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Journal articles on the topic "Hybrid legal system"
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Dean, Meryll. "Legal transplants and jury trial in Japan." Legal Studies 31, no. 4 (December 2011): 570–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2011.00197.x.
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Alan Watson's theory of legal transplants was pioneering and innovative. It moved comparative law beyond ideas of legal families and legal systems by providing both a tool and a metaphor for examining hybrid, or mixed, legal systems. However, socio-legal comparativists in particular criticised his approach because of its failure adequately to acknowledge the importance of legal culture in transplant theory. As a hybrid legal system Japan provides an operative laboratory of comparative law. This paper examines jury trial to evaluate Watson's theory. It concludes by offering a new threefold categorisation of legal transplants.
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Sridevi, S., and P. Venkata Subba Reddy. "Hybrid Legal Intelligent System Using Fuzzy and Neural Networks." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 11 (November 30, 2017): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v5i11.222231.
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Urscheler, Lukas Heckendorn. "Innovation in a Hybrid System: The Example of Nepal." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i3a2504.
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The Nepali legal tradition is a legal hybrid in many regards. Nepal was not colonised by a Western state, and the Hindu legal tradition therefore dominated all areas of law until the middle of the 20th century. Since the 1950s there has been a strong influence of Indian common law. It is probably for this reason that comparative classifications that include Nepal see the legal system as a mixture of common law and customary law. However, other mixtures mark the Nepali legal tradition. French law inspired the ruler in the 19th century, and that influence can still be found in the formal law. In addition, the plurality of Nepalese society made it necessary to provide space for different customary regimes to coexist with the formal Hindu law. When it comes to innovations within the legal system, including international law, the different ingredients interact. In family-related matters, the case-law of the Nepali Supreme Court illustrates the confrontation between international legal standards and the traditional rules. The Supreme Court has referred to the culturally conditioned discrimination against women and called for a thorough (political) analysis in order to eliminate discrimination without a radical change of culture. In the area of discrimination against homo- and transsexuals the Supreme Court took a more innovative approach. It remains to be seen, however, if such a change is effective beyond the courtroom. In the area of private financial compensation for wrongs, the formal (written) Nepali law does not have a general concept of tort. Compensation is generally integrated within the ambit of criminal law. Field research indicates that it would be possible to resort to existing customary principles of compensation rather than to the relatively complex common law of torts favoured by some Nepali scholars. However, this approach might not be without difficulty, as it might imply admitting the “superiority” of the customary practices of ethnic groups of lower standing in society. The example of Nepal shows that innovation in a hybrid system is often marked by the difficulty of – at least apparently – contradictory elements and layers of the legal system. There might be a tendency towards choosing the dominant or the most easily accessible solution. This paper suggests that the hybrid nature of the legal system offers opportunities that could be taken in order to achieve effective change and appropriate solutions.
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Bosankić, Dragan. "Tax and legal treatment of hybrid financial instruments." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu, no. 2/2018 (July 14, 2018): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfub_18210a.
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Besides the motives not prevailingly concerning the tax, hybrid financial instruments are used both in the context of one tax system, and particularly in the international scenario, aiming at tax savings generation. Depending on whether the participants in the transaction are taxpayers within the same tax system, or not, the paper analyses the tax and legal consequences of the classification of hybrid financial instruments. Special attention has been paid to the tax and legal treatment of hybrid financial instruments in the Serbian taxation legislation, in which, for taxation purposes, there is no possibility of different classification in relation to the way it has been done in terms of company law and accounting. This drawback in Serbian taxation legislative on the one hand opens the possibility for tax planning by using hybrid financial instruments, while on the other hand it is an area that should be specifically regulated. In addition, in terms of the international scenario, using a comparative method, the paper analyses the rules for the classification of hybrid financial instruments defined by OECD-Model convention and the relevant EU directives.
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VAN SLIEDREGT, ELIES. "Introduction: Common Civility – International Criminal Law as Cultural Hybrid." Leiden Journal of International Law 24, no. 2 (May 6, 2011): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156511000069.
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On 28 and 29 October 2011, a conference was held in The Hague on International Criminal Law (ICL) as a cultural and legal hybrid. The aim of the conference convenors was to facilitate an exchange of thoughts between legal scholars, practitioners, and social scientists on the nature of ICL and to discuss the role (legal) culture plays in international criminal justice. The recent discussion is dominated by the adversarial (common law)–inquisitorial (civil law) dichotomy and centres on the hybrid nature of the procedure in international criminal law. The debate focuses on how a fair and efficient trial can be safeguarded by observing the rights of the accused and other participants through an operational criminal procedure. Sometimes, this clash of legal systems has become an end in itself, resulting in a debate on which system is superior. At least in theory, however, modern international criminal procedural law seems to have overcome the adversarial–inquisitorial dichotomy, since it combines features of both common- and civil-law systems. This unique compromise structure poses a challenge to the practitioners who – although trained in and influenced by their respective national systems – have to apply the procedural norms at the international level and, in doing so, find an appropriate balance between adversarial and inquisitorial features. This is even more challenging since the single elements of the different legal traditions do not fit together seamlessly, leading to myriad, heated disagreements over how to combine them into a single, coherent, workable legal system.
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Weegels, Julienne. "Freedom in the Face of Nicaragua's Hybrid Carceral System." Cambridge Journal of Anthropology 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cja.2020.380105.
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Drawing on extensive prisons research and sustained contact with (former) prisoners in Nicaragua, this article explores three former prisoners’ post-release trajectories. In the face of a hybrid state that manifests as both a legal penal state and an extralegal system of powers, colloquially referred to as el Sistema (the System), and to the backdrop of a (d)evolving political context, I argue for an understanding of the ‘tightness’ of post-release life by conceptualizing the Sistema’s transcarceral grip. Former prisoners deal with this grip in different ways, ranging from self-censorship to the taking of ‘delinquent freedoms’. A detailed understanding of this grip can help pinpoint how carceral logics are mobilized outside prison in Nicaragua and how its carceral state expands through not only legal but also extralegal means.
