Journal articles: 'Hybrid Control Architectures'

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Korolija, Nenad, and Kent Milfeld. "Towards hybrid supercomputing architectures." Journal of Computer and Forensic Sciences 1, no. 1 (2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/1-42710.

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In light of recent work on combining control-flow and dataflow architectures on the same chip die, a new architecture based on an asymmetric multicore processor is proposed. The control-flow architectures are described as a most commonly used computer architecture today. Both multicore and manycore architectures are explained, as they are based on the same principles. A dataflow computing model assumes that data input flows through hardware as either a software or hardware dataflow implementation. In software dataflow, processors based on the control-flow paradigm process tasks based on their availability from the same queue (if there are any). In hardware dataflow architectures, the hardware is configured for a particular algorithm, and data input is streamed into the hardware, and the output is streamed back to the multicore processor for further processing. Hardware dataflow architectures are usually implemented with FPGAs. Hybrid architectures employ asymmetric multicore and manycore computer architectures that are based on the control-flow and hardware dataflow architecture, all combined on the same chip die. Advantages include faster processing time, lower power consumption (and heating), and less space needed for the hardware.

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Korolija, Nenad, and Svetlana Štrbac-Savić. "Merging control-flow and dataflow architectures on a single chip." Journal of Computer and Forensic Sciences, no. 00 (2024): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jcfs3-49392.

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Computing power rises predominantly by increasing the number of cores in modern processors and the number of processors in cluster and cloud architectures. Along with increasing processing power, high-performance computing requirements also rise. The majority of the computing infrastructure includes control-flow processors that are based on the von Neumann paradigm. On the contrary, the principle of dataflow architectures is based on the data flowing through the already configured hardware. Recent research has proposed hybrid architectures, where both control-flow and dataflow hardware would exist on the same chip die. This article proposes a new hybrid control-flow and dataflow architecture where the control-flow hardware resembles modern graphical cards with thousands of cores and each GPU core has a reasonable amount of data-flow hardware. In this way, the advantages of dataflow architecture are exploited, including faster processing of high-performance computing algorithms and lower power consumption, while the conventional problem of communicating between control-flow and dataflow architectures is minimized. The proposed architecture is tested by analyzing the conjugate gradient method executed on both control-flow and dataflow hardware. The execution of the algorithm is divided onto GPU cores, and the execution of repeated instructions on each GPU core is delegated to the assigned dataflow hardware. The results indicate that it is possible to accelerate the execution of algorithms using the proposed architecture.

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Gan, Shiyu, Daniela Chrenko, Alan Kéromnès, and Luis Le Moyne. "Development of a Multi-Architecture and Multi-Application Hybrid Vehicle Design and Management Tool." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113185.

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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are very promising sustainable mobility solutions. Series, parallel and series-parallel (SP) seem to be three most promising architectures among the multitude of hybrid architectures, and it is possible to find them in a multi-applications such as the motorcycles, family-cars, hybrid city busses and sport cars. It is import to have a well configured model in order to develop the different control strategies (CsTs) for each application. Therefore, a multi-architecture/multi-application (MAMA) approach capable of identifying the most energy efficient hybrid architecture considering both the dimensions of key components: electric motor (EM), battery, internal combustion engine (ICE) and the optimal control is presented. Basis of the model is the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR), which has been combined with object oriented programming (OOP) in order to enhance its modularity and reuse capabilities. The obtained results show, that different hybrid architectures are most adapted for different applications. Moreover, the robustness of the results using real time control algorithms are studied, showing that CsT matters. The obtained results contribute to simplify and harmonize the design of hybrid solutions for multiple applications.

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Bensaci, Chaima, Youcef Zennir, Denis Pomorski, Fares Innal, and Yiliu Liu. "Distributed vs. Hybrid Control Architecture Using STPA and AHP - Application to an Autonomous Mobile Multi-robot System." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.110101.

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Systems composed of a fleet of autonomous mobile robots are among the most complex control systems. This control complexity is at a high level especially when those robots navigate in hazardous and dynamic environments such as chemical analysis laboratories. These systems include different dangerous and harmful products (toxic, flammable, explosive...) with different quantity. In order to perform its mission on a regular basis, this multi-robot system can be controlled according to multiple architectures. We propose, firstly, to apply the System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) on two selected control architectures, namely distributed and hybrid architectures in order to obtain a set of loss scenarios for each kind of architecture. For further assessment, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to choose the best architecture. The proposed approach provides a risk analysis and a more practical comparison between the two control architectures of a mobile multi-robot system and facilitates decision-making, even in complex situations.

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Lanzarotto, D., M. Marchesoni, M. Passalacqua, A. Pini Prato, and M. Repetto. "Overview of different hybrid vehicle architectures." IFAC-PapersOnLine 51, no. 9 (2018): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.036.

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Overmars, Anthony H., and Dario J. Toncich. "Hybrid FMS control architectures based on holonic principles." International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems 8, no. 3 (July 1996): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00403128.

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Chao, Yan. "Hybrid architectures for intelligent systems." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 5, no. 6 (November 1992): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-1976(92)90032-f.

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Zkik, Karim, Said EL Hajji, and Ghizlane Orhanou. "A centralized secure plan for detecting and mitigation incidents in hybrid SDN." MATEC Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 10015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818910015.

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The information technology sector has experienced phenomenal growth during recent years. To follow this development many new technologies have emerged to satisfy the expectations of businesses and customers, such as Cloud Computing, mobility, virtualization, Internet of things and big data. Traditional network cannot longer support this growth and suffers more and more in terms of misconfiguration,management and configurations complexity. Software defined network (SDN) architectures can be considered as a big revolution in the field of computer networks, because they offer a centralized control on infrastructure, services and the applications deployed which facilitate configuration and management on the network. The implementation of this type of architecture is not obvious and requires great expertise and good handling and management of network equipment. To remedy this problem the SDN architectures have evolved towards distributed and hybrid architectures. Despites the advantages of using SDN, security issues remain a real obstacle in front of the deployment of this type of architecture. The centralized architecture of this type of networks makes it vulnerable to several types of attacks and intrusions, and the implementation of security equipment generally causes a decrease in performance and increase latency.

