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1
Samól, Katarzyna A. "Hybrid corporate governance: a choice for Poland?" Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/581518/1/Samol%20PhD%20thesis.pdf.
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The purpose of the research investigation is to consider the potential opportunities through which corporate governance may be developed to better suit the developing commercial culture within Poland. In order to do this, I formulate the following research questions: ‘What are the weaknesses of the Polish corporate governance system?’, ‘What changes should be made to corporate governance in Poland?’, and ‘Is a hybrid corporate governance model a choice for Poland?’ The concept of hybridisation is fairly new, and involves combining different approaches to corporate governance, eg it embraces combining elements of the board management and monitoring models. I examine several changes to corporate governance that can be called hybrid. They were implemented in South Africa, Japan, Malaysia, the UK and the US. The main focus, however, is put on Polish corporate governance, which I investigate from the angle of those changes. Doctrinal research is combined with a set of interviews conducted with business practitioners in Poland. Interviewees are asked to express their opinion about corporate governance in Poland. Questions are asked in the context of changes that were made to corporate governance in countries mentioned above. The interviews produce results that overlap with the doctrinal research. Polish companies have a highly consolidated share ownership structure, which has a negative influence on the allocation of power between corporate organs. The supervisory board is an organ through which the controlling shareholders extend their power. Under the Company Code 2000, the supervisory board usually appoints and removes members of the management board, and instructs them in the decision making process. The statutes might give a broader scope of powers to the supervisory board. All this results in various forms of expropriation in companies, such as, for example, stealing of profits by governing bodies, overpaying executives, or installing unqualified family members in managerial positions. In general, interviewees are pleased with the currently binding corporate governance in Poland. The majority of them are pessimistic about implementing such large changes in Poland as, for example, a one-tier board system. A significant number of interviewees propose minor changes to the Polish system of corporate governance. It should be highlighted that several non-managerial interviewees turn out to have more liberal approaches to potential changes to corporate governance in Poland. The research fills a gap in knowledge on hybrid corporate governance, as this issue has hardly been touched by the Polish legal doctrine. It also systematises and develops knowledge on hybrid corporate governance worldwide, and develops knowledge on legal transplant.
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Samól, Katarzyna A. "Hybrid corporate governance : a choice for Poland?" Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2014. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/581518/.
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The purpose of the research investigation is to consider the potential opportunities through which corporate governance may be developed to better suit the developing commercial culture within Poland. In order to do this, I formulate the following research questions: ‘What are the weaknesses of the Polish corporate governance system?’, ‘What changes should be made to corporate governance in Poland?’, and ‘Is a hybrid corporate governance model a choice for Poland?’ The concept of hybridisation is fairly new, and involves combining different approaches to corporate governance, eg it embraces combining elements of the board management and monitoring models. I examine several changes to corporate governance that can be called hybrid. They were implemented in South Africa, Japan, Malaysia, the UK and the US. The main focus, however, is put on Polish corporate governance, which I investigate from the angle of those changes. Doctrinal research is combined with a set of interviews conducted with business practitioners in Poland. Interviewees are asked to express their opinion about corporate governance in Poland. Questions are asked in the context of changes that were made to corporate governance in countries mentioned above. The interviews produce results that overlap with the doctrinal research. Polish companies have a highly consolidated share ownership structure, which has a negative influence on the allocation of power between corporate organs. The supervisory board is an organ through which the controlling shareholders extend their power. Under the Company Code 2000, the supervisory board usually appoints and removes members of the management board, and instructs them in the decision making process. The statutes might give a broader scope of powers to the supervisory board. All this results in various forms of expropriation in companies, such as, for example, stealing of profits by governing bodies, overpaying executives, or installing unqualified family members in managerial positions. In general, interviewees are pleased with the currently binding corporate governance in Poland. The majority of them are pessimistic about implementing such large changes in Poland as, for example, a one-tier board system. A significant number of interviewees propose minor changes to the Polish system of corporate governance. It should be highlighted that several non-managerial interviewees turn out to have more liberal approaches to potential changes to corporate governance in Poland. The research fills a gap in knowledge on hybrid corporate governance, as this issue has hardly been touched by the Polish legal doctrine. It also systematises and develops knowledge on hybrid corporate governance worldwide, and develops knowledge on legal transplant.
3
Lee, Maeng Joo. "Linking Governance and Performance: ICANN as an Internet Hybrid." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28062.
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The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a hybrid organization managing the most critical Internet infrastructure - the Domain Name System. ICANN represents a new, emerging Internet self-governance model in which the private sector takes the lead and the government sector plays a more marginal role. Little is known, however, about what is actually happening in this new organization.
The dissertation (a) systematically assesses ICANNâ s overall performance based on a set of evaluative criteria drawn from its mission statements; (b) explores possible factors and actors that influence ICANNâ s overall performance by tracing the governance processes in three cases based on a preliminary conceptual framework; and (c) suggests practical and theoretical implications of ICANNâ s governance and performance in its broader institutional context.
The study finds that although differing governance processes have led to different performance outcomes (Lynn et al. 2000), â stabilityâ has been the defining value that has shaped the overall path of ICANNâ s governance and performance. The study characterizes ICANN as a conservative hybrid captured, based on specific issues, by the technical and governmental communities. It also proposes the concept of â technical captureâ to suggest how technical experts can have significant, but often implicit, influence over the policy development process in organizations.Ph. D.
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Warmington, Sheray Kimberlyn. "State failure and hybrid security governance : the case of Jamaica." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21205/.
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This thesis is concerned with examining the intersection between the failed state and security governance literatures, through the case study of Jamaica. This thesis is primarily concerned with examining the under-researched link between concerns raised in failed state and security governance literatures. The thesis proposes that the presence of state failure and success in the same setting is a direct result of the execution of a problematic security governance framework that impedes the nation’s ability to establish a stable state infrastructure that is capable of fulfilling the welfare needs of the entire citizenry. By utilising Jamaica as a case study, and more specifically the Tivoli Gardens Incursion as a sub case study, the main contributions to research that this thesis makes is that state failure can co-exist alongside spaces of state success. State failure, as exemplified in Jamaica, can exist on a continuum and manifests itself geographically and within certain sectors of the state system, such as security.
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Speklé, Roland François. "Beyond generics : a closer look at hybrid and hierarchical governance = Het generieke voorbij : een nadere beschouwing van hybride en hiërarchische besturing /." Rotterdam : Erasmus Research Institute of Management, 2001. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00084592.pdf.
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Sasso, Lorenzo. "Capital structure and corporate governance : the role of hybrid financial instruments." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/413/.
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This thesis consists of a study of English and US corporate finance law and, in particular, the law in relation to hybrid financial instruments. I consider hybrids any financial instrument that presents a mix of equity and debt characteristics. Therefore this thesis excludes from examination all the derivative instruments, while it focuses on two main types of hybrid security, in relation to their relevance to the situation studied: preference shares and convertible bonds. Despite a clear distinction in law between equity and debt, the development of sophisticated hybrid financial instruments has forced regulators to look beyond the legal form of an instrument to its practical substance. As observable in practice, the increase in financial innovation reflects the necessity of the parties to allocate control and cash-flow rights in a way that diverges from the classic allocation resulting from equity and debt. Most of the empirical and theoretical research in this area has focused on the tax advantages of issuing hybrids as a way of reducing the cost of capital or on their capacity to be subordinated to all the creditors and to be unable to trigger the liquidation of the firm in case of default on its payouts. However, very little contribution has been made to the analysis of these securities with regard to their implications for corporate governance. This thesis aims to discuss the rationale for issuing hybrids, and to evaluate the law relative to these instruments against the background of both agency costs and property rights theories. The functional approach unveils an important rationale for issuing hybrids. The UK and US have legal systems characterised by transactional flexibility. They rely heavily on ex post standards strategies to protect preference shareholders and on the judiciary to evaluate the fairness of a transaction. This flexibility places the UK and US legal systems among the most business-friendly countries. The vacuum left by mandatory company law in favour of a major flexibility in the market has pushed the parties to fill it contracting for their rights. In so doing they have facilitated the business relations and better protected themselves with careful drafting.
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Orr, John Patrick 1950. "Trust and Governance in Hybrid Relationships: An Investigation of Logistics Alliances." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279315/.
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Transaction cost economics (TCE) theorists traditionally have classified transactions between firms as governed by either market or hierarchy. By assessing characteristics of the transaction - asset specificity, uncertainty, and frequency - firms choose the governance form which minimizes transaction costs, the costs of administering the business deal. During the 1980s, however, TCE has found itself unable to explain the proliferation of strategic alliances. These hybrid relationships seek the benefits of both markets and hierarchies, including quasi-integration, the control of assets without actual ownership. Further, hybrids tend to prefer trust-based relational contracting. TCE's acknowledgment of hybrids, however, raises other questions surrounding the behavioral assumptions which supposedly influence the transaction characteristic governance linkage. Various dissenting researchers have theorized that (1) trust is more dominant in business than opportunism (2) the behavioral assumptions actually function as variables in different contexts, and (3) trust offers an integration mechanism for behavioral variables.
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Eckersley, Peter Mark. "Local climate governance in England and Germany : converging towards a hybrid model?" Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3172.