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Goloskokov, Leonid V. "Vulnerability of the modern criminal legal system of Russia from the methods and means of conducting hybrid wars." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 7, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls46496.
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The features of the manifestations of hybrid wars were investigated by examples of its action in certain sectors of science, education, economics, finance, and criminal law. Certain characteristics of actions and events have been identified as elements of a hybrid war and not as random events.
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not contain the necessary articles that would allow sufficient legal protection of the rights of citizens and the interests of the state from the actions and consequences of hybrid wars. In general, the criminal law system is not ready to identify and classify events as elements of a hybrid war, repel hybrid war attacks and waging confrontation, and work on the initial preemption and prevention of hybrid wars.
This article, which is proposed to be introduced into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, reveals the concept of hybrid war and provides its full definition in a new article.
In conclusion, criminal legal measures and the possibilities of only the criminal legal system cannot solve the problems of confrontation in hybrid wars, and involvement of all the forces and resources of the state is necessary.
A proposal was made on the need to move to organizing the work of Russian law enforcement agencies on new principles: preemptive and prevention of hybrid wars instead of merely identifying their consequences and fragmentary application of criminal punishment for actions that are insignificant in comparison to the scale and damage caused by a hybrid war.
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Beschetnov, Sergey. "Hybrid legal system in Saint Lucia: the view of a comparative historian." Advances in Law Studies 10, no. 3 (September 25, 2022): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-5087-2022-10-3-11-15.
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In the analyzed work, a study is conducted in the historical and legal prism of the exotic state of Saint Lucia as a part of the Caribbean. The research covers various periods of active modification of the state-legal reality of the island legislation. On bases of the research, various perspective and retrospective aspects of the geopolitical influence on the coast of the region were reflected, as a result of which such a complex and ambiguous product was formed, combining many heterogeneous phenomena.
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Pal, K. "An approach to legal reasoning based on a hybrid decision-support system." Expert Systems with Applications 17, no. 1 (July 1999): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4174(99)00015-9.
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BARANOV, O., and O. BARANOV. "Internet of Things (IoT): regulation of the provision of services by robots with artificial intelligence." INFORMATION AND LAW, no. 4(27) (December 26, 2018): 46–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2018.4(27).270610.
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The article examines the theoretical and legal framework for regulating the provision of services and works using the technologies of the Internet of Things with artificial intelligence with and without direct human participation. As a typical example, a goods ordering and delivery system is considered. New categories are proposed – “direct, mediated and hybrid legal relations” for analysing the legal models of goods ordering and delivery system with IoT with artificial intelligence. The features of the legal models of deterministic and robust social management adequately describing IoT systems with artificial intelligence are investigated. The functional analogy of the “behaviour” of systems of IoT with artificial intelligence and traditional subjects of law when performing certain types of activities is shown. A new theoretical construction of the category “legal fiction” is justified on the basis of the proposed term “legal dogma”. The content of legal fiction has been proposed and justified: the system of Internet of Things with artificial intelligence is considered a subject of law, as a “representative” in the understanding of civil legal relations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hybrid legal system"
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Samól, Katarzyna A. "Hybrid corporate governance: a choice for Poland?" Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/581518/1/Samol%20PhD%20thesis.pdf.
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The purpose of the research investigation is to consider the potential opportunities through which corporate governance may be developed to better suit the developing commercial culture within Poland. In order to do this, I formulate the following research questions: ‘What are the weaknesses of the Polish corporate governance system?’, ‘What changes should be made to corporate governance in Poland?’, and ‘Is a hybrid corporate governance model a choice for Poland?’ The concept of hybridisation is fairly new, and involves combining different approaches to corporate governance, eg it embraces combining elements of the board management and monitoring models. I examine several changes to corporate governance that can be called hybrid. They were implemented in South Africa, Japan, Malaysia, the UK and the US. The main focus, however, is put on Polish corporate governance, which I investigate from the angle of those changes. Doctrinal research is combined with a set of interviews conducted with business practitioners in Poland. Interviewees are asked to express their opinion about corporate governance in Poland. Questions are asked in the context of changes that were made to corporate governance in countries mentioned above. The interviews produce results that overlap with the doctrinal research. Polish companies have a highly consolidated share ownership structure, which has a negative influence on the allocation of power between corporate organs. The supervisory board is an organ through which the controlling shareholders extend their power. Under the Company Code 2000, the supervisory board usually appoints and removes members of the management board, and instructs them in the decision making process. The statutes might give a broader scope of powers to the supervisory board. All this results in various forms of expropriation in companies, such as, for example, stealing of profits by governing bodies, overpaying executives, or installing unqualified family members in managerial positions. In general, interviewees are pleased with the currently binding corporate governance in Poland. The majority of them are pessimistic about implementing such large changes in Poland as, for example, a one-tier board system. A significant number of interviewees propose minor changes to the Polish system of corporate governance. It should be highlighted that several non-managerial interviewees turn out to have more liberal approaches to potential changes to corporate governance in Poland. The research fills a gap in knowledge on hybrid corporate governance, as this issue has hardly been touched by the Polish legal doctrine. It also systematises and develops knowledge on hybrid corporate governance worldwide, and develops knowledge on legal transplant.
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Samól, Katarzyna A. "Hybrid corporate governance : a choice for Poland?" Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/581518/.