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Benevieri, Alessandro, Lorenzo Carbone, Simone Cosso, Krishneel Kumar, Mario Marchesoni, Massimiliano Passalacqua, and Luis Vaccaro. "Series Architecture on Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Review." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 7672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227672.

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The use of series architecture nowadays is mainly on hybrid buses. In comparison with series-parallel and parallel architectures, which are usually exploited on medium-size cars, the series architecture allows achieving internal combustion engine higher efficiency. The downside of this architecture, due to a double energy conversion (i.e., mechanical energy converted in electrical energy and electrical energy converted again in mechanical energy), is that additional losses are introduced. For this reason, the parallel and the series/parallel architectures were considered more suitable for hybrid medium-size cars. Nevertheless, the use of new technologies can change this scenario. Regarding storage systems, supercapacitors achieved a significant energy density, and they guarantee much higher efficiency than battery storage. Moreover, the use of wide-bandgap components for power electronic converters, such as silicon carbide devices, assure lower losses. In this scenario, the series architecture can become competitive on medium-size cars. This paper shows a review of various studies performed on this topic.

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Dramé-Maigné, Sophie, Maryline Laurent, Laurent Castillo, and Hervé Ganem. "Centralized, Distributed, and Everything in between." ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 7 (September 30, 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465170.

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The Internet of Things is taking hold in our everyday life. Regrettably, the security of IoT devices is often being overlooked. Among the vast array of security issues plaguing the emerging IoT, we decide to focus on access control, as privacy, trust, and other security properties cannot be achieved without controlled access. This article classifies IoT access control solutions from the literature according to their architecture (e.g., centralized, hierarchical, federated, distributed) and examines the suitability of each one for access control purposes. Our analysis concludes that important properties such as auditability and revocation are missing from many proposals while hierarchical and federated architectures are neglected by the community. Finally, we provide an architecture-based taxonomy and future research directions: a focus on hybrid architectures, usability, flexibility, privacy, and revocation schemes in serverless authorization.

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Hannay, Jo Erskine. "Architectural work for modeling and simulation combining the NATO Architecture Framework and C3 Taxonomy." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 14, no. 2 (November 15, 2016): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512916670785.

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To provide modeling and simulation functionality as services is strategically leveraged in the defense domain and elsewhere. To describe and understand the context, the ecosystem, wherein such services are used and interoperate with other services and capabilities, one needs tools that capture the simulation services themselves as well as the capability landscape they operate in. By using the NATO Consultation, Command, and Control (C3) Taxonomy to structure architecture design in the NATO Architecture Framework (NAF), cohesive descriptions of modeling and simulation capabilities within larger contexts can be given. We show how a basic seven-step approach may benefit architecture work for modeling and simulation at the overarching, reference, and target architectural levels; in particular for (1) hybrid architectures that embed simulation architectures within a larger service-oriented architecture and (2) for architectural design of simulation scenarios. Central to the approach is the use of the C3 Taxonomy as a repository for overarching architecture building blocks and patterns. We conclude that the promotion of technical functionality as capabilities in their own right helps delineate simulation environment boundaries, helps delineate services within and outside the boundary, and is an enabler for defining the service concepts in cloud-based approaches to modeling and simulation as a service (MSaaS).

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Lee, Woosik, Eun Suk Suh, Woo Young Kwak, and Hoon Han. "Comparative Analysis of 5G Mobile Communication Network Architectures." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 4, 2020): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072478.

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Mobile communication technology is evolving from 4G to 5G. Compared to previous generations, 5G has the capability to implement latency-critical services, such as autonomous driving, real-time AI on handheld devices and remote drone control. Multi-access Edge Computing is one of the key technologies of 5G in guaranteeing ultra-low latency aimed to support latency critical services by distributing centralized computing resources to networks edges closer to users. However, due to its high granularity of computing resources, Multi-access Edge Computing has an architectural vulnerability in that it can lead to the overloading of regional computing resources, a phenomenon called regional traffic explosion. This paper proposes an improved communication architecture called Hybrid Cloud Computing, which combines the advantages of both Centralized Cloud Computing and Multi-access Edge Computing. The performance of the proposed network architecture is evaluated by utilizing a discrete-event simulation model. Finally, the results, advantages, and disadvantages of various network architectures are discussed.

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Munandar, Devi, Andri Fachrur Rozie, and Andria Arisal. "A multi domains short message sentiment classification using hybrid neural network architecture." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i4.2790.

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Sentiment analysis of short texts is challenging because of its limited context of information. It becomes more challenging to be done on limited resource language like Bahasa Indonesia. However, with various deep learning techniques, it can give pretty good accuracy. This paper explores several deep learning methods, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP), convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and builds combinations of those three architectures. The combinations of those three architectures are intended to get the best of those architecture models. The MLP accommodates the use of the previous model to obtain classification output. The CNN layer extracts the word feature vector from text sequences. Subsequently, the LSTM repetitively selects or discards feature sequences based on their context. Those advantages are useful for different domain datasets. The experiments on sentiment analysis of short text in Bahasa Indonesia show that hybrid models can obtain better performance, and the same architecture can be directly used in another domain-specific dataset.

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DSOUZA, Kevin Joy, and Zahid Ahmed ANSARI. "HISTOPATHOLOGY IMAGE CLASSIFICATION USING HYBRID PARALLEL STRUCTURED DEEP-CNN MODELS." Applied Computer Science 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/acs-2022-2.

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The healthcare industry is one of the many out there that could majorly benefit from advancement in the technology it utilizes. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are especially integral and specifically deep learning (DL); a highly useful data-driven technology. It is applied in a variety of different methods but it mainly depends on the structure of the available data. However, with varying applications, this technology produces data in different contexts with particular connotations. Reports which are the images of scans play a great role in identifying the existence of the disease in a patient. Further, the automation in processing these images using technology like CNN-based models makes it highly efficient in reducing human errors otherwise resulting in large data. Hence this study presents a hybrid deep learning architecture to classify the histopathology images to identify the presence of cancer in a patient. Further, the proposed models are parallelized using the TensorFlow-GPU framework to accelerate the training of these deep CNN (Convolution Neural Networks) architectures. This study uses the transfer learning technique during training and early stopping criteria are used to avoid overfitting during the training phase. these models use LSTM parallel layer imposed in the model to experiment with four considered architectures such as MobileNet, VGG16, and ResNet with 101 and 152 layers. The experimental results produced by these hybrid models show that the capability of Hybrid ResNet101 and Hybrid ResNet152 architectures are highly suitable with an accuracy of 90% and 92%. Finally, this study concludes that the proposed Hybrid ResNet-152 architecture is highly efficient in classifying the histopathology images. The proposed study has conducted a well-focused and detailed experimental study which will further help researchers to understand the deep CNN architectures to be applied in application development.

