Academic literature on the topic 'Hybrid genre theory'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hybrid genre theory"
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Siuta, Bohdan. "Notion “Genre Type” as the Metalіngual Unit of the Modern Musical Theory." Terminological Bulletin, no. 5 (2019): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-25.
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The notion “genre type” is actual metalіngual unit of the modern musicology and musical theory. The theoretical comprehension of this term is connected with the problem of the theory of the musical genre, which is actual for contemporary musicology. This term (as far as its correspondences in musicological discourse of the countries of Eastern, Central and Western Europe) in Ukrainian musicology is still totally uncertain and not codified. This creates an obvious metalіngual lacuna. In the adequate theoretical representation, the term “genre type” outlines the higher level of the hierarchical category of the speech genre, which combines the characteristics of the speech and creative genres in music. Since the end of the 19th century phenomena musical forms / models / patterns (song form, form of rondo, etc.) and the content of music are the subject of studying and classification within the academic discipline “The doctrine of the musical form”. And in relation to the studying of genre types, other criteria are the determining factors: performance composition (instrumental, vocal, vocal-instrumental, musical and theatrical work), text, functions, place of execution, structure of construction. Additional factors of the systematic classification are periods (such as the Renaissance, Baroque, Viennese classicism) and styles (respectively, genres). The process of emancipation of functional music (which had certain social functions) determined the emergence in the 20th century so called “pure music”, almost unrelated to the primary circumstances of origin and existence. In 20th century composers begin to avoid the narrow qualifications of “genres” and established “genre types” and create “hybrid mixed forms” within the usual “classical genre types” (such as chamber symphony) or with the involvement of other types of art (for example, performances as a mixed form of art based on singing action of dance, theatre and music). In the middle of the 20th century began to differentiate musical-creative and musical-language genres within the T. Adorno’s classification of music practices for E-music, U-music and F-music. However, in contemporary Ukrainian musicology we have not a general acceptance of theoretical and methodological principles for the demarcation of classical music and entertainment. Accordingly, there is no proper musicology terminology. Working out of approaches and convincing criteria of the decision of these difficult theoretical and practical issues still continues. In connection with this, the necessity of introducing into the scientific circle the concept of “genre type”, as well as comprehension of its musical and speech nature is actualized.
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Monticone, Paul. "TheNoirWestern: Genre Theory and the Problem of the Anomalous Hybrid." Quarterly Review of Film and Video 31, no. 4 (March 5, 2014): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2012.660452.
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Saburova, Liudmila E. "Tommaso Landolfi: in Search of a Free Genre Form." Studia Litterarum 6, no. 1 (2021): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2021-6-1-52-65.
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This article focuses on genre characteristics of Tommaso Landolfi’s works which the author himself called diaries: “La biere du pecheur,” “Rien va” and “Des mois.” Although formally these three texts are not related and moreover, considerably differ from each other in structure and in content, they are united by a common narrative strategy, due to their genre features. Preserving main characteristics inherent in autobiographical prose, these diaries are at the same time aesthetically organized texts that have an artistic structure and contain artistic imagery as well as, most importantly, elements of fiction. Since the category of fiction is openly present in the diaries and declared as the author’s intention, Landolfi’s autobiographical prose can be defined as a hybrid genre containing elements of many other genres, especially the elements of the novel. The essay introduces the term autofiction to describe the phenomenon in question, namely genre diffusion between the autobiographical writing and the novel.
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Ren, Wei, Vijay K. Bhatia, and Zhengrui Han. "Analyzing interdiscursivity in legal genres." Pragmatics and Society 11, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 615–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.17030.han.
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Abstract The traditional simplistic understanding of legal genre as homogeneous texts of legalese is recently confronted by researches focusing on the contextual aspects of legal communication, i.e. the production, circulation, and consumption of legal genres in diverse institutional contexts (Candlin and Maley 1997; D’hondt and Van Der Houwen 2014). It is, according to these researches, more reasonable to think of legal genres as a hybrid combining the operation of different heterogeneous discourses. This article takes the broad contextual perspective, draws on the theory of critical genre analysis (Bhatia 2016) and attempts to explore the discursive heterogeneity in one of the Chinese legal genres – the lawyers’ defense opinions. Both textual and interpretative analysis are conducted in order to identify specific discourses that underline Chinese lawyers’ preparation of defense opinions, and to look at how Chinese lawyers linguistically construct the different discourses to fulfill the ultimate purpose of justifying the defendant’s actions.
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Evtushenko, Oksana, and Svetlana Pervukhina. "Electronic Mode of the Modern Administrative Discourse." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 5 (January 2021): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.5.9.
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The study has been carried out in line with the current problems of modern discourse and genre studies related to the study of the evolution of administrative discourse, which is understood as a hybrid of oral and written communication. The article presents the results of the analysis of the Internet influence on the long-established genres of administrative discourse. The concept of administrative Internet communication has been clarified. The study of administrative discourse in the Internet space clearly demonstrates that even the most conservative sphere of activity is influenced by modern technologies and extralinguistic factors have the most direct impact on the genres formation. The administrative Internet functions are singled out: informing, requesting information, initiating discussions, organization. The genres of administrative Internet communication are analyzed, in the modern administrative discourse we have identified the most indicative in terms of management hypergenres and genres: the hypergenre "corporate web portal" or "Intranet", the genre "email", the genre "online meeting" or "video conferencing", the genre "electronic documents". This article details two genres: "corporate web portal" and "online meeting". The conducted survey made it possible to determine the pragmatic nature of the considered corporate web portal hyper-genre – keeping to corporate culture, interactivity, speed. It has been established that due to the mentioned Internet genres emergence, a partial decrease in distance and erasing of the status line in the "head-subordinate" pair occurs. It is concluded that cyberspace is transforming the power-subordinate nature of administrative communication into democratic partnership, as well as there is the transformation of traditional genres with the advent of electronic communication in the field of management. It is concluded that the theory of speech genres is applicable to study of the evolution of administrative communication, and new techniques are required to take into account linguistic changes caused by the development of information technologies.
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Muravieva, Larissa E. "Exofiction and Enactivist Narratives in Contemporary French Literature." Studia Litterarum 7, no. 3 (2022): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2022-7-3-30-51.
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The proliferation of hybrid genres is a notable trend in contemporary French literature. Alongside autofiction, new hybrids are emerging in French literature, modelled on a mixture of fiction and factual genre. One of them is exofiction (“ex” + “fiction”), which implies a narrative about fictitious events from the life of a historical character or an attempt to introduce fiction into someone else’s biography. The neologism, belonging to the writer Philippe Vasset, is rapidly entering scholarly and critical discourse, but no systematic attempt to describe the phenomenon has been made. According to Vasset, exofiction can be defined as any narrative that “blends the reality with the phantasms that accompany its representations” (Ph. Vasset); in other words, exofictitious writing practices form the space of “enactivist literature” in the cognitive sense. Exofiction reveals itself in the search for a connection between inner narrator’s experience and the other subject’s experience — including traumatic — through the language. This article attempts to identify the main features of exofiction, according to the enactivist approach in cognitive science and narratology, and to propose an analysis of the genre characteristics of exofiction by the exаmple of the novels by Pascal Quignard, Jean Echenoz and David Foenkinos.
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Molodychenko, Evgeni N. "Metapragmatic discourses in differentiating genres in online media." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 18, no. 2 (2021): 363–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2021.207.
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One of the possible ways to explore contextualization is through external discourses referencing the pragmatics of the discourse in question. These are known as metapragmatic discourse. The purpose of this article is to theoretically integrate the concept of metapragmatics into genre analysis and apply metapragmatic tools to the analysis of specific genres. Five YouTube videos together with their accompanying comments exhibiting metapragmatic properties were analyzed. Methodologically, the analysis relies on the textually oriented content analysis. The results indicate that placing discourses nominally relying on one and the same generic form into a certain genre may be predicated on contextual variables that may have nothing to do with said form per se. These variables, however, may be verbalized by the original author and by their audience in the form of metapragmatic markers. This may mean that for the final addressee, the “effect” of the original discourse will depend on the attribution of this discourse, based on the metapragmatic markers, to one of the “competing” genre variations emerging, as it were, in an ongoing exchange between the author and his audience. A case in point are sponsored and “honest” review genres. A second observation resides in the realm of hybrid genres. An example here is integrating sponsored content into one of the “legitimate” lifestyle-genres (“hot tips”, vlog, etc.). A fraction of the discourse community seems to view this as delegitimizing the discourse and the genre in question, while others see it as an “unfortunate insert”, which does not, however, change the genre’s overall value. This leaves the question open whether such genres should be considered new and full-fledged genres, with sponsored content being one of their integral features.