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This thesis investigates the governance of climate change policy in English and German cities. Based on fieldwork research in the comparable 'twin towns' of Newcastle and Gelsenkirchen, it focuses on how local authorities in these cities have worked with other actors to increase their capacity to achieve policy objectives. The study analyses these governance arrangements in the context of climate change strategies, planning policy and how the municipalities use resources in their everyday corporate activities. Drawing on theories and typologies of multi-level governance (Hooghe and Marks 2003), policy styles (Richardson 1982), urban governance (Stone 1989) and dependencies in inter-governmental relations (Rhodes 1981), it introduces a new model for mapping power relationships between governing actors. By applying this model to the empirical cases, the thesis identifies how central-local relations in England are looser than those in Germany, and how this results in weaker municipal institutions. This means that Newcastle has had to rely more on local stakeholders to achieve its objectives when compared to Gelsenkirchen. The English council is also less able to exert hierarchical authority over other bodies. Although the study found that the two cities’ approaches are converging in some areas, they are diverging in others. Indeed, they have developed their own distinct coping strategies to achieve policy objectives in the face of similar endogenous and exogenous pressures. These coping strategies are shaped by the institutional framework and power dependent relationships that apply to each city, which challenges the idea that policy problems determine the way in which the political system operates (see Lowi 1964). Such findings have implications for other municipalities in both England and Germany, as well as cities elsewhere in Europe that are seeking to address climate change or other ‘wicked’ public policy issues.
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Faragher, Tamsin. "Sustainable water governance: An incremental approach towards a decentralised, hybrid water system." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29658.
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Cape Town is experiencing its worst drought in recorded history. Notwithstanding that the Western Cape has always been a water scarce region, it is this current drought that has brought home the area’s inherent vulnerability and highlighted the governance issues. The world wherein South Africa’s water governance was created is very different to the world we find ourselves in today. It is a world of uncertainty and unpredictability not contemplated in water governance comprised of legislation, policy, guidelines and practice. The current water governance constructs a conventional approach based upon predictability and certainty and is no longer appropriate to meet today’s new challenges. Consistent with this conventional approach, Cape Town’s municipal water supply is almost completely dependent upon surface water which makes it even more vulnerable to drought than if its supply was comprised of a variety of water supply options. With surface water sources fully exploited and storage opportunities within the urban edge limited alternative water supply options must be more seriously considered and the water governance reformed to accommodate its use. Water governance is the focus of reform because it is the framework for infrastructure planning and therefore controls the resultant system, infrastructure and management. This thesis interrogates the current water governance as the starting point before firstly discussing the proposed incremental approach towards a decentralised, hybrid system for water infrastructure and secondly, identifying specific areas where intervention is necessary for implementation.
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Fisher, Karen Toni, and Karen Fisher@anu edu au. "Meeting Urban Water Needs: Exploring Water Governance and Development in Tagbilaran City, the Philippines." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20061221.100356.
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Water is subject to uncertainty of supply (quantity) and quality, which affects decisions determining allocation, use and management for human and environmental functions. Tensions concerning water and its allocation reflect conflicting ideologies influencing development. Focusing on water governance enables the allocation and management of environmental resources and tensions in development to be explored.
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This research has as its central argument the notion that water governance is conceptualised differently at different scales and as discourses become localised, hybrid forms emerge. Place-specific hybrid governance systems which are cognisant of transformations in the local political economy and environmental characteristics can be useful in managing risks and uncertainty about water supply. This is particularly so where local knowledge about formal institutions regulating water governance and environmental conditions is low. This is because hybrid systems are more likely to be responsive to local needs than national or supra-national discourse allows. However, there are limitations with hybrid systems, particularly in terms of allocating responsibility and risk, which require effective coordination.
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The aim of this research is to uncover local perspectives and knowledge about water governance and hybridity in urban environments which can be used to shape and influence urban water management. I explore the hybridisation of water governance by considering the problem of ensuring urban water supply in a developing country context. The research was undertaken as an inductive, qualitative inquiry comprising a case study in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, the Philippines. Tagbilaran is a small sized city with a population of approximately 87,000 people. The city is experiencing relatively rapid population growth along with urban development and expansion in which water demand already outstrips water supply. Ethnographic, interpretive techniques were used to distil local perspectives about water governance which are juxtaposed with official policy and discourse. Research methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews with government employees, government officials and key informants from other organisations. Other methods included structured household surveys and the use of documentary sources.
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This research reveals how formal approaches to urban water governance systems have been shaped by international development thinking and discourse. Current strategies to manage water emphasise an integrated approach which encompasses environmental, social and economic domains. At the same time neoliberal discourse exerts a powerful influence over how urban water is conceptualised and managed, and who should be responsible for its provision. The case study allows for the exploration of the ways in which development and water governance discourse have been articulated and the consideration of the local factors which have enabled the emergence of hybrid water supply services embedded in a localised hybrid governance system.
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I show how water governance in Tagbilaran is hybrid because of the global-local dialectic that informs policy and practice, public-private engagement in water provision, and inter-jurisdictional water sharing. I also demonstrate how households experiences of water supply and their physical environment influence decisions about household allocation and perceptions about human-environment interactions and water security. As a consequence, knowledge about water governance held at the household level emerges as localised and specific in which everyday experience shapes ideas around responsibility and agency such that local forms of government and engagement have more meaning for households than national and supra-national discourse. The juxtaposition of formal, bureaucratic governance institutions with household knowledge exposes multiple understandings of water governance and water supply in Tagbilaran.
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The findings of this research reveal that household conceptions of water governance are divorced from formal conceptions of water governance. There is a risk, therefore, that an over-emphasis on network expansion without due consideration of water resource management may lead to greater levels of consumption. This will continue to place pressure on resources and may ultimately lead to water insecurity. This is because local knowledge of the formal political, economic, and administrative institutions is limited at the household level. Therefore, this research argues that local perspectives and knowledge need to be incorporated more into management and policy decision making. Alternatively, greater effort needs to be made to communicate formal policy to the household level.
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Kasipo, Mafaro. "Hybrid governance in the global south: a case study of collusion within the South African construction industry." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32508.
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What is the nature of hybrid governance in the Global South? In the African context, a statecentric conceptualisation of governance fails to capture the nuances and realities of governance where non-state actors often fulfil duties that are traditionally the responsibility of the Weberian state. It is against this background that this dissertation seeks to contribute to hybridity literature by exploring the relationships between the state and the construction industry through a case study of collusion in the South African construction industry to build the 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums. The research goes beyond arguing for a plurality of governance actors and draws on the concept of hybridity to highlight the contestations that characterise the relationship between the different governance actors. The original contribution to hybridity literature made by this research lies in examining how the state and the construction industry enact authority in a setting of hybrid governance. To analyse the process of hybridisation I draw on the concepts of corruption, authority and governmentality as lenses through which to analyse the rationalities, strategies and practices used in the enactment of authority. The research findings reveal that the process of hybridisation as the state and construction industry articulate authority is characterised by contradictions, blurring and boundary-making. The findings suggest that the manifestations of these characteristics during hybridisation is context specific and should be empirically determined.
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Olsen, Hans Peter. "Hybrid governance of standardized states : causes and contours of the global regulation of government auditing /." København, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/557354684.pdf.
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Fung, Ka Wo. "Public healthcare governance in Hong Kong : a study on the emergence of hybrid physician managers." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18468/.
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The emergence of hybrid physician managers in hospital management in western countries under New Public Management has attracted researchers’ attention in the past two decades. However, it is under-explored outside the West. As a former colony of Britain, Hong Kong has a legacy of the NHS-style universal public hospital system based on western medicine and a liberal profession of medicine. Similar to the UK, the 1990s and 2000s saw rapid changes in Hong Kong that aimed to modernize the healthcare sector in terms of efficiency and transparency/accountability. The landscape of healthcare governance in Hong Kong is in the same way shaped by the interplay between the state and professional powers. Although researchers in this field are commonly inspired by the Re-Stratification thesis that sees medicine as being divided into two groups, rank-and-file doctors and medical elites who enrol into the administrative and regulatory posts, only a few empirical studies focus on the identity work of hybrid physician managers as the pivotal players in healthcare reforms. Indeed, it is not only the capacity but also the loyalty of medical elites to their peers that decides whether or not the collective control of medicine on healthcare management can be preserved. Examining the Hong Kong case, this research aims to have the physician managers’ first person narratives on their management role in healthcare, with special attention to their social identification with professional colleagues and organizations. In view of a more sophisticated understanding of physician managers’ hybrid identities, a new analytical approach is developed based on previous studies. It is found that physician managers try to satisfice both professional and organizational values, while maintaining respective jurisdictions in policy making and clinical governance, as well as their primary self-identification as rationalizers or protectors of medicine, according to their manager roles as directorial and departmental managers.
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Garcia, Maria Lucia Villela. "Governance and value creation in hybrid organisations: a comparative case study of Sistema B and B Corps in Brazil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17790.