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The purpose of the research investigation is to consider the potential opportunities through which corporate governance may be developed to better suit the developing commercial culture within Poland. In order to do this, I formulate the following research questions: ‘What are the weaknesses of the Polish corporate governance system?’, ‘What changes should be made to corporate governance in Poland?’, and ‘Is a hybrid corporate governance model a choice for Poland?’ The concept of hybridisation is fairly new, and involves combining different approaches to corporate governance, eg it embraces combining elements of the board management and monitoring models. I examine several changes to corporate governance that can be called hybrid. They were implemented in South Africa, Japan, Malaysia, the UK and the US. The main focus, however, is put on Polish corporate governance, which I investigate from the angle of those changes. Doctrinal research is combined with a set of interviews conducted with business practitioners in Poland. Interviewees are asked to express their opinion about corporate governance in Poland. Questions are asked in the context of changes that were made to corporate governance in countries mentioned above. The interviews produce results that overlap with the doctrinal research. Polish companies have a highly consolidated share ownership structure, which has a negative influence on the allocation of power between corporate organs. The supervisory board is an organ through which the controlling shareholders extend their power. Under the Company Code 2000, the supervisory board usually appoints and removes members of the management board, and instructs them in the decision making process. The statutes might give a broader scope of powers to the supervisory board. All this results in various forms of expropriation in companies, such as, for example, stealing of profits by governing bodies, overpaying executives, or installing unqualified family members in managerial positions. In general, interviewees are pleased with the currently binding corporate governance in Poland. The majority of them are pessimistic about implementing such large changes in Poland as, for example, a one-tier board system. A significant number of interviewees propose minor changes to the Polish system of corporate governance. It should be highlighted that several non-managerial interviewees turn out to have more liberal approaches to potential changes to corporate governance in Poland. The research fills a gap in knowledge on hybrid corporate governance, as this issue has hardly been touched by the Polish legal doctrine. It also systematises and develops knowledge on hybrid corporate governance worldwide, and develops knowledge on legal transplant.
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O'Callaghan, Thomas A. "A Hybrid Legal Expert System." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/41126.
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Legal expert systems are the nexus of Artificial Intelligence and the law. A legal expert system is "a system capable of performing at a level expected of a lawyer" [Popple 1996, page 3]. Legal expert systems may be designed for use by legally trained people or for use by the general public ("lay-people"). Legal expert systems designed for use by legally trained people aim to provide a method of speeding-up the provision, and improving the accuracy, of legal research undertaken with the aim of advising the client. Designed for use by legally trained people, these systems may assume general legal knowledge. Consequently the questions asked by the system and the reports returned may be stated at a level appropriate for legally trained people. The primary benefit of this category of legal expert system is the reduction of internal cost of legal research. The flow-on benefits for clients reductions in the cost of legal services and consequently improved access to quality representation, and reduction of the time taken to resolve a legal question. Legal expert systems designed for use by lay-people aim to provide greater access to the law. This category of legal expert system is more difficult to create because no legal knowledge by the user can be assumed. The discovery of the facts of the case becomes problematic [Susskind 2001]. More research is required in the area of fact elicitation before such systems become viable. Once they are viable, access to the law should be dramatically improved. A consequential benefit may be a reduction in litigation, as potential litigants could settle their dispute by reference to the advice of a legal expert system. However, such a system would raise an important ethical question -- the creators of such a system may be usurping the role of the courts in that the public may come to rely on the statements by the system as "what the law is". SHYSTER-MYCIN is the legal expert system created for and discussed in this thesis. SHYSTER-MYCIN combines rule-based reasoning with case-based reasoning. The system is designed as the first category of legal expert systems described above: a legal expert system to be consulted by legally trained people. This hybrid system enables the case-based reasoner to determine open-textured concepts when required by the rule-based reasoner, MYCIN. The system operates on a reduced version of the Copyright Act 1968, including cases that define the term "authorization" (see Chapter 2). The Act is reasoned by a system of rules. Whereas cases are reasoned by analogy. This approach is supported by jurisprudential discussions on legal reasoning (see Chapter 3). The system was created in three progressive versions (Chapter 5). The focus of the creation of the system was the reporting of reasons for conclusions. The second and third versions were tested against three criteria: validity, conciseness and correctness (see Chapter 6). The system performed well (see Chapter 7) against those criteria, indicating that the approach taken is appropriate: that is, it is appropriate to use rules to reason with statutes and analogy to reason with cases.
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Lattimer, Brandon Craig. "The short-run equity underpricing puzzle in South Africa with an emphasis on the winner's curse hypothesis." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/6853.
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One of the puzzles regarding IPO’s is that the issuers rarely get upset about leaving substantial amounts of money on the table due to underpricing. The cost of underpricing is the number of shares sold multiplied by the difference between the first-day closing price and the offer price. The research sample of IPOs and JSE databases comprised, respectively, 160 and 321 new applicants for the years 1995-1999. New applicants comprising the research sample raised R12.55 billion with an underpricing cost exceeding R2.85 billion i.e., 22.71 percent of the IPO capital raised. This cost was found to be nearly 10 times greater than the R295 million paid in fees to the corporate advisors by the issuing companies. The prime beneficiaries of this discount were a select grouping of private placement investors at the discretion of the corporate advisors and directors. Mean unadjusted initial first day returns amounted to 55.04 percent. Public Offer IPO’s (solely or as a component of a Hybrid Offer) follow UK influenced corporate legal systems– both in legislative norm and empirical results. First day initial returns were presented per issuer List Board, Method and Type of Listing, IPO capital raised and disclosed use of proceeds. Internationally many theories have been raised as to what has become to be known as the short-run underpricing puzzle. The winner’s curse hypothesis is directly tested flowing from and the unique data availability. It was shown that South African Public and Hybrid IPO Offer methods bear an exceptionally close correlation to UK influenced corporate legal systems and as such proved a reliable empirical testing ground for the winners curse phenomena using the same methodology and equations as their international counterparts hereunder. The UK based corporate law and institutional arrangements in South Africa allow a direct test of the empirical implications of the winner’s curse hypothesis in pricing unseasoned new issues.