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Masschelein, A., C. Meuree, D. Martens, and S. Vanasten. "The Literary Interview: Toward a Poetics of a Hybrid Genre." Poetics Today 35, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2014): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-2648368.
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Varghese, Susheela Abraham, and Sunita Anne Abraham. "Book-Length Scholarly Essays as a Hybrid Genre in Science." Written Communication 21, no. 2 (April 2004): 201–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741088303262844.
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Calabrese, Filomena. "Leonardo’s Profezia: Moral Writings of a Hybrid Kind." Quaderni d'italianistica 32, no. 2 (April 9, 2012): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/q.i..v32i2.16309.
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In the period 1490-99, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) wrote nearly three hundred literary writings that were later compiled by scholars into four primary collections: the Bestiario, Favole, Facezie, and Profezia. This article takes Leonardo’s Profezia as its main subject in order to give due recognition to the generic nature of this collection. Specifically, it examines the texts in the Profezia as examples of mixed genre in an attempt to demonstrate how ethos, context, and generic convention yield to the greater moral statement made by Leonardo in the writings themselves. Unlike Leonardo’s other three literary collections, which subscribe to an easily identifiable literary genre, the Profezia texts are hybrid writings that enjoin its readers to consider instead why and how the mixture of forms might be a necessary means of expression to convey a truth and reality.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hybrid genre theory"
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Kruuk, Loeske E. B. "Barriers to gene flow : a Bombina (fire-bellied toad) hybrid zone and multilocus cline theory." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11015.
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1. In a stable hybrid zone between two taxa, natural selection creates a barrier to gene flow which counterbalances the homogenising effects of dispersal and interbreeding. Studies of hybrid zones can contribute to our understanding of the nature of reproductive isolation between two populations, and hence of speciation mechanisms. For example, reproductive isolation may be generated by natural selection acting against alleles in the wrong environment or against alleles in the wrong genetic background. In this thesis, I consider these issues with (i) a study of a hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata and (ii) development of analytical and simulation models of geographical variation maintained by dines at multiple loci. 2. In a transect across the Bombina hybrid zone in Croatia, the pattern of change in three phenotypic traits (leg length, belly pattern and egg size) corresponds to the stepped dines observed in previous studies of diagnostic allozyme loci. There is close concordance between the mean values of the traits and between estimates of linkage disequilibrium calculated from associations between alternative phenotypic and genetic variables. Clines in allozyme frequency and spot score are wider in males than in females, suggesting differential dispersal patterns. 3. There is direct evidence for hybrid dysfunction in the field: in samples collected from Bombina breeding sites, embryonic mortality, larval mortality and frequency of larval developmental abnormalities all increase significantly towards the centre of the hybrid zone. However, a cohort analysis of adult toads within a central region shows no evidence of differential mortality with respect to genotype. 4. Bombina bombina and B. variegata typically use different breeding habitats, with B. variegata showing strong avoidance of the semi-permanent ponds favoured by B. bombina. The abundance of aquatic predators is shown to differ between the alternative breeding habitats preferred by either species. Behavioural experiments show that the feeding strategy of B. bombina larvae reduces their risk of predation, relative to that of B. variegata larvae, thus demonstrating an adaptive advantage to the adults habitat preference. As the availability of either habitat type changes across the zone, these adaptations imply that differential adaptation across an environmental gradient is also creating a barrier to gene flow between the taxa. 5. An analytical model of multilocus dines maintained by differential adaptation to alternative environments is developed, considering in particular the effect of selection on neutral markers. The dynamics are qualitatively similar to those of previous models of heterozygote disadvantage. Computer simulations are used to test the analytical predictions, and the restrictions imposed by assumptions of weak selection. These show that while dine shape can accurately estimate parameters such as fitness in hybrid populations, others, such as the number of genes under selection, may be less robust. 6. The effect of a habitat preference in a hybrid zone such as Bombina is explored with a simulation model. Pooling across habitats, overall statistical associations increase with preference strength, illustrating the effect of the habitat preference in maintaining the integrity of the parental genomes. However, the resulting magnitude of linkage disequilibrium and deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportion within habitats vary nonmonotonically with the strength of the preference. The resulting shape of the zone will be largely dependent on the underlying distribution of habitat availability. 7. The Bombina hybrid zone is therefore maintained by both endogenous and exogenous selection. Although theoretical models show that the dynamics of either regime are similar, the results imply that divergence during allopatry has been driven by adaptation to alternative environments, rather than solely non-adaptive factors. The resulting reproductive isolation has therefore been, at least partially, determined by ecological factors, and environmentally-mediated factors such as a habitat preference will generate further barriers to gene flow between two populations.
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Benzidia, Majda. "Three essays in economics of education : an econometric approach." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0385.
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Cette thèse se concentre sur trois aspects très différents de l'éducation mais qui affectent chacun la qualité de son offre. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions le comportement stratégique adopté à la fois par l'université et par les professeurs, afin pour les uns d'attirer les meilleurs universitaires et pour les autres d'accéder aux meilleures positions, en faisant un compromis entre salaires élevés, sécurité de l'emploi et possibilités de mobilité ascendante. Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous étudions comment la répartition des revenus dans les districts scolaires affecte la qualité des écoles publiques, par la voie des votes locaux et de la fiscalité. En effet, un district scolaire avec une polarisation de revenu plus élevée conduit à un vote pour une faible taxation et donc de plus basses dépenses pour l'école publique impliquant une moins bonne qualité de cette dernière. Enfin, dans un dernier chapitre, nous montrons que les attentes des garçons et des filles concernant leurs futures carrières ainsi que les antécédents scolaires sont façonnés par des stéréotypes de genre. Par exemple, le stéréotype selon lequel les hommes sont meilleurs en mathématiques crée un stéréotype négatif sur les aptitudes des filles en mathématiques. Les stéréotypes représentent l'explication principale dans les différences entre les garçons et les filles en matière de confiance en soi et ont des conséquences importantes sur les chemins qu'ils suivent tout au long de leur vieThis thesis focuses on three very different aspects of education but which all affect in their way the quality of its provision.In the first chapter, we investigate the strategic behavior adopted by both the university and the professors, in order, for the first to attract the best academics, and for the second to access the best positions making a trade-off between high salaries, job security and upward mobility possibilities. We question the efficiency of such system in attracting, but also in keeping, the best academics. In a second chapter, we investigate how the income distribution of school districts affects the quality of public schools through the channel of local votes and taxation. In fact, an income polarized school district (more poor and rich at the expense of the middle class) leads to a vote for low taxation and thus low expenditure toward public school and a poorest quality of school. The mechanism being that the richest households send their children to private schools and thus are not concerned by public school quality while poorest households can not afford a too high taxation.Finally, in a last chapter we show how boys' and girls' career expectations and educational background are shaped by gender stereotypes. For instance, the stereotype that men are better at mathematics creates a negative stereotype on girls aptitudes in mathematics. Stereotypes represent the main explanation in boys and girls differences in self-confidence, and have important consequences on the paths they take throughout their lives
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Bourse, Alexandra. "Le personnage métis, une figure hybride ? Identité sexuelle et identité raciale dans la littérature des Amériques." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040257.
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La théorie de l’intersectionnalité issue du « Black feminism » permet de concevoir les expériences vécues de la domination par les personnages métis comme intersectionnelles ; s’y mêlent inextricablement des rapports de pouvoir fondés sur la race, le sexe et la classe. Incarnation de relations interraciales perverties par des relations de pouvoir entre peuples dominants et dominés, le personnage métis est interprété par un entourage qui tente de le subsumer à des catégories- raciales et sexuelles- prédéfinies. C’est à cette crispation de la pensée et à cette cécité partagée que nous nous intéressons.Mots-clés : études postcoloniales, genre/gender ; sexualités ; théorie queer ; métissage ; identité ; approche intersectionnelleThe theory of intersectionnality - resulting from « Black feminism » - is a precious concept to analyze the domination experienced by the « métis » characters as intersectionnal experiments in which power struggles based on race, sex and class are inextricably mixed. Incarnating interracial relations perceived as essentially violent the mestizo/mulatto characters are interpreted by a society which tries to subsume them into preset racial and sexual categories. This crispation of the thought is what we are interested in.Key words: postcolonial studies; genre/gender; sexualities; queer theory; mestizaje/ miscegenation; identity; intersectional analysis
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Cheng, Tsun-Jen, and 鄭尊仁. "Application of Fuzzy Set Theory and Hybrid Genetic Algorithm to Gene Sequence Alignment Problems." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22422672296460210301.
