Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hybrid columns'

As part of a multi-university research program funded by NSF, a comprehensive experimental and analytical study of seismic behavior of hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP)-concrete column is presented in this dissertation. Experimental investigation includes cyclic tests of six large-scale concrete-filled FRP tube (CFFT) and RC columns followed by monotonic flexural tests, a nondestructive evaluation of damage using ultrasonic pulse velocity in between the two test sets and tension tests of sixty-five FRP coupons. Two analytical models using ANSYS and OpenSees were developed and favorably verified against both cyclic and monotonic flexural tests. The results of the two methods were compared. A parametric study was also carried out to investigate the effect of three main parameters on primary seismic response measures. The responses of typical CFFT columns to three representative earthquake records were also investigated. The study shows that only specimens with carbon FRP cracked, whereas specimens with glass or hybrid FRP did not show any visible cracks throughout cyclic tests. Further monotonic flexural tests showed that carbon specimens both experienced flexural cracks in tension and crumpling in compression. Glass or hybrid specimens, on the other hand, all showed local buckling of FRP tubes. Compared with conventional RC columns, CFFT column possesses higher flexural strength and energy dissipation with an extended plastic hinge region. Among all CFFT columns, the hybrid lay-up demonstrated the highest flexural strength and initial stiffness, mainly because of its high reinforcement index and FRP/concrete stiffness ratio, respectively. Moreover, at the same drift ratio, the hybrid lay-up was also considered as the best in term of energy dissipation. Specimens with glassfiber tubes, on the other hand, exhibited the highest ductility due to better flexibility of glass FRP composites. Furthermore, ductility of CFFTs showed a strong correlation with the rupture strain of FRP. Parametric study further showed that different FRP architecture and rebar types may lead to different failure modes for CFFT columns. Transient analysis of strong ground motions showed that the column with off-axis nonlinear filament-wound glass FRP tube exhibited a superior seismic performance to all other CFFTs. Moreover, higher FRP reinforcement ratios may lead to a brittle system failure, while a well-engineered FRP reinforcement configuration may significantly enhance the seismic performance of CFFT columns.

Modern reinforced concrete bridges are designed to avoid collapse and to prevent loss of life during earthquakes. To meet these objectives, bridge columns are typically detailed to form ductile plastic hinges when large displacements occur. California seismic design criteria acknowledges that damage such as concrete cover spalling and reinforcing bar yielding may occur in columns during a design-level earthquake.

The seismic resilience of bridge columns can be improved through the use of a damage resistant hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HyFRC). Fibers delay crack propagation and prevent spalling under extreme loading conditions, and the material resists many typical concrete deterioration mechanisms through multi-scale crack control.

Little is known about the response of the material when combined with conventional reinforcing bars. Therefore, experimental testing was conducted to evaluate such behaviors. One area of focus was the compression response of HyFRC when confined by steel spirals. A second focus was the tensile response of rebar embedded in HyFRC. Bridge columns built with HyFRC would be expected to experience both of these loading conditions during earthquakes.

The third focus of this dissertation was the design, modeling, and testing of an innovative damage resistant HyFRC bridge column. The column was designed to rock about its foundation during earthquakes and to return to its original position thereafter. In addition to HyFRC, it was designed with unbonded post-tensioning, unbonded rebar, and headed rebar which terminated at the rocking plane. Because of these novel details, the column was not expected to incur damage or residual displacements under earthquake demands exceeding the design level for ordinary California bridges. A sequence of scaled, three dimensional ground motion records was applied to the damage resistant column on a shaking table. An equal scale reinforced concrete reference column with conventional design details was subjected to the same motions for direct comparison.

Compression tests showed that the ductility of HyFRC is superior to concrete in the post-peak softening branch of the response. HyFRC achieved a stable softening response and had significant residual load capacity even without spiral confinement. Concrete required the highest tested levels of confinement to achieved comparable post-peak ductility. Tension tests showed that HyFRC provides a substantial strength enhancement to rebar well beyond their yield point. Interesting crack localization behavior was observed in HyFRC specimens and appeared to be dependent on the volumetric ratio of rebar.

The damage resistant HyFRC bridge column attained its design objectives during experimental testing. It exhibited pronounced reentering behavior with only light damage under earthquake demands 1.5 to 2.0 times the design level. It accumulated only 0.4% residual drift ratio after seven successive ground motions which caused a peak drift ratio of 8.0%. The conventional reinforced concrete column experienced flexural plastic hinging with extensive spalling during the same seven motions. It accumulated 6.8% residual drift ratio after enduring a peak drift ratio of 10.8%.

The application of advanced materials in infrastructure has grown rapidly in recent years mainly because of their potential to ease the construction, extend the service life, and improve the performance of structures. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is one such material considered as a novel alternative to conventional concrete. The material microstructure in UHPC is optimized to significantly improve its material properties including compressive and tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, durability, and damage tolerance. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite is another novel construction material with excellent properties such as high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios and good corrosion resistance. Considering the exceptional properties of UHPC and FRP, many advantages can result from the combined application of these two advanced materials, which is the subject of this research. The confinement behavior of UHPC was studied for the first time in this research. The stress-strain behavior of a series of UHPC-filled fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes with different fiber types and thicknesses were tested under uniaxial compression. The FRP confinement was shown to significantly enhance both the ultimate strength and strain of UHPC. It was also shown that existing confinement models are incapable of predicting the behavior of FRP-confined UHPC. Therefore, new stress-strain models for FRP-confined UHPC were developed through an analytical study. In the other part of this research, a novel steel-free UHPC-filled FRP tube (UHPCFFT) column system was developed and its cyclic behavior was studied. The proposed steel-free UHPCFFT column showed much higher strength and stiffness, with a reasonable ductility, as compared to its conventional reinforced concrete (RC) counterpart. Using the results of the first phase of column tests, a second series of UHPCFFT columns were made and studied under pseudo-static loading to study the effect of column parameters on the cyclic behavior of UHPCFFT columns. Strong correlations were noted between the initial stiffness and the stiffness index, and between the moment capacity and the reinforcement index. Finally, a thorough analytical study was carried out to investigate the seismic response of the proposed steel-free UHPCFFT columns, which showed their superior earthquake resistance, as compared to their RC counterparts.

This thesis studies the behaviour of hybrid systems consisting of tubular steel columns and laminated glulam timber beams. The research includes experimental investigations at the material and structural system levels as well as several numerical and assessments. Firstly, an extensive experimental programme is conducted on the determination of the material properties of the glulam. This involve compressive, tensile, shear and bending material tests. In addition, one-dowel connection tests are carried out to examine the interaction between the steel fastener and the timber volume around the fastener hole with the aid of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) techniques. Subsequently, detailed three-dimensional detailed models are constructed and their results are compared with the experimental tests. To account for the material damage, the foundation zone approach was used. This model was shown to be able to correctly simulate the crushing response of wood in the embedding region. The implementation of this region into the model allows an accurate simulation of the damage accumulation process. To this end, new relationships were formulated as part of this thesis, that can be used to estimate the material characterisation as a function of the crushing volume. The proposed model allows for a relatively low dependence on the radius of the foundation volume adopted making it applicable to a wider range of varying geometrical configurations. The validity and accuracy of the proposed modified foundation models were examined against the experimental force-displacement curves, and good agreement was found between the experimental response and the numerical simulations The second experimental programme is concerned with the performance of timber beam-steel column assemblages. Two timber beam-to-steel column alternatives are examined: a) top and seat angle connection and b) slotted-in T-stub connection with bolts. The configuration of the connections and their set-up are presented, followed by detailed results in the form of figures and tables as well as observations from the tests. The main behavioural patterns are identified and key response characteristics such as stiffness, capacity and failure mechanisms are discussed. Detailed finite element models were created to simulate the experimental timber beam-to-steel column connection tests. The models included advance features such as contact phenomena, bolt pretension and orthotropic material definitions. The foundation zone approach developed in this thesis was implemented. The results of the models were validated against the experimental results and good agreement was found. Additionally, component-based models were also formulated for the prediction of the flexural response of the connection types tested. These expressions were developed to estimate the stiffness, capacity and ultimate loads of the connections and the results were validated against the experimental and numerical findings. The component models proposed were able to predict the response of the connection accurately including those cases where screws and bottom-wedge angles were involved. In the concluding part of the thesis, the developed finite element models are employed in a parametric assessment in order to highlight the influence of key geometric and material considerations. The dearth of information on timber-steel hybrid connection of this type, design methodologies must be developed to offer a preliminary assessment on the prediction and evaluation of the key characteristics and hence the results are also compared with simplified analytical expressions. Finally, the last section of the thesis summarised all the findings and numerous possible future research are identified.