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B Corporation é um fenômeno contemporâneo crescente, atraindo não só a atenção da mídia, mas também de empresários interessados em desenvolver organizações com o propósito de "redefinir o sucesso nos negócios" e "usar o poder dos negócios para resolver problemas sociais e ambientais" (B Lab, 2012). Ao combinar duas lógicas diferentes (i.e. social e econômica), B Corps podem ser consideradas organizações híbridas. Battilana e Lee (2014) contribuíram significativamente com a literatura sobre organizações híbridas ao fornecer um tipo ideal que torna mais fácil examinar este tipo de organização. No entanto, afirmamos que a literatura sobre este tema deva ir além desse tipo ideal e se envolver nos desafios e oportunidades que envolvem as organizações híbridas em suas práticas cotidianas. A falta de estudos sobre B Corps no Brasil e em todo o mundo apresenta lacunas empíricas para o campo que são abordadas por nossa pesquisa. Além disso, a negligência do papel de governança e a concentração de estudos nas tensões do dualismo híbrido, no âmbito da literatura de lógicas institucionais, nos proporcionam duas lacunas teóricas. Elas são exploradas de modo a dar à governança seu papel proeminente em possibilitar o hibridismo e trazer outros três conceitos para avançar na literatura de organizações híbridas, como engajamento de stakeholders, criação de valor e modelo de negócios. O método comparativo de estudo de caso é empregado para analisar cinco organizações, sendo elas: quatro B Corps (i.e. Abramar, Avante, Combio e Via Gutenberg) e Sistema B Brasil. A análise revela que a governança é fundamental na criação de valores sociais, econômicos e ecológicos contemplados no modelo de negócios da organização. Além disso, há evidências suficientes para apoiar que a participação e o envolvimento das partes interessadas é o que permite à governança acessar esses valores no modelo de negócios. Como resultado, propõe-se uma nova conceituação para as organizações híbridas, no contexto das B Corps.
B Corps is a growing contemporary phenomenon, attracting not only the media attention, but also entrepreneurs interested in developing organisations that set their purpose to “redefine success in business” and “use the power of business to solve social and environmental problems” (B Lab, 2012). By combining two different logics (i.e. social and economic), B Corps are regarded as hybrid organisations. Battilana and Lee (2014) have made a significant contribution to the literature on the hybrid organisation, by providing an ideal type that makes it easier to examine this kind of organisation. However, we claim that the literature on this topic should go beyond that ideal type and engage in the challenges and opportunities that surround hybrid organisations in daily life practices. The lack of studies on B Corps worldwide and mostly in Brazil presents the empirical gaps for our research to address. Additionally, the overlook of the governance role and concentration of studies in the hybridity tensions, within the institutional logics literature, provide us with two theoretical gaps. They are explored by giving governance its prominent role in enabling hybridity and bringing three other concepts to advance the literature of hybrid organisations, such as stakeholder engagement, value creation and business model. A comparative case study method is employed to analyse five organisations, four B Corps (i.e. Abramar, Avante, Combio and Via Gutenberg) and Sistema B Brazil. The analysis reveals that governance is pivotal in the creation of social, economic and ecological values contemplated in the organisation’s business model. Moreover, there is enough evidence to support that stakeholders’ participation and engagement is what enable governance to access those values in the business model. As a result, a new conceptualisation for hybrid organisations, in the context of B Corps, is proposed.
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Wang, Xieshu. "Private equity in China : an institutional comparative study." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD051/document.
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Les investissements par des fonds dans les capitaux propres des entreprises non cotées sont devenus une institution majeure du capitalisme du XXIème siècle. Cette thèse constitue une étude approfondie sur les développements et les caractéristiques des fonds d’investissement opérant en Chine. Elle s’applique dans le cadre d’analyse institutionnelle et suit la logique de la variété des capitalismes tout en utilisant une méthode pluridisciplinaire. Nous développons une étude comparative entre les fonds chinois, français et anglais s’appuyant sur les différences institutionnelles parmi les modèles économiques des trois pays. Notre analyse relève que la spécificité du développement économique de la Chine est surtout liée au rôle de l’État chinois, à l’importance du guanxi dans la sphère des affaires et à une grande complexité du marché créée par le “chemin de dépendance”. En conséquence, pour les fonds d’investissement en Chine on remarque une plus forte influence de l’État chinois, l’impact extensif du guanxi, l’utilisation plus diversifiée des sources d’information, le choix plus limité des outils financiers, et la préférence des entrepreneurs chinois à garder le contrôle de leur entreprise. Notre analyse économétrique indique que la rigidité du marché de travail, l’ouverture économique et la taxation sur les bénéfices ont le plus grand impact sur l’activité des fonds et qu’en comparaison avec la France, l’Angleterre et les Etats-Unis, la Chine a des coefficients plus importants concernant la croissance de PIB, la croissance de consommation par foyer, la stabilité politique et l’infrastructureInvestments by funds in the equity of non listed companies represent a crucial activity of capitalism of the 21st Century. This thesis provides a thorough study on the development and the characteristics of private equity funds operating in China. It applies the framework of institutional analysis and follows the logic of the varieties of capitalism while using a multi-disciplinary approach. We develop a comparative study on Chinese, French and British private equity funds based on the institutional differences among the economic models of the three countries. Our analysis suggests that the specificity of the economic development of China is mainly related to the role of the Chinese state, the importance of guanxi in the sphere of business and the great market complexity created by the “path of dependence”. Accordingly, for private equity in China we observe a stronger influence of the Chinese state, an extensive impact of guanxi, a more diverse use of information sources, a more limited choice of financial tools, and the preference of Chinese entrepreneurs to keep control of their firms. Our econometric study indicates that the rigidity of labor market, economic openness and taxation on company profits have the greatest impact on the activity of the funds and that in comparison with France, the UK and the US, China has stronger coefficients for the factors of GDP growth, household consumption growth, political stability and infrastructure
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Zhang, Xian. "Family ownership and business performance of unlisted Chinese family firms : the mediating roles of hybrid governance mechanisms and guanxi networks." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683095.
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Kuzniacki, Blazej, Alessandro Turina, Thomas Dubut, Addy Mazz, Natalia Quiñones, Luís Eduardo Schoueri, Craig West, Pasquale Pistone, and Frederik Zimmer. "Preventing Tax arbitrage via Hybrid Mismatches: BEPS Action 2 and Developing Countries." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5502/1/SSRN%2Did2941617.pdf.
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The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) under Base Erosion and
Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action 2 indicated that tax arbitrage via hybrid mismatch arrangements "result in a
substantial erosion of the taxable bases of the countries concerned" and "have an overall negative impact on
competition, efficiency, transparency and fairness." The relevant action allowing for neutralising the effects of
hybrid mismatch arrangements is therefore needed and justified. To achieve that purpose, the OECD
developed different anti-hybrid rules under BEPS Action 2. In that regard, however, one may ask whether
addressing tax arbitrage via hybrid mismatches as proposed by the OECD is of interest and relevance for
developing countries. This paper aims to map that unexplored research area by means of a comparative
analysis in four developing countries - Uruguay, Colombia, Brazil, and South Africa.Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
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Mergner, Stephen T. "The implementation of the 'conciliated model' of municipal governance in Cincinnati, Ohio testing the consequences of the 'hybrid mayor' charter reforms /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1148352909.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2006.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Aug. 3, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: Cincinnati; mayor; conciliated; hybrid; charter; municipal; urban; stronger; council-manager; council manager; strong council; strong mayor; weak mayor; weak council Includes bibliographical references.
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MERGNER, STEPHEN T. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 'CONCILIATED MODEL' OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN CINCINNATI, OHIO. TESTING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE 'HYBRID MAYOR' CHARTER REFORMS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1148352909.
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Avioutskii, Viatcheslav. "ANALYSE D’UNE FORME DE GOUVERNANCE HYBRIDE DANS LES ECONOMIES EN TRANSITION : LA GOUVERNANCE D’ENTREPRISE CLANIQUE EN UKRAINE." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30057.
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Dans les économies en transition, un mode de gouvernance hybride - le mode de gouvernance clanique – désigne l’interaction de l’entreprise avec son environnement insitutionnel à travers la participation à la politique. Il est caractérisé par la socialisation, la prédominance des pratiques informels et des facteurs non marchands. Il constitue une réaction de la part de l’entreprise à son environnement institutionnel évolutif et turbulent. En Ukraine, les relations entre l’entreprise et les pouvoirs publics sont fondées sur le clientélisme à travers l’échange de ressources. Les entreprises mobilisent leurs ressources politiques sous forme de votes de leurs employés en faveur des partis. En échange, l’entreprise obtient des décideurs politiques une régulation favorable avec une rente sous forme de subvention. Cette thèse cherche à prouver l’existence d’un lien entre les ressources politiques et les ressources économiques de l’entreprise. Les entreprises investissent des ressources disponibles dans l’activité politique pour obtenir des bénéfices. L’activité politique peut être vue par l’entreprise comme une activité profitable. La recherche de la rente constitue modus operandi du mode de gouvernance clanique qui permet d’assurer le fonctionnement efficient de l’entreprise dans un environnement d’affaires particulier. L’informel constitue une autre caractéristique de ce mode de gouvernance. Les échanges de ressources politiques avec les pouvoirs publics sont faits à travers des réseaux sociaux informels dont la configuration permet de définir le périmètre des structures claniquesIn transitional economies, a hybrid mode of corporate governance – the clanic mode – refers to the interaction between the firm and its institutional environment through its participation in politics. It is characterized by socialization, predominance of informal practice and non market factors. It constitutes a recation of the firm towards its evolutive and turbulent institutional environment. In Ukraine, the relations between the firm and the authorities are based on clientelism through an exchange of resources. The firm deploys their political resources represented by votes of their employees in favor of political parties. It obtains form policymakers a favorable regulation through a rent provided via subventions.This thesis seeks to prove the existence of the relation between corporate political and economic resources. The firm invests available resources to obtain benefits. Political activity can be seen as profitable. Rent-seeking constitutes modus operandi of the clanic governance that allows to the firm to operate efficiently in a specific business environment. This mode of governance is also characterized by informal practices. The exchange of resources with policy-makers is made through informal networks whose configuration defines the perimeter of clanic structures
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Moser, Fabian, and Valieta Shabanaj. "The Effect of Board Diversity on Corporate Performance : the Case of Swedish State-Owned Enterprises as Hybrid Organizations." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19950.