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Ke, Chong. "Infrastructure, Participation and Legal Reforms: An Analysis of the Politics and Potentials of Village Elections in China." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4732.
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Inspired by critiques of controlled elections under “single-party rule,” this dissertation explores the performance, implications and potentials of China’s village elections. It first reviews the most important studies on the progress of China’s grassroots democracy and then analyzes the social-political background of village self-management which to date has been neglected in the academic literature. Based on empirical studies conducted in Sichuan, this dissertation investigates the roles and attitudes of various participatory groups in village elections and in the course of electoral reforms. It also discusses the failure of the existing law to set out fundamental rules for village elections and to effectively guide people’s behavior. Further, this dissertation offers detailed recommendations to improve the existing law in order to guarantee the accessibility, authenticity and competitiveness of village elections.Graduate
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aloeke@gmail.com
Books on the topic "Hybrid legal system"
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Van Engeland, Anicée. “Be Karbala Miravim!”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199379774.003.0010.
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This chapter considers the extent to which Islamic governance can integrate international humanitarian law (IHL) into its own legal system by examining the case of Iran. It addresses the consequences of the emergence of an Islamic-universal hybrid legal system. The stakes are high because IHL’s efficiency and necessity have been questioned: The existence of the Iranian hybrid system of law can be perceived as a threat by scholars arguing that international law is at risk of fragmentation due to the variety of domestic and regional approaches to fundamental legal standards. The importance of those stakes is illustrated by the Iran-Iraq War: The process of mixing a universal secular legal system with a religious domestic law occurred at a crucial time when Iran was at war with Iraq, with clear effects on the protection of civilians and the conduct of hostilities.
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Tancredi, Antonello. Enforcing WTO Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198746560.003.0021.
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This chapter provides a brief analysis of the enforcement tools foreseen in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. It focuses in particular on some of the peculiarities which differentiate them from the EU legal system. As the analysis shows, the relevance of reciprocity and post-litigation negotiations between States influences the legal nature of the WTO dispute settlement system, which today remains to a large extent a mixed or hybrid system. This contrasts one of the mantras diffused in the legal scholarship immediately after the entry into force of the Uruguay Round Agreements. It also represents a vehicle for the potential fragmentation of the multilateral legal framework governing international trade, which contributes to undermining the idea of uniformity of the obligations arising under the WTO Agreements for all Members.
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Perez-Leon-Acevedo, Juan-Pablo. International Human Rights Law in the Reparation Practice of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0010.
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Among international and hybrid criminal tribunals, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) is one of the few that include a reparation system for victims of crimes under its jurisdiction. This article analyses how and to what extent the ECCC has used international human rights law (IHRL) to interpret and apply reparation provisions of the ECCC legal instruments. The ECCC has largely relied on IHRL sources, particularly, the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, case-law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. However, such use has been adapted to the legal framework of the ECCC. Unlike human rights courts, the ECCC determines individual criminal liability and, thus, can only order reparations against convicted individuals.
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Smalskys, Vainius, and Jolanta Urbanovič. Civil Service Systems. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160.
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Civil service consists of civil servants and their activity when implementing the assigned functions and decisions made by politicians. In other words, it is a system of civil servants who perform the assigned functions of public administration. The corpus of civil servants consists of people who work in central and local public administration institutions. The concept and scope of civil service in a particular country depends on the legal framework that defines the areas of public and private sectors and their relationship. In many countries, civil service consists of an upper level, a mid-level, and civil servants who work for coordinating, independent, and auxiliary institutions. However, the scope of civil service in different countries varies. When analyzing/comparing civil service systems of different countries, researchers often categorize them as Western European, continental European, Anglo-American, Anglo-Saxon, Eastern European, Scandinavian, Mediterranean, Asian, or African.All European Union member states can be classified into two groups: the career system—dominant in continental Europe, with the prevalence of traditional-hierarchical public administration, rational bureaucracy, and formalized operational rules—and the position system—dominant in Anglo-Saxon countries, with the prevalence of managerial principles, pragmatic administration, and charismatic leadership. Neither of the two models exists in pure form. If features of the career model dominate in the civil service of a country, it is identified as a country with the career CS model; if elements of the position model dominate the country is identified as a country with the position civil service model. An intermediate version of this model, characteristic of a number of countries, is the mixed/hybrid model.Many civil service researchers claim that in the case of two competing systems of civil service—closed (the career model) and open (the position model)—reforms of the open civil service system win. It has been argued that the organizing principles of the open, result-oriented civil service system (the position model), which is under the influence of “new public management,” will permanently “drive out” the closed, vertically integrated and formal procedure-oriented career model. Scholars argue that civil servants of the future will have to be at ease with more complexity and flexibility. They will have to be comfortable with change, often rapid change. At the same time, they will make more autonomous decisions and be more responsible, accountable, performance-oriented, and subject to new competency and skill requirements.
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Dingwall, Joanna. International Law and Corporate Actors in Deep Seabed Mining. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898265.001.0001.
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Corporate participation within deep seabed mining raises unique challenges for international law. Commercial investment by private corporate actors in deep seabed mining is increasing. The deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction (the Area) comprises almost three-quarters of the entire surface area of the oceans, and it is home to an array of prized commodities including valuable metals and rare earth elements. These resources constitute the common heritage of mankind. Acting under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is responsible for regulating the Area for the benefit of humanity and granting mining contracts. Although mining activities in the Area remain at the exploration stage, in recent years, there has been a marked growth in investment by private corporate actors, and an increasing impetus towards exploitation. This increasing corporate activity presents challenges, including in relation to matters of common management, benefit sharing, marine environmental protection and investment protection. In part, these challenges stem from the often-contentious role of non-state actors, such as corporations, within the international legal system. A product of its history, the UNCLOS deep seabed regime is an unlikely hybrid of capitalist and communist values, embracing the role of private actors while enshrining principles of resource distribution. As technological advances begin to outstrip legal developments, this study advances the discourse by addressing the extent of any tension between corporate commercial activity in the Area and the achievement of the common heritage of mankind.