The use of tubular columns in conjunction with reinforced concrete flat slabs provides structurally efficient solutions which avoid undesirable failure modes such as those associated with shear. This thesis is concerned with the development of a tubular column-to- flat slab connection system that enables reliable performance under seismic loading conditions. During this research a novel detail which features a gap around the column is proposed and developed; hence only the structural steel shearhead establishes the connection. The exposed parts of the shear arms (fuses) are designed to yield prior to punching shear failure, in a way that utilises the favourable features of steel in terms of the response to seismically induced loads. The proposed connection could serve as a primary lateral resisting system within all building configurations in regions of low to moderate seismicity or as a secondary system in areas of signi cant seismicity. In order to provide validation for the proposed details as well as associated numerical and design procedures, a purpose-built rig which is suitable for large scale testing of structural sub assemblages under combined gravity and uniaxial lateral loading, has been designed and constructed, and subsequently employed for a number of tests. Test results and numerical analyses are presented with respect to a conventional con guration, as well as for the proposed, partially embedded connection. The latter is shown to offer enhanced ductility compared with traditional forms. The results are used to demonstrate the favourable inelastic performance of the proposed detail in terms of ductility, low degradation effects and increased energy dissipation capabilities. Complementary small scale slab panel tests are also used to further optimise the composite behaviour of the proposed detail. Additionally, a closed form solution based on plastic limit analysis which can serve as a basis for a simplified design approach is proposed. Finally, the main findings from the experimental and analytical investigations are highlighted, and recommendations for future research are outlined.

Every year millions of tyres are disposed of worldwide in landfill resulting in the rise of an environmental burden. This thesis demonstrates the development of a sustainable novel hybrid double skin tubular column utilizing the scrap tyre rubbers. The proposed column made with rubberised concrete infill, filament wound FRP outer tube and steel inner tube, has been studied extensively through experimental testing, finite element modelling and parametric studies, to understand the structural performance under axial loading. This column, compared to the traditional column will be sustainable and beneficial at the locations demanding improved ductility, energy absorption and corrosion resistance.

The first chapter of this thesis presents an introduction to sol-gel methodology whose usefulness as a synthetic route will be demonstrated with two applications in chromatography. The first application involves the fabrication of a capillary micro-extraction (CME) device by coating a phenyl functionalized extracting phase on the inner surface of a fused silica capillary for analyte pre-concentration. The device was coupled on-line to a RP-HPLC system and practicality was demonstrated using allergens as target analytes. The allergens chosen as model analytes are typically found in fragrance products and food. Most of the 26 fragrance allergens that are monitored by various government authorities have a phenyl organic moiety (a strong chromophore), thus making them appropriate probes for exploring the extraction efficiency of the coating using a UV detector. The CME device showed ppt level limit of detection which makes it suitable for trace analyses of allergens and similar compounds in a variety of matrices. The second application explores the feasibility of using sol-gel derived chromia-based stationary phase in gas chromatographic columns. The organic moiety of the stationary phase was derived from Ucon 75-H-90,000 while the inorganic backbone was prepared using chromium(III) dichloride hydroxide - methacrylic acid - aqua complex, 40% in isopropanol/acetone . Usefulness of prepared chromia-based GC stationary phase was examined for petrochemical application. Promising results were obtained using aliphatic-aromatics, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, BTEX test mixture, cycloalkanes, branched alkanes and akylbenzenes. The column was able to perform without degradation despite being rinsed multiples times sequentially with the following solvents: dichloromethane, methanol, water and finally methanol again. Maximum theoretical plate number calculated is around 2,400 plates/m. The plate number clearly needs improvement but is a promising result for the newly explored chromia-based stationary phase. The maximum programmable temperature is 250oC which is comparable with similar commercially available polar stationary phases.

Dans le secteur des soins de santé, les données d'images médicales toujours croissantes, le développement de technologies d'imagerie, la conservation à long terme des données médicales et l'augmentation de la résolution des images entraînent une croissance considérable du volume de données. En outre, la variété des dispositifs d'acquisition et la différence de préférences des médecins ou d'autres professionnels de la santé ont conduit à une grande variété de données. Bien que la norme DICOM (Digital Imaging et Communication in Medicine) soit aujourd'hui largement adoptée pour stocker et transférer les données médicales, les données DICOM ont toujours les caractéristiques 3V du Big Data: volume élevé, grande variété et grande vélocité. En outre, il existe une variété de charges de travail, notamment le traitement transactionnel en ligne (en anglais Online Transaction Processing, abrégé en OLTP), le traitement analytique en ligne (anglais Online Analytical Processing, abrégé en OLAP) et les charges de travail mixtes. Les systèmes existants ont des limites concernant ces caractéristiques des données et des charges de travail. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de nouvelles méthodes efficaces pour stocker et interroger des données DICOM. Nous proposons un modèle de stockage hybride des magasins de lignes et de colonnes, appelé HYTORMO, ainsi que des stratégies de stockage de données et de traitement des requêtes. Tout d'abord, HYTORMO est conçu et mis en œuvre pour être déployé sur un environnement à grande échelle afin de permettre la gestion de grandes données médicales. Deuxièmement, la stratégie de stockage de données combine l'utilisation du partitionnement vertical et un stockage hybride pour créer des configurations de stockage de données qui peuvent réduire la demande d'espace de stockage et augmenter les performances de la charge de travail. Pour réaliser une telle configuration de stockage de données, l'une des deux approches de conception de stockage de données peut être appliquée: (1) conception basée sur des experts et (2) conception automatisée. Dans la première approche, les experts créent manuellement des configurations de stockage de données en regroupant les attributs des données DICOM et en sélectionnant une disposition de stockage de données appropriée pour chaque groupe de colonnes. Dans la dernière approche, nous proposons un cadre de conception automatisé hybride, appelé HADF. HADF dépend des mesures de similarité (entre attributs) qui prennent en compte les impacts des informations spécifiques à la charge de travail et aux données pour générer automatiquement les configurations de stockage de données: Hybrid Similarity (combinaison pondérée de similarité d'accès d'attribut et de similarité de densité d'attribut) les attributs dans les groupes de colonnes; Inter-Cluster Access Similarity est utilisé pour déterminer si deux groupes de colonnes seront fusionnés ou non (pour réduire le nombre de jointures supplémentaires); et Intra-Cluster Access La similarité est appliquée pour décider si un groupe de colonnes sera stocké dans une ligne ou un magasin de colonnes. Enfin, nous proposons une stratégie de traitement des requêtes adaptée et efficace construite sur HYTORMO. Il considère l'utilisation des jointures internes et des jointures externes gauche pour empêcher la perte de données si vous utilisez uniquement des jointures internes entre des tables partitionnées verticalement. De plus, une intersection de filtres Bloom (intersection of Bloom filters, abrégé en ) est appliqué pour supprimer les données non pertinentes des tables d'entrée des opérations de jointure; cela permet de réduire les coûts d'E / S réseau. (...)
In the health care industry, the ever-increasing medical image data, the development of imaging technologies, the long-term retention of medical data and the increase of image resolution are causing a tremendous growth in data volume. In addition, the variety of acquisition devices and the difference in preferences of physicians or other health-care professionals have led to a high variety in data. Although today DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) standard has been widely adopted to store and transfer the medical data, DICOM data still has the 3Vs characteristics of Big Data: high volume, high variety and high velocity. Besides, there is a variety of workloads including Online Transaction Processing (OLTP), Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) and mixed workloads. Existing systems have limitations dealing with these characteristics of data and workloads. In this thesis, we propose new efficient methods for storing and querying DICOM data. We propose a hybrid storage model of row and column stores, called HYTORMO, together with data storage and query processing strategies. First, HYTORMO is designed and implemented to be deployed on large-scale environment to make it possible to manage big medical data. Second, the data storage strategy combines the use of vertical partitioning and a hybrid store to create data storage configurations that can reduce storage space demand and increase workload performance. To achieve such a data storage configuration, one of two data storage design approaches can be applied: (1) expert-based design and (2) automated design. In the former approach, experts manually create data storage configurations by grouping attributes and selecting a suitable data layout for each column group. In the latter approach, we propose a hybrid automated design framework, called HADF. HADF depends on similarity measures (between attributes) that can take into consideration the combined impact of both workload- and data-specific information to generate data storage configurations: Hybrid Similarity (a weighted combination of Attribute Access and Density Similarity measures) is used to group the attributes into column groups; Inter-Cluster Access Similarity is used to determine whether two column groups will be merged together or not (to reduce the number of joins); and Intra-Cluster Access Similarity is applied to decide whether a column group will be stored in a row or a column store. Finally, we propose a suitable and efficient query processing strategy built on top of HYTORMO. It considers the use of both inner joins and left-outer joins. Furthermore, an Intersection Bloom filter () is applied to reduce network I/O cost.We provide experimental evaluations to validate the benefits of the proposed methods over real DICOM datasets. Experimental results show that the mixed use of both row and column stores outperforms a pure row store and a pure column store. The combined impact of both workload-and data-specific information is helpful for HADF to be able to produce good data storage configurations. Moreover, the query processing strategy with the use of the can improve the execution time of an experimental query up to 50% when compared to the case where no is applied

