Dirk Tourwe, and Steven Ballet. "Hybrid Opioid/Non-Opioid Ligands in Pain Research." Current Pharmaceutical Design 19, no. 42 (January 31, 2014): 7435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161281942140105165646.

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27

Oliveira Pedrosa, Michelle, Rayssa Duarte da Cruz, Jessika Oliveira Viana, Ricardo de Moura, Hamilton Ishiki, Jose Barbosa Filho, Margareth Diniz, Marcus Scotti, Luciana Scotti, and Francisco Bezerra Mendonca. "Hybrid Compounds as Direct Multitarget Ligands: A Review." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 17, no. 9 (February 13, 2017): 1044–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160927160620.

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28

Narlawar, Rajeshwar, J. Robert Lane, Munikumar Doddareddy, Judy Lin, Johannes Brussee, and Adriaan P. IJzerman. "Hybrid Ortho/Allosteric Ligands for the Adenosine A1Receptor." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53, no. 8 (April 22, 2010): 3028–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm901252a.

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29

Vourloumis, Dionisios, Geoffrey C. Winters, Klaus B. Simonsen, Masayuki Takahashi, Benjamin K. Ayida, Sarah Shandrick, Qiang Zhao, Qing Han, and Thomas Hermann. "Aminoglycoside-Hybrid Ligands Targeting the Ribosomal Decoding Site." ChemBioChem 6, no. 1 (November 29, 2004): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200400197.

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30

Sugama, Hiroshi, Hirohisa Saito, Hiroshi Danjo, and Tsuneo Imamoto. "ChemInform Abstract: P-Chirogenic Phosphine/Sulfide Hybrid Ligands." ChemInform 33, no. 10 (May 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200210035.

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31

Kunz, Kerstin, Hannes Vitze, Michael Bolte, Hans-Wolfram Lerner, and Matthias Wagner. "Mn(CO)2Complexes of Cyclopentadienyl/Scorpionate Hybrid Ligands." Organometallics 26, no. 18 (August 2007): 4663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om700450j.

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32

Portoghese, Philip S., D. L. Larson, G. Ronsisvalle, P. W. Schiller, Nguyen Thi Mai Dung, C. Lemieux, and A. E. Takemori. "Hybrid bivalent ligands with opiate and enkephalin pharmacophores." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 30, no. 11 (November 1987): 1991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00394a010.

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33

Valant, C., P. M. Sexton, and A. Christopoulos. "Orthosteric/Allosteric Bitopic Ligands: Going Hybrid at GPCRs." Molecular Interventions 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mi.9.3.6.

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Zhang, Wen-Hua, Sheau Wei Chien, and T. S. Andy Hor. "Recent advances in metal catalysts with hybrid ligands." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 255, no. 17-18 (September 2011): 1991–2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.018.

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Chikkali, Samir H., Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt, and Joost N. H. Reek. "Hybrid diphosphorus ligands in rhodium catalysed asymmetric hydroformylation." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 262 (March 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.024.

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Zheng, Ya-Xin, and Lei Jiao. "Hybrid cycloolefin ligands for palladium–olefin cooperative catalysis." Nature Synthesis 1, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s44160-021-00019-8.

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KROGSDAM, Anne-M., Curt A. F. NIELSEN, Søren NEVE, Dorte HOLST, Torben HELLEDIE, Bo THOMSEN, Christian BENDIXEN, Susanne MANDRUP, and Karsten KRISTIANSEN. "Nuclear receptor corepressor-dependent repression of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor δ-mediated transactivation." Biochemical Journal 363, no. 1 (March 22, 2002): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3630157.