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碩士東海大學
工業工程與經營資訊學系
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In this paper a novel way to construct pairwise alignment of protein sequence is proposed. Currently in protein sequence alignment the vital problem is having too many uncertain factors and causes significant data loss while using crisp data. Due to using different software and algorithms that will bring about different results, for scientists researching in protein, different algorithms will be difficult to use widespread. Therefore, for this important premise, fuzzy concept is introduced and fuzziness is implemented in the matrix for 250 point accepted mutations (PAMs) and matrix for 62 blocks substitution matrix (BLOSUM) in sequence aligning, and integrated with the Genetic algorithm (GA) and Hybrid Genetic algorithm (HGA). The purpose for this implementation is to reduce the effects of uncertain factor, avoid making use of crisp values or weights resulting in significant data loss, and increase solution accuracy and method suitability. Wether experimental results of fuzzy matrix for 250 PAM or BLOSUM62 can find more continuous and identical protein sequence after sequence alignment by GA. And using differet fuzzy matrices can make results of variation trivial than crisp matrices. We utilize HGA, using optimal solution of every epoch to combine with tabu search. the results show that it is not better than GA.
Books on the topic "Hybrid genre theory"
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Barendregt, Bart, Peter Keppy, and Henk Schulte Nordholt. Popular Music in Southeast Asia. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462984035.
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From the 1920s on, popular music in Southeast Asia was a mass-audience phenomenon that drew new connections between indigenous musical styles and contemporary genres from elsewhere to create new, hybrid forms. This book presents a cultural history of modern Southeast Asia from the vantage point of popular music, considering not just singers and musicians but their fans as well, showing how the music was intrinsically bound up with modern life and the societal changes that came with it. Reaching new audiences across national borders, popular music of the period helped push social change, and at times served as a medium for expressions of social or political discontent.
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Wimbush, Antonia. Autofiction. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800859913.001.0001.
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Autofiction: A Female Francophone Aesthetic of Exile explores the multiple aspects of exile, displacement, mobility, and identity as expressed in contemporary autofictional work written in French by women writers from across the francophone world. Drawing on postcolonial theory, gender theory, and autobiographical theory, the book analyses narratives of exile by six authors who are shaped by their multiple locales of attachment: Kim Lefèvre (Vietnam/France), Gisèle Pineau (Guadeloupe/mainland France), Nina Bouraoui (Algeria/France), Michèle Rakotoson (Madagascar/France), Véronique Tadjo (Côte d’Ivoire/France), and Abla Farhoud (Lebanon/Quebec). In this way, the book argues that the French colonial past continues to mould female articulations of mobility and identity in the postcolonial present. Responding to gaps in the critical discourse of exile, namely gender, this book brings genre in both its forms — gender and literary genre — to bear on narratives of exile, arguing that the reconceptualization of categories of mobility occurs specifically in women’s autofictional writing. The six authors complicate discussions of exile as they are highly mobile, hybrid subjects. This rootless existence, however, often renders them alienated and ‘out of place’. While ensuring not to trivialize the very real difficulties faced by those whose exile is not a matter of choice, the book argues that the six authors experience their hybridity as both a literal and a metaphorical exile, a source of both creativity and trauma. The autofictional mode of writing becomes a means for the authors to resolve the multiple personal conflicts which arise from their migration.
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Rasula, Jed. Genre and Extravagance in the Novel. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897763.001.0001.
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This book addresses an anomaly in the novel as genre: the generic promise to readers—that “reading a novel” is a familiar and repeatable experience—is challenged by the extravagant exceptions to this rule. Furthermore, these exceptions (like Moby-Dick, Ulysses, or To the Lighthouse) are sui generis, hybrid concoctions that cannot be said to be typical novels. The novel, then, as literary form, succeeds by extravagantly disregarding or even disavowing the protocols of its own genre. Examining a number of famous examples from Don Quixote to Nostromo, this book offers an anatomy of exceptions that illustrate the structural role of their exceptionality for the prestige of the novel as literary form.
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Lawn, Jennifer. Genre Fiction since 1950. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0033.
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This chapter discusses the history of genre fiction in New Zealand since 1950. Crime writers such as Vanda Symon and Paul Cleave exploit the phenomenon of ‘glocalization’ by locating an international genre in distinctively local settings. Others, like Nalini Singh and Phillip Mann, embrace the alternative worlds of science fiction and fantasy without any sense that a local referent is necessary or desirable. The chapter first considers how New Zealand crime writers add distinctively Kiwi twists to their work before turning to crime thrillers by Paul Thomas and others. It also examines fiction featuring female detectives, including those written by Vanda Symon, as well as genre hybrids such as historical crime and domestic fiction. Finally, it analyses examples of literary noir by Charlotte Grimshaw, Carl Nixon, and Chad Taylor and political dystopias from C. K. Stead to Bernard Beckett.
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Chadwick, Andrew. The Hybrid Media System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001.
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The diffusion and rapid evolution of new communication technologies has created a pressing need to understand the complex forces reshaping media and politics. Who is emerging as powerful in this new context? Written by a leading scholar in the field, this book provides a new, holistic interpretation of how political communication now works. In The Hybrid Media System Andrew Chadwick reveals how political communication is increasingly shaped by interactions among older and newer media logics. Organizations, groups, and individuals in this system are linked by complex and ever-evolving relationships based on adaptation and interdependence. Chadwick shows how power is exercised by those who create, tap, and steer information flows to suit their goals, and in ways that modify, enable, and disable the agency of others across and between a range of older and newer media settings. The [CE1][NN2]book examines a range of examples of this systemic hybridity in flow in political communication contexts ranging from news making in all of its contemporary “professional” and “amateur” forms, to parties and election campaigns, to activist movements and government communication. Compelling stories bring the theory to life. From American presidential campaigns to WikiLeaks, from live prime ministerial debates to hotly contested political scandals that evolve in real time, from historical precedents stretching back five hundred years to the author's unique ethnographic data gathered from recent insider fieldwork among journalists, campaign workers, bloggers, and activist organizations, this wide-ranging book maps the emerging balance of power between older and newer media technologies, genres, norms, behaviors, and organizational forms.
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Chadwick, Andrew. All Media Systems Have Been Hybrid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 explores what hybridity has meant in practice throughout the history of media. This story goes back a long, long way, but this chapter focuses on some key developments since the fifteenth century. The chapter presents these neglected histories of media hybridity not only because previous interactions between older and newer media are interesting in their own right, but more importantly because history provides some important conceptual pointers which then go on to inform the contemporary studies that make up the rest of the book. Chapter 2 is not designed to be an all-encompassing traditional narrative history but serves as a revisionist account of intriguing episodes in hybrid media. It shows how the technologies, genres, norms, behaviors, and organizational forms of older and newer media have often been deeply intertwined, and how periods of important change have been shaped by continuities with the past.
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Huang, Alexa. ‘It is the East’. Edited by Michael Neill and David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.54.
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Shakespearean tragedies have played an important part in modern and contemporary East Asian engagements with Western cultures. Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Singaporean translations, rewritings, films, and theatre productions have three important shared characteristics, namely hybridization of genres, intra-regional and trans-historical allusions, and spirituality. These adaptations tend to present the plays in hybrid performative genres, sometimes turning tragedy into comedy or parody. These adaptations are also informed by intra-regional borrowing and allusions that matter to each separate cultural location and to East Asia as a whole. They tend to interpret Shakespearean tragedies through issues of spirituality and through the artists’ personal, rather than national, identities, giving primacy to personal life stories and to the interaction with the audience, rather than attempting ‘authentic’ representations either of Shakespearean tragedy or indeed of ‘Asia’.
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Pollard, Tanya. Bringing Back the Dead. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793113.003.0006.
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Chapter 5, “Bringing Back the Dead: Shakespeare’s Alcestis,” argues that, after incorporating Greek tragic women into comedies, Shakespeare increasingly drew on these figures to merge tragic and comic structures in plays featuring miraculous recoveries from apparent deaths. Plays such as Much Ado About Nothing, Pericles, and The Winter’s Tale not only dramatize women’s miraculous return to life from apparent death, but also link these recoveries with the performance of female lament, which elicits sympathies and melts audiences into supportive alliances. Drawing on sources shaped by Greek texts, these plays reconfigure tragedy with a happy ending, a hybrid genre identified with Euripides. In particular, they recreate the ending of Alcestis, in which a grieving man encounters a veiled woman who is eventually revealed to be his lost wife returned from death.