In this dissertation, we investigate the use of lot streaming in a two-stage assembly system and a two-stage hybrid flow shop in order to improve system performance. Lot streaming accelerates the flow of a production lot through a production process by splitting it into sublots, and then, processing these sublots in an overlapping fashion over the machines, thereby reducing work-in-process and cycle-time. Traditionally, lot streaming has been applied to problems in various flow shop machine configurations. It has also been applied to machine environments of job shop, open shop, and parallel machines. Its application to assembly system is relatively new. The two-stage assembly system that we consider consists of multiple suppliers at Stage 1 with each supplier producing one type of a subassembly (or a component), and one or more assembly locations at Stage 2, where the subassemblies are then put together. Lot-attached and sublot-attached setup time and cost are encountered on the machines at both the stages, and sublot-attached time and cost are encountered for the transfer of sublots from Stage 1 to Stage 2. Mass customization is an example of such a system in which the final assembly of a product is postponed to capture specific customer demands. Dell Computer constitutes a real-life example of this system. A customer picks his/her computer processor, memory, storage, and other equipment, on Dell's web site. Dell's supply chain is configured to obtain subassemblies from suppliers (stage 1), and then, to assemble the requisite systems in different market areas (stage 2). This enables a reduction in operating cost while improving responsiveness to customers. The problem that we address is as follows: Given a maximum number of sublots of each lot, determine the number of sublots to use (assuming equal sublot sizes), and also, the sequence in which to process the lots, in order to minimize two criteria, namely, makespan, total cost. We propose two column generation-based methods that rely on different decomposition schemes. The results of our computational investigation conducted by using randomly generated data sets reveal that the proposed column generation methods obtain solutions in a few seconds of CPU time while the direct solution by CPLEX of a mixed integer programming model of the problem requires much larger CPU times. For the hybrid flow shop lot streaming problem, the machine configuration that we consider consists of one machine at Stage 1 and two machines at Stage 2 (designated as 1+2 system). A single lot is to be processed in the system, and the objective is to minimize the makespan. A removal time is associated with each sublot at Stage 1. We present a mixed integer programming model for this problem to determine optimal number of sublots and sublot sizes. First, we consider the case of a given number of sublots for which we develop closed-form expressions to obtain optimal, continuous sublot sizes. Then, we consider determination of optimal number of sublots in addition to their sizes. We develop an upper bound on optimal number of sublots, and use a simple search procedure in conjunction with the closed-form expressions for sublot sizes to obtain an optimal solution. We also consider the problem of determining integer sublot sizes, and propose a heuristic method that directly solves the mixed integer programming model after having fixed values of appropriate variables. The results of our numerical experimentation reveal the efficacy of the proposed method to obtain optimal, continuous sublot sizes, and also, that of the proposed heuristic method to obtain integer sublot sizes, which are within 0.2% of optimal solutions for the testbed of data used, each obtained within a few seconds of CPU time. The last problem that we address is an extension of the single-lot lot streaming problem for a $1+2$ hybrid flow shop considered above to the case of multiple lots, where each lot contains items of a unique product type. We consider two objectives: minimize makespan, and minimize the sum of the completion times for all the lots. The consideration of multiple lots introduces a complicating issue of sequencing the lots. We use the results derived for the single-lot problem and develop effective heuristic methods for this problem. The results of our computational investigation on the use of different heuristic methods reveal their efficacy in solving this problem.
Ph. D.

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The main purpose of this work is to develop an environment that allows HYSYS R chemical process simulator communication with sensors and actuators from a Foundation Fieldbus industrial network. The environment is considered a hybrid resource since it has a real portion (industrial network) and a simulated one (process) with all measurement and control signals also real. It is possible to reproduce different industrial process dynamics without being required any physical network modification, enabling simulation of some situations that exist in a real industrial environment. This feature testifies the environment flexibility. In this work, a distillation column is simulated through HYSYS R with all its variables measured and controlled by Foundation Fieldbus devices
O principal objetivo deste trabalho ? desenvolver um ambiente que permite a comunica??o do simulador de processos qu?micos HYSYS R com medidores e atuadores de uma rede industrial Foundation Fieldbus. O ambiente ? considerado h?brido por possuir uma parte real (a rede industrial) e uma parte simulada (o processo) com os sinais de controle e medi??o sendo reais. O ambiente ? bastante flex?vel, permitindo a reprodu??o de diversas din?micas t?picas de processos industriais sem a necessidade de altera??o na rede f?sica, possibilitando gerar diversas situa??es existentes em um ambiente industrial real. No presente trabalho, a din?mica utilizada ? de uma coluna de destila??o, simulada no HYSYS R, com suas vari?veis medidas e controladas pelos dispositivos da rede industrial Foundation Fieldbus