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Muškatirović-Zekić, Tamara, Nataša Nešković, and Djuradj Budimir. "Efficient Neural Network DPD Architecture for Hybrid Beamforming mMIMO." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030597.

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This paper presents several different Neural Network based DPD architectures for hybrid beamforming (HBF) mMIMO applications. They are formulated, tested and compared based on their ability to compensate nonlinear distortion of power amplifiers in a single user (SU) and multiuser (MU) Fully-Connected (FC) HBF mMIMO transmitters. The proof-of-concept is provided with a 64 × 64 FC HBF mMIMO system, with 2 RF chains. The complexity of DPD solution is reduced by using a single Real-Valued Time-Delay Neural Network with two hidden layers (RVTDNN2L) instead of using as many different DPD blocks as there are RF chains in the HBF mMIMO transmitter and it is shown that the proposed architecture better compensates nonlinear distortion compared to the traditional memory polynomial DPD. Two RVTDNN2L DPD architectures are developed and tested for linearization of MU FC HBF mMIMO systems, and it is also shown that the proposed RVTDNN2L DPD architecture efficiently linearizes MU FC HBF mMIMO transmitters in terms of Normalized Mean-Squared Error (NMSE) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM).

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Martynova, Lubov’, Nikolay Kiselev, and Aleksandr Myslivyi. "Method of choice of architecture of a multi-agent control system of an autonomous underwater vehicle." Information and Control Systems, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2020-4-31-41.

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Introduction: The continuous improvement of autonomous underwater vehicles, the complexity of their systems and the use of a hybrid energy supply system have led to the need of developing a control system using multi-agent technology. To date, a large number of styles of multi-agent architectures have been formed, mainly in the field of organizing the manufacture and developing software. It is important to choose the most suitable architecture style for a multi-agent control system of an autonomous underwater vehicle with a hybrid energy supply system, taking into account its features. Purpose: The development of a method for choosing the most suitable style of a multi-agent architecture among a variety of alternative options. Method: The developed method is based on comparative assessment of various architecture styles according to non-functional requirements. For this purpose, a target graph is specially developed, taking into account the features of the device to be designed. In addition, when generating the final result, the label distribution algorithm was used as the most suitable one for this problem. Results: The proposed method of choosing the architecture style includes the following components: developing indicators by which it is advisable to compare the alternative options; forming various styles of architectures most suitable for the device under construction; analyzing the positive and negative effects of the architecture style according to non-functional requirements; formalizing these influences in the form of qualitative or quantitative labels; obtaining the final grade by applying the label distribution algorithm. Practical relevance: The proposed method allows you to select the most appropriate architecture for a multi-agent control system of an autonomous underwater vehicle. The method can also be used for a wider range of ground-based and air-based robotic systems.

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Barbierato, Enrico, Daniele Manini, and Marco Gribaudo. "A Multiformalism-Based Model for Performance Evaluation of Green Data Centres." Electronics 12, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102169.

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Although the coexistence of ARM and INTEL technologies in green data centres is technically feasible, significant challenges exist that must be addressed. These challenges stem from the differences in instruction sets and power consumption between the two processor architectures. While ARM processors are known for their energy efficiency, INTEL processors tend to consume more power. Consequently, evaluating the performance of hybrid architectures can be a complex task. The contributions of this article consist of (i) a multiformalism-based model of a data centre, providing a natural and convenient approach to the specification process and performance analysis of a realistic scenario and (ii) a review of the performance indices, including the choice of one architecture over another, power consumption, the response time, and request loss, according to different policies. As a result, the model aims to address issues such as system underutilization and the need to estimate the optimal workload balance, thereby providing an effective solution for evaluating the performance of hybrid hardware architectures.

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Kim, Jin-Hwan. "Replication and Consistency Control in Hybrid Architectures for Multiplayer Online Games." Journal of the Institute of Internet Broadcasting and Communication 16, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/jiibc.2016.16.4.73.

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Aznar, E., R. Casasús, B. García-Acosta, M. D. Marcos, R. Martínez-Máñez, F. Sancenón, J. Soto, and P. Amorós. "Photochemical and Chemical Two-Channel Control of Functional Nanogated Hybrid Architectures." Advanced Materials 19, no. 17 (September 3, 2007): 2228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200601958.

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Hunt, John, and Roger Miles. "Hybrid case-based reasoning." Knowledge Engineering Review 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888900007116.

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AbstractThis paper reviews a number of hybrid Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) systems. These systems are hybrid because the CBR components cooperate with one or more “co-reasoners” which employ a different type of reasoning strategy (e.g. qualitative simulation, constraint satisfaction, etc.). In this paper, we propose that CBR is in fact an inherently hybrid process. We review a number of systems and identify three classes of architecture which have been used for hybrid systems. We believe that to successfully exploit a co-reasoner within a CBR system it is necessary to analyse where, when, why and how the information provided by the co-reasoner will be used. We propose the KADS methodology as a suitable way of performing such an analysis and illustrate its use by example. We conclude by considering the control issues associated with the construction of hybrid CBR systems. We review the requirements of such systems and consider how well the two existing cooperation architectures match those requirements.

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Baldi, Pierre, and Yves Chauvin. "Hybrid Modeling, HMM/NN Architectures, and Protein Applications." Neural Computation 8, no. 7 (October 1996): 1541–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1996.8.7.1541.