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Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. Brian Tatler and His Family. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0011.
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Chapter 11, “Brian Tatler and His Family,” describes a middle-class European American family with two children. Brian and his younger brother went to day care and spent two afternoons a week with their grandmothers while their parents worked full-time. Brian was a placid child and an avid participant in pretend play, whose special stuffed animals were almost like family members. The Tatler family enjoyed a robust expressive life, which included singing, book reading, and telling a hybrid genre of stories of their own invention, which became part of Brian’s bedtime ritual. Brian was learning to be comfortable with his feelings within a set of family practices that were highly attuned to the full spectrum of emotional life. His parents believed that he had high self-esteem, citing his growing awareness of his own successes, his positive attitude, his willingness to try new things, and his ability to shift focus when upset.
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Walden, Joshua S. Celebrity, Music, and the Multimedia Portrait. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653507.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 examines hybrid works of multimedia portraiture and the genre of the portrait opera. The chapter first views the Voom Portraits of the American avant-garde director Robert Wilson, an ongoing series of multimedia video portraits of celebrities begun in 2004, looking in particular at his portraits of actors Robert Downey Jr. and Winona Ryder, which combine high-resolution film image with eclectic sound effects and scores by composers Tom Waits and Michael Galasso. The chapter then turns to the portrait opera Einstein on the Beach, created by Wilson, Philip Glass, and choreographer Lucinda Childs, to explore how they produced a multimedia portrait of Einstein that employs disparate allusions to popularly known elements from his life in a highly abstract work of opera that leaves the viewer to engage in a particularly imaginative act of interpretation about how the music describes this well-known modern icon.
Book chapters on the topic "Hybrid genre theory"
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Yoon, Kyong. "K-pop Diaspora." In East Asian Popular Culture, 101–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94964-8_4.
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AbstractFor young Korean Canadians, K-pop (Korean idol pop music) is presented not only as an ethnic media form but also as a highly global media practice. The diasporic youth’s consumption of K-pop may partly fulfill their cultural nostalgia and contribute to enhancing their ethnic ties with their ancestral homeland. Moreover, they appreciate K-pop as a global sound that is considered to be youthful, kaleidoscopic, hybrid, and relatable. While feeling ethnic and cultural affinities with K-pop, the diasporic youth engage with this genre as a cultural resource for questioning the mainstream cultural frame that takes Whiteness as a norm for granted.
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Liu, Lai-Pan, Kun Xue, and Biao Liu. "Monitoring gene flow from genetically modified soybean to cultivated soybean and wild soybean in China." In Gene flow: monitoring, modeling and mitigation, 71–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247480.0005.
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Abstract With the large-scale commercial planting of genetically modified (GM) crops in the world, the gene flow from GM crops to their wild relatives and its environmental risks have become a hot topic in the field of biosafety of GM organisms (GMOs). Wild soybean is one of the important plant genetic resources in China. China has not only imported a large amount of GM soybeans every year, but also started to carry out field experiments of GM soybeans with intellectual property rights; therefore, the gene flow of GM soybean to wild relatives and its influence on natural resources should be assessed before the commercial planting of GM soybean in China. In this chapter, the research progress of gene flow from GM soybean to cultivated soybean and wild soybean and the fitness of hybrid offspring are reviewed. This chapter reviews the current studies on gene flow from GM soybean and its consequences and also proposes further research topics.
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Lu, Bao-Rong. "Assessing environmental impact of pollen-mediated transgene flow." In Gene flow: monitoring, modeling and mitigation, 1–25. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247480.0001.
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Abstract Potential environmental impact caused by pollen-mediated transgene flow from commercially cultivated genetically engineered (GE) crops to their non-GE crop counterparts and to their wild and weedy relatives has aroused tremendous biosafety concerns worldwide. This chapter provides information on the concept and classification of gene flow, the framework of the environmental biosafety assessment caused by pollen-mediated gene flow, and relevant case studies about transgene flow and its environmental impact. In general, gene flow refers to the movement of genes or genetic materials from a plant population to other populations. Crop-to- crop transgene flow at a considerable frequency may result in transgene 'contamination' of non-GE crops, causing potential food/feed biosafety problems and regional or international trade disputes. Crop-to- wild/weedy transgene flow may bring about environmental impacts, such as creating more invasive weeds, threatening local populations of wild relative species, or affecting genetic diversity of wild relatives, if the incorporated transgene can normally express in the recipient wild/weedy plants and significantly alter the fitness of the wild/weedy plants and populations. It is therefore necessary to establish a proper protocol to assess the potential environmental impacts caused by transgene flow. Three steps are important for assessing potential environment impacts of transgene flow to wild/weedy relatives: (i) to accurately measure the frequencies of transgene flow: (ii) to determine the expression level of a transgene incorporated in wild/weedy populations; and (iii) to estimate the fitness effect (benefit or cost) conferred by expression of a transgene in wild/weedy populations. The recently reported case of non-random allele transmission into GE and non-GE hybrid lineages or experimental populations challenges the traditional method of estimating the fitness effect for the assessment of environmental impacts of transgene flow. Furthermore, case studies of transgenic mitigation (TM) strategies illustrate ways that may reduce the impacts of a transgene on wild/weedy populations if crop-to- wild/weedy transgene flow is not preventable, such as in the case of gene flow from crop rice to its co-occurring weedy rice.
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Gill, Bikram S. "A Century of Cytogenetic and Genome Analysis: Impact on Wheat Crop Improvement." In Wheat Improvement, 277–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_16.
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AbstractBeginning in the first decade of 1900, pioneering research in disease resistance and seed color inheritance established the scientific basis of Mendelian inheritance in wheat breeding. A series of breakthroughs in chromosome and genome analysis beginning in the 1920s and continuing into the twenty-first century have impacted wheat improvement. The application of meiotic chromosome pairing in the 1920s and plasmon analysis in the 1950s elucidated phylogeny of the Triticum-Aegilops complex of species and defined the wheat gene pools. The aneuploid stocks in the 1950s opened floodgates for chromosome and arm mapping of first phenotypic and later protein and DNA probes. The aneuploid stocks, coupled with advances in chromosome banding and in situ hybridization in the 1970s, allowed precise chromosome engineering of traits in wide hybrids. The deletion stocks in the 1990s were pivotal in mapping expressed genes to specific chromosome bins revealing structural and functional differentiation of chromosomes along their length and facilitating map-based cloning of genes. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, chromosome genomics, RH mapping and functional tools led to the assembly of reference sequence of Chinese Spring and multiple wheat genomes. Chromosome and genomic analysis must be integrated into wheat breeding and wide-hybridizaton pipeline for sustainable crop improvement.
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Markovits, Stefanie. "Introduction." In The Victorian Verse-Novel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198718864.003.0001.
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“Introduction: A Short History of a Long Form” introduces the verse-novel by describing its major features—including its contemporaneity (in contrast to epic), its storytelling impulse, its frequent use of interpolated lyric verses (“rough-mixing”), and its preference for common language—against the backdrop of Victorian genre theory and recent accounts of the period’s poetic genres. Focusing on Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Aurora Leigh, an early and influential example of the form, the Introduction suggests how Victorian writers self-consciously used the generic indeterminacy of the verse-novel to contest social as well as literary norms and express a broad range of cultural concerns. It also traces some of the prior hybrid experiments that influenced the rise of the verse-novel at mid-century and offers a preview of the chapters to come.
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Kang, Yowei. "Applying Hybrid Interactive Rhetoric Engagement (H.I.R.E.) Concept to Study Digital Game Advertising." In Multi-Platform Advertising Strategies in the Global Marketplace, 199–225. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3114-2.ch008.
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Among many popular digital game platforms, MMORPGs is a popular game genre that attracts a lot of attention. Companies have increasingly used digital game platforms to target young gameplayers. In examining digital games in general and MMORPGs in particular, digital game and advertising scholars often conceptualize gamers' interactions with hybrid interactive contents in advertising embedded in digital game platforms as an object that can be studied and analyzed to develop a theory of intertexuality to understand its praxix as demonstrated in this popular advertising platform. This chapter introduces the concept of hybrid interactive rhetorical engagement (henceforth, H.I.R.E.)—to examine players' multi-modal interactions as intertextual objects when they interact with digital game advertising. The chapter examines how H.I.R.E. can be applied to study the intertextuality of digital game advertising by exploring its theoretical and methodological implications for digital game as well as intertextuality scholars.