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This study examines how board diversity and characteristics of directors affect the financial and non-financial performance of Swedish state-owned enterprises (SOEs). SOEs are characterized by state ownership, goal complexity, governmental funding and control and are therefore typical examples of hybrid organizations that purse both commercial and political logics. The board of directors (BODs) of SOEs as representatives of the shareholder serve as corporate governance mechanism to control and monitor the organization to achieve financial and non-financial targets. Further, the boards should compose of directors with the appropriate competence and experience as well as integrity and ethical values to govern the challenges for hybrid organizations.Therefore, information of the BODs on Swedish SOEs are conducted regarding their educational background, professional experience, multiple appointments, tenure, gender diversity and age diversity, as well as the amount of state representatives. Financial performance was measured by using Return on Assets and Return on Equity, while non-financial performance was measured as the fulfillment of non-financial goals and the amount of reported and disclosed GRI standards. Our eight research hypothesizes are all based on prior research on corporate governance concerning board diversity and firm performance in both private as well as public organizations. Moreover, institutional logics and upper echelons theory are used to explain the effects of the diversity characteristics on corporate performance. All hypothesizes were rejected due to insignificant relationship. Even though a significant relationship was indicated between professional experience of the directors and financial performance, the hypothesis was rejected, since the relationship was the opposite of the expected.One of the reasons for these results can be that institutional logics and competing goals prevent the BODs from focus too strong on either financial or non-financial targets.
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Rönnberg, Nico. "Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting (SKL) – en postkorporativ kvarleva eller en kvasistatlig hybrid? : En undersökning av SKL:s roll och inflytande i två politiska beslutsprocesser." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159195.
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The aim of this thesis is to study the role and the influence of the Swedish local government association, SALAR, which is an interest group representing all of the Swedish local authorities and regions. As a result of a change in exercising public power from government to multi-level governance that has reinforced subnational level, including local authorities and regions, SALAR is today a significant actor. It has an intermediating role in the relation between the government and local and regional authorities. SALAR is a hybrid organization that has interest group and governmental characteristics. It is a player competing with other interest groups in a pluralistic system but it is also a corporatist negotiation partner of the government that has a privileged access to central government decision-making. This study uses a comparative case study method analyzing two policy processes to study and describe what kind of role and influence SALAR has in these processes and how the role and the influence of SALAR can be understood from an interest group perspective and a multi-level governance perspective. The described and analyzed policy processes are Kömiljarden, an effectivity effort in Swedish public health care system, and the introduction of the teacher license system in Swedish schools. The empirical material used in this thesis consists of official publications published by public authorities, the parliament and the government as well as interviews with officials representing public authorities, the government and SALAR. The results presented in this thesis show that SALAR in line with previous research on local government associations in other countries, has a role as an intermediator with a privileged access to central government and central decision-making. It is a partner that central government negotiates with and which has the task of informing about the local and regional circumstances. Its influence can also be analyzed in connection to these negotiations. SALAR is in many ways stuck in the structure of decision-making, which is operated by central government while still being in competition with interest groups, such as the teacher unions.
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Glad, Emelie. "Explaining within-country variation in post-war democratization : The role of legitimate local-international partnerships in municipal governance reform in Kosovo." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393035.
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A growing literature on hybrid peace governance has showed the importance of taking into account the interactive nature of peacebuilding. However, this literature largely remains imprecise about how local-international interactions affect outcomes, and the hybrid turn has not produced much comparative empirical evidence. This study attempts to contribute to filling this research gap by developing a causal explanation for why micro-level local-international interactions produce within-country variations in post-war democratization. Based on scholarship on strategic bargaining, local ownership and legitimacy, it is hypothesized that a higher prevalence of legitimate local-international partnerships leads to higher adherence to good governance principles. The study uses key informant interviews and survey data to conduct a qualitative most-similar case study at the sub-national level. From the analysis of three municipalities in Kosovo, some support for the hypothesis is generated. The results show that with increased capacity from international support and legitimacy derived from closeness to citizens, local non-political actors can put pressure on political actors to reform. However, more studies are needed to refine the theory and test its applicability in other contexts.
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Stenlund, Peik. "Corporate governance in hybrid business entities : a legal analysis of new directors´duties in community interest companies in the United Kingdom and the benefit corporations in the United States." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-121024.
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Bouroullec, Melise Dantas Machado. "Governanças híbridas no comércio justo citrícola entre o Brasil e a Europa: arranjos institucionais complementares aos contratos." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3355.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-25Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Focusing on hierarchy as an alternative to market, the New Institutional Economics (NIE) initially focused narrowly on the intermediary organizations. However, this situation started to change when Williamson (1985) stated that such intermediary transactions are the most common ones and denominated them hybrid governance in 1991. The studies carried out in the 80s and 90s enabled, among other factors, the distinction between hybrid governance and hierarchy resulting in an arousing interest in the development of contracts and the different coordination mechanisms in the field of NIE. More recently, some authors have highlighted the importance of studies on hybrid governance in the agricultural sector. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to indicate the existence of hybrid governance forms that complement the contract in transactions of supplying fair trade orange juice to the European market, as well as to point out the determining factors of this kind of governance. Therefore, the institutional environment of the agro-industrial fair trade is analyse, still poorly investigated in scientific studies in Brazil, and hybrid governance, considering the contributions of Ménard (1997, 2004) to the development of the concepts of NIE, were analyzed. Secondary data were considered and a field research was carried out both in Brazil and in Europe. Interviews were conducted with organizations of citrus farmers that are already inserted in the international citrus fruit fair trade, with export and import orange juice companies, and with some key agents. The analyses showed that orange juice supply transactions of the fair trade are administered by complex mechanisms that are more complex than contracts. Due to investments on human and brand name asset specificities, and the uncertainties related to the institutional environment of fair trande market, the contracts alone are not enough to conduct the transactions. Hence, coordination mechanisms, also known as mechanisms of adaptation are adopted based on two forms of private authority. On one hand, there is the authority performed by the certifying organization that constitutes a formal government. It establishes the norms and the production and trade standards in the fair trade of certified products, which leads to selecting the actors in the orange juice supply chain. The formal government also controls demands satisfaction rates and verifies whether the transactions are carried according to pre-established standards. In addition, it offers incentives to the adoption of organic citrus production and to long-term relationships. On the other hand, there is the informal authority: trust. Unlike the former, it is present in some cases and among some specific actors leading to a different way of selecting actors and controlling the factors that were not investigated by the formal government, such as the informal annual supply agreements between citrus farmers organizations and fair trade expert importers.
Focando sua atenção sobre a hierarquia como uma alternativa ao mercado, a Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) inicialmente pouco estudou os modos de organização intermediários. Esta situação começou a mudar quando Williamson (1985) afirmou estar convencido de que estas transações intermediárias são as mais comuns, denominando-as, em 1991, como governança híbrida. Os trabalhos desenvolvidos nas décadas de 80 e 90 permitiram, entre outros fatores, diferenciar a governança híbrida da hierárquica, o que gerou um aumento no interesse sobre o desenvolvimento dos contratos e dos diferentes mecanismos de coordenação no campo da NEI. Mais recentemente, alguns autores têm destacado a importância dos estudos sobre a governança híbrida na agricultura. Seguindo esta linha de pesquisa, este trabalho de tese tem o objetivo de mostrar que existem formas de governança híbrida complementares aos contratos nas transações de fornecimento de suco de laranja brasileiro do comércio justo para a Europa e também apontar os fatores determinantes deste tipo de governança. Para isso é analisado os ambientes institucional do comércio justo agroindustrial, ainda pouco conhecido no meio acadêmico brasileiro, e a governança híbrida, considerando as contribuições de Ménard (1997, 2004) para o desenvolvimento conceitual da NEI. Foram considerados dados secundários e uma pesquisa de campo foi realizada no Brasil e na Europa, sendo entrevistadas as organizações de citricultores brasileiros já inseridas no comércio justo citrícola internacional, algumas empresas exportadoras e importadoras do suco de laranja brasileiro, assim como certos agentes-chaves. As análises realizadas permitiram mostrar que as transações de fornecimento de suco de laranja do comércio justo são governadas por mecanismos mais complexos que os contratos. Devido aos investimentos em especificidades de ativos humanos e de marca, assim como as incertezas relacionadas ao ambiente institucional do comércio justo, os contratos não são, isoladamente, suficientes para governar as transações. Assim, mecanismos de coordenação, também chamados de mecanismos de adaptação são adotados, sendo eles cristalizados em dois tipos de autoridade privada. De um lado tem-se uma autoridade formal desempenhada pela empresa certificadora que constitui uma instituição ad hoc. Ela determina as normas e os padrões da produção e da realização das trocas no comércio justo de produtos certificados, o que a leva a selecionar os atores envolvidos na cadeia de fornecimento de suco de laranja. A instituição ad hoc também controla o atendimento dessas exigências e verifica se as transações são realizadas dentro dos padrões pré-estabelecidos. Ela ainda oferece incentivos para que a produção de citrus orgânicos seja adotada e para que as relações sejam de longo prazo. De outro lado, tem-se uma autoridade informal: a confiança. Diferentemente da primeira, ela é presente em alguns casos e entre alguns atores específicos, formando um segundo modo de seleção dos atores e de controle dos fatores não verificados pela instituição ad hoc, como os acordos informais anuais de fornecimento estabelecidos entre as organizações de citricultores e os importadores especializados no comércio justo.