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We describe a hybrid modeling approach where the parameters of a model are calculated and modulated by another model, typically a neural network (NN), to avoid both overfitting and underfitting. We develop the approach for the case of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), by deriving a class of hybrid HMM/NN architectures. These architectures can be trained with unified algorithms that blend HMM dynamic programming with NN backpropagation. In the case of complex data, mixtures of HMMs or modulated HMMs must be used. NNs can then be applied both to the parameters of each single HMM, and to the switching or modulation of the models, as a function of input or context. Hybrid HMM/NN architectures provide a flexible NN parameterization for the control of model structure and complexity. At the same time, they can capture distributions that, in practice, are inaccessible to single HMMs. The HMM/NN hybrid approach is tested, in its simplest form, by constructing a model of the immunoglobulin protein family. A hybrid model is trained, and a multiple alignment derived, with less than a fourth of the number of parameters used with previous single HMMs.

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Umer, Usama, Muhammad Rashid, Adel R. Alharbi, Ahmed Alhomoud, Harish Kumar, and Atif Raza Jafri. "An Efficient Crypto Processor Architecture for Side-Channel Resistant Binary Huff Curves on FPGA." Electronics 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071131.

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This article presents an efficient crypto processor architecture for point multiplication acceleration of side-channel secured Binary Huff Curves (BHC) on FPGA (field-programmable gate array) over GF(2233). We have implemented six finite field polynomial multiplication architectures, i.e., (1) schoolbook, (2) hybrid Karatsuba, (3) 2-way-karatsuba, (4) 3-way-toom-cook, (5) 4-way-toom-cook and (6) digit-parallel-least-significant. For performance evaluation, each implemented polynomial multiplier is integrated with the proposed BHC architecture. Verilog HDL is used for the implementation of all the polynomial multipliers. Moreover, the Xilinx ISE design suite tool is employed as an underlying simulation platform. The implementation results are presented on Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA devices. The achieved results show that the integration of a hybrid Karatsuba multiplier with the proposed BHC architecture results in lower hardware resources. Similarly, the use of a least-significant-digit-parallel multiplier in the proposed design results in high-speed (in terms of both clock frequency and latency). Consequently, the proposed BHC architecture, integrated with a least-significant-digit-parallel multiplier, is 1.42 times faster and utilizes 1.80 times lower FPGA slices when compared to the most recent BHC accelerator architectures.

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Peterson, Gilbert L., Jeffrey P. Duffy, and Daylond J. Hooper. "Dynamic Behavior Sequencing for Hybrid Robot Architectures." Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 64, no. 2 (January 13, 2011): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-010-9535-3.

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Benali, Cherif, and Ramdane Maamri. "A Hybrid Architecture Based on Blockchain to Ensure Security, Privacy, and Trust in IoT." International Journal of Organizational and Collective Intelligence 12, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijoci.312222.

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IoT is an enormous network of interconnected devices that gather data and share it over the internet. Today, IoT suffers from malevolent behaviours and actions that aim to damage and compromise privacy and security. Moreover, these issues and the new IoT requirements are not effectively covered by current architectures. Thus, this paper is an extended work of the authors' previous paper, which suggested a new architecture adhering to the IoT needs that have evolved. It suggests a hybrid architecture that integrates our previous one with a Blockchain-based architecture, to combine their significant features. The hybrid architecture fulfils the emerged requirements of IoT and exploits the Blockchain to increase trust, security and privacy. Further, the hybrid architecture delivers a novel structure to build the policy header, which is an access control list used to regulate the local network and was inherited from the Blockchain-based architecture. The Cooja simulator is used to compare the two structures, revealing that the new structure can use 87% less storage and 83% less computing.

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Avila, Anderson, Helida Santos, Anderson Cruz, Samuel Xavier-de-Souza, Giancarlo Lucca, Bruno Moura, Adenauer Yamin, and Renata Reiser. "HybriD-GM: A Framework for Quantum Computing Simulation Targeted to Hybrid Parallel Architectures." Entropy 25, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030503.

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This paper presents the HybriD-GM model conception, from modeling to consolidation. The D-GM environment is also extended, providing efficient parallel executions for quantum computing simulations, targeted to hybrid architectures considering the CPU and GPU integration. By managing projection operators over quantum structures, and exploring coalescing memory access patterns, the HybriD-GM model enables granularity control, optimizing hardware resources in distributed computations organized as tree data structures. In the HybriD-GM evaluation, simulations of Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms achieve significant performance improvements in comparison to the previous D-GM version, and also with other related works, for example, LIQUi|⟩ and ProjectQ simulators.

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Mantriota, Giacomo, Giulio Reina, and Angelo Ugenti. "Performance Evaluation of a Compound Power-Split CVT for Hybrid Powertrains." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 8749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188749.

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The Power-Split Continuously Variable Transmission is one of the most promising architectures for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. These systems have been introduced to improve vehicle global efficiency since they can maximize the efficiency in varying operating conditions. During the design stage, the availability of modeling tools would play a key role in achieving optimal design and control of these architectures. In this work, a compound power split device that combines an electric Continuously Variable Transmission with two planetary gear trains is analyzed. A comprehensive model is derived that allows the different power flow configurations to be evaluated given the properties of the single subcomponents of the system. The efficiency of the powertrain can be derived as well, and a numerical example is provided. The architecture studied has an efficiency that can be higher than that obtained using one single eCVT for most of the global transmission ratio range, showing that this solution could be suitable as a part of a more complex compound transmission that engages in a specific speed range.

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Albukhari, Almothana, and Ulrich Mescheder. "Inchworm Motors and Beyond: A Review on Cooperative Electrostatic Actuator Systems." Actuators 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act12040163.

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Having benefited from technological developments, such as surface micromachining, high-aspect-ratio silicon micromachining and ongoing miniaturization in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology, some electrostatic actuators became widely used in large-volume products today. However, due to reliability-related issues and inherent limitations, such as the pull-in instability and extremely small stroke and force, commercial electrostatic actuators are limited to basic implementations and the micro range, and thus cannot be employed in more intricate systems or scaled up to the macro range (mm stroke and N force). To overcome these limitations, cooperative electrostatic actuator systems have been researched by many groups in recent years. After defining the scope and three different levels of cooperation, this review provides an overview of examples of weak, medium and advanced cooperative architectures. As a specific class, hybrid cooperative architectures are presented, in which besides electrostatic actuation, another actuation principle is used. Inchworm motors—belonging to the advanced cooperative architectures—can provide, in principle, the link from the micro to the macro range. As a result of this outstanding potential, they are reviewed and analyzed here in more detail. However, despite promising research concepts and results, commercial applications are still missing. The acceptance of piezoelectric materials in some industrial CMOS facilities might now open the gate towards hybrid cooperative microactuators realized in high volumes in CMOS technology.