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The nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) was isolated as a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ interacting protein using the yeast two-hybrid system. NCoR interacted strongly with the ligand-binding domain of PPARδ, whereas interactions with the ligand-binding domains of PPARγ and PPARα were significantly weaker. PPAR—NCoR interactions were antagonized by ligands in the two-hybrid system, but were ligand-insensitive in in vitro pull-down assays. Interaction between PPARδ and NCoR was unaffected by coexpression of retinoid X receptor (RXR) α. The PPARδ—RXRα heterodimer bound to an acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO)-type peroxisome-proliferator response element recruited a glutathione S-transferase—NCoR fusion protein in a ligand-independent manner. Contrasting with most other nuclear receptors, PPARδ was found to interact equally well with interaction domains I and II of NCoR. In transient transfection experiments, NCoR and the related silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) were shown to exert a marked dose-dependent repression of ligand-induced PPARδ-mediated transactivation; in addition, transactivation induced by the cAMP-elevating agent forskolin was efficiently reduced to basal levels by NCoR as well as SMRT coexpression. Our results suggest that the transactivation potential of liganded PPARδ can be fine-tuned by interaction with NCoR and SMRT in a manner determined by the expression levels of corepressors and coactivators.

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Simler, Thomas, Pierre Braunstein, and Andreas A. Danopoulos. "Coinage metal complexes with bridging hybrid phosphine–NHC ligands: synthesis of di- and tetra-nuclear complexes." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 12 (2016): 5122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt00275g.

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Farrell, Joshua R., Clinton Becker, David P. Lavoie, Janet L. Shaw, and Christopher J. Ziegler. "New emissive fac-tricarbonylchlorobis(ligand)rhenium(I) complexes prepared from pyridine/thiophene hybrid ligands." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 689, no. 7 (April 2004): 1122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.01.008.

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Di Marzo, V., T. Bisogno, L. De Petrocellis, I. Brandi, R. G. Jefferson, R. L. Winckler, J. B. Davis, et al. "Highly Selective CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands and Novel CB1/VR1 Vanilloid Receptor “Hybrid” Ligands." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 281, no. 2 (February 2001): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.4354.

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Takahashi, Shuntaro, Sudipta Bhowmik, Shinobu Sato, Shigeori Takenaka, and Naoki Sugimoto. "Replication Control of Human Telomere G-Quadruplex DNA by G-Quadruplex Ligands Dependent on Solution Environment." Life 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12040553.

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The human telomere region is known to contain guanine-rich repeats and form a guanine-quadruplex (G4) structure. As telomeres play a role in the regulation of cancer progression, ligands that specifically bind and stabilize G4 have potential therapeutic applications. However, as the human telomere sequence can form G4 with various topologies due to direct interaction by ligands and indirect interaction by the solution environment, it is of great interest to study the topology-dependent control of replication by ligands. In the present study, a DNA replication assay of a template with a human telomere G4 sequence in the presence of various ligands was performed. Cyclic naphthalene diimides (cNDI1 and cNDI2) efficiently increased the replication stall of the template DNA at G4 with an anti-parallel topology. This inhibition was stability-dependent and topology-selective, as the replication of templates with hybrid or parallel G4 structures was not affected by the cNDI and cNDI2. Moreover, the G4 ligand fisetin repressed replication with selectivity for anti-parallel and hybrid G4 structures without stabilization. Finally, the method used, referred to as quantitative study of topology-dependent replication (QSTR), was adopted to evaluate the correlation between the replication kinetics and the stability of G4. Compared to previous results obtained using a modified human telomere sequence, the relationship between the stability of G4 and the effect on the topology-dependent replication varied. Our results suggest that native human telomere G4 is more flexible than the modified sequence for interacting with ligands. These findings indicate that the modification of the human telomeric sequence forces G4 to rigidly form a specific structure of G4, which can restrict the change in topology-dependent replication by some ligands.

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Fillafer, Nicole, Tobias Seewald, Lukas Schmidt-Mende, and Sebastian Polarz. "Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (March 17, 2020): 466–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.38.