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Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part I The Nature of Intangible Property, 6 Equity and Debt Securities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses securities. Securities are an important and complex category of intangible. A ‘security’ is defined as a fungible financial instrument, offered for sale on identical terms to multiple investors on first issue, and thereafter generally traded in a market that facilitates its free transfer. Securities can broadly be classified into shares, debt securities, and hybrid securities. The chapter then looks at the legal incidents of securities, and how securities are allotted and held. Allotment describes the process whereby the issuer of securities agrees to issue those securities to a particular person and that person agrees to buy those securities. Meanwhile, the question of how securities are held has become an increasing complex area. Originally, securities were held in paper form. Such paper-based systems are increasingly becoming redundant but their operation remains important because they are relevant to the electronic systems by which securities are held today.
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The State of Democracy in Asia and the Pacific 2021: Old Resilience, New Challenges. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.95.
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The Covid-19 pandemic initially broke out in the Asia and the Pacific region in late 2019, with the first cases in Wuhan, China. The pandemic has served as a magnifier of pre-existing democratic strengths and weaknesses within governing systems around Asia and the Pacific. In the majority of cases, the region’s hybrid and authoritarian regimes tightened their grip on society in response to the pandemic. Quality of democracy continued to decline in number of region’s democracies. Despite these challenges, in its response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Asia and the Pacific region has demonstrated impressive democratic resilience and innovation. In contrast to other regions, several countries already had legal and institutional frameworks in place tailored to dealing with global health emergencies and were able to activate these rapidly. Importantly, experiences by several Asian countries have highlighted the fact that such a crisis can be contained while respecting legal constraints and coordinating across an array of elected and unelected institutions. All democracies needed to balance between individual and collective rights. This Report provides lessons and recommendations that governments, political and civic actors, and international democracy assistance providers should consider in order to counter the concerning trends in the erosion of democracy, and to foster its resilience and deepening.
Book chapters on the topic "Hybrid legal system"
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Kavila, Selvani Deepthi, Vijayasanthi Puli, G. S. V. Prasada Raju, and Rajesh Bandaru. "An Automatic Legal Document Summarization and Search Using Hybrid System." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 229–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35314-7_27.
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Ventura, Livia. "The Social Enterprise Movement and the Birth of Hybrid Organisational Forms as Policy Response to the Growing Demand for Firm Altruism." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 9–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_2.
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AbstractSocial enterprise can be described as a complex and variegated phenomenon marked by different extensions and definitions according to the legal system of reference. This contribution is focused on a specific area of the social enterprise spectrum, that of the hybrid dual-purpose businesses, conceiving social enterprises as private organisations that carry out commercial activities to pursue social and environmental, as well as economic, objectives. In the past few decades, several legal systems have introduced new hybrid entities designed to adequately meet the needs of social entrepreneurs and capable of bringing together social and environmental aims with business approaches. The birth of social enterprise, with the introduction of philanthropic goals into the articles of association’s corporate purpose clause, is particularly difficult to understand through the lenses of the economic analysis of law or the neoclassical economics and its homo economicus paradigm. This study attempts to offer an interpretative key for understanding these hybrid models abandoning the classical homo economicus paradigm to embrace a reading based on behavioural law and economics and the Yale approach to the economic analysis of law, according to which altruism and beneficence should be considered as ends in themselves, as goods desired by people and for which they are willing to pay the price. In this line of reasoning, social enterprises, as a bottom-up phenomenon are the legislator’s policy response to the growing demand for firm altruism emerging from civil society.
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Kadhum, Ghydaa, and Samaher Al-Janabi. "Design Guide Prediction Model for the Legal Interactions (GPM-LI)." In Hybrid Intelligent Systems, 30–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73050-5_4.
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Dhirani, Lubna Luxmi, Thomas Newe, and Shahzad Nizamani. "Federated Hybrid Clouds Service Level Agreements and Legal Issues." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 471–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1165-9_44.
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Heymann, Michael, Feng Lin, and George Meyer. "Synthesis of minimally restrictive legal controllers for a class of hybrid systems." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 134–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0031559.
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Rodríguez-Doncel, Víctor, Monica Palmirani, Michał Araszkiewicz, Pompeu Casanovas, Ugo Pagallo, and Giovanni Sartor. "Introduction: A Hybrid Regulatory Framework and Technical Architecture for a Human-Centered and Explainable AI." In AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems XI-XII, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89811-3_1.
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Mumford, Jack, Katie Atkinson, and Trevor Bench-Capon. "Reasoning with Legal Cases: A Hybrid ADF-ML Approach." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220452.
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Reasoning with legal cases has long been modelled using symbolic methods. In recent years, the increased availability of legal data together with improved machine learning techniques has led to an explosion of interest in data-driven methods being applied to the problem of predicting outcomes of legal cases. Although encouraging results have been reported, they are unable to justify the outcomes produced in satisfactory legal terms and do not exploit the structure inherent within legal domains; in particular, with respect to the issues and factors relevant to the decision. In this paper we present the technical foundations of a novel hybrid approach to reasoning with legal cases, using Abstract Dialectical Frameworks (ADFs) in conjunction with hierarchical BERT. ADFs are used to represent the legal knowledge of a domain in a structured way to enable justifications and improve performance. The machine learning is targeted at the task of factor ascription; once factors present in a case are ascribed, the outcome follows from reasoning over the ADF. To realise this hybrid approach, we present a new hybrid system to enable factor ascription, envisioned for use in legal domains, such as the European Convention on Human Rights that is used frequently in modelling experiments.