As the Army transitions to the Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) deployment cycle, it must adjust its many operations in support of ARFORGEN. Specifically, the Initial Military Training (IMT) must be able to adjust the scheduling of its classes for newly enlisted service members to finish training such that they fulfill Brigade Combat Team (BCT) requirements within their common due windows. We formulate this problem as a lot streaming problem. Lot streaming splits a batch of jobs into sublots,which are then processed over the machines in an overlapping fashion. To schedule classes for the IMT, there are two stages that must be coordinated: Basic Training (BT) and Advanced Individual Training (AIT). For the Army Force Generation problem, the classes are considered as sublots that are streamed from one stage to the next. For this process, the model formulation must address determination of class sizes and scheduling of soldiers and classes at the two stages such that (1) the start times of the soldiers at Stage 2 are greater than their completion times at Stage 1, and (2) the assignment of requisite number of soldiers is made to each BCT, so as to minimize the total flow time. We propose a decomposition-based approach for the solution of this problem. In an effort to decompose the problem, the original lot streaming problem is reformulated such that the master problem selects an optimal combination of schedules for training classes and assigning soldiers to BCTs. A complete schedule selected in the master problem includes the assignments of soldiers to classes in BT, AIT, and their assignments to the BCTs, so as to minimize the total flow time as well as earliness and tardiness for regular Army units. Earliness and Tardiness are defined as the length of the time a soldier waits before and after the due date, respectively, of the BCT to which he or she is assigned. Our decomposition-based method enables solution of larger problem instances without running out of memory, and it affords CPU time reductions when compared with the CPU times required for these problem instances obtained via direct application of CPLEX 12.1. Our investigation into the structure of the problem has enabled further improvement of the proposed decomposition-based method. This improvement is achieved because of a result, which we show, that the first and second-stage scheduling problems need not be solved as one combined subproblem, but rather, they can be solved sequentially, the first stage problem followed by the second stage problem. The combination of Stage 1 and Stage 2 problems as one subproblem creates several additional enumerations of possible schedules the model must generate. By reducing this number of enumerations, the computational effort involved in solving the model reduces significantly, thereby allowing reductions in CPU time. In the Sequential approach, the completion times of soldiers determined at Stage 1 are passed to Stage 2 as bounds on their completion times at Stage 2. We prove that solving the combined subproblem sequentially as two subproblems is optimal when the first stage has no limit on the batch size and the ready times of the soldiers at Stage 1 are the same. For the Army Force Generation problem, we use unequal ready times, and therefore, solving the scheduling problems for the first two stages as sequential subproblems can lead to suboptimal solutions. Our experimental investigation shows efficacy of solving larger-sized problem instances with this method. We also recommend various potential additions to improve the Sequential approach for application to the overall Army problem. We have also demonstrated the use of our methodology to a real-life problem instance. Our methodology results in schedules for IMT with an estimated 28% reduction in mean flow time for soldiers over what is currently experienced in practice. We apply this Sequential approach to various extensions of the problem on hand that pertain to hybrid flow shop and agile manufacturing environments. Results of our computational investigation show the effectiveness of using the Sequential approach over direct solution by CPLEX from the viewpoint of both optimality gap and the CPU time required. In particular, we consider two different model configurations for a hybrid flow shop and three different model configurations for an agile manufacturing facility.
Ph. D.

Neste trabalho, ligações entre vigas pré-moldadas de concreto e pilares mistos preenchidos foram propostas com a finalidade de transferir momento de flexão e força cortante das vigas para os pilares mobilizando os núcleos de concreto. Foi realizado um estudo numérico-experimental das ligações onde foi avaliada a viabilidade e a eficiência destas na transferência dos esforços. Em uma primeira fase, modelos compostos por pilar misto e consolo metálico (modelos 1 e 2) foram confeccionados, testados experimentalmente e modelados numericamente (método dos elementos finitos) para avaliar a eficiência do consolo na transferência da força cortante. Observou-se que a transferência da força cortante do consolo para o tubo metálico foi eficaz. O consolo se comportou de maneira previsível e suportou cargas elevadas. O uso de conectores de cisalhamento internos aos pilares aumentou a capacidade de carga e o desempenho dos mesmos. Na etapa seguinte da pesquisa foram confeccionados dois modelos, compostos por: pilar, viga pré-moldada, laje e consolo formando pórticos. Em um destes modelos (modelo 4) uma caixa metálica foi incorporada à viga pré-moldada e parafusado ao consolo metálico com a finalidade de transferir os momentos positivos, enquanto que outro modelo foi confeccionado e estudado sem este elemento (modelo 3). Nestes modelos foi avaliada a capacidade de transferência do momento de flexão (positivo e negativo) e forças cortantes com a ligação submetida a ciclos de carga. No modelo 3, a ligação transferiu de forma eficiente o momento negativo, porém o desempenho para o momento positivo não foi satisfatório, com baixa resistência e rigidez ao longo dos ciclos de carga. No modelo 4 foi observado considerável aumento da resistência e rigidez se comparado com o modelo anterior. Entretanto, a caixa metálica incorporada à viga pré-moldada não foi capaz de fazer com que a ligação resistisse aos momentos positivos como a mesma eficiência que resistiu aos negativos e houve degradação de suas características estruturais ao longo dos ciclos de carga.
In this work, connections of precast concrete beam to concrete-filled steel tube column were proposed to transfer the bending moment and shear forces from the beam to the composite column, mobilizing the concrete core. Was performed a numerical and experimental study of the proposed connections to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of them in the transfer of bending and shear forces from the beam to the column. In a first stage, models composed by column and steel corbel (models 1 e 2) were numerically and experimentally tested aiming the efficiency of the connection in shear transfer. It was observed that the transfer of shear to the steel tube was guaranteed. The corbel behaved in a predictable way and supported high loads. The use of shear connectors in the column increased the load capacity and improved the connection performance. In next stage of the research work, two models were prepared, composed by: column, precast concrete beam, steel corbel and slabs constituting frames. In one of these models (model 4) a steel box was incorporated into the precast beam and bolted to the steel corbel in order to transfer the positive moments, whereas another model was built and studied without this device (model 3). In this models were evaluated the efficiency in the transfer of bending moments (positive and negative) and shear forces with the models subjected to a cyclic loads. In the model 3, the connection transferred efficiently the negative bending, but the performance for the positive bending was not satisfactory, with reduced strength and stiffness over the load cycles. In model 4 was observed considerable increase in strength and stiffness compared with the previous model. However, the device incorporated in the precast beam was unable to make the connection resist to the positive moments with the same efficiency observed when subjected to the negative moments and a degradation of their structural characteristics was observed during the loading cycles.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Ion exchange is a process that is used in the treatment of aqueous industrial effluents containing organic compounds and heavy metals. The fixed bed columns are longer applied by allowing the process to occur continuously (cycles of regeneration). The design and process optimization of the ion exchange column requires the use of mathematical models. Phenomenological models of these systems involve the solution of partial differential and algebraic equations. The equilibrium data for ion exchange processes are usually described by the Mass Action Law (MAL), which can be considered non-ideality of aqueous and solid phases. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are being used successfully for the study of equilibrium data because they are empirical models and don t demand a mathematical rigor. This work aimed to evaluate the applicability of the hybrid model to describe the dynamics of ion exchange in fixed beds of binary systems. This system consists of partial differential equations obtained from mass balance in fluid phases in the ion exchanger and ANN to describe the balance. LAM was adjusted to experimental data of ion exchange equilibrium and then were generated 4200 data sets for each binary pair studied, which served as training for RNA. We tested networks with different structures, with one and two input layers. The 3-3-2 structure was used in the simulations of the hybrid model because it was the best represented the systems during the training phase. The differential equations were solved by the lines method. A computer program in FORTRAN language was developed for solving the model equations. DASSL subroutine was used to solve the equations. The performance of the hybrid model was evaluated from the results obtained with the phenomenological model, in which case the equilibrium description was made with the use of MAL. It also was the analysis of results from the comparison of experimental data. To evaluate the model we used data from the literature of ion exchange in Amberlite IR 120 resin on the systems Cu-Na and Zn-Na and in NaY zeolite on Fe-Na and Zn-Na. Both models were efficient to describe the dynamics of ion-exchange fixed bed columns, and the hybrid model had the advantage of the reduced computational time (82% reduction on average) as a result of not needing to solve a nonlinear equation.
A troca iônica é um processo muito utilizado no tratamento de efluentes industriais aquosos contendo compostos orgânicos e metais pesados. As colunas de leito fixo são mais aplicadas por permitir que o processo ocorra de maneira contínua (ciclos de regeneração). O projeto e a otimização de processos de troca iônica em coluna requer o uso de modelos matemáticos. Os modelos fenomenológicos destes sistemas envolvem a resolução de equações diferenciais parciais e algébricas. Os dados de equilíbrio de processos de troca iônica geralmente são descritos pela Lei da Ação das Massas (LAM), na qual podem ser consideradas as não idealidades das fases aquosa e sólida. As Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) estão sendo utilizadas com sucesso para o estudo destes dados de equilíbrio por serem modelos empíricos e não demandarem tal rigor matemático. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade do modelo híbrido para descrever a dinâmica do processo de troca iônica em leito fixo de sistemas binários. Este sistema é constituído de equações diferenciais parciais obtidas por meio de balanço de massa nas fases fluida e no trocador iônico e de RNA para descrever o equilíbrio. A LAM foi ajustada a dados experimentais de equilíbrio de troca iônica e, então, foram gerados conjuntos de 4200 dados para cada par binário estudado, os quais serviram como treinamento para a RNA. Foram testadas redes com diferentes estruturas, com uma e com duas camadas de entrada. A estrutura 3-3-2 foi utilizada nas simulações do modelo híbrido, pois foi a que melhor representou os sistemas na etapa de treinamento. As equações diferenciais foram resolvidas pelo método das linhas. Um programa computacional em linguagem FORTRAN foi desenvolvido para a resolução das equações do modelo. Foi utilizada a sub-rotina DASSL para resolver as equações. O desempenho do modelo híbrido foi avaliada a partir dos resultados obtidos com o modelo fenomenológico, sendo que neste caso a descrição do equilíbrio foi feita pelo uso da LAM. Também foi feita a análise dos resultados a partir da comparação dos dados experimentais. Para avaliar o modelo foram utilizados dados da literatura de troca iônica em resina Amberlite IR 120 dos sistemas Cu-Na e Zn-Na e na zeólita NaY dos sistemas Fe-Na e Zn-Na. Ambos os modelos foram eficientes para descrever a dinâmica de troca iônica de colunas de leito fixo, sendo que o modelo híbrido apresentou como vantagem o menor tempo computacional (82% de redução em média) em decorrência de não necessitar resolver a equação não-linear.