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Nyarko, Samuel Anokye. "Essays on the Performance, Subsidization and Internationalization of Social Enterprises." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/304819.
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Social enterprises are hybrid organizations that tackle societal challenges by using conventional business models. Being hybrid organizations means that social enterprises pursue dual objectives: social (developmental) and financial. By taking performance, subsidization and internationalization perspectives, this thesis contributes to understanding the hybridity of social enterprises and how this hybridity drives their general operations and key decisions such as foreign market selection and targeting strategy.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Cruz, Valcir de Jesus Sousa da. "A coordenação híbrida e a percepção dos fornecedores de manufatura contratada sobre a complementariedade contratual na produção de bens eletrônicos de consumo no estado de São Paulo." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3442.
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Previous issue date: 2014-05-26In the electronics industry the companies owners of brands ( OEM ) are hiring outside manufacturing service providers ( EMS ) , and transfer to them major portions of their production. The EMSs have contributed to the OEMs in activities such as supply of components, engineering, manufacturing and distribution services. With the growth of this practice, the EMSs accumulate ever more capacity as providers of highly specialized commoditized electronic products, reducing costs and sharing risks across the electronic industry.The objective of this research was to scale the perception among EMSs, about the attributes of trust, mutuality and leadership, governance mechanisms as complementary to contract manufacturing in the consumer electronics industry considering the contributions of Ménard (2004) for the development of hybrid modes of governance. A field survey was carried out, being interviewed companies providing contract manufacturing headquartered in São Paulo. The analyzes show that allowed transactions providing electronic manufacturing are coordinated by complementary mechanisms to contracts through a governance model multiple hybrid formed by trust, mutuality and leadership.
Na indústria eletrônica as firmas proprietárias de marcas (OEM) estão contratando externamente de fornecedores de serviços de manufatura (EMS), parcelas importantes de sua produção. AS EMSs têm contribuindo com as OEMs em atividades como suprimento de componentes, engenharia, manufatura e serviços de distribuição. Com o crescimento dessa prática, as EMSs acumulam cada vez mais capacidade como provedoras altamente especializadas de produtos eletrônicos comoditizados, reduzindo custos e dividindo riscos em toda a indústria. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi dimensionar a percepção existente entre EMSs, a respeito dos atributos de confiança, mutualismo e liderança, como mecanismos de governança complementares aos contratos de manufatura na indústria de bens eletrônicos de consumo considerando as contribuições de Ménard (2004) para o desenvolvimento dos modos de governança híbrida. Uma pesquisa de campo foi realizada, sendo entrevistadas empresas fornecedoras de manufatura contratada sediadas no Estado de São Paulo. As análises realizadas permitiram mostrar que as transações de fornecimento de manufatura eletrônica são coordenadas por mecanismos complementares aos contratos através de um modelo de governança híbrida múltipla formadas pela confiança, mutualismo e liderança.
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Feltre, Cristiane. "Coordenação das transações de cana-de-açúcar das usinas sucroalcooleiras no oeste paulista: complementos contratuais e pluralidade." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3435.
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Previous issue date: 2013-12-11In the activity of supplying sugar cane to the mills in Brazil, there are governance structures differentiated between plants and also for the same plant. These structures range from the highest level of hierarchy vertical integration, in which the plant produces its own fields in the raw material for its supply to the less of hierarchy spot market, in which the plant gets the sugar cane from outside farmers without contracts or commitments with the following crops. Between these two extreme governance structures have been identified other supply arrangements called hybrids. The main objective of this thesis is to identify the factors that influence the choice of governance structures present in the supply of sugar cane in a given group of mills in the West region of São Paulo/BR State. The specific objectives are to: a) show what determines the representativeness of each governance structure in the mills selected in the West region of the state of São Paulo; b) identify the existence of plural forms; c) analyze the factors that justify the option in the mills for plural or singular forms of governance in the same type of transaction in the region West of the state of São Paulo; and d) compare the supply strategies of the plants of western São Paulo. This analysis was performed under the focus of the New Institutional Economics literature, especially dealing with the characteristics of transactions Transaction Cost Economics. The research is characterized, as the social group as explanatory research. To this end, it was applied an interview to the decision makers for supplying of raw material in the mills that represent a group of ten unities located in the west of São Paulo by competing for suppliers and land . It was observed that the characteristics of the transactions locational and temporal specificity, uncertainty and frequency are not determinative for the choice of governance structures, as recommended by the literature of transaction costs. These same characteristics make plants adopt formal mechanisms, provided for in contracts, and informal control transactions. The characteristics of transactions in supply of sugarcane exclude one of the governance structures observed in the literature the spot market but do not determine the uniqueness of others. The results also indicate that the plurality of transactions that serve the same purpose is common in the units studied and is related to the history of these plants, the need to eliminate some uncertainty in the supply and the balance between risks and disadvantages of singular forms. The singular forms, observed in only one case, appeared only as a function of need for financial restructuring of the company. Finally, it was noted that there is a significant diversity of arrangements for the supply of sugarcane in western São Paulo, hampering the framework of the structures observed in this research that was presented in the literature so far.
Na atividade de suprimento de cana-de-açúcar para a usina, no Brasil, há estruturas de governança diferenciadas entre as usinas e também para uma mesma usina. Essas estruturas variam desde a de maior nível de hierarquia a integração vertical, na qual a usina produz em campos próprios a matéria-prima para seu abastecimento até a de ausência de hierarquia o mercado spot, no qual a usina recebe a cana-de-açúcar de fornecedores externos sem contratos ou compromissos com as safras seguintes. Entre essas duas formas foram identificadas outras formas de abastecimento denominadas de arranjos híbridos. O objetivo geral desta tese é o de identificar os fatores que influenciam a escolha pelas estruturas de governança presentes no suprimento de cana-de-açúcar em um grupo de usinas da região Oeste paulista. Os objetivos específicos desta tese são: a) mostrar o que determina a representatividade de cada estrutura de governança nas usinas pesquisadas na região do Oeste do estado de São Paulo; b) identificar a existência de formas plurais; c) analisar os fatores que justificam a opção da usina por formas plurais ou formas singulares de governança em um mesmo tipo de transação na região Oeste do estado de São Paulo; e d) comparar as estratégias de fornecimento das usinas do oeste paulista. Esta análise foi realizada sob o foco da literatura da Nova Economia Institucional, em especial a que trata das características das transações Economia dos Custos de Transação. A pesquisa caracteriza-se, quanto ao agrupamento social, como pesquisa explicativa. Para tal, foi elaborado um roteiro de entrevista aplicado aos responsáveis pela decisão de suprimento de matéria-prima nas usinas, que compõem um grupo de dez unidades localizadas no Oeste paulista e que concorrem por fornecedores e terras. Observou-se que as características das transações especificidades temporal e locacional, incerteza e frequência não são determinantes para a escolha das estruturas de governança, como preconiza a literatura dos custos de transação. Essas mesmas características fazem com que as usinas adotem mecanismos formais, previstos em contratos, e informais de controle das transações. As características das transações de abastecimento de cana-de-açúcar excluem uma das estruturas de governança observadas na literatura o mercado spot , mas não determinam a exclusividade das outras. Os resultados indicam também que a pluralidade nas transações que atendem a um mesmo fim é comum nas unidades estudadas e está relacionada à história dessas usinas, à necessidade de se eliminar algumas incertezas no abastecimento e ao balanceamento entre riscos e desvantagens das formas singulares. As formas singulares, observadas em apenas um dos casos, surgiram apenas como função da necessidade de saneamento financeiro da empresa. Por fim, notou-se que há uma significativa diversidade dos arranjos no abastecimento de cana-de-açúcar no Oeste paulista, o que dificultou o enquadramento das estruturas observadas nesta pesquisa ao que foi apresentado pela literatura até o momento.
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Tristão, Hélcio Martins. "Cluster industrial: as tipologias, estratégias e governança na cadeia produtiva de calçados de Franca." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3438.