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In the vast majority of studies on semiconductor particles ligands or capping agents are used that bind to the surface of the particles covering them with an electrically insulating shell. Since the transport of charge carriers and/or energy across interfaces is desirable for a variety of applications, the use of π-conjugated ligands becomes increasingly interesting. Among them are compounds that react to external stimuli. Molecular switches in particular are fascinating because the properties of the interfaces can be potentially adjusted as required. However, there is debate about how the properties of such special ligands are influenced by the presence of a semiconductor and vice versa. Here ammonium-modified azobenzene compounds were selected as prototypes for molecular switches and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites as semiconductor materials. The class of ammonium–lead–halide phases as prototypes is peculiar because, in addition to the surface functionalization of 3D crystals, organic compounds can actually be incorporated into the crystal as 2D phases. Thus, for example, layered Ruddlesden–Popper phases are obtained. We present photoswitchable azobenzene ligands with different head-group lengths for the synthesis of 2D and 3D hybrid perovskite phases. The energy transfer mechanisms are influenced by the length of the molecular spacer moiety, which determines the distance between the π system and the semiconductor surfaces. We find huge differences in the photoswitching behaviour between the free, surface-coordinated and integrated ligands between the perovskite layers. Photoswitching of azobenzene ligands incorporated in 2D phases is nearly quenched, while the same mechanism for surface-coordinating ligands is greatly improved, compared to the free ligands. The improvement originates from an energy transfer from perovskite to azobenzene, which is strongly distance-dependent. This study provides evidence for the photoswitching of azobenzenes as ligands of hybrid perovskites, which depends on the spacing between the chromophore and the perovskite phase.

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Kristensen, C., A. S. Andersen, M. Hach, F. C. Wiberg, L. Schäffer, and T. Kjeldsen. "A single-chain insulin-like growth factor I/insulin hybrid binds with high affinity to the insulin receptor." Biochemical Journal 305, no. 3 (February 1, 1995): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3050981.

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1. To investigate the structure/function relationship of the interaction between ligand and receptor in the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin receptor systems we have prepared and characterized a single-chain insulin/IGF-I hybrid. The single-chain hybrid consists of the insulin molecule combined with the C domain of IGF-I. The single-chain hybrid was found to bind with high affinity to both truncated soluble insulin receptors and membrane-bound holoreceptors. The affinity for interacting with the soluble truncated insulin receptors was 55-94% relative to insulin, and affinity for membrane-bound insulin receptors was 113% of that of insulin. Furthermore we found that the affinity of the single-chain hybrid molecule for IGF-I receptors was 19-28% relative to IGF-I. 2. The affinity of the single-chain hybrid for chimeric insulin/IGF-I receptors exceeded that of either natural ligand. This indicates that coordinately changing domains of the receptors and the ligands can induce higher affinity of ligand for receptor, supporting the idea that these receptors have a common ligand-binding site [Kjeldsen, Andersen, Wiberg, Rasmussen, Schäffer, Balschmidt, Møller and Møller (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 4404-4408]. 3. In contrast with what was generally assumed about the ligand structure required for binding to the insulin receptor we demonstrate the first single-chain insulin analogue that can bind with high affinity to the insulin receptor.

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Sayevich, Vladimir, Chris Guhrenz, and Nikolai Gaponik. "All-Inorganic and Hybrid Capping of Nanocrystals as Key to Their Application-Relevant Processing." MRS Advances 3, no. 47-48 (2018): 2923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.445.

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AbstractThe design of the surface chemistry of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) presents a powerful synthetic approach that allows to tune the optical and electronic properties of the particles in independent and precisely desired manner, to provide chemical and colloidal stability in diverse media, and, finally, to control their targeted applicability ranging from catalysis, medicine to advanced electronic devices. In this article, we summarize the successful functionalization of colloidal NCs with specifically chosen ligands using a novel ligand-exchange strategy. To transform diverse colloidal NCs into a competitive class of solution-processed semiconductors for electronic applications, we replaced the pristine, insulating ligands with tiny inorganic and hybrid inorganic/organic species. The surface modification with inorganic ions modulates the charge carrier density in NC units and guarantees enhanced interparticle interactions. The subsequent functionalization of the all-inorganic-capped NCs with organic molecules leads to the formation of hybrid inorganic/organic-capped NCs. For example, the introduction of short amine molecules enables to preserve the optical and electronic characteristics of their all-inorganic counterparts, while extending the solubility range and improving the ability to form long-range ordered 2D and 3D superstructures. Moreover, these short amines can be further used as convenient axillary co-ligands facilitating the surface functionalization of all-inorganic NCs with other biocompatible molecules, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG). This opens further perspectives for NCs not only in optoelectronic but also in biological and medical applications.

