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Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid CLT'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Lakusic, Stjepan. "Design approach for cost-effective hybrid CLT floors." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 74, no. 04 (2022): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3271.2021.

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There is a growing research and production interest for the application of lower-cost hybrid cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels composed of timber layers of dissimilar quality. Therefore, an approach for the design of cost-effective hybrid CLT panels in bending, based on the existing analytical and novel finite element procedures, is presented in the paper. The gamma-method, the extended gamma method, and the composite theory are applied in the analysis of square panels, while the finite element model based on the Reddy’s full layerwise theory is used for the complex-shape panels in bending.

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2

Aisyah, Siti, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana, Rita Kartika Sari, and Wahyu Hidayat. "Influence of Puspa Wood and Coconut Trunk Combination on the Characteristics of Cross-Laminated Timber Bonded with Polyurethane Adhesive." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, no. 1 (2023): 136–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i1.647.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristic of cross-laminated timber (CLT) made from puspa (Schima wallichii) wood, coconut (Cocos nucifera) trunk, and their combination using a polyurethane (PU) adhesive. The manufacturing of CLT begins with the characterization of the adhesive and wood materials used in this study. The CLT panels are made with dimensions of 100 cm × 30 cm × 3.6 cm. The laminate was organized into three layers with the face/core/back, namely puspa wood (PPP), coconut trunk (CCC), and their combination (PCP and CPC), perpendicular to each other using polyuret

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3

MARKÓ, Gábor, László BEJÓ, and Péter TAKÁTS. "The applicability of I-214 hybrid poplar as Cross-Laminated Timber raw material." Wood Science = Faipar 63, no. 2 (2015): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14602/woodsci.2015.2.42.

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<p class="p1">A többrétegű keresztirányú ragasztott tömörfa szerkezeti panel (CLT) a könnyűszerkezetes építés viszonylag új alapanyaga, mely hazánkban még nem elterjedt. Elterjedését segítené, ha ezt az építőelemet hazai alapanyagokból is gyártani lehetne. Kutatásunk célja a CLT elemek hazai nemesnyár alapanyagból való gyárthatóságának vizsgálata volt. Ennek érdekében egy háromrétegű panel gyártására és hajlítóvizsgálatára került sor, olasz nyár alapanyagból, poliuretán ragasztóanyaggal. A vizsgálati eredmények azt mutatják, hogy az olasz nyár CLT szilárdsági tulajdonságai megfelelőek az

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Tsai, Meng-Ting, and Wei-Ting Lin. "Efficiency of Energy Consumption between Reinforced Concrete Structure and Cross-Laminated Timber Based Hybrid Structure in East Asian Cities." Energies 15, no. 1 (2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010165.

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From the environmental perspective, wooden structures are favorable insulators that are suitable for carbon fixation and wooden-related products are considered the most sustainable material. Research has indicated that wooden structures have superior energy-saving performance compared to reinforced concrete (RC) structures. In this study, a CLT-based hybrid structure system that potentially improves the efficiency of energy consumption is proposed. The proposed hybrid structure system, which preserved original RC beams, columns and replaced CLT floors and walls, has less building weight compar

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5

Kozem Silih, E., and M. Premrov. "Enhancing racking stiffness in tall timber buildings using double-skin façades: A numerical investigation." Advances in Production Engineering & Management 20, no. 1 (2025): 116–30. https://doi.org/10.14743/apem2025.1.531.

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The main goal of the paper is to present possible benefits in application of previously developed innovative in-plane load-bearing timber double-skin façade elements (DSF) as additional bracing elements in tall timber buildings. Therefore, a six-storey prefabricated timber structure of a height of 15 m and with a regular floor-plan is analysed by a seismic excitation of ag = 0.225 · g with a strong asymmetrical position of transparent façade elements. Two structural solutions are analysed: a hybrid system combining CLT and Light Timber-Framed walls and a non-hybrid structure made entirely of C

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Lu, Weidong, Jiahui Gu, and Bibo Wang. "Study on Flexural Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Based on Different Tree Species." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1728258.

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The flexural behavior of CLT panels was experimentally studied. The effects of number of layers, thickness and wood combination on the failure modes, ultimate bearing capacity, stiffness, and ductility of the specimen were analyzed. The test results showed that the flexural strength of the hybrid CLT specimens was basically unchanged, but the stiffness increased by 8% to 22% compared with the CLT specimens of all poplar wood. Compared with the CLT of the whole Douglas fir, the failure mode of the hybrid specimens changes from brittle shear failure to ductile bending failure. Furthermore, the c

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Gezer, Engin Derya, Abdullah Uğur Birinci, Aydın Demir, Hasan Öztürk, Okan İlhan, and Cenk Demirkir. "Determining the optimum layer combination for cross-laminated timber panels according to timber strength classes using Artificial Neural Networks." BioResources 19, no. 3 (2024): 4899–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.3.4899-4917.