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White, R. S. "Introduction: Shakespeare shaping modern movie genres." In Shakespeare's Cinema of Love. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719099748.003.0001.
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The introduction surveys theories of genre as they pertain to drama and to movies. Shakespeare, it is argued, innovated hybrid dramatic kinds by incorporating different traditions, in this context most pertinently, comedy and romance. Film history has generated its own repertoire of genres but the hybrid model of Shakespeare is at the heart of the process, and gave an initial model of genre development which early movie-makers tacitly adopted – scenes from his plays were among the first cinematic experiments, and continued to shape cinema history. The nature of influence is equally important. Shakespeare was influenced by earlier writers, a process which is examined here, and his indirect cultural influence (distinguished from sources and direct adaptation), especially on movies, is analogous and is traced here.
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Evangelista, Stefano. "Things Said by the Way." In On Essays, 241–57. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198707868.003.0013.
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Walter Pater (1839–1894) saw the essay as the quintessentially modern literary form: a dialectic of philosophy and poetry, yoking together the precious and the commonplace, capable of embodying the scepticism and relativism of the nineteenth century. At the same time, the literary essay was for him a rich source of experimentation in his own writing. In his critical works Pater explored the genealogy and features of essayistic style in a highly self-conscious way, tracing a history of the genre that goes from the Platonic dialogues to Montaigne, while his historical novels are punctuated with a series of digressions that gives them a distinctly hybrid, essayistic quality. In Gaston de Latour, Pater even stages an encounter between his fictional protagonist and Montaigne, in which he brings into focus his theory of the essay as revealing the importance of things found ‘at some random turn by the way’.
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Riddle, Nick. "The House of Sci-Fi: Hammer and Science Fiction." In The Damned, 23–28. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325529.003.0003.
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This chapter examines Hammer and its history with science fiction. Hammer had become, by 1963, an easy studio to pin down: the broader production slate of the 1950s had been narrowed to mainly produce Gothic horror and modern thriller/slasher films, with little interest in cultural 'respectability'. Since Hammer's first feature-length film, however, its slate of releases covered a multitude of subjects and genres such as mysteries, comedies, crime dramas and noirs, and science fiction. A certain amount of commentary on Joseph Losey's The Damned (1963) has identified it as an anomaly in the Hammer catalogue. There is its frequent description as a kind of hybrid, mixing the biker/delinquent movie with the science fiction genre; but Hammer had previous form in this department. The genre mix in The Damned is more ungainly than most because, rather than running concurrently throughout the film, the genres tend to interrupt each other.
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Williams, Justin A. "Subculture/Style." In Brithop, 67–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656805.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on the punk-rap duo the Sleaford Mods (“Tied up in Nottz,” “Tiswas,” “Liveable Shit”) and grime-pop rapper Lethal Bizzle (“Babylon’s Burning the Ghetto”), artists who appropriate and translate punk aesthetics via different means to varying consequences. It examines the result of combining aesthetics from an older genre with newer developments, highlighting the racialized identities that often exist within these genres. While punk is not the only musical genre utilized in hybrid hip-hop styles in the United Kingdom, it nevertheless lends particular sonic and ideological meanings to English rap music, meanings which complicate an already multifaceted history of racially essentialized categorizations of the music industry and their listeners.
Conference papers on the topic "Hybrid genre theory"
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Nechaeva, Iya V. "Foreign-language neologism dictionary: genre formation." In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-24.
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The genre of the dictionary of foreign-language neologisms, reflecting its time, assumes dating of foreign-language occurrences, their selection from the point of view of functioning in the language and normative-stylistic characteristics. Subject to explicit labeling in the dictionary are borrowings themselves, quasi-borrowings, hybrid formations, secondary borrowings, and semantic derivatives.
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Shakoor, Adnan, Qinke Peng, Shiquan Sun, Xiao Wang, and Jia Lv. "GT-kernelPLS: Game theory based hybrid gene selection method for microarray data classification." In 2015 IEEE/ACIS 16th International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/snpd.2015.7176202.
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Syrova, Yu D. "INCREASING RAPE SEED YIELDS BY THE WAY OF HETEROSIS SELECTION." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-120-124.
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Usage of heterosis effect in rapeseed became possible after plenty experiments which proved existence of the significant heterosis. A level of heterosis in spring rapeseed hybrids varied from 20 to 50 %, in winter rapeseed hybrids – from 20 to 80 %. A meaning of heterosis in rapeseed depended on the estimation methods, environments, gene pool diversity. Scientists do their best to create alternative gene pools using in part method of rapeseed resynthesis.
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Nakane, Ikuko. "Accusation, defence and morality in Japanese trials: A Hybrid Orientation to Criminal Justice." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-5.
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The Japanese criminal justice system has gone through transformations in its modern history, adopting the models of European Continental Law systems in the 19th century as part of Japan’s modernisation process, and then the Anglo-American Common Law orientation after WWII. More recently, citizen judges have been introduced to the criminal justice process, a further move towards an adversarial orientation with increased focus on orality and courtroom discourse strategies. Yet, the actual legal process does not necessarily represent the adversarial orientation found in Common Law jurisdictions. While previous research from cultural and socio-historical perspectives has offered valuable insights into the Japanese criminal court procedures, there is hardly any research examining how adversarial (or non-adversarial) orientation is realised through language in Japanese trials. Drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in Japanese trials, this paper discusses a ‘hybrid’ orientation to the legal process realised through courtroom discourse. Based on courtroom observation notes, interaction data, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials collected in Japan, trial participants’ discourse strategies contributing to both adversarial and inquisitorial orientations are identified. In particular, the paper highlights how accusation, defence and morality are performed and interwoven in the trial as a genre. The overall genre structure scaffolds competing narratives, with prosecution and defence counsel utilising a range of discourse strategies for highlighting culpability and mitigating factors. However, the communicative practice at the micro genre level shows an orientation to finding the ‘truth,’ rehabilitation of offenders and maintaining social order. The analysis of courtroom communication, contextualised in the socio-historical development of the Japanese justice system and in the ideologies about courtroom communicative practice, suggests a gap between the practice and official/public discourses of the justice process in Japan. At the same time, the findings raise some questions regarding the powerful role that language plays in different ways in varying approaches to delivery of justice.
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Zhang, Xue-Qing, Mark Chen, Robert Lam, Xiaoyang Xu, Eiji Osawa, and Dean Ho. "A Platform Approach to Gene Delivery via Surface Modified Nanodiamonds." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13340.
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The purpose of gene therapy is to introduce foreign genetic material into host cells to either supplement aberrant genes or to endow additional biological functions. To date, however, there has been only modest progress towards this goal, mainly due to the lack of safe, effective and broadly applicable delivery methods. Functional nanodiamonds (NDs) are rapidly emerging as promising platform carriers for next-generation therapeutics due to their innate biocompatibility, scalability, precise particle distribution, high surface area-to-volume ratio, near-spherical aspect ratio, and easily adaptable carbon surface for bioagent attachment. NDs have been functionalized with a range of therapeutics, proteins, antibodies, DNA, polymers, and other assorted biological agents. Furthermore, NDs are stable and dispersible in water, making them a promising and clinically important modality in improving the efficacy of the treatment of diseases and even some cancers at the molecular level. Mitochondrial function (MTT) and luminescent ATP production assays have demonstrated that NDs are not toxic to a wide variety of cell types. In this study, we functionalized NDs with amine groups via either covalent attachment of (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane or surface immobilization of 800 Da low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (LMW PEI800) for plasmid DNA delivery. The latter delivery approach combines complementary characteristics of PEI800 and NDs to create a hybrid material that exhibits the high transfection efficiency of high molecular weight PEI, but without the inherent high cytotoxicity.
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Novik, N. V., A. A. Lebedev, and I. A. Yakub. "Genetic sources of economically valuable characteristics for breeding yellow lupine." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-126.
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Screening of world gene bank is carried out to develop initial material for yellow lupin breeding. During 2018-2020 the following genetic sources have been selected: the Polish variety Parus (k-3371) as a semi-early ripened source for plant tallness, high growth tempo and high green mass productivity; the variety Puissant (k-2170) as a source for plant tallness, high seed productivity and seed protein content; the variety SV 01060 (k-2193) as a source for plant tallness, moderate period of ripening, high green mass productivity, seed protein content and their size; the lines Tromusillo-2 (k-3276), W 72 (k-2936), W 105 (k-2933), No. 1004 (k-3913) and the breeding line 07-20-240-2384-3 as sources for tolerance to virus diseases; the breeding line 11-11-02-2-4-3 as a source for high seed and green mass productivity; the hybrid Borluta x Zhitomirskii (k-3592) as a source for plant tallness and moderate period of ripening; k-3915 as a source for moderate period of ripening and high seed productivity.