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Jacob, Janine. "Germany’s Banking and Financial System." In The Oxford Handbook of German Politics, 285—C17.P102. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817307.013.18.
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Abstract The German financial system is characterized by a large, three-pillar banking sector that dominates the way financial business is being conducted in the country. Although it has undergone significant changes since the foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in 1949, the foundational element of the three-pillar banking sector has remained remarkably intact and continues to define the entire financial system. This chapter describes the three-pillar banking structure in Germany, including its historical roots, legal basis, and characteristic structural features. It outlines the three essential periods that have shaped the modern German financial system: the age of the ‘traditional’ bank-based system between the foundation of the FRG and the 1980s; the movement away from a bank-based system towards a hybrid model between the late 1980s/early 1990s until the 2008 global financial crisis; and the post-financial crisis period. It furthermore discusses the challenges that lie ahead and the potential future development of the German financial sector.
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Tsyganov, O. G. "CHAPTER 6 PREPAREDNESS OF THE SYSTEM OF THE MIA OF UKRAINE FOR THE TERRITORIAL DEFENSE MISSION UNDER HYBRID THREATS." In NAUKA I PRAVOOKHORONA: LEGAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES, 101–18. Liha-Pres, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36059/978-966-397-100-1/107-124.
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Keene, Alex Ruck, and Katrine Kjærheim Fredwall. "Norway." In The International Protection of Adults. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/9780198727255.003.0051.
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Norway is a unitary state.It has a hybrid legal system, but is predominantly civil in nature. There are sixty-six district courts (tingretter) at the lowest level. Above them are six Courts of Appeal (lagmannsretter); the highest appellate court is the High Court of Justice (høyesterett).
Conference papers on the topic "Hybrid legal system"
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Cyril Naves, S. "Analytic hierarchy process integrated hybrid agent system for intelligent legal assistance." In Multi-Agent Systems (IAMA 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iama.2011.6049001.
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Razali, Suriyati, Nor Shahniza Kamal Bashah, Shuzlina Abdul-Rahman, Nor Shahida Mohamad Yusop, Haswira Nor Mohamad Hashim, and Haidar Dziyauddin. "Collaborative Platform of Networked Integrated Legal Affairs Management System (NILAMs) using Hybrid Agile-Waterfall Approach." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Computing (ICOCO). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoco53166.2021.9673571.
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Dakic, Dragan. "Hibridna prava kao pravni okvir za pružanje hibridnih usluga: primjer surogatstva." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.467d.
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The overall aim of this paper is to investigate whether hybrid rights created within the regional human rights system in Europe can establish a legal framework at national level for the provision of hybrid services. It was explored on the example of surrogacy as a type of hybrid right from the group of reproductive rights. Accordingly, the main focus of the research is on the question whether the (indirect) regional protection of surrogacy induces introduction of a national legal framework for the provision of related (hybrid) services. The research starts with brief explanation of the concept of hybrid rights and their creation. Following to this it was analyzed whether reproductive rights could be typified as form of hybrid rights as well as whether surrogacy shares distinctive features of this group of rights. The main method used during the research is the case study combined with other scientific methods. Overall research findings indicate that hybrid rights lead to the establishment of a national legal framework for the provision of hybrid services; that reproductive rights are hybrid rights and that surrogacy belongs to the group of hybrid rights. The most important result of the research is that even indirect protection of surrogacy through the regional human rights system creates two effects on national legislation: 1) it liberalizes national restrictions to surrogacy where they exist and 2) it results with introduction of a legal framework to regulate related hybrid services. The most significant contribution of this paper is in explaining how hybrid rights develop the legal framework for the provision of hybrid services. Also, the paper contributes to the development of the doctrine of hybrid rights in domestic legal thought.
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Dakic, Dragan. "Hibridna prava kao pravni okvir za pružanje hibridnih usluga: primjer surogatstva." In XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.467d.
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The overall aim of this paper is to investigate whether hybrid rights created within the regional human rights system in Europe can establish a legal framework at national level for the provision of hybrid services. It was explored on the example of surrogacy as a type of hybrid right from the group of reproductive rights. Accordingly, the main focus of the research is on the question whether the (indirect) regional protection of surrogacy induces introduction of a national legal framework for the provision of related (hybrid) services. The research starts with brief explanation of the concept of hybrid rights and their creation. Following to this it was analyzed whether reproductive rights could be typified as form of hybrid rights as well as whether surrogacy shares distinctive features of this group of rights. The main method used during the research is the case study combined with other scientific methods. Overall research findings indicate that hybrid rights lead to the establishment of a national legal framework for the provision of hybrid services; that reproductive rights are hybrid rights and that surrogacy belongs to the group of hybrid rights. The most important result of the research is that even indirect protection of surrogacy through the regional human rights system creates two effects on national legislation: 1) it liberalizes national restrictions to surrogacy where they exist and 2) it results with introduction of a legal framework to regulate related hybrid services. The most significant contribution of this paper is in explaining how hybrid rights develop the legal framework for the provision of hybrid services. Also, the paper contributes to the development of the doctrine of hybrid rights in domestic legal thought.
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Nakane, Ikuko. "Accusation, defence and morality in Japanese trials: A Hybrid Orientation to Criminal Justice." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-5.