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Previous issue date: 2013-12-16The analysis of an industrial cluster has become the main discussion to explain the firm agglomerations success worldwide in the last decade. This discussion has given a bigger dimension in economic terms, especially about the strategic management of the local productive chains. This paper aims to contribute to the theoric development of the theme by the proposition of an industrial cluster typology method considering that the set of local variables related to the firms characteristics are essential for the strengthening of the interfirms relationship and consequently their performance. The theoretical basis of this study are the types of clusters found in literature and the research object are the footwear firms (CPCF) from Franca S. Paulo state. The data analysis used was the descriptive statistics tecnicques as well as multivaried exploratory methods. From the theoretical view this study enabled the identification of multiple characacteristics derived from different cluster typologies within the same productive chain. Which extended the perpective about the strategic role played by the local cooperation and also offered the possibility of the managers and institution representatives reflect on the governance principles adopted in collective actions.
A análise de Cluster industrial tornou-se na última década o centro da discussão para explicar o sucesso de aglomerados de empresas em diversas regiões mundiais. Isso trouxe ao tema maior dimensão em termos econômicos, especialmente sobre a gestão estratégica de cadeia produtiva local. Esta tese tem objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento teórico do tema por meio da proposição de um método de tipificação de Cluster industrial, considerando que o conjunto de variáveis locais, relacionadas às características dos clusters, são críticas para o fortalecimento das relações inter-firmas, e consequentemente para o desempenho dessas empresas. O soporte teórico desse trabalho são os tipos de Clusters existentes na literatura, e o objeto de pesquisa são as empresas do setor calçadista de Franca (CPCF), interior do Estado de São Paulo. A estratégia de análise dos dados utilizada baseou-se em técnicas estatísticas descritivas e métodos estatísticos exploratórios multivariados. Do ponto de vista teórico, o estudo permitiu identificar a existência de múltiplas características provenientes de diferentes tipologias de clusters presentes em uma mesma cadeia produtiva, o que ampliou a perspectiva sobre o papel estratégico das cooperações locais em termos do seu melhor aproveitamento, além de oferecer a possibilidade dos empresários e representantes das instituições refletirem sobre os princípios de governança adotados na gestão das ações coletivas da cadeia produtiva. Além da possibilidade do estudo ser aplicado a outras regiões onde ocorra a aglomeração de empresas que formam clusters.
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Narminio, Elisa. "Vulnerabilising the trafficked child: Structural violence of governance practices in the EU and ASEAN." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/315941.
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The internationalisation of society over the last century has promoted the idea of a global community aspiring to common human rights and values. It is in this context of evolution of human rights that "child trafficking" was consolidated as an international legal category through the United Nations Palermo Protocol (2000). The majority of countries in the world have adapted this definition in their national law, and regional regimes have emerged, with the aim of harmonising legislation and fostering cooperation between states. However, 20 years after this effervescence in favour of anti-trafficking policies, we are largely faced with a failure: while many laws and public policies have been created, few children have been "rescued" from trafficking. Even less in a sustainable way. This raises the question of what is at work for these "victimized" children, as they become subjects of governance and objects of control. What effects does the legal norm of child trafficking, and the policies and institutions that flow from it, have on the children they are supposed to protect?Drawing on research conducted in the European Union and the Association of South-East Asian Nations, the results of this research suggest that child traffickees are caught in cycles of increasing vulnerability, with little hope of escaping from them in the current state of affairs. Indeed, the economic, political and social structures on which our institutions are based produce structural violence against these children, even though they are targeted by protective measures. Paradoxically, the governments and international bodies that are most active in eliminating child trafficking are also the most powerful drivers of the system that produces the machinery of structural violence and child trafficking. Part 1 of the thesis examines the construction of the child trafficking norm. How do governance structures at the international, regional and national levels constitute, support and disseminate the norm of child trafficking (Section 1)? We will analyse the construction of an international prohibition system based on multiple legal categories and old and disparate moral, political and social norms (Chapter 1). While “child trafficking” is generally read as a norm with fixed content with minimal variations related to the legal context, we argue here that the complexities and subtleties of the norm and the policies that flow from it can only be understood when child trafficking is seen as a cluster of norms. This cluster is subject to adaptations by international, transnational, regional and local actors, who make it an object of negotiation and cooperation, constantly transforming the boundaries of the concept as they use it (Chapter 2).As such, discourses, institutions, and the performances of stakeholders have a determining importance in the constitution of the child trafficking apparatus. Part 2 therefore seeks to examine what happens to trafficked children when, in the name of their protection, they become subjects of governance. Through an analysis of specific the two apparatus that govern anti-trafficking - migration and protection - we will demonstrate the mechanisms of structural violence at work and the inherent contradictions that block effective protection of trafficked children (Section 2). Drawing on Foucaultian analyses of biopower, Chapter 3 will show the functioning of mechanisms that ”let die” child victims of trafficking within the protection system. Despite the existence of elaborate protection systems to protect minors from all forms of exploitation and abuse, in the case of child victims of human trafficking, it must be noted that the system is often powerless to lift them out of these situations, even often unwittingly increasing their vulnerability (Chapter 4). Section 3 examines the role of the private sector in the dynamics of child trafficking, whether as a trafficking actor or as a partner of public authorities through the delegation of anti-trafficking powers. These migrant children are caught up in global migration flows, largely orchestrated according to North-South distributive logics, which are partly linked to production models. Some trafficked children are caught up in these market logics, and at the same time are confronted with a criminalisation of migration, which places them in a doubly victimizing position (chapter 5). In order to be effective in combating child trafficking, an increasing number of countries are moving from incentive systems (e.g. the UN Global Compact) to legal frameworks that require companies to take part in anti-trafficking policies in their production chains. Some initiatives are promising, and progress is to be welcomed at the level of " Tier 1 " providers in some MNEs (Chapter 5). However, further down the supply chains, there is evidence of a levelling down or even a risk of accelerated operations due to "blue washing" practices and increased pressure being transferred to suppliers (Chapter 6).The thesis concludes that there is structural violence against exploited children in the EU and ASEAN by the very institutions dedicated to their protection.Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Follador, Débora. "Institutional arrangements & collaborative governance in urban planning processes : a comparative case study of Curitiba, Brazil, and Montreal, Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28031.
Full textAbstract:
"Thèse en cotutelle"La pratique de la gouvernance collaborative dans l'urbanisme repose sur l'idée que les gouvernements, la société civile et les acteurs privés s'engagent dans un processus collectif d'élaboration des politiques publiques. Cependant, on en sait peu sur les mécanismes et les facteurs qui favorisent la dimension «collaborative» de la gouvernance collaborative et la manière dont elle se produit réellement. Bien que l'aspect délibératif et le rôle du médiateur soient identifiés comme des éléments clés de la gouvernance collaborative, le processus interactif/rétroactif demeure insaisissable. Comment les conditions contextuelles peuvent-elles faciliter ou empêcher la dimension interactive de la gouvernance collaborative? Cette recherche repose sur trois études de cas de processus de planification qui ont été réalisés à Curitiba, au Brésil, en 2004 et 2014, et à Montréal, au Canada, en 2014, lesquels ont entraîné l'adoption de trois plans de développement urbains. Le Plan directeur 2008 de Curitiba a été élaboré avec une participation limitée, restreinte aux organisations gouvernementales, aux universités et aux entreprises. En raison de l'évolution du cadre institutionnel de la planification à Curitiba, le Plan directeur 2014 a été développé dans un contexte plus démocratique, avec l'engagement de plusieurs acteurs et organisations gouvernementaux et non gouvernementaux. Avant l’enclenchement du processus de développement du Plan directeur de 2014, les pratiques démocratiques des politiques urbaines étaient inexistantes à Curitiba, et ce, tant en théorie qu’en pratique. À Montréal, le processus d’élaboration du Schéma d'aménagement et de développement de l'agglomération a débuté en 2014, dans un contexte où la consultation sur les problèmes locaux est une pratique courante depuis le milieu des années 1980. Bien que des efforts puissent être entrepris pour rendre un processus collaboratif, un processus de gouvernance est situé dans des histoires et des géographies spécifiques, et empreint des valeurs, des cultures, des normes et des comportements collectivement partagés, lesquels peuvent aider ou entraver l'émergence de pratiques démocratiques inclusives. Malgré les différences entre Curitiba et Montréal en ce qui a trait aux arrangements institutionnels, aux momentums suscités par les processus analysés, ainsi qu’aux cultures de planification et de gestion, les résultats de cette étude révèlent certains modèles d'interactions dans les processus de gouvernance liés à la persistance des institutions informelles, à la dépendance du sentier quant aux comportements, aux actions et aux idées, aux processus de cooptation et au message de communication en tant qu'outil politique et de planification. Mots-clés: Gouvernance collaborative; Arrangement institutionnel; Perspectives d'encadrement; Curitiba, Brésil; Montréal, Canada.