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Alwa, Amira, and Samir Jaoua. "Investigation of Bacillus Thuringiensis Plasmid Instability and its Effect on the Synthesis of Crystals." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0107.
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In order to explore plasmid instability in Bt, four Bt strains belonging to two Bt subspecies were cultured at 42°C for 9 days. HD1 and QBT376 belong to subspecies kurstaki, while H14 and QBT218 belong to subspecies israelensis. Results showed 100% crystal loss for H14 and QBT218, while 76% and 90% crystal loss for HD1 and QBT376, respectively, showing that cry-carrying plasmids are more stable in Bt kurs. than in Bt isr.. HD1, QBT376, and QBT218 cured clones showed significant protease activity compared to their non-cured counterparts. Microscopic observation revealed the delay of sporulation for high number of HD1 and QBT376 cry- clones, while the absence of spores in several H14 and QBT218 cry- clones. Spo-cry- clones of Bti strains had irregular elongated cell shape. Kinetics/day of plasmid curing for H14 and QBT218 showed H14 to have higher pBtoxis plasmid stability. The number of vegetative cells in Bti strains increased with the increase of curing period. As an attempt to create hybrid Bt strains, cry1Aa gene was extracted to transform cured and non-cured strains.
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Corneanu, Mihaela, Cornelia Buzatu-Goanta, and Constantin Netoiu. "Quantitative characters variability and diseases / pests’ tolerance of some of Salix SP. Accessions." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.99.
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The oil crisis of the last decades of the twentieth century has led researchers to turn their attention to alternative sources of energy, the so-called green energy. One of the genres intensively studied for bi-omass production was the genus Salix. In Europe, in Sweden, were made the first Salix hybrids for short-rotation crops (SRC). Willows are used for wood plantation, cellulose and paper production, in pharma-ceutical industry, for soil phytoremediation, like pioneer species by their role in ecosystem restoration, increasing biodiversity and for biomass production (Berg, 2002). In Romania, willow SRC for biomass production started after 2005. There are about 1500 ha of willow SRC, 400 ha of them are in Banat area. All of these cultures were established with Swedish clones, especially clone Inger. Swedish clones and hybrids registered good results in Sweden and North-West Europe countries with cool, wet climate, but in Romania they have not achieved spectacular results in some areas, such as North-Est Timis county and Oltenia area, the crops being compromised in the first years. In the view of the extension of cultivated areas unsuitable for agriculture, with forestry and energy crops, there are necessary comprehensive studies to find optimal solutions - selection of genotypes to their potential production, but also to be adapted at temperatures over 35ºC and severe drought. A willow breeding program for the biomass production has to be started and a potential genitors collection (local germplasm) sets the stage for the beginning of a science-based breeding program. The collection of potential genitors (39 genotypes, 12 species) was established in the spring of 2015 on the territory of the Experimental Didactical Station belonging to Banat’s University of Agricul-tural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara. The biological material (46 cuttings for each genotype) was planted in double rows 75 cm apart with double rows spaced at 150 cm and an 80 cm in-row spacing. During the growing season was made chemical and mechanical weed control. There were not applied phytosanitary treatments, in order to test the natural resistance of the genotypes. The sprouting capacity and biometric observations were made in an experimental trial with uncut and cutback shoots and biomass was estimated. Following the biometric observations performed biannually and the evaluation of tolerance / re-sistance to diseases and pests, a wide variability was noticed, both interspecific and intraspecific. The quantitative traits varied significantly with genotype and management practice. Large variability was ob-served in terms of survival rate but also in sprouting capacity, maximum height, and diameter. The field trial recommends some genotypes with particularly high production, clone 30 Salix pentandra L. and clone 31 S. triandra L. for crops with short rotation cycle, both in normal soil and climatic conditions and on degraded lands. The most tolerant genotypes both to pests and diseases were belonging to S. rosmarinifolia and S. pentandra. The most sensitive species include genitors from S. fragilis, S.alba and S.purpurea. Tolerance to pests and diseases was dependent on species and origin.
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Standen, G., P. Moodie, H. Pannekoek, C. L. Verweij, and I. R. Peake. "ANALYSIS OF THE VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (vWF) GENE IN 6 PATIENTS WITH SEVERE TYPE III VON WILLEBRANDS DISEASE." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644641.
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DNA from 6 unrelated patients with severe type III von Willebrands disease (vWF antigen < 0.01u/dl) was studied with a cDNA probe for the 3' end of the vWF gene. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes using standard techniques and was digested with a range of restriction enzymes. DNA fragments were separated by electrophoresis in 0.7% agarose and were southern blotted onto hybond-N (Amersham). The probe used was pvWF1100, a 1.1kb PstI fragment derived from the 2.28kb vWFcDNA insert of pvWF2280 isolated from a human endothelial cell cDNA expression library (Verweij et al, Nucleic Acids Res 13 (1985) 4699-4717). The probe corresponds to nucleotides 7083 to 8191 of the vWF cDNA (first nucleotide of initiator methionine as 1).When digested with Bglll and probed with pvWF11000, normal DNA showed two invariant bands (13 and 4.9kb) and polymorphic bands of 9 and/or 7.4kb. This pattern was also seen in 5 of the 6 severe vWD patients DNA suggesting that in this 3' area of the gene they had no major deletions or rearrangements. In the 6th case however the band of 4.9kb was not seen and did not appear to be replaced by any novel fragments, suggesting a partial deletion including some of the 3' end of the gene. This patient had the clinically severest form of the condition in that the patient had developed, some 10 years ago, an antibody (inhibitor) to vWF as detected by the ability of the patients plasma to inhibit restocetin cofactor activity in normal plasma. His parents were related (his mother was his father's second cousin) and had levels of vWFAg, considerably lower than those of factor VIII activity. This situation has been previously reported in carriers of recessive severe vWD. vWD was also present in a second family member, but in a less severe form (vWFAg 3u/dl). This patient and all other members of the family have, to date, given normal restriction fragment patterns with the vWF probe and several enzymes, including BgIII.
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CÂmara, NaiÁ. "Transmedia literacy in professional training practices: a case study." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.108.
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The changes the digital age brought in communicative practices produced under transmedia logic allow the structure of increasingly complex texts, produced by open, polyphonic, simultaneous, accelerated, and hybrid archenunciations, which expand into different genres, formats, languages , and media, determining new forms of production, reception, and circulation of content. New ethics and aesthetics shape cultural productions in all spheres, especially in the area of entertainment and the arts. Virtual reality, metaverses, among other modifications, demand new communicative skills and abilities – that is to say, a new literacy to the persons. In addition, the COVID-19 era inserted the processes and practices of professional training in the Internet's digital ecosystem, also demanding from its actors new interaction regimes with the educational practices that arise in this context. Digital platforms start to mediate the relationships of these actors with knowledge, configuring new ways of life for the learner. To identify the characteristics of the profile of these students and how they are relating to these emerging educational practices, we are developing a project entitled “Transmedia literacy in the era of education platform”, whose objective is to identify and analyze the produced and circulated transmedia literacy by students enrolled in professional training courses and inserted in educational practices mediated by digital technologies. We understand Transmedia Literacy as a communicative competence carried out in the universe of cultural and media convergence of the digital age, and as a theoretical-methodological proposal for research, teaching, and learning of transmedia communicative practices of reading, interpreting, producing, and disseminating texts. This proposal is based on transdisciplinary relationships from cross-relationships between the assumptions of the area of Social Communication, Linguistics, and discursive Semiotics. It is part of a context of cultural and transmedia convergence to which subjects migrate their social practices in an ever-accelerating manner. Assuming that literacy problems directly impact the teaching and learning processes of students in professional training processes, we propose to carry out a comparative study between the literacy skills of students in educational practices mediated by the digital platforms of formal education and their literacy daily life produced in the digital spaces through which they transit. We aim to identify the interaction regimes, types, and degrees of literacy and, therefore, the relationship of students with the knowledge offered by institutions. With Castells (2007), we consider that there is a great cultural and technological gap between today's youth and a school system that did not evolve along with society and the digital environment. Thus, it is intended that the results of this research have a direct impact on formal educational practices, offering data and a methodological proposal that allows institutions and professors to adapt their practices to the profile of their students, improving their relationship with the processes and practices of teaching and learning, thus ensuring excellence in the processes and practices of professional training in the areas of Art and Design.