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The Japanese criminal justice system has gone through transformations in its modern history, adopting the models of European Continental Law systems in the 19th century as part of Japan’s modernisation process, and then the Anglo-American Common Law orientation after WWII. More recently, citizen judges have been introduced to the criminal justice process, a further move towards an adversarial orientation with increased focus on orality and courtroom discourse strategies. Yet, the actual legal process does not necessarily represent the adversarial orientation found in Common Law jurisdictions. While previous research from cultural and socio-historical perspectives has offered valuable insights into the Japanese criminal court procedures, there is hardly any research examining how adversarial (or non-adversarial) orientation is realised through language in Japanese trials. Drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in Japanese trials, this paper discusses a ‘hybrid’ orientation to the legal process realised through courtroom discourse. Based on courtroom observation notes, interaction data, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials collected in Japan, trial participants’ discourse strategies contributing to both adversarial and inquisitorial orientations are identified. In particular, the paper highlights how accusation, defence and morality are performed and interwoven in the trial as a genre. The overall genre structure scaffolds competing narratives, with prosecution and defence counsel utilising a range of discourse strategies for highlighting culpability and mitigating factors. However, the communicative practice at the micro genre level shows an orientation to finding the ‘truth,’ rehabilitation of offenders and maintaining social order. The analysis of courtroom communication, contextualised in the socio-historical development of the Japanese justice system and in the ideologies about courtroom communicative practice, suggests a gap between the practice and official/public discourses of the justice process in Japan. At the same time, the findings raise some questions regarding the powerful role that language plays in different ways in varying approaches to delivery of justice.
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Koerfer, Thomas, Hartwig Busch, Joschka Schaub, Mauro Scassa, and Ender Nadir. "FEV Diesel EMotion '“ Serial Hybrid Solution for heavy Light-Duty Vehicle Applications." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-053.
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The public and governmental pressure for lowering GHG emissions from the transportation sector is continuously increasing. Since the release of the new CO2 target figures from the European Commission (EC), formulating massive reduction degrees in the next decade (-15% in 2025 and -37,5% in 2030), substantial initiatives have been engaged to ensure proper achievement and compliance with these ambitious targets. Diesel powered vehicles and, in particular, light-duty Diesel engines have been the major driver for continuous year-to-year fuel consumption reduction rates in the recent past. These achievements so far were mainly based on continuous enhancement of combustion efficiency and reduction of mechanical losses. Based on this experience, it appears unlikely to realize further substantial improvements by extension and prolongation of this technical approach, like requested by the legal authorities for the mid-term future. Double digit lowering rates request for implementation of new features and technologies. As purely electric propulsion systems gain increasing attractiveness for small light-duty applications, due to a better balanced trade-off between costs and daily operational duties, heavier light-duty vehicles, often used for commercial needs, demand different powertrain concepts, especially if heavy goods transportation, long distance driving and/or trailer towing demands are requested as well from the end-user side. In order to safeguard both, upcoming legal GHG reduction norms as well as all-day operational duties, new powertrain configurations are requested. One attractive conceptual layout is found by the mixed-serial hybrid topology, labeled Diesel EMotion. This powertrain concept features a tailored cost-optimized Diesel engine with a strong electric machine as a serial hybrid, while featuring in conjunction with a simple one-speed transmission a direct, highly efficient coupling of the engine with the drive wheels. The vehicle is mainly driven by the electrical machine, especially in urban regimes, but, as soon as vehicle speed and load exceed certain threshold values, the direct connection between engine crankshaft and driving wheels is enacted to realize best fuel efficiency. The paper in hand describes at first the conceptual layout of the advanced powertrain topology for heavy Light-Duty vehicle applications, balancing functional performance in the limited engine operational map with corresponding cost reduction measures. Furthermore, initial functional performance figures, especially in comparison to conventional powertrain definitions as well as to classical serial hybrid designs are displayed. The paper concludes with a summary and parameter ranking in order to determine next steps in realization and industrialization PREPARERD FOR: FISITA 2020 – PRAGUE/CZECH 2020 Topics • Stringent EU CO2 targets in transport sector • New propulsion system topology • Mixed-serial Diesel hybrid layout
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Chisaka, Hideyuki, and Tsuguhiko Nakagawa. "A Novel Energy System Integrated With Solar Power, Advanced Electric Vehicle and Home Heat Pumps." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59267.
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In order to reduce the quantity of CO2 emissions economically, it is important to construct a Smart Community which is expected to be one of the solutions. In a Smart Community, energy supply and demand system is developing to manage with ICT (Information and Communication Technology) to utilize energy efficiently and increase the amount of renewable energy. In one of the systems, “Photovoltaic power generator (hereinafter referred to as PV) & Electric Vehicle (hereinafter referred to as EV) Smart System” has been developed. In the “PV & EV Smart System”, PV power is charged directly to the EV battery, and then the charged PV power is consumed by running and air-conditioning energy of a car and supplied to a home. This system is able to reduce the quantity of CO2 emissions with high economic efficiency. In order to expand the system, it is necessary to spread EV. So, it should solve the issues of short driving distance, the high cost of storage battery and the risk of dead battery. Therefore, the authors have proposed an advanced EV such as AI-EV (Air-conditioner Integrated Electric Vehicle). AI-EV has a novel hybrid system which drives the air-conditioning system and generates electric power in the case of a low air-conditioning load through the use of a small-engine. PV power can not only reduce car fuels but also replace with gas and liquid fuels which are used at a home, causing the huge effect of reducing CO2 emissions as the whole system. In this paper, a novel energy system which is integrated with solar power, advanced electric vehicle and CO2 heat pump water heater as home heat pumps has been proposed. A mathematical simulation model which evaluates for the PV power generation, AI-EV energy consumption and home heat pumps has been developed. CO2 emissions and economic efficiency are calculated and compared with those of the conventional system. As the result, the novel energy system is able to reduce more than 30% of the quantity of CO2 emissions in comparison with the conventional system as the whole system, and the system can reduce about 60% of the quantity of CO2 emissions in comparison with the conventional system as a home system. The economic efficiency is evaluated by more than 6.0% of IRR (Internal Rate of Return) without some subsidies when the legal service life of the depreciation equipment is assumed 14 years. Therefore, the novel energy system can be widely spread in the future.
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Moura, Carlos H. W., Dirceu S. Sampaio, Igor M. de Lacerda, and Marcelo F. Selli. "Monitoring Leakages on Oil Production Offloading at Open Seas Using Statistics Associated With Mass Balance Methods." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0763.