The practice of collaborative governance in urban planning is based on the idea that governments, civil society and private organizations are engaged in a collective public-policy-making process. However, little is known about the mechanisms and factors that are conducive to the “collaborative” dimension of collaborative governance and how it actually happens. Although the deliberative aspect and the role of the mediator are identified as key components of collaborative governance, the interactive/retroactive process remain elusive. How contextual conditions might facilitate or discourage the interactive dimension of collaborative governance? This research is based on three case studies of three planning processes that were carried out in Curitiba, Brazil, in 2004 and 2014, and in Montreal, Canada, in 2014, which resulted in the adoption of three urban plans. The 2004 Curitiba Master Plan was developed with limited participation, restricted to governmental organizations, universities and business sector. Because of a shift in the institutional arrangement of planning in Curitiba, the 2014 Curitiba Master Plan was developed within a more democratic framework, with the engagement of several governmental and non-governmental actors and organizations. The democratic practices of urban policies were theoretically and practically non-existent in Curitiba before the Master Plan development process was initiated in 2014. In Montreal, the Montreal urban agglomeration land use and development plan (SAD, in French) process started in 2014, in a context where consultation on local issues is common practice since the mid-1980s. Although efforts can be made to make a process collaborative, a governance process is situated in particular histories and geographies, and collectively shared values, cultures, norms and behaviors can help or hinder the emergence of inclusive democratic practices. Despite the differences between Curitiba and Montreal regarding the institutional arrangements, the momentum surrounding the analyzed processes and the cultures of urban planning and management, the findings of the study suggests some patterns of interactions in governance processes, which are related to the endurance of informal institutions, path dependence on ideas, behaviors and actions, co-optation processes, and to the communication message as a political and planning tool. Keywords: Collaborative governance; Institutional Arrangement; Framing perspectives; Curitiba, Brazil; Montreal, Canada.
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Jiménez, Jose-Fernando. "Architecture dynamique et hybride pour la reconfiguration optimale des systèmes de contrôle : application au contrôle de fabrication." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017VALE0031/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les systèmes de contrôle des événements discrets ont la possibilité de résoudre les défis importants de la société moderne. En particulier, cela représente une solution fondamentale pour gérer et contrôler les nouvelles avancées technologiques en conformité avec la requis du développement durable. Le paramétrage, la configuration et la prise de décision de ces systèmes de contrôle sont des aspects critiques qui influent sur les performances et la productivité. Les approches d'architecture de contrôle dynamique, telles que les systèmes de contrôle reconfigurables, ont été proposées pour la modélisation de ces systèmes. Cependant, ils n'ont pas réussi à optimiser le processus de reconfiguration car celles-ci se concentrent sur la continuité de l'exécution plutôt que sur l'optimisation de la reconfiguration. Cette dissertation propose une architecture de référence pour un système de contrôle reconfigurable, nommé Pollux, conçu pour gérer et ajuster de manière optimale et en temps réel l'architecture d'un système de contrôle, soit pour guider l'exécution opérationnelle ou répondre à une perturbation du système. En considérant une proposition d'une configuration optimale des architectures de contrôle basées sur la gouvernance partagée, cette approche proposée un système de contrôle reconfigurable compose d’une entité décisionnelle flexible et personnalisable, d’une représentation qui caractérise la configuration unique et la solution de contrôle de l'architecture de contrôle et d’un mécanisme de reconfiguration à trois modules qui intègre les principes basés sur l'optimalité dans la reconfiguration. Notre approche est appliquée dans le domaine de la fabrication et est validée dans une simulation et une cellule réelle de fabrication située à l'Université de Valenciennes, en France. La validation effectuée dans trois scénarios expérimentaux a permis de vérifier les avantages de notre approche et de nous encourager à continuer la rechercheDiscrete-event control systems have the opportunity to resolve significant challenges of modern society. In particular, these represent a fundamental solution to manage and control the new technological advances in compliance to the increased consciousness of sustainable development. The parameterization, configuration and decision-making of these control systems are critical aspects that impact the performance and productivity required. Dynamic control architecture approaches, such as reconfigurable control systems, have been proposed for modelling such systems. However, such approaches have failed to address the recovery of the reconfiguration process as these focus on the continuity of execution rather than on the optimisation of the reconfiguration. This dissertation proposes a reference architecture for a reconfigurable control system, named Pollux, designed to manage and adjust optimally and in real time the architecture of a control system, either to guide operational execution or to respond to a system perturbation. Considering a proposed framework of an optimal configuration of control architectures based on shared governance, this proposed approach aims to orchestrate a flexible and customizable decisional entity, a representation that characterize the unique configuration and control solution of the control architecture, and a three-module reconfiguration mechanism that integrates the optimality-based principles into the reconfiguration process, to ensure a recovery of global performance and/or minimise the degradation caused by perturbations. Our approach is applied in the manufacturing domain and is validated in a simulation and a real flexible manufacturing system cell located at the University of Valenciennes, France. The validation conducted in three experimental scenarios verified the benefits of our approach and encourage us to continue research in this direction
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Chen, Jian-wen, and 陳建文. "Highbred versus hybrid: Combined accounting-based, market-based and governance-based information." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61856166780030861243.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
財務金融研究所
97
This study examines whether the bankruptcy prediction performance of a hybrid model is better than that of various highbred models. The empirical data include firms which were listed on the Taiwan stock market from January 1998 to December 2008. The major findings could be summarized as follows. First, loan institutions should not overemphasize one source of risk factor information, as this will bias decision-making due to the neglect of other important variables. We show that in general the hybrid model has better bankruptcy prediction performance than the highbred models in this study. Second, compared with the setting of constant loadings, the bankruptcy prediction performance of the hybrid model with dynamic loadings achieve better results in most cases.
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Fisher, Karen Toni. "Meeting Urban Water Needs: Exploring Water Governance and Development in Tagbilaran City, the Philippines." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/8034.
Full textAbstract:
Water is subject to uncertainty of supply (quantity) and quality, which affects decisions determining allocation, use and management for human and environmental functions. Tensions concerning water and its allocation reflect conflicting ideologies influencing development. Focusing on water governance enables the allocation and management of environmental resources and tensions in development to be explored. This research has as its central argument the notion that water governance is conceptualised differently at different scales and as discourses become localised, hybrid forms emerge. Place-specific hybrid governance systems which are cognisant of transformations in the local political economy and environmental characteristics can be useful in managing risks and uncertainty about water supply. This is particularly so where local knowledge about formal institutions regulating water governance and environmental conditions is low. This is because hybrid systems are more likely to be responsive to local needs than national or supra-national discourse allows. However, there are limitations with hybrid systems, particularly in terms of allocating responsibility and risk, which require effective coordination. ¶ The aim of this research is to uncover local perspectives and knowledge about water governance and hybridity in urban environments which can be used to shape and influence urban water management. I explore the hybridisation of water governance by considering the problem of ensuring urban water supply in a developing country context. The research was undertaken as an inductive, qualitative inquiry comprising a case study in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, the Philippines. Tagbilaran is a small sized city with a population of approximately 87,000 people. The city is experiencing relatively rapid population growth along with urban development and expansion in which water demand already outstrips water supply. Ethnographic, interpretive techniques were used to distil local perspectives about water governance which are juxtaposed with official policy and discourse. Research methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews with government employees, government officials and key informants from other organisations. Other methods included structured household surveys and the use of documentary sources. This research reveals how formal approaches to urban water governance systems have been shaped by international development thinking and discourse. Current strategies to manage water emphasise an integrated approach which encompasses environmental, social and economic domains. At the same time neoliberal discourse exerts a powerful influence over how urban water is conceptualised and managed, and who should be responsible for its provision. The case study allows for the exploration of the ways in which development and water governance discourse have been articulated and the consideration of the local factors which have enabled the emergence of hybrid water supply services embedded in a localised hybrid governance system. I show how water governance in Tagbilaran is hybrid because of the global-local dialectic that informs policy and practice, public-private engagement in water provision, and inter-jurisdictional water sharing. I also demonstrate how households' experiences of water supply and their physical environment influence decisions about household allocation and perceptions about human-environment interactions and water security. As a consequence, knowledge about water governance held at the household level emerges as localised and specific in which everyday experience shapes ideas around responsibility and agency such that local forms of government and engagement have more meaning for households than national and supra-national discourse. The juxtaposition of formal, bureaucratic governance institutions with household knowledge exposes multiple understandings of water governance and water supply in Tagbilaran. ¶ The findings of this research reveal that household conceptions of water governance are divorced from formal conceptions of water governance. There is a risk, therefore, that an over-emphasis on network expansion without due consideration of water resource management may lead to greater levels of consumption. This will continue to place pressure on resources and may ultimately lead to water insecurity. This is because local knowledge of the formal political, economic, and administrative institutions is limited at the household level. Therefore, this research argues that local perspectives and knowledge need to be incorporated more into management and policy decision making. Alternatively, greater effort needs to be made to communicate formal policy to the household level.