The aim of this thesis is first and foremost to improve the fundamental knowledge of nonlinear and preparative separation theory by focusing on some of the remaining “white spots” on the theoretical chromatographic map. Secondly, the acquired knowledge is used to develop, validate and execute new methods for phase characterization in liquid chromatography. The methodology used in this thesis is a combination of experiments, fundamental nonlinear theory and systematic computer simulations. A fundamental knowledge of the molecular interactions between the compounds to be separated and the separation media requires the determination of adsorption isotherms over a broad concentration range to give a complete picture of all interactions in the separation system - weak as well as strong. In addition, such adsorption data is essential for optimization in preparative chromatography. For the first time, it has been experimentally shown that the injected molecules are not present in the detected peak when a small excess of molecules are injected into a chromatographic system equilibrated with a constant stream of identical molecules. Several experimental procedures for this method were developed such as (i) the optimal injection strategy and (ii) different labeling methods for visualizing the injected molecules. Remarkable phenomena in the single-component case, such as invisible peak deformation and deformed (invisible) frontal chromatograms, are reported, investigated, and explained. This phenomenon has asides from its future practical implementation, also a large didactic value. The accuracy of the ECP method is experimentally improved, and used to characterize the separation of protolytic compounds at different pH on modern commercially available silica and hybrid silica column packing materials. That investigation enables us to answer why basic compounds give a much more compact preparative peak profile at pH 11 than they yields at lower pH.

A esquizofrenia é um transtorno neuropsiquiátrico crônico que afeta aproximadamente 1% da população mundial. As teorias neurobiológicas descrevem que a esquizofrenia é essencialmente causada por alterações bioquímicas e estruturais do cérebro, devido às disfunções nos sistemas glutamatérgico, dopaminérgico e serotoninérgico. Desta forma, a determinação das concentrações de aminoácidos e neurotransmissores em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos pode auxiliar na avaliação da eficácia da terapia. Além dos antipsicóticos, medicação de primeira linha no tratamento inicial da esquizofrenia, a maioria dos pacientes também faz uso concomitante de outras classes de fármacos, tais como antidepressivos, anticonvulsivantes e ansiolíticos para minimizar os sintomas associados a esta doença. Nesta tese, um método empregando a precipitação de proteínas (PPT) e a cromatografia líquida por interação hidrofílica acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (HILIC-MS/MS) foi adequadamente desenvolvido e validado para a determinação de aminoácidos (aspartato, serina, glicina, alanina, metionina, leucina, tirosina e triptofano) e neurotransmissores (glutamato e ácido -aminobutírico) em amostras de plasma de 35 pacientes esquizofrênicos em tratamento com clozapina (27 pacientes) e olanzapina (8 pacientes) para avaliar a eficácia do tratamento, tendo como controle 38 voluntários sadios. O método HILIC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade do LIQ (9,7 pmol mL-1 - 13,3 nmol mL-1) ao LSQ (19,4 nmol mL-1 - 800 nmol mL-1), tempo de análise de 3,0 min, exatidão com EPR de -18 a 19% e precisão com CV de 0,1 a 16% (LIQ). A análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida por teste post-hoc de Duncan, revelou que os níveis médios plasmáticos (nmol mL-1) de metionina (F2,70 = 3,14, p = 0,049) de pacientes esquizofrênicos em tratamento com olanzapina foram significativamente mais elevados, quando comparados aos valores obtidos com o grupo controle (voluntários saudáveis), já o nível de glutamato em pacientes esquizofrênicos em tratamento com clozapina apresentaram tendência a valores mais altos (F2.70 = 2,50, p = 0,090). Já os métodos, PPT/LC-MS/MS e LC-MS/MS no modo column switching utilizando uma coluna monolítica de sílica híbrida com grupos cianopropil na primeira dimensão, foram desenvolvidos e validados para a determinação dos antipsicóticos (olanzapina, quetiapina, clozapina, haloperidol e clorpromazina), antidepressivos (mirtazapina, paroxetina, citalopram, sertralina, imipramina, clomipramina e fluoxetina), anticonvulsivantes (carbamazepina e lamotrigina), e ansiolíticos (diazepam e clonazepam) em amostras de plasma de pacientes esquizofrênicos para fins de monitorização terapêutica. O método PPT/LC-MS/MS apresentou linearidade do LIQ (0,2 ng mL-1 - 5,0 ng mL-1) ao LSQ (40,5 ng mL-1 - 10,5 g mL-1), exatidão com EPR de -9,7 a 8,0%, e precisão com CV de 0,1 a 12%. Já o método LC-MS/MS no modo column switching apresentou linearidade do LIQ (63,0 pg mL-1 - 1250,0 pg mL-1) ao LSQ (40,5 ng mL-1 - 10,5 g mL-1), exatidão com EPR de -14 a 12% e precisão com CV de 0,6 a 6,5%. A pré-concentração seletiva dos fármacos na coluna monolítica com grupos cianopropil incorporados e a remoção dos componentes endógenos da amostra biológica, antes da separação cromatográfica, favoreceram a seletividade e detectabilidade do método LC-MS/MS no modo column switching. Este método quando comparado ao de referência PPT/LC-MS/MS, através da análise de 10 amostras de pacientes esquizofrênicos, não apresentou diferença significativa (teste t) entre as concentrações plasmáticas, podendo ser aplicado na monitorização terapêutica. Além deste fato, este método automatizado favoreceu a precisão, a exatidão e a freqüência analítica.
Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1% of the world population. According to neurobiological theories, schizophrenia stems from biochemical and structural alterations in the brain due to dysfunction in the glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems. Determining the concentrations of amino acids and neurotransmitters in plasma samples from schizophrenic patients may assist evaluation of therapy effectiveness. In addition to antipsychotics (the first-line drug in the initial treatment of schizophrenia), most patients concomitantly use other classes of drugs such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and anxiolytics to minimize the symptoms associated with this disease. To evaluate treatment efficacy, in this thesis a method based on protein precipitation (PPT) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) has been properly developed and validated to determine amino acids (aspartate, serine, glycine, alanine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) and neurotransmitters (glutamate and -aminobutyric acid) in plasma samples obtained from 35 schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine (27 patients) or olanzapine (8 patients); 38 healthy volunteers served as controls. The HILIC-MS/MS method was linear for concentrations ranging from the LLOQ (9.7 pmol mL-1 - 13.3 nmol mL-1) to the ULOQ (19.4 nmol mL-1 - 800 nmol mL-1). The analysis time was 3.0 min. In the case of accuracy, RSE ranged from -18 to 19%. As for precision, CV lay between 0.1 and 16% (LLOQ). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Duncan showed that the average methionine serum levels (nmol mL-1) (F2.70 = 3.14, p = 0.049) in schizophrenic patients treated with olanzapine were significantly higher as compared with the control group (healthy volunteers). The glutamate level in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine tended to higher values (F2.70 = 2.50, p = 0.090). Concerning the analytical methods, PPT/LC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS operating in the column-switching mode were developed and validated to determine antipsychotic (olanzapine, quetiapine, clozapine, haloperidol, and chlorpromazine), antidepressants (mirtazapine, paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline, imipramine, clomipramine, and fluoxetine), anticonvulsants (carbamazepine and lamotrigine), and anxiolytics (diazepam and clonazepam) in plasma samples taken from schizophrenic patients for therapeutic drug monitoring. A monolithic hybrid column containing silica with cyanopropyl groups in the first dimension was employed. The PPT/LC-MS/MS method was linear from the LLOQ (0.2 ng mL-1 - 5.0 ng mL-1) to the ULOQ (40.5 ng mL-1 - 10.5 g mL-1). In the case of accuracy, RSE ranged from -9.7 to 8.0%; as for precision, CV lay between 0.1 and 12%. LC-MS/MS in the column-switching mode was linear from the LLOQ (63.0 pg mL-1 - 1250.0 pg mL-1) to the ULOQ (40.5 ng mL-1 - 10.5 g mL-1). RSE ranged from -14 to 12%; CV lay between 0.6 and 6.5%. The drugs were selectively pre-concentrated in the monolithic column containing silica incorporated with cyanopropyl groups. For the LC-MS/MS method operating in the column-switching mode, the endogenous components of the biological sample of the LC-MS/MS method were removed before analysis. Analysis of 10 plasma samples obtained from schizophrenic patients did not reveal any significant differences (t test) between the LC-MS/MS method and the reference PPT/LC-MS/MS method. Therefore, LC-MS/MS can be applied in therapeutic monitoring, with the advantage that this method offers improved precision, accuracy, and analytical frequency.