Reports on the topic "Hybrid genre theory"
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Badami, Kaswan, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Achmad Amzeri, and Syaiful Khoiri. COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES ON HYBRID MELON (Cucumis melo L.) POPULATIONS FOR FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.3.
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In different crop plants, combining ability and heterosis are used as important diagnostic tools for assessing the performance of parental genotypes and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects in the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield- and quality-related traits. Seven melon (C. melo L.) genotypes were grown and crossed in a complete diallel fashion to produce F1 hybrids. During the 2019 crop season, 49 melon genotypes (7 parents + 42 F1 hybrids) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were made for seven characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit diameter and merely significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for fruit weight. Combining ability analysis revealed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter but were nonsignificant for all other traits. However, mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for all traits. The parental genotypes PK-165, PK-464, and PK-669 exhibited the highest and desirable GCA effects for yield and quality traits. Hence, these genotypes could be used to generate high-yielding hybrid/open-pollinated cultivars. GCA:SCA ratios further revealed that the traits of harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit weight were controlled by dominant gene action, whereas fruit diameter was managed by additive and dominant genes. The majority of the traits were controlled by nonadditive gene action, verifying that the said breeding material could be efficiently used for the production of hybrid cultivars on the basis of heterotic effects.
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Gur, Amit, Edward Buckler, Joseph Burger, Yaakov Tadmor, and Iftach Klapp. Characterization of genetic variation and yield heterosis in Cucumis melo. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600047.bard.
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Project objectives: 1) Characterization of variation for yield heterosis in melon using Half-Diallele (HDA) design. 2) Development and implementation of image-based yield phenotyping in melon. 3) Characterization of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variation across 25 founder lines and selected hybrids. The epigentic part of this objective was modified during the course of the project: instead of characterization of chromatin structure in a single melon line through genome-wide mapping of nucleosomes using MNase-seq approach, we took advantage of rapid advancements in single-molecule sequencing and shifted the focus to Nanoporelong-read sequencing of all 25 founder lines. This analysis provides invaluable information on genome-wide structural variation across our diversity 4) Integrated analyses and development of prediction models Agricultural heterosis relates to hybrids that outperform their inbred parents for yield. First generation (F1) hybrids are produced in many crop species and it is estimated that heterosis increases yield by 15-30% globally. Melon (Cucumismelo) is an economically important species of The Cucurbitaceae family and is among the most important fleshy fruits for fresh consumption Worldwide. The major goal of this project was to explore the patterns and magnitude of yield heterosis in melon and link it to whole genome sequence variation. A core subset of 25 diverse lines was selected from the Newe-Yaar melon diversity panel for whole-genome re-sequencing (WGS) and test-crosses, to produce structured half-diallele design of 300 F1 hybrids (MelHDA25). Yield variation was measured in replicated yield trials at the whole-plant and at the rootstock levels (through a common-scion grafted experiments), across the F1s and parental lines. As part of this project we also developed an algorithmic pipeline for detection and yield estimation of melons from aerial-images, towards future implementation of such high throughput, cost-effective method for remote yield evaluation in open-field melons. We found extensive, highly heritable root-derived yield variation across the diallele population that was characterized by prominent best-parent heterosis (BPH), where hybrids rootstocks outperformed their parents by 38% and 56 % under optimal irrigation and drought- stress, respectively. Through integration of the genotypic data (~4,000,000 SNPs) and yield analyses we show that root-derived hybrids yield is independent of parental genetic distance. However, we mapped novel root-derived yield QTLs through genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and a multi-QTLs model explained more than 45% of the hybrids yield variation, providing a potential route for marker-assisted hybrid rootstock breeding. Four selected hybrid rootstocks are further studied under multiple scion varieties and their validated positive effect on yield performance is now leading to ongoing evaluation of their commercial potential. On the genomic level, this project resulted in 3 layers of data: 1) whole-genome short-read Illumina sequencing (30X) of the 25 founder lines provided us with 25 genome alignments and high-density melon HapMap that is already shown to be an effective resource for QTL annotation and candidate gene analysis in melon. 2) fast advancements in long-read single-molecule sequencing allowed us to shift focus towards this technology and generate ~50X Nanoporesequencing of the 25 founders which in combination with the short-read data now enable de novo assembly of the 25 genomes that will soon lead to construction of the first melon pan-genome. 3) Transcriptomic (3' RNA-Seq) analysis of several selected hybrids and their parents provide preliminary information on differentially expressed genes that can be further used to explain the root-derived yield variation. Taken together, this project expanded our view on yield heterosis in melon with novel specific insights on root-derived yield heterosis. To our knowledge, thus far this is the largest systematic genetic analysis of rootstock effects on yield heterosis in cucurbits or any other crop plant, and our results are now translated into potential breeding applications. The genomic resources that were developed as part of this project are putting melon in the forefront of genomic research and will continue to be useful tool for the cucurbits community in years to come.
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Hodges, Thomas K., and David Gidoni. Regulated Expression of Yeast FLP Recombinase in Plant Cells. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7574341.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research activities in both our laboratories were directed toward development of control of the FLP/frt recombination system for plants. As described in the text of the research proposal, the US lab has been engaged in developing regulatory strategies such as tissue-specific promoters and the steroid-inducible activation of the FLP enzyme while the main research activities in Israel have been directed toward the development and testing of a copper-regulated expression of flp recombinase in tobacco (this is an example of a promoter activation by metal ions). The Israeli lab hat additionally completed experiments of previous studies regarding factors affecting the efficiency of recombinase activity using both a gain-of-function assay (excisional-activation of a gusA marker) and loss of function assay (excision of a rolC marker) in tobacco. Site-specific recombinase systems, in particular the FLP/frt and R/RS systems of yeast and the Cre/lox system of bacteriophage P1, have become an essential component of targeted genetic transformation procedures both in animal and plant organisms. To provide more flexibility in transgene excisions by the recombinase systems as well as gene targeting, and to widen possible applications, the development of controlled or regulated recombination systems is highly desirable and was therefore the subject of this research proposal. There are a few possible mechanisms to regulate expression of a recombinase system. They include: 1) control of the recombination system by having the target sites (e.g. frt) in one plant and the flp recombinase gene in another, and bringing the two together by cross fertilization. 2) regulation of promoter activities by external stimuli such as temperature, chemicals, metal ions, etc. 3) regulation of promoter activities by internal signals, i.e. cell- or tissue-specific, or developmental regulation. 4) regulation of enzyme activity by providing cofactors essential for biochemical reactions to take place such as steroid molecules in conjunction with a steroid ligand-binding protein (domains). During the course of this research our major emphasis have been focused toward studying the feasibility of hybrid seed production in Arabidopsis, using FLP/frt. Male-sterility was induced using the antisence of a pollen- and tapetum-specific gene, bcp1, isolated from Arabidopsis. The sterility inducing gene was flanked by frt sites. Upon cross pollination of flowers of male-sterile plants with pollen from FLP-containing plants, viable seeds were produced, and the progeny hybrid plants developed normally. The major achievement from this work is the first demonstration of using a site-specific recombinase to restore fertility in male-sterile plants (see attached paper, Luo et al., Plant J 2000; 23:423-430). The implication from this finding is that site-specific recombination systems can be applied in crop plants as a useful alternative method for hybrid seed production.