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Huang, Jim-Yuh, and 黃晉岳. "Corporate Governance of Financial Holding Companies for Boosting Business Sustainability by Using a Hybrid Decision-Making Model." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2y5xqx.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣科技大學
管理研究所
107
ABSTRACT Although the importance of corporate governance has been widely recognized in global financial markets and academic research, how to design a practical evaluation system has not been relatively developed. This paper attempts to improve the Corporate Governance Evaluation System (CGES) established by the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) since 2014. The current CGES has some controversial issues in its complex design (for example, it includes more than 80 indicators in different types). In order to solve these problems, this study invited 10 senior domain experts to extract 13 basic criteria from the CGES in four dimensions. They have served in the banking or financial field for more than 30 years, some experts come from academia and government departments and others are CEOs of financial holding companies. In addition, the study also integrates multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods (i.e., decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), modified VIKOR, DEMATEL-based analytical network process (DANP)) and the fuzzy evaluation technique to rank the exemplary companies. The final ranking is consistent with the 2017 CGES release. Additional evidence was provided in this study to ensure the robustness of the results. The newly designed model not only helps in ranking decisions, but also supports companies to explore viable action plans to strengthen analytics-based corporate governance. These empirical results enhance the understanding of corporate governance and help achieve sustainable business of financial holding companies.
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Moon, DAVID. "Hybrid Constitutionalism to Mainstream Human Rights in a Unified Korea." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8388.
Full textAbstract:
Amidst the global wave of democratization, modernization, and economic engagement during the 1980s and 1990s, the traditional tenets of constitutionalism have proven to be unwieldy dogma for States undergoing periods of rapid transition. In order to retain the administrative capacity to steer – rather than merely adapt to – political and social change, numerous transitioning States have adopted a new paradigm of constitutionalism, namely transitional constitutionalism, characterized by a centralized and streamlined structure of governance. However, in many instances, including Korea’s post-division transitional history, this model has demonstrably undermined fundamental human rights protections. In this thesis, I propose a hybrid constitutional paradigm for unification in Korea (another form of State transition) which seeks to balance the dual objectives of effective governance and human rights protection. I do so by examining and critiquing the core principles of traditional and transitional constitutionalism, outlining the human rights issues that the unified Korea will likely confront in its constitutional trajectory based on an analysis of Korea’s political, social, cultural, and constitutional history, and finally proposing a hybrid model of constitutionalism that utilizes an institutional approach to prevent violations of human rights in the unified Korea while allowing the State to retain governmental efficiency during transition.Thesis (Master, Law) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-30 11:35:33.362
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Welch, T. C. "Effects of privatization transaction strategy on performance : an examination of large-block shareholding and hybrid governance structures in developing economies." Thesis, 2002. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/1569/1/NQ68209.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Using a microanalytic perspective this dissertation extends the traditional agency theory approach to include a transaction cost framework in examining privatization performance. The basic proposition offered here is that the transaction-specific characteristics of privatization strategies differ in their ability to consolidate (concentrate) ownership and initiate corporate restructuring, and this variance has implications for performance. Hybrid governance is advanced as an organizational implication of trade sale privatization with relevance for subsequent corporate restructuring when transacting under conditions of asset specificity and uncertainty, and is expected to improve privatization performance. This novel hypothesis, along with others, was tested successfully on longitudinal data for a larger sample of developing and emerging economy fixed-line telecommunications operators privatized between 1981 and 1998. Change in telecommunications service provision pre- and post-privatization was used to assess performance in this analysis. A central finding is that hybrid governance predicts privatization performance and these "firm effects" go beyond pure "ownership effects" in capturing additional variation hitherto unexplored in the literature. Specifically, performance benefits of privatization transaction strategy depend upon not only large foreign blockholdings but also the introduction by these owners of hybrid structures, such as joint ventures or complex consortia arrangements. This study is the first to advance a multidimentional construct of privatization implementation, both as an incremental process and comprised of different strategies with unique characteristics, and examine it using a dynamic multilevel model to capture observed yet unexplained performance variance. Also, this research is one of the few statistical studies to examine privatization performance longitudinally, while the sample is one of the largest, to date, drawn from a developing and emerging economy context.
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Haalboom, Bethany Janna. "Encounters with Conservation and Development in Suriname: How Indigenous Peoples Are Trying to Make Things 'Right' through Scalar Politics, Identity Framing, and Hybrid Governance Arrangements." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/1301.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation research explored how indigenous peoples have responded to increasing conservation and development pressures in Suriname using two case study communities. One, in West Suriname, faced a proposed protected area and large-scale mining operation on the communities' traditional lands. The other community, in East Suriname, has been involved in a long-term co-management arrangement over an existing protected area. Community responses to these protected areas and development projects were considered through the important influence of a national indigenous rights organization and its multi-scalar networks. A total of 68 in-depth interviews with indigenous community leaders, indigenous rights organization leaders, conservation NGO personnel, company, and government representatives were conducted over a period of 9 months. In addition, 13 documents including conference proceedings, editorials, letters, and presentations were collected and analyzed. Results showed that strategies in the form of scalar politics, information politics, accountability politics, and cultural politics that drew from international legal instruments, guidelines, and the larger indigenous rights movement were used. These strategies enhanced the power, knowledge, and negotiating ability of the communities and NGOs, leading to the eventual rejection of a protected area and a stronger role in the mining project. However, the larger goal of land rights for indigenous peoples in Suriname has not yet been realized, and remains the focal point of indigenous struggles there.
Dissertation
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Mascarenhas, Raúl José Fonseca. "CEO dominance risk in the healthcare SOE: the case of Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/16592.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this research is to evaluate the “CEO dominance risk” in the Healthcare sector in
Portugal among the institutions belonging to the state – the state-owned enterprises (SOEs).
There is no abundant research on Corporate Governance (CG) related to SOEs. One of the
reasons is that usually there are very few SOEs by industry, sometimes even just one (v.g. PostOffice, Railroad). To study these entities between several countries, one has to isolate the
regulatory, legal, cultural and general business environment factors that are peculiar to each
situation. In the Healthcare sector, each country despite being more or less social concerned, will
always have a considerable number of public Hospitals. Due to the impact of New Public
Management theories that spread all over the world, some of the public Hospitals transformed
into corporation form, constituting SOEs. Hospital management has been considered a very
complex one due to the clashes between professional values and culture and the hard realities of
economic performance and cash constraints. In this environment, clinical professionals may
become managers thus constituting a hybrid executive balancing these conflicting demands and
not having the formal authority of a typical command and control organization.
Previous researchers found that the average performance of firms is not affected by CEO
dominance – the possibility to exercise their will despite or removing dissenting. However, they
noted that the range of performance was wider when CEO dominance was present. Excellent and
poor results would occur more often. In the public sector dominated by the balance of procedures
and outcomes, there is a tendency to risk avoidance, thus considering CEO dominance a risk.
This research was based in previous models and questionnaires, but adapted to the particular
conditions of SOEs and legal framework in Portugal during the analysis period (2011-2015). A
practical power index model was developed, and the results demonstrated that some Hospital
CEO´s may have a dominant position but also exposes some underpowered situations.
Regarding the motivation for Physicians to become CEOs and how they are perceived by their
peers, the research confirmed the five groups expected and highlighted that on one side the most
senior professionals are supported by their peers, and the younger ones are regarded as not
having the required expertise.O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a existência de “risco de dominância do CEO” (PCA) no setor público empresarial da saúde em Portugal. A investigação científica sobre a Governança Corporativa relacionada com o setor público empresarial não é abundante. Uma das razões deve-se a que normalmente existem poucas empresas públicas por setor de atividade, frequentemente apenas uma (v.g. Correios, Caminhosde-ferro). Para estudar estas entidades em vários países, há que isolar os aspetos regulatórios, legais, culturais e o ambiente de negócios em geral, que são peculiares a cada situação. No setor da Saúde pelo contrário, cada país, tenha maiores ou menores preocupações sociais, possui sempre um conjunto considerável de Hospitais públicos. Um dos impactes das teorias do New Public Management que se espalharam em todo o mundo, foi o da transformação de alguns destes Hospitais em estruturas empresariais, constituindo um setor público empresarial da saúde. A gestão de um hospital tem sido considerada uma das mais complexas devido ao confronto entre os valores e cultura dos profissionais clínicos e as duras realidades dos resultados económicos ou das restrições de tesouraria. Neste ambiente os profissionais clínicos poderão assumir papéis de gestores, tornando-se executivos híbridos que têm de balancear solicitações conflituantes e não têm a autoridade formal típica das organizações reguladas por comando e controlo. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a média dos resultados das empresas não era afetada pela dominância do CEO – a possibilidade de exercer a sua vontade apesar de ou removendo as opiniões contrárias. Contudo, esses estudos assinalaram que a dispersão dos valores era maior quando em presença de dominância do CEO. Resultados excelentes ou muito fracos ocorriam frequentemente. Como o setor público é dominado pelo equilíbrio entre o procedimento e o resultado, existe uma tendência para evitar riscos, donde podemos considerar que no setor público dominância do CEO é um risco. Este estudo foi baseado em modelos e questionários anteriormente utilizados por investigadores internacionais, mas adaptados às condições do setor público e restrições legais em Portugal durante o período de análise (2011-2015). Um modelo prático de índice de poder foi desenvolvido e os resultados demonstram que em alguns hospitais existe o risco de dominância do CEO, mas também evidenciaram situações de falta de poder dos mesmos. Em relação às motivações dos Médicos para exercerem o cargo de CEO e como são avaliados pelos seus pares, este estudo confirmou os cinco grupos esperados, realçando que os mais seniores têm o apoio dos seus pares e que os mais jovens são percecionados como não tendo a necessária competência