Nesta pesquisa estudou-se o comportamento de uma ligação viga-pilar em concreto pré-moldado utilizando perfis metálicos embutidos nos elementos estruturais. O modelo da ligação estudada permite a transmissão de momentos fletores positivo e negativo. Para a continuidade de momento fletor negativo, utilizam-se um consolo metálico com seção \"U\" embutido no pilar e dentes metálicos com seção tubular retangular embutidos nas vigas, soldados. Para a continuidade de momento positivo, utilizam-se cantoneiras metálicas embutidas no pilar que são soldadas à armadura positiva da viga. O estudo consistiu em análise experimental de um modelo cruciforme em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa o modelo foi solicitado a carregamentos cíclicos reversíveis por meio de um atuador servo hidráulico acoplado sobre o topo do pilar. Na segunda etapa, o modelo foi solicitado a carregamento estático monotônico por meio de macacos hidráulicos dispostos sob o pilar para causar a ruptura com momento negativo. O modelo apresentou uma considerável facilidade de montagem, já que na fase transitória a ligação é articulada e o consolo do pilar em perfil \"U\" permite a estabilidade lateral da viga. O consolo metálico embutido no pilar escoou muito antes de atingir a capacidade resistente dos outros componentes da ligação, pois na seção da ligação junto à face do pilar, apenas o consolo resiste à flexão.
In this research the behavior of a beam-column connection in precast concrete system using welded steel shapes built-in structural elements was studied. The model of the studied connection allows transmission of positive and negative moments. For the continuity of negative moment, is used a steel \"U\" shaped corbel inserted in the column welded with tubular section steel hangers inserted in each beam. For the continuity of positive moment, use is made of metal embedded in abutment ledges that are welded to the positive reinforcement of the beam. The study consisted on experimental analysis of a cross-shaped specimen in two steps. In the first step was applied to the specimen a cyclic load using hydraulic actuator coupled to the column head. In the second step was applied in the specimen a static load using hydraulic jack positioned under the column to cause rupture with negative moment. The connection model showed a considerably easy assembly, as in the transitional phase the connection is articulated and the steel \"U\" shaped corbel of the column allows the lateral stability of the beam. The rupture occurred by yielding of the steel U shaped corbel in the section near the column. The steel corbel inserted in the column yielded before reaches the resistant capacity of other components of the connection, because of the section in the connection close of the column, only steel corbel resists the negative moment.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Nesta tese, estamos interessados em tratar de maneira integrada dois conhecidos problemas da literatura. Esta integração é referida na literatura como problema integrado de dimensionamento de lotes e corte de estoque. A ideia consiste em considerar simultaneamente, as decisões relacionadas com ambos os problemas, de modo a capturar a interdependência entre estas decisões e, assim, obter uma melhor solução global. Propõe-se um modelo matemático geral para o problema integrado de dimensionamento de lotes e corte de estoque (GILSCS), que considera vários níveis de integração e nos permite classificar a literatura, em termos de modelos matemáticos, dos problemas integrados. A classificação é organizada a partir de dois principais aspectos de integração que são: a integração através dos períodos de tempo e a integração entre os níveis de produção. Em um horizonte de planejamento que considera vários períodos, o estoque fornece uma ligação entre os períodos. Esta integração, por períodos de tempo, constitui o primeiro tipo de integração. O problema geral também considera a produção em diferentes níveis: objetos são fabricados ou comprados e então são cortados para produzir peças menores e estas, por sua vez, constituem componentes para a produção dos produtos finais. A integração entre os diferentes níveis de produção consiste no segundo tipo de integração. A revisão da literatura também possibilita direcionar interessantes áreas para pesquisas futuras. O comportamento da solução para este tipo de problema, com três níveis e vários períodos, é estudado a partir do desenvolvimento de métodos de solução considerando abordagens que superam as dificuldades do problema, que consistem no alto número de padrões de corte, estruturas em vários níveis (multiestágios) e variáveis binárias de preparo. Os métodos de solução propostos para o problema GILSCS são baseados em duas abordagens conhecidas da literatura, usadas com sucesso para resolver os problemas separadamente, que são o procedimento de geração de colunas e heurísticas de decomposição do tipo relax-and-fix. Estas estratégias e suas variações são combinadas à um pacote de otimização em um estudo computacional com dados gerados aleatoriamente. Uma revisão da literatura, em termos de métodos de solução, para o problema integrado também é apresentada. Outras contribuições desta tese consistem em propor diferentes modelos matemáticos para o problema integrado, combinando modelos alternativos para cada um dos problemas separadamente. Neste estudo, o objetivo é comparar e avaliar, com um extensivo estudo computacional, a qualidade e o impacto das diferentes formulações. O outro trabalho trata de uma aplicação do problema integrado em um indústria de móveis de pequeno porte, em que restrições específicas do ambiente industrial são abordadas, como estoque de segurança e ciclos da serra. A solução obtida pelo modelo proposto é comparada com uma simulação da prática da empresa.
In this thesis, the subject of interest is in treating, in an integrated way, two wellknown problems in the literature. This integration is referred in the literature as the integrated lot-sizing and cutting stock problem. The basic idea is to consider, simultaneously, the decisions related to both problems so as to capture the interdependency between these decisions in order to obtain a better global solution. We propose a mathematical model for a general integrated lot-sizing and cutting stock (GILSCS) problem. This model considers multiple dimensions of integration and enables us to classify the current literature, in terms of mathematical models, in this field. The main classification of the literature is organized around two types of integration. In a planning horizon which consists of multiple periods, the inventory provides a link between the periods. This integration across time periods constitutes the first type of integration. The general problem also considers the production in different levels: objects are fabricated or purchased and then, they are cut to produce the pieces which are then assembled as components in the production of final products. The integration between these production levels constitutes the second type of integration. The literature review also enables us to point out interesting areas for future research. The behavior of a solution to this type of problem, with three levels of production and several time periods, is studied considering the development of solution approaches that overcome the difficulties of the problem, which are the high number of cutting patterns, multi-level structures and the binary values of the setup variables. The solution methods proposed to the GILSCS problem are based on two known strategies from the literature which are used successfully to solve the problems separately, which are the column generation procedure and decomposition heuristics based on relax-and-fix procedure. These strategies and their variations are combined into an optimization package in a computational study with randomly generated data. A literature review, in terms of solution methods, to the integrated problem, is also presented. Other contributions of this thesis consist of proposing different mathematical models for the integrated problem combining alternative models for each one of the problems separately. In this study, the aim is to compare and evaluate, with an extensive computational study, the quality and the impact of these dfifferent formulations. Another study is an application of the integrated problem in a small furniture factory, in which specific constraints related to the industrial environment are addressed, such as, safety stock level constraints and saw cycles constraints. The solution obtained from the proposed model is compared to a simulation of the common practice in the company.
FAPESP: 2012/20631-2