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Vespoli, Silvestro, Andrea Grassi, Guido Guizzi, and Valentina Popolo. "Generalised Performance Estimation in Novel Hybrid MPC Architectures: Modeling the CONWIP Flow-Shop System." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (April 11, 2023): 4808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084808.

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The ability to supply increasingly individualized market demand in a short period of time while maintaining costs to a bare minimum might be considered a vital factor for industrialized countries’ competitive revival. Despite significant advances in the field of Industry 4.0, there is still an open gap in the literature regarding advanced methodologies for production planning and control. Among different production and control approaches, hybrid architectures are gaining huge interest in the literature. For such architectures to operate at their best, reliable models for performance prediction of the supervised production system are required. In an effort to advance the development of hybrid architecture, this paper develops a model able to predict the performance of the controlled system when it is structured as a controlled work-in-progress (CONWIP) flow-shop with generalized stochastic processing times. To achieve this, we employed a simulation tool using both discrete-event and agent-based simulation techniques, which was then utilized to generate data for training a deep learning neural network. This network was proposed for estimating the throughput of a balanced system, together with a normalization method to generalize the approach. The results showed that the developed estimation tool outperforms the best-known approximated mathematical models while allowing one-shot training of the network. Finally, the paper develops preliminary insights about generalized performance estimation for unbalanced lines.

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TZAFESTAS, ELPIDA S., SPYROS N. RAPTIS, and SPYROS G. TZAFESTAS. "MULTI-AGENT ROBOT ARCHITECTURES: THE DECOMPOSITION ISSUE AND A CASE STUDY." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 07, no. 02 (June 1998): 163–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821309800010x.

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In this paper, some fundamental issues of modern multi-agent robot architectures are discussed. It is argued that the multi-agent approach provides the necessary flexibility and adaptivity for such architectures, and that the primary issue in designing a multi-agent robot architecture is the selection of the granularity level, i.e., the decision on decomposing the overall desired functionality physically or across tasks. It is explained why at the various system levels different decomposition grains are needed; physical components, tasks or hybrid. This granularity decision is made on the basis of specific criteria of control localization, knowledge decoupling and interaction minimization so as to identify the decision points of the overall functionality. The above criteria lead to a dual composition-decomposition relation, which provides a good basis for system scaling. The paper specializes the discussion to a proposed neuro-fuzzy multi-agent architecture, which is then applied to design the local path planning system of an indoor mobile robot.

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Gupta, Pragya, and Markus Duchon. "Developing Self-Similar Hybrid Control Architecture Based on SGAM-Based Methodology for Distributed Microgrids." Designs 2, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs2040041.

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Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are the complex systems that control and coordinate physical infrastructures, which may be geographically apart, via the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). One such application of CPS is smart microgrids. Microgrids comprise both power consuming and power producing infrastructure and are capable of operating in grid connected and disconnected modes. Due to the presence of heterogeneous smart devices communicating over multiple communication protocols in a distributed environment, a system architecture is required. The objective of this paper is to approach the microgrid architecture from the software and systems’ design perspective. The architecture should be flexible to support various multiple communication protocols and is able to integrate various hardware technologies. It should also be modular and scalable to support various functionalities such as island mode operations, energy efficient operations, energy trading, predictive maintenance, etc. These requirements are the basis for designing the software architecture for the smart microgrids that should be able to manage not only electrical but all energy related systems. In this work, we propose a distributed, hybrid control architecture suited for microgrid environments, where entities are geographically distant and need to operate in a cohesive manner. The proposed system architecture supports various design philosophies such as component-based design, hierarchical composition of components, peer-to-peer design, distributed decision-making and controlling as well as plug-and-play during runtime. A unique capability of the proposed system architecture is the self-similarity of the components for the distributed microgrids. The benefit of the approach is that it supports these design philosophies at all the levels in the hierarchy in contrast to a typical centralized architectures where decisions are taken only at the global level. The proposed architecture is applied to a real system of 13 residential buildings in a low-voltage distribution network. The required implementation and deployment details for monitoring and controlling 13 residential buildings are also discussed in this work.

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Lee, Chung-Ching, and Jacques M. Hervé. "Uncoupled actuation of overconstrained 3T-1R hybrid parallel manipulators." Robotica 27, no. 1 (January 2009): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574708004554.

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SUMMARYBased on the Lie-group-algebraic properties of the displacement set and intrinsic coordinate-free geometry, several novel 4-dof overconstrained hybrid parallel manipulators (HPMs) with uncoupled actuation of three spatial translations and one rotation (3T-1R) are proposed. In these HPMs, three limbs are those of Cartesian translational parallel mechanisms (CTPMs) and the fourth limb includes an Oldham-type constant velocity shaft coupling (CVSC). The Lie subgroup of Schoenflies (X) displacements of the displacement Lie group and its mechanical generators with nine categories of their general architectures are recalled. A comprehensive enumeration of all possible Oldham-type CVSC limbs is derived fromX-motion generators. Their constant velocity (CV) transmissions are verified by group-algebraic approach. Then, combining one CTPM and one CVSC, we synthesize a lot of uncoupled 3T-1R overconstrained HPMs, which are classified into nine distinct classes of general architectures. In addition, all possible architectures with at least one hinged parallelogram or with one cylindrical pair are disclosed too. At last, related non-overconstrained HPMs are attained by the addition of one idle pair in each limb of the previous HPMs.

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Fett, Michel, Marcel Kraft, Fabian Wilking, Stefan Goetz, Sandro Wartzack, and Eckhard Kirchner. "Medium-Level Architectures for Digital Twins: Bridging Conceptual Reference Architectures to Practical Implementation in Cloud, Edge and Cloud–Edge Deployments." Electronics 13, no. 7 (April 5, 2024): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071373.