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Levin, Ilan, John W. Scott, Moshe Lapidot, and Moshe Reuveni. Fine mapping, functional analysis and pyramiding of genes controlling begomovirus resistance in tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594406.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a monopartitebegomovirus, is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes and poses increasing threat to tomato production worldwide. Because all accessions of the cultivated tomato are susceptible to these viruses, wild tomato species have become a valuable resource of resistance genes. QTL controlling resistance to TYLCV and other begomoviruses (Ty loci) were introgressed from several wild tomato species and mapped to the tomato genome. Additionally, a non-isogenic F₁diallel study demonstrated that several of these resistance sources may interact with each other, and in some cases generate hybrid plants displaying lower symptoms and higher fruit yield compared to their parental lines, while their respective resistance genes are not necessarily allelic. This suggests that pyramiding genes originating from different resistance sources can be effective in obtaining lines and cultivars which are highly resistant to begomoviruses. Molecular tools needed to test this hypothesis have been developed by our labs and can thus significantly improve our understanding of the mechanisms of begomovirus resistance and how to efficiently exploit them to develop wider and more durable resistance. Five non-allelic Ty loci with relatively major effects have been mapped to the tomato genome using molecular DNA markers, thereby establishing tools for efficient marker assisted selection, pyramiding of multiple genes, and map based gene cloning: Ty-1, Ty-2, Ty-3, Ty-4, and ty-5. This research focused on Ty-3 and Ty-4 due to their broad range of resistance to different begomoviruses, including ToMoV, and on ty-5 due to its exceptionally high level of resistance to TYLCV and other begomoviruses. Our aims were: (1) clone Ty-3, and fine map Ty-4 and Ty-5 genes, (2)introgress each gene into two backgroundsand develop semi isogenic lines harboring all possible combinations of the three genes while minimizing linkage-drag, (3) test the resulting lines, and F₁ hybrids made with them, for symptom severity and yield components, and (4) identify and functionally characterize candidate genes that map to chromosomal segments which harbor the resistance loci. During the course of this research we have: (1) found that the allelic Ty-1 and Ty-3 represent two alternative alleles of the gene coding DFDGD-RDRP; (2) found that ty-5is highly likely encoded by the messenger RNA surveillance factor PELOTA (validation is at progress with positive results); (3) continued the map-based cloning of Ty-4; (4) generated all possible gene combinations among Ty-1, Ty-3 and ty-5, including their F₁ counterparts, and tested them for TYLCV and ToMoV resistance; (5) found that the symptomless line TY172, carrying ty-5, also carries a novel allele of Ty-1 (termed Ty-1ⱽ). The main scientific and agricultural implications of this research are as follows: (1) We have developed recombination free DNA markers that will substantially facilitate the introgression of Ty-1, Ty-3 and ty-5 as well as their combinations; (2) We have identified the genes controlling TYLCV resistance at the Ty-1/Ty-3 and ty-5 loci, thus enabling an in-depth analyses of the mechanisms that facilitate begomovirus resistance; (3) Pyramiding of Ty resistance loci is highly effective in providing significantly higher TYLCV resistance.
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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580683.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695846.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Molecular characterization and deployment of the high-temperature adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 from wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699860.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Virulent races that appeared within the last decade caused drastic cuts in yields. The incorporation of genetic resistance against this pathogen is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to this problem. However, race specific seedling resistance genes provide only a temporary solution because fungal populations rapidly evolve to overcome this type of resistance. In contrast, high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance genes provide a broad spectrum resistance that is partial and more durable. The cloning of the first wheat HTAP stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 (Science 2009, 323:1357), funded by our previous (2007-2010) BARD grant, provided us for the first time with an entry point for understanding the mechanism of broad spectrum resistance. Two paralogous copies of this gene are tightly linked at the Yr36 locus (WKS1 and WKS2). The main objectives of the current study were to characterize the Yr36 (WKS) resistance mechanism and to identify and characterize alternative WKSgenes in wheat and wild relatives. We report here that the protein coded by Yr36, designated WKS1, that has a novel architecture with a functional kinase and a lipid binding START domain, is localized to chloroplast. Our results suggest that the presence of the START domain may affect the kinase activity. We have found that the WKS1 was over-expressed on leaf necrosis in wheat transgenic plants. When the isolated WKS1.1 splice variant transcript was transformed into susceptible wheat it conferred resistance to stripe rust, but the truncated variant WKS1.2 did not confer resistance. WKS1.1 and WKS1.2 showed different lipid binding profiling. WKS1.1 enters the chloroplast membrane, while WKS1.2 is only attached outside of the chloroplast membrane. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of the recombinant protein of TmtAPXwas found to be reduced by WKS1.1 protein in vitro. The WKS1.1 mature protein in the chloroplast is able to phosphorylate TmtAPXprotein in vivo. WKS1.1 induced cell death by suppressing APX activity and reducing the ability of the cell to detoxify reactive oxygen. The decrease of APX activity reduces the ability of the plant to detoxify the reactive H2O2 and is the possible mechanism underlying the accelerated cell death observed in the transgenic plants overexpressing WKS1.1 and in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural WKS1.1 gene. WKS2 is a nonfunctional paralog of WKS1 in wild emmer wheat, probably due to a retrotransposon insertion close to the alternative splicing site. In some other wild relatives of wheat, such as Aegilops comosa, there is only one copy of this gene, highly similar to WKS2, which is lucking the retrotransposon insertion. WKS2 gene present in wheat and WKS2-Ae from A. showed a different pattern of alternative splice variants, regardless of the presence of the retrotransposon insertion. Susceptible Bobwhite transformed with WKS2-Ae (without retrotansposon insertion in intron10), which derived from Aegilops comosaconferred resistance to stripe rust in wheat. The expression of WKS2-Ae in transgenic plants is up-regulated by temperature and pathogen infection. Combination of WKS1 and WKS2-Ae shows improved stripe rust resistance in WKS1×WKS2-Ae F1 hybrid plants. The obtained results show that WKS1 protein is accelerating programmed cell death observed in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural or transgenic WKS1 gene. Furthermore, characterization of the epistatic interactions of Yr36 and Yr18 demonstrated that these two genes have additive effects and can therefore be combined to increase partial resistance to this devastating pathogen of wheat. These achievements may have a broad impact on wheat breeding efforts attempting to protect wheat yields against one of the most devastating wheat pathogen.
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Coplin, David L., Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. roles Hrp-dependent effector proteins and hrp gene regulation as determinants of virulence and host-specificity in Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pvs. gypsophilae and betae. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587216.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria employ specialized type-III secretion systems (TTSS) to deliver an arsenal of pathogenicity proteins directly into host cells. These secretion systems are encoded by hrp genes (for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and the effector proteins by so-called dsp or avr genes. The functions of effectors are to enable bacterial multiplication by damaging host cells and/or by blocking host defenses. We characterized essential hrp gene clusters in the Stewart's Wilt of maize pathogen, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pnss; formerly Erwinia stewartii) and the gall-forming bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Erwinia herbicola) pvs. gypsophilae (Pag) and betae (Pab). We proposed that the virulence and host specificity of these pathogens is a function of a) the perception of specific host signals resulting in bacterial hrp gene expression and b) the action of specialized signal proteins (i.e. Hrp effectors) delivered into the plant cell. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1) How is the expression of the hrp and effector genes regulated in response to host cell contact and the apoplastic environment? 2) What additional effector proteins are involved in pathogenicity? 3) Do the presently known Pantoea effector proteins enter host cells? 4) What host proteins interact with these effectors? We characterized the components of the hrp regulatory cascade (HrpXY ->7 HrpS ->7 HrpL ->7 hrp promoters), showed that they are conserved in both Pnss and Fag, and discovered that the regulation of the hrpS promoter (hrpSp) may be a key point in integrating apoplastic signals. We also analyzed the promoters recognized by HrpL and demonstrated the relationship between their composition and efficiency. Moreover, we showed that promoter strength can influence disease expression. In Pnss, we found that the HrpXY two-component signal system may sense the metabolic status of the bacterium and is required for full hrp gene expression in planta. In both species, acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing may also regulate epiphytic fitness and/or pathogenicity. A common Hrp effector protein, DspE/WtsE, is conserved and required for virulence of both species. When introduced into corn cells, Pnss WtsE protein caused water-soaked lesions. In other plants, it either caused cell death or acted as an Avr determinant. Using a yeast- two-hybrid system, WtsE was shown to interact with a number of maize signal transduction proteins that are likely to have roles in either programmed cell death or disease resistance. In Pag and Pab, we have characterized the effector proteins HsvG, HsvB and PthG. HsvG and HsvB are homologous proteins that determine host specificity of Pag and Pab on gypsophila and beet, respectively. Both possess a transcriptional activation domain that functions in yeast. PthG was found to act as an Avr determinant on multiple beet species, but was required for virulence on gypsophila. In addition, we demonstrated that PthG acts within the host cell. Additional effector genes have been characterized on the pathogenicity plasmid, pPATHₚₐg, in Pag. A screen for HrpL- regulated genes in Pnsspointed up 18 candidate effector proteins and four of these were required for full virulence. It is now well established that the virulence of Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria is governed by Hrp-dependent effector proteins. However; the mode of action of many effectors is still unresolved. This BARD supported research will significantly contribute to the understanding of how Hrp effectors operate in Pantoea spp. and how they control host specificity and affect symptom production. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering plants resistant to a wide range of bacterial pathogens by inactivating the Hrp effectors with "plantabodies" or modifying their receptors, thereby blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, innovative technologies could be used to interfere with the Hrp regulatory cascade by blocking a critical step or mimicking plant or quorum sensing signals.