碩士
逢甲大學
土木工程所
100
In this thesis, the experimental and theoretical results of circular section reinforced concrete (RC) bridge columns retrofitted by Hybrid Carbon Fiber Composites preformed jacketing were introduced. The design of the RC circular bridge columns was based on the old (before 1995) bridge seismic design codes in Taiwan (MOTC, 1987).The benchmark tests of bridge column with flexural failure modes as tested in the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE). A scale down concrete column with a diameter of 0.6 m and 2.2 m in height incorporated with insufficient axial reinforcement was designed as the prototype to test its seismic resistance during cyclic lateral loadings. Concrete column was laterally cyclic loaded till the main bar reached the initial yielding, and then retrofitted with hybrid CFRP preformed jacket was laterally pushed to evaluate its seismic resistance. In addition, an undamaged concrete column same as the prototype was retrofitted directly to upgrade its ductility during the earthquake. From the cyclic lateral push-over test, it shows that the hybrid CFRP preformed jacket can increase the peak lateral forces by 12.9 % and 18.9 %, respectively for the pre-damaged and upgraded concrete columns. The seismic ductility can increase 54.3 % and 153.9 %, respectively. This hybrid CFRP preformed jacket can improve the ductility of bridge columns without changing their original structural behaviors. The preformed hybrid CFRP jacket can also save the time of rehabilitation and have good control of the material properties in the factory.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the seismic behavior of plane moment resisting frames (MRFs) consisting of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns and steel I beams through targeted studies utilizing advanced computational methodologies calibrated on the basis of existing experimental results and to propose a preliminary performance-based seismic design method for this kind of frames. A computational study is conducted first to investigate the nonlinear cyclic response of square concrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) in bending and compression. An accurate nonlinear finite element model is created and its validity is established by comparing its results with those of existing experiments. Using this finite element model, extensive parametric studies are performed to provide information on the hysteretic and deteriorating behavior of CFT columns. Thus, on the basis of this computational study, three simple yet sufficiently accurate concentrated plasticity hysteretic models for simulating the cyclic behavior of square concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns, are developed. The seismic behavior of plane MRFs consisting of I steel beams and CFT columns is investigated next. More specifically, the effect of modelling details of each individual component of CFT-MRFs, such as the CFT columns, the beam-column connections, the panel zones and the steel I beams, on their seismic behavior is studied through comparisons against available experimental results. Then, fragility curves are constructed for composite frames for various levels of modelling sophistication through nonlinear time history analyses involving three typical CFT-MRFs which have been designed according to the European seismic design codes. On the basis of these fragility curves, one can select the appropriate modelling level of sophistication that can lead to the desired seismic behavior for a given seismic intensity. The third part of this work deals with the establishment of all the necessary ingredients for this kind of composite frames to be seismically designed by the performance-based hybrid force-displacement (HFD) seismic design method, which combines the advantages of the well-known force-based and displacement-based seismic design methods. Thus, extensive parametric studies are conducted involving nonlinear dynamic analysis of 96 frames under 100 seismic motions in order to create a databank with the response quantities of interest. Based on regression analysis, simple formulae for estimating the maximum roof displacement, the maximum inter-storey drift ratio, the maximum rotation ductility along the height of the frame and the behavior factor are developed. Comparison of the proposed design method with those adopted by current seismic design codes demonstrates that the proposed procedure seems to be more rational and controls deformation better than current seismic design codes. Nonlinear time history analyses proved the consistency of the proposed method to accurately estimate inelastic deformation demands and the tendency of the current seismic design codes to overestimate the maximum roof displacement and underestimate the maximum inter-storey drift ratio along the height of the frames. Finally, comparisons between CFT-MRFs and all steel ones reveal that the CFT-MRFs seem to have better seismic behavior than the all steel ones and seem to be more economical structures.
Ο σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι να διερευνήσει τη σεισμική συμπεριφορά επίπεδων καμπτικών πλαισίων με υποστυλώματα από τετραγωνικές χαλύβδινες κοιλοδοκούς γεμισμένες με σκυρόδεμα και με μεταλλικές δοκούς τύπου Ι και να προτείνει μία μέθοδο αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού με βάση την επιτελεστικότητα για αυτόν τον τύπο κατασκευών. Αρχικά, διεξάγεται μία υπολογιστική μελέτη ώστε να διερευνηθεί η μη-γραμμική ανελαστική απόκριση υπό ανακυκλιζόμενη φόρτιση και σταθερή θλίψη των τετραγωνικών σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων. Ένα ακριβές και προηγμένο μοντέλο πεπερασμένων στοιχείων δημιουργείται όπου η ακρίβεια των αποτελεσμάτων του ελέγχεται μέσω συγκρίσεων των αναλυτικών λύσεων με υπαρκτά πειραματικά δεδομένα. Κατόπιν, χρησιμοποιώντας αυτό το μοντέλο πεπερασμένων στοιχείων, πραγματοποιoύνται εκτενείς παραμετρικές μελέτες με σκοπό να παραχθούν πληροφορίες σχετικά με την υστερητική συμπεριφορά των σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων. Έτσι, στη βάση αυτής της υπολογιστικής μελέτης, τρία απλά και αρκετά ακριβή υστερητικά μοντέλα συγκεντρωμένης πλαστιμότητας αναπτύσσονται για την προσομοίωση της συμπεριφοράς σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων υπό ανακυκλιζόμενη φόρτιση και σταθερή θλίψη. Έπειτα, διερευνάται η σεισμική συμπεριφορά επίπεδων καμπτικών πλαισίων με σύμμικτα υποστυλώματα και με μεταλλικές δοκούς τύπου Ι. Πιο συγκεκριμένα εξετάζεται η επίδραση της λεπτομερής μοντελοποίησης των επιμέρους δομικών στοιχείων μια κατασκευής, όπως των σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων, των μεταλλικών δοκών, των κόμβων διατμητικής παραμόρφωσης και των συνδέσεων, στη σεισμική συμπεριφορά των πλαισίων μέσω συγκρίσεων με υπαρκτά πειραματικά δεδομένα. Επιπλέον, διαμορφώνονται καμπύλες τρωτότητας για τρία σύμμικτα πλαίσια σχεδιασμένα με τους Ευρωπαϊκούς κανονισμούς για διάφορα επίπεδα μοντελοποίησης χρησιμοποιώντας μη-γραμμικές αναλύσεις χρονοιστορίας. Στη βάση αυτών των καμπυλών τρωτότητας, κάποιος μπορεί να επιλέξει το κατάλληλο επίπεδο πολυπλοκότητας της μοντελοποίησης των σύμμικτων πλαισίων ώστε να οδηγηθεί στην επιθυμητή συμπεριφορά για μια δεδομένη σεισμική ένταση. Το τρίτο μέρος της παρούσας έρευνας πραγματεύεται την ανάπτυξη της διαδικασίας που απαιτείται από την Υβριδική Δυνάμεων-Μετατοπίσεων (ΥΔΜ) μέθοδο αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού με βάση την επιτελεστικότητα, η οποία συνδυάζει τα πλεονεκτήματα της μεθόδου των δυνάμεων και της μεθόδου των μετακινήσεων, ώστε να εφαρμόζεται για τον αντισεισμικό σχεδιασμό σύμμικτων καμπτικών πλαισίων. Έτσι, πραγματοποιούνται εκτενείς παραμετρικές μελέτες περιλαμβάνοντας μη-γραμμικές δυναμικές αναλύσεις σε 96 πλαίσια υπό 100 σεισμικές καταγραφές με σκοπό τη δημιουργία τράπεζας δεδομένων με αποκρίσεις ενδιαφέροντος. Κατόπιν αναλύσεων γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης, απλές σχέσεις προτείνονται που απαιτούνται από την ΥΔΜ μέθοδο οι οποίες συνδέουν τη μέγιστη μετακίνησης κορυφής των πλαισίων με τη στοχευόμενη μέγιστη γωνιακή παραμόρφωσης των ορόφων ή την τοπική στροφική πλαστιμότητα των μελών και την απαιτούμενη συνολική πλαστιμότητας του πλαισίου με τον συντελεστή συμπεριφοράς q. Η σύγκριση της προτεινόμενης ΥΔΜ μεθόδου αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού με εκείνης που προτείνεται από τον Ευρωπαϊκό κανονισμό αποδεικνύει ότι η προτεινόμενη διαδικασία φαίνεται να είναι πιο ακριβής και ελέγχει καλύτερα τις παραμορφώσεις. Μη-γραμμικές αναλύσεις χρονοιστορίας δείχνουν την συνέπεια της ΥΔΜ να εκτιμά με ακρίβεια τις απαιτήσεις των ανελαστικών παραμορφώσεων στα διάφορα επίπεδα επιτελεστικότητας σε αντίθεση με την τάση του κανονισμού να υποεκτιμά τη μέγιστη γωνιακή μετακίνησης ορόφων και να υπερεκτιμά την μέγιστη μετακίνηση κορυφής. Τέλος, συγκρίσεις σύμμικτων πλαισίων με σχεδιασμένα πλαίσια εξ’ ολοκλήρου από χάλυβα σύμφωνα με την ΥΔΜ, δείχνουν ότι τα σύμμικτα πλαίσια έχουν καλύτερη σεισμική συμπεριφορά από τα μεταλλικά και φαίνεται να είναι πιο οικονομικές κατασκευές.