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The integration of Digital Twins (DTs) is becoming increasingly important in various industries. This entails the need for a comprehensive and practical IT infrastructure framework. This paper presents a modifiable medium-level architecture that serves as a link between established reference architectures such as RAMI 4.0 and the pragmatic implementation of Digital Twins. The functionalities of an IT infrastructure are considered, and functional hardware and software components for fulfilling these are described. The proposed architecture is suitable for various deployment scenarios, including local, cloud and hybrid cloud–edge configurations. In order to improve the applicability of the medium-level architecture, a step-by-step procedure is also proposed, which helps to transfer the overarching requirements for a Digital Twin into a suitable IT infrastructure. Finally, the results are demonstrated by an exemplary application to a two-stage industrial gearbox.

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Yu, Zhi, Kui Yu, Longli Lai, Kostantin A. Udachin, Haoguo Zhu, Jianqin Tao, Xiaozeng You, Markus Ströbele, H. Jürgen Meyer, and John A. Ripmeester. "Novel hybrid hetero-sandwich architectures via stoichiometric control of host–guest self-organization." Chem. Commun., no. 6 (2004): 648–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b313846a.

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Acı, Çiğdem İnan, and Mehmet Fatih Akay. "A hybrid congestion control algorithm for broadcast-based architectures with multiple input queues." Journal of Supercomputing 71, no. 5 (February 7, 2015): 1907–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-015-1384-1.

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Yezeguelian, Axel, and Askin T. Isikveren. "Methods to improve UAV performance using hybrid-electric architectures." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 5 (April 16, 2020): 685–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2019-0227.

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Purpose When comparing and contrasting different types of fixed-wing military aircraft on the basis of an energetic efficiency figure-of-merit, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) dedicated to tactical medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) operations appear to have significant potential when hybrid-electric propulsion and power systems (HEPPS) are implemented. Beginning with a baseline Eulair drone, this paper aims to examine the feasibility of retro-fitting with an Autarkic-Parallel-HEPPS architecture to enhance performance of the original single diesel engine. Design/methodology/approach In view of the low gravimetric specific energy performance attributes of batteries in the foreseeable future, the best approach was found to be one in which the Parallel-HEPPS architecture has the thermal engine augmented by an organic rankine cycle (ORC). For this study, with the outer mould lines fixed, the goal was to increase endurance without increasing the Eulair drone maximum take-off weight beyond an upper limit of +10%. The intent was to also retain take-off distance and climb performance or, where possible, improve upon these aspects. Therefore, as the focus of the work was on power scheduling, two primary control variables were identified as degree-of-hybridisation for useful power and cut-off altitude during the en route climb phase. Quasi-static methods were used for technical sub-space modelling, and these modules were linked into a constrained optimisation algorithm. Findings Results showed that an Autarkic-Parallel-HEPPS architecture comprising an ORC thermal energy recovery apparatus and high-end year-2020 battery, the endurance of the considered aircraft could be increased by 11%, i.e. a total of around 28 h, including de-icing system, in-flight recharge and emergency aircraft recovery capabilities. The same aircraft with the de-icing functionality removed resulted in a 20% increase in maximum endurance to 30 h. Practical implications Although the adoption of Series/Parallel-HEPPS only solutions do tend to generate questionable improvements in UAV operational performance, combinations of HEPPS with energy recovery machines that use, for example, an ORC, were found to have merit. Furthermore, such architectural solutions could also offer opportunity to facilitate additional functions like de-icing and emergency aircraft recovery during engine failure, which is either not available for UAVs today or prove to be prohibitive in terms of operational performance attributes when implemented using a conventional PPS approach. Originality/value This technical paper highlights a new degree of freedom in terms of power scheduling during climbing transversal flight operations. A control parameter of cut-off altitude for all types of HEPPS-based aircraft should be introduced into the technical decision-making/optimisation/analysis scheme and is seen to be a fundamental aspect when conducting trade-studies with respect to degree-of-hybridisation for useful power.

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Megson, Gavin, Sabyasachi Gupta, Syed Muhammad Hashir, Ehsan Aryafar, and Joseph Camp. "An Experiment-Based Comparison between Fully Digital and Hybrid Beamforming Radio Architectures for Many-Antenna Full-Duplex Wireless Communication." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010059.

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Full-duplex (FD) communication in many-antenna base stations (BSs) is hampered by self-interference (SI). This is because a FD node’s transmitting signal generates significant interference to its own receiver. Recent works have shown that it is possible to reduce/eliminate this SI in fully digital many-antenna systems, e.g., through transmit beamforming by using some spatial degrees of freedom to reduce SI instead of increasing the beamforming gain. On a parallel front, hybrid beamforming has recently emerged as a radio architecture that uses multiple antennas per FR chain. This can significantly reduce the cost of the end device (e.g., BS) but may also reduce the capacity or SI reduction gains of a fully digital radio system. This is because a fully digital radio architecture can change both the amplitude and phase of the wireless signal and send different data streams from each antenna element. Our goal in this paper is to quantify the performance gap between these two radio architectures in terms of SI cancellation and system capacity, particularly in multi-user MIMO setups. To do so, we experimentally compare the performance of a state-of-the-art fully digital many antenna FD solution to a hybrid beamforming architecture and compare the corresponding performance metrics leveraging a fully programmable many-antenna testbed and collecting over-the-air wireless channel data. We show that SI cancellation through beam design on a hybrid beamforming radio architecture can achieve capacity within 16% of that of a fully digital architecture. The performance gap further shrinks with a higher number of quantization bits in the hybrid beamforming system.

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Smolyakov, Ivan, and Lev Stankevich. "Hybrid implementation of neuromorphic system for robot control." Robotics and Technical Cybernetics 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31776/rtcj.9406.