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Weth, Oliver, Simone Haeberlein, Martin Haimann, Yinjie Zhang, and Christoph G. Grevelding. "Towards deorphanizing G protein-coupled receptors of Schistosoma mansoni using the MALAR yeast two-hybrid system." Parasitology 147, no. 8 (December 16, 2019): 865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001756.

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AbstractSchistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. Treatment is solely dependent on praziquantel. In the face of the worldwide dimension, projects have been initiated to develop new chemotherapies. Due to their proven druggability, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are promising targets for anthelmintics. However, to identify candidate receptors, a deeper understanding of GPCR signalling in schistosome biology is essential. Comparative transcriptomics of paired and unpaired worms and their gonads revealed 59 differentially regulated GPCR-coding genes putatively involved in neuronal processes. In general, the diversity among GPCRs and their integral membrane topology make it difficult to characterize and deorphanize these receptors. To overcome existing limitations, we performed a pilot approach and utilized the innovative Membrane-Anchored Ligand And Receptor yeast two-hybrid system (MALAR-Y2H) to associate potential neuropeptide ligands with their cognate receptors. Here, we demonstrated the ability to express full-length GPCRs of Schistosoma mansoni in a heterologous yeast-based system. Additionally, we localized GPCRs and chimeras of neuropeptides fused to the WBP1 transmembrane domain of yeast to the plasma membrane of yeast cells. Reporter gene assays indicated ligand-receptor binding, which allowed us to identify certain neuropeptides as potential ligands for two GPCRs, which had been found before to be differentially expressed in schistosomes in a pairing-dependent manner. Thus, the MALAR-Y2H system appears suitable to unravel schistosome GPCR–ligand interactions. Besides its relevance for understanding schistosome biology, identifying and characterizing GPCR–ligand interaction will also contribute to applied research aspects.

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Gulcan, Hayrettin Ozan, and Muberra Kosar. "The Hybrid Compounds as Multi-target Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Considerations on Donepezil." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 22, no. 5 (February 2022): 395–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211111153626.

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: The strategies to combat Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) have been changing with respect to the failures of many drug candidates assessed in clinical studies, the complex pathophysiology of AD, and the limitations of the current drugs employed. So far, none of the targets, either validated or nonvalidated, have been shown to be purely causative in the generation and development of AD. Considering the progressive and the neurodegenerative characteristics of the disease, the main strategy has been based on the design of molecules capable of showing activity on more than one receptor, and it is defined as multi-target ligand design strategy. The hybrid molecule concept is an outcome of this approach. Donepezil, as one of the currently employed drugs for AD therapy, has also been utilized in hybrid drug design studies. This review has aimed to present the promising donepezil-like hybrid molecules introduced in the recent period. Particularly, multi-target ligands with additional activities concomitant to cholinesterase inhibition are preferred.

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Coyle, Randy J., Yuri L. Slovokhotov, Mikhail Yu Antipin, and Vladimir V. Grushin. "Palladium (II) complexes of hybrid phosphine—phosphine oxide ligands." Polyhedron 17, no. 18 (August 1998): 3059–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5387(98)00061-8.

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Park, Yushin, and Rigoberto C. Advincula. "Hybrid Semiconductor Nanoparticles: π-Conjugated Ligands and Nanostructured Films." Chemistry of Materials 23, no. 19 (October 11, 2011): 4273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm201199u.

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Takenaka, Kazuhiro, Shuhei Nakatsuka, Tetsuya Tsujihara, Priti S. Koranne, and Hiroaki Sasai. "Divergent synthesis of chiral spiro (isoxazole–isoxazoline) hybrid ligands." Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 19, no. 21 (November 2008): 2492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.10.019.

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Izod, Keith, Claire F. Jones, Elizabeth P. Wildman, Ross W. Harrington, and Paul G. Waddell. "A Suite of Sterically-Demanding Hybrid Alkyl/Cyclopentadienyl Ligands." Organometallics 36, no. 21 (October 30, 2017): 4238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00662.

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