Tese de doutoramento, Informática (Engenharia Informática), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018
Rostering problems arise in a diversity of areas where, according to the business and labor rules, distinct variants of the problem are obtained with different constraints and objectives considered. The diversity of existing rostering problems, allied with their complexity, justifies the activity of the research community addressing them. The current research on rostering problems is mainly devoted to achieving near-optimal solutions since, most of the times, the time needed to obtain optimal solutions is very high. In this thesis, a Bus Driver Rostering Problem is addressed, to which an integer programming model is adapted from the literature, and a new decomposition model with three distinct subproblems representations is proposed. The main objective of this research is to develop and evaluate a new approach to obtain solutions to the problem in study. The new approach follows the concept of search based on column generation, which consists in using the column generation method to solve problems represented by decomposition models and, after, applying metaheuristics to search for the best combination of subproblem solutions that, when combined, result in a feasible integer solution to the complete problem. Besides the new decomposition models proposed for the Bus Driver Rostering Problem, this thesis proposes the extension of the concept of search by column generation to allow using population-based metaheuristics and presents the implementation of the first metaheuristic using populations, based on the extension, which is an evolutionary algorithm. There are two additional contributions of this thesis. The first is an heuristic allowing to obtain solutions for the subproblems in an individual or aggregated way and the second is a repair operator which can be used by the metaheuristics to repair infeasible solutions and, eventually, generate missing subproblem solutions needed. The thesis includes the description and results from an extensive set of computational tests. Multiple configurations of the column generation with three decomposition models are tested to assess the best configuration to use in the generation of the search space for the metaheuristic. Additional tests compare distinct single-solution metaheuristics and our basic evolutionary algorithm in the search for integer solutions in the search space obtained by the column generation. A final set of tests compares the results of our final algorithm (with the best column generation configuration and the evolutionary algorithm using the repair operator) and the solutions obtained by solving the problem represented by the integer programming model with a commercial solver.
Programa de Apoio à Formação Avançada de Docentes do Ensino Superior Politécnico (PROTEC), SFRH/PROTEC/67405/2010

碩士
大葉大學
工具機產業碩士學位學程
105
The problem of sludge piling up in Taiwan reservoir is more critical. The sludge which piling up in reservoir reduced the total capacity of Taiwan reservoir, and it will make reservoir break up easier. The piling sludge also created the problem about water pollution. The solution with these problems would spent much money. Therefore, this program was studying the characteristic of sludge to clean up the reservoir effectively and recycle it by spending less money. We try to use sludge displaying aggregate of concrete works. For reduce the cost we study the effect of sludge displaying aggregate of concrete works by the results of slump test, flow test, air content test, compressive strength test, absorption and permeability test, we study the effect of sludge displaying aggregate of concrete works. When we increase the number of Silt’s replacement, would makes compression strength have some decrease. But the compression strength is designed 280 kgf/cm2, the compression strengths are correspond with specification of concrete process that application in clipping block process or bulwark process with concrete. We is used erosion test to compare the difference of normal concrete to find out that the mass of silt-concrete, which undergo erosion process, were similar with normal concrete. But the cost of normal concrete are much expensive than silt-concrete, so that we could lower the price of cost efficiently. As a result, from all the consequence of test the property were not too much different between silt-concrete and normal concrete. But it has very good effect on the profit of silt-concrete process. Especially on clipping block and bulwark process, can give full play to their functions

Microtrusses are hybrid materials composed of a three-dimensional array of struts capable of efficiently transmitting an externally applied load. The strut connectivity of microtrusses enables them to behave in a stretch-dominated fashion, allowing higher specific strength and stiffness values to be reached than conventional metal foams. While much attention has been given to the optimization of microtruss architectures, little attention has been given to the strengthening mechanisms inside the materials that make up this architecture. This thesis examines strengthening mechanisms in aluminum alloy and copper alloy microtruss systems with and without a reinforcing structural coating. C11000 microtrusses were stretch-bend fabricated for the first time; varying internal truss angles were selected in order to study the accumulating effects of plastic deformation and it was found that the mechanical performance was significantly enhanced in the presence of work hardening with the peak strength increasing by a factor of three. The C11000 microtrusses could also be significantly reinforced with sleeves of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Ni-53wt%Fe. It was found that the strength increase from work hardening and electrodeposition were additive over the range of structures considered. The AA2024 system allowed the contribution of work hardening, precipitation hardening, and hard anodizing to be considered as interacting strengthening mechanisms. Because of the lower formability of AA2024 compared to C11000, several different perforation geometries in the starting sheet were considered in order to more effectively distribute the plastic strain during stretch-bend fabrication. A T8 condition was selected over a T6 condition because it was shown that the plastic deformation induced during the final step was sufficient to enhance precipitation kinetics allowing higher strengths to be reached, while at the same time eliminating one annealing treatment. When hard anodizing treatments were conducted on O-temper and T8 temper AA2024 truss cores, the strength increase was different for different architectures, but was nearly the same for the two parent material tempers. Finally, the question of how much microtruss strengthening can be obtained for a given amount of parent metal strengthening was addressed by examining the interaction of material and geometric parameters in a model system.