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Abstract The article proposes a new approach to the implementation of a neuromorphic system based on a hybrid model of a neuron, made in a neuro-fuzzy basis. The closest analogue, the Neo-fuzzy neuron model, is described. A neurological cluster model, previously developed with the participation of the authors, was chosen as a prototype for constructing a hybrid model. The basic procedures for processing and teaching this model to map a given function, as well as additional procedures for coding pulse inputs and synthesis of pulse outputs are presented. Using these procedures, a new hybrid model of a spike neuron has been implemented, which reflects the function of the traditional model of Izhikevich's neuron. It is shown that the hybrid model requires less computing resources. On the basis of the new version of the hybrid model, a spike neuromorphic network was developed and tested to control the movements of a mobile robot along a given trajectory. It is assumed that, using a hybrid version of the neuron model, it is easier to implement a hardware version of spike neuromorphic networks than using neuron models based on differential equations. On the basis of such hardware-implemented networks, it is possible to create effective neuromorphic control systems for mobile robots. Key words Neuromorphic system, spike neuromorphic network, hybrid neuron model, neuron-fuzzy basis, mobile robot control. Acknowledgements This work was done as the part of the state task of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia No. 075-00913-21-01 «Development and study of new architectures of reconfigurable growing neural networks, methods and algorithms for their learning».

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Tan, Weiqiang, Michail Matthaiou, Shi Jin, and Xiao Li. "Spectral Efficiency of DFT-Based Processing Hybrid Architectures in Massive MIMO." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 6, no. 5 (October 2017): 586–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2017.2719036.

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Raveendhra, Dogga, Rajana Poojitha, Beeramangalla Lakshminarasaiah Narasimharaju, Aliona Dreglea, Fang Liu, Daniil Panasetsky, Mukesh Pathak, and Denis Sidorov. "Part-I: State-of-the-Art Technologies of Solar Powered DC Microgrid with Hybrid Energy Storage Systems-Architecture Topologies." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020923.

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In the case of microgrid (MG) systems, the choice of the right configuration plays a vital role to meet grid/load necessities when integrating low voltage, non-linear and highly sensitive (to environmental conditions) power sources such as solar PV modules, batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), etc. In the case of MG systems, the choice of the right configuration and the appropriate type of power converters in any application can have a significant impact on the optimum performance. Numerous architectures have been proposed for the integration of various energy sources to achieve optimum performance. A large number of research articles have been published in these areas. In this article, the detailed organization of various architectures based on the arrangement of various sources and detailed analyses is presented along with a discussion on those architectures. Moreover, the suitability of all the reviewed architectures based on driving factors such as (a) high conversion gain, (b) good power decoupling, (c) high efficiency, (d) isolation, (e) power-handling capabilities and (f) compact design is presented in the discussions section. The critical examination and comparative study presented in this work can assist both industry personnel and academicians in selecting the best architectural and power converter topologies required for optimum performance.

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Wilhelm, Nikolas, Rainer Burgkart, Jan Lang, Carina Micheler, and Constantin von Deimling. "Exploiting null space potentials to control arm robots compliantly performing nonlinear tactile tasks." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 172988141988547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419885473.

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In this article, two new compliant control architectures are introduced that utilize null space solutions to decouple force and position control. They are capable to interact with uncertain surfaces and environments with varying materials and require fewer parameters to be tuned than the common architectures – hybrid or impedance control. The general concept behind these approaches allows to consider manipulators with six degrees of freedom as redundant by creating a virtual redundancy with a reduced work space. It will be demonstrated that the introduced approaches are superior regarding orthogonal separation of the Cartesian degrees of freedom and avoid inner singularities. To demonstrate their performance, the controllers are tested on a standard industrial robot (Stäubli, RX90B, six degrees of freedom) that actuates two different biomechanically inspired models of the human knee joint.

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Wijesekara, Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha, Kalupahana Liyanage Kushan Sudheera, Gammana Guruge Nadeesha Sandamali, and Peter Han Joo Chong. "An Optimization Framework for Data Collection in Software Defined Vehicular Networks." Sensors 23, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031600.

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A Software Defined Vehicular Network (SDVN) is a new paradigm that enhances programmability and flexibility in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs). There exist different architectures for SDVNs based on the degree of control of the control plane. However, in vehicular communication literature, we find that there is no proper mechanism to collect data. Therefore, we propose a novel data collection methodology for the hybrid SDVN architecture by modeling it as an Integer Quadratic Programming (IQP) problem. The IQP model optimally selects broadcasting nodes and agent (unicasting) nodes from a given vehicular network instance with the objective of minimizing the number of agents, communication delay, communication cost, total payload, and total overhead. Due to the dynamic network topology, finding a new solution to the optimization is frequently required in order to avoid node isolation and redundant data transmission. Therefore, we propose a systematic way to collect data and make optimization decisions by inspecting the heterogeneous normalized network link entropy. The proposed optimization model for data collection for the hybrid SDVN architecture yields a 75.5% lower communication cost and 32.7% lower end-to-end latency in large vehicular networks compared to the data collection in the centralized SDVN architecture while collecting 99.9% of the data available in the vehicular network under optimized settings.

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Kashif, Muhammad, and Saif Al-Kuwari. "Design Space Exploration of Hybrid Quantum–Classical Neural Networks." Electronics 10, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 2980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10232980.

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The unprecedented success of classical neural networks and the recent advances in quantum computing have motivated the research community to explore the interplay between these two technologies, leading to the so-called quantum neural networks. In fact, universal quantum computers are anticipated to both speed up and improve the accuracy of neural networks. However, whether such quantum neural networks will result in a clear advantage on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices is still not clear. In this paper, we propose a systematic methodology for designing quantum layer(s) in hybrid quantum–classical neural network (HQCNN) architectures. Following our proposed methodology, we develop different variants of hybrid neural networks and compare them with pure classical architectures of equivalent size. Finally, we empirically evaluate our proposed hybrid variants and show that the addition of quantum layers does provide a noticeable computational advantage.

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Jimenez, Jose-Fernando, Abdelghani Bekrar, Damien Trentesaux, and Paulo Leitão. "A switching mechanism framework for optimal coupling of predictive scheduling and reactive control in manufacturing hybrid control architectures." International Journal of Production Research 54, no. 23 (May 2, 2016): 7027–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2016.1177237.