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With the increasing number of former VLCC (Very Large Crude Cargos) transformed into FPSOs worldwide, and its associated inherent oil production exportation characteristics to shuttle tankers, where very large flow rates are combined to the use of short and large diameters exporting lines, in many cases involving the use of hoses instead of flexible pipelines, and the obviously very sensitive environment, considering the execution of this transference in open seas, where losses for even a small period, regarded the involved exportation capacity means a huge spillage, with all its legal and image associated impacts, the challenge to identify and test technologies able to carry out the most effective leakage detection in this scenario was placed to PETROBRAS technical team, as consequence of rules demanding the installation of such systems stated by Brazilian Environmental Agencies. The proposal of this paper is to show the leakage detection solution based on a hybrid method combining mass balance along with statistical treatment adopted for monitoring the oil production offloading from the FPSO - MARLIM SUL, in the Campos Basin, Brazil, to a dynamically positioned shuttle vessel throughout a 150 meters, 20” diameter hose designed for a flow rate of 8.000 m3 per hour. A short description of this production system is provided, the operational principles of the adopted leakage system are depicted, its architecture is detailed, and the reasons that ended up leading PETROBRAS to adopt this technology amongst those others also considered are presented. Finally, comments about the installation, start-up and tuning, and considerations about the system observed behavior are made.
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Vodenicharov, Asen. "CIVIL LAW STATUS OF THE SUPERVISORY ORGAN IN EUROPEAN BUSINESS COMPANIES." In 6th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2020.303.
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The Supervisory organ is a compulsory element in the governance structure of the European Structures for Business Association, namely the European Company (Societas Europaea) and the European Cooperative Society (Societas Cooperativa Europaea) that have chosen a two-tier system for their organizations. The organ under consideration presents a hybrid regulatory framework. On the one hand, these are the provisions in the regulations of the European Union, and, on the other, the national law regulations. The organ in question has specific characteristics. Its members are elected by the General meeting. The staff of the first supervisory board may be appointed in the statues. This should apply without prejudice to any employee participation arrangements determined pursuant to Directive 2003/72 / EC. The members of the Supervisory organ are elected for the term specified in the Statute of the association. Their maximum term of office after the expiry mandate date may not exceed six months. The package of powers includes constitutional, authoritative and controlling rights and obligations. The supervisory organ shall elect and dismiss members or an individual member of the management organ. In cases explicitly provided for in the statute of the association, a certain category of legal transactions cannot be concluded by the management organ without the permission of the supervisory organ. Its controlling functions are particularly important. The supervisory organ shall supervise the duties performed by the management organ. It may not itself exercise the power to manage the associations. The supervisory organ may not represent the associations in dealings with third parties. It shall represent the associations in dealings with the management body, or its members, in respect of litigation or the conclusion of contracts. The management organ shall report to the supervisory body at least once every three months on the progress and foreseeable developments of the association’s business, taking into account any information relating to undertakings controlled by the association that may significantly affect the progress of the association business. The members of the Supervisory organ are holders of Civil liability. Its legal basis is the relevant rules in the national law relating to joint stock companies or cooperative organizations in the Member States in which they have registered their office. This liability is based on the possible damage caused by illegal or incorrect acts or actions.
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Turcescu, Vlad-Nicolae, Dănuț-Gabriel Olaru, and Ana-Maria Arsene. "Electric Quadricycle Concept for Urban Mobility." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2021-adm-147.
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This paper reveals the virtual L7e vehicle, GRAND TWIZY concept for the first time into an conference. The concept is an academic project and is developed within at the “Alternative Propulsion Systems –Electric and Hybrid Vehicles” Laboratory of the “Automotive Engineering” Research Centre, University of Pitesti, Romania. The main objective of the project is minimal costs development of a L7e concept, starting from the RENAULT TWIZY quadricycle and increasing its habitability, versatility and autonomy, similar to the competitors`. The vehicle design is influenced by four elements: the exterior design, legal requirements, the powertrain components and the vehicle components provided by RENAULT TWIZY. To increase the habitability, the body has been modified in transversal direction, keeping the same wheelbase of the vehicle. This solution allows minimal chassis and body transformations, taking over many mechanical components of the front axle, of the rear axle and the electric powertrain and taking as many body parts as possible, especially from the lateral sides of the original RENAULT TWIZY vehicle. The new body has a new anti-rain system for the doors and heating and ventilation system. This allows extending the period of use in rain conditions and low temperatures (winter). For increasing the versatility the passenger seat is placed on the lateral side of the driver. The rear space can be usable for the placement of luggage or the placement of children's seats. The increasing luggage transport space we have created a space modularized in the passenger`s seat place. For the transport of oversized equipment or luggage it was built a folding outer trunk. In order to increase the autonomy and the additional electricity consumption caused by the heating and the ventilation system for the passenger compartment, a new 48 V traction battery with NMC technology (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) is proposed. It contains elements from the Renault ZOE 50 battery, produced by LG Chem. This battery is charged with a bidirectional charger, able to function “Vehicle to Grid” (V2G), both by cable and wireless. The charging system, was built from a charger-inverter assembly, compatible with lithium-ion batteries. In the case of the proposed wireless charging system, the transfer of station and vehicle energy was made trough by means of a magnetic field that circulates between an emitter (coupled to the 230V-50Hz single-phase alternating current) and a receiver mounted on the vehicle (coupled by charger to the 48 V traction battery). In addition, the traction battery is charged with a photovoltaic cell system located on the roof was provided. This solution was favored by the extension of the roof surface caused by the vehicle. To reduce vehicle mass and increase the reliability of the servitude battery, is propose to replace the 12 V battery with AGM lead technology with a Panasonic DLC (Double Layer Capacitor) battery.