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Cardin, Olivier, Damien Trentesaux, André Thomas, Pierre Castagna, Thierry Berger, and Hind Bril El-Haouzi. "Coupling predictive scheduling and reactive control in manufacturing hybrid control architectures: state of the art and future challenges." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 28, no. 7 (August 11, 2015): 1503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10845-015-1139-0.

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Oliveira, Jauvane C. de, and Nicolas D. Georganas. "VELVET: An Adaptive Hybrid Architecture for Very Large Virtual Environments." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, no. 6 (December 2003): 555–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474603322955888.

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Collaborative virtual environment (CVE) concepts have been used in many systems in the past few years. Applications of such technology range from military combat simulations to various civilian commercial applications. The architectures available today provide support for a number of users, but they fail if too many users are together in a small “space” in the virtual world. This paper introduces VELVET, an adaptive hybrid architecture that allows a greater number of users to interact through a CVE. This is accomplished through an adaptive filtering scheme based on multicasting. VELVET also supports small groups of users, but its use in large environments shows the greatest potential, better handling local concentrations of activity than region-, cell-, orlocale-based approaches. VELVET introduces a novel adaptive area of interest management that supports heterogeneity amongst the various participants. This allows users in a supercomputer with high-speed networking to successfully collaborate with others in not-so-powerful systems behind a slow dial-up connection.

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Murillo-Yarce, Duberney, José Alarcón-Alarcón, Marco Rivera, Carlos Restrepo, Javier Muñoz, Carlos Baier, and Patrick Wheeler. "A Review of Control Techniques in Photovoltaic Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 10598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410598.

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Complex control structures are required for the operation of photovoltaic electrical energy systems. In this paper, a general review of the controllers used for photovoltaic systems is presented. This review is based on the most recent papers presented in the literature. The control architectures considered are complex hybrid systems that combine classical and modern techniques, such as artificial intelligence and statistical models. The main contribution of this paper is the synthesis of a generalized control structure and the identification of the latest trends. The main findings are summarized in the development of increasingly robust controllers for operation with improved efficiency, power quality, stability, safety, and economics.

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Uppugunduru, Anil Kumar, S. Vignesh Bharadwaj, and Syed Ershad Ahmed. "Compressor based hybrid approximate multiplier architectures with efficient error correction logic." Computers and Electrical Engineering 104 (December 2022): 108407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.108407.

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Mocera, Francesco, Valerio Martini, and Aurelio Somà. "Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Electric Architectures for Specialized Agricultural Tractors." Energies 15, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051944.

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In this work, a comparative numerical analysis between the performance of a conventional specialized orchard tractor and those of three different hybrid electric tractor configurations is presented. The aim was to compare several powertrain configurations in the same working scenarios derived from field measurements. Peak power capabilities and endurance were numerically tested with specific load scenarios involving both transportation mission profiles and field activities with external implements powered through the power take off of the tractor. The proposed hybrid architectures were configured with the same battery-based energy storage system to perform the comparison with the same energy storage capabilities. Two parallel, two series and one electro-hydraulic hybrid configuration were modeled and tested through simulations. The parallel ones excelled in peak power performance, whereas the series configurations had the highest fuel savings. The electro-hydraulic configuration was proposed as an alternative able to allow for a downsized engine but also for the introduction of the Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) functionality, which is always an interesting feature for such working machines.

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Kwon, Hyukjoon, and Monika Ivantysynova. "System Characteristics Analysis for Energy Management of Power-Split Hydraulic Hybrids." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 10, 2020): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071837.

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Hydraulic hybrid powertrains provide an opportunity for specific applications, such as heavy-duty vehicles based on high-power density, which has not been included in other types of hybrid powertrains. Among the various architectures of hybrid vehicles, power-split hybrids have a greater possibility of producing better fuel efficiency than other hybrid architectures. This study analyzed the possible energy-saving characteristics of power-split hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHVs); this has not been comprehensively described in previous studies. A typical configuration of power-split HHVs was modeled with the FTP-72 driving cycle using a novel simulation method that considered the dynamic and thermal behaviors together. The characteristics were analyzed in comparison to a power-split hydrostatic transmission (HST), which is designed with the same conditions except for hydraulic energy storage. The power-split HHV not only has a better fuel efficiency, but it also shows system energy-saving characteristics. The power-split HHV has more chances for engine idling, which is directly related to fuel consumption savings due to engine stop. Additionally, more engine idling time enables the system to operate in a more efficient area on the engine map by load leveling. The results for the system temperature show that the power-split HHV offers the possibility to deliver better thermal management because it prevents the waste of braking power, which is especially crucial for hydraulic systems in comparison to other power systems such as electric or mechanical power systems. The ease of thermal management results in less energy consumption for cooling down the system temperature by minimizing the cooling system, as well as in a better thermal stability for the hydraulic system. The power-split HHV characteristics analyzed in this study can be used to design and organize the system control logic while developing power-split HHVs.

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Bonfitto, Angelo, Stefano Feraco, Andrea Tonoli, Nicola Amati, and Francesco Monti. "Estimation Accuracy and Computational Cost Analysis of Artificial Neural Networks for State of Charge Estimation in Lithium Batteries." Batteries 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5020047.

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This paper presents a tradeoff analysis in terms of accuracy and computational cost between different architectures of artificial neural networks for the State of Charge (SOC) estimation of lithium batteries in hybrid and electric vehicles. The considered layouts are partly selected from the literature on SOC estimation, and partly are novel proposals that have been demonstrated to be effective in executing estimation tasks in other engineering fields. One of the architectures, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network with Exogenous Input (NARX), is presented with an unconventional layout that exploits a preliminary routine, which allows setting of the feedback initial value to avoid estimation divergence. The presented solutions are compared in terms of estimation accuracy, duration of the training process, robustness to the noise in the current measurement, and to the inaccuracy on the initial estimation. Moreover, the algorithms are implemented on an electronic control unit in serial communication with a computer, which emulates a real vehicle, so as to compare their computational costs. The proposed unconventional NARX architecture outperforms the other solutions. The battery pack that is used to design and test the networks is a 20 kW pack for a mild hybrid electric vehicle, whilst the adopted training, validation and test datasets are obtained from the driving cycles of a real car and from standard profiles.

Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid Control Architectures'

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