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The primary aim of this work was to determine the effects of production parameters, such as wood species and timber strength classes, on some mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels using artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models. Subsequently, using the models obtained from the analyses, the goal was to identify the optimum layer combinations of timber strength classes used in the middle and outer layers that would provide the highest mechanical properties for CLT panels. CLT panels made from spruce and alder timbers, as well as hybrid panels created from combinat

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8

Salonvaara, Mikael, and André Desjarlais. "Impact of Insulation Strategies of Cross-Laminated Timber Assemblies on Energy Use, Peak Demand, and Carbon Emissions." Buildings 14, no. 4 (2024): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14041089.

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Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels have many structural benefits but do not have much thermal resistance. We have developed a solution to insulate CLT structures that uses high-performance insulation panels that provide R-values up to R40/inch. The CLT panels are made of layers of wood laminates (three, five, seven or more). The solution replaces some of the wood laminates in the CLT production with the insulation panels in a staggered fashion so that the wood laminates maintain contact throughout the panel, ensuring the CLT panel’s structural integrity. The insulated CLT panels have factory-

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9

Baskara, Muhammad Iqbal Adi, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, et al. "Characteristics of Polyurethane Cross-Laminated Timber Made from a Combination of Pine and Coconut." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, no. 2 (2023): 270–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i2.691.

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The objective of this study was to assess the properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) fabricated from the combination of Sumatran pine (P) and coconut trunk (C) bonded with polyurethane adhesive. The basic properties of raw materials and adhesives were characterized. The CLT panels’ length, width, and thickness are 100 cm by 30 cm by 3.6 cm, respectively. Three-layer CLT was made with 4 combinations of face/core/back lamina, i.e., PPP, CCC, PCP, and CPC, which are arranged perpendicular to each other. The laminae were bonded using PU adhesive on 160 g.m-2 glue spread. The CLT’s delamination

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Bezabeh, Matiyas A., Solomon Tesfamariam, Siegfried F. Stiemer, Marjan Popovski, and Erol Karacabeyli. "Direct Displacement-Based Design of a Novel Hybrid Structure: Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Cross-Laminated Timber Infill Walls." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (2016): 1565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101514eqs159m.

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This study proposes an iterative direct displacement based design method for a novel steel-timber hybrid structure. The hybrid structure incorporates cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear panels as an infill in steel moment-resisting frames. The proposed design method is applied to design three-, six-, and nine-story hybrid buildings, each with three bays and a CLT-infilled middle bay. Nonlinear time history analysis, using 20 earthquake ground motion records, is carried out to validate the performance of the design method. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively controls the di

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Dolan, J. Daniel, Alex Wilson, Kristin Brandt, Donald A. Bender, and Michael P. Wolcott. "Structural design process for estimating cross-laminated timber use factors for buildings." BioResources 14, no. 3 (2019): 7247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.7247-7265.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction has received significant attention for potential North American markets; however, few claims have been substantiated with structural design details that assess the amount of CLT to be used in various classifications of buildings. This article presents a design process used for the development of archetype buildings to estimate the potential CLT demand. Three types of structural systems were identified: platform construction, rocking walls with a separate gravity system, and hybrid construction consisting of reinforced concrete elevator cores and rockin

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Rahman, MD Tanvir, Mahmud Ashraf, Kazem Ghabraie, and Mahbube Subhani. "Evaluating Timoshenko Method for Analyzing CLT under Out-of-Plane Loading." Buildings 10, no. 10 (2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100184.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made up of layers of structurally graded timber, where subsequent layers are oriented orthogonally to each other. In CLT, the layers oriented in transverse direction, generally termed as cross-layer, are subjected to shear in radial–tangential plane, which is commonly known as rolling shear. As the shear modulus of cross-layers is significantly lower than that in other planes, CLT exhibits higher shear deformation under out-of-plane loading in contrast to other engineered wood products such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and glue lam

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13

Hariz, Tengku Muhammad Renzy, Yusuf Sudo Hadi, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Muhammad Iqbal Maulana, Rita Kartika Sari, and Wahyu Hidayat. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber Made of a Combination of Mangium-Puspa Wood and Polyurethane Adhesive." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 11, no. 1 (2023): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl.v11i1.645.

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This study aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) characteristics from mangium (Acacia mangium) and puspa (Schima wallichii) woods and their combination using polyurethane (PU 1.2) adhesives. The manufacture of CLT began with basic adhesive characterization and thermo-mechanical analysis. Wood material’s physical and chemical properties were also tested with its response to the PU 1.2 wettability. The CLT (100 ´ 30 ´ 3.60) cm3 was manufactured with 160 g/m2 glue spread at a pressure of 0.80 MPa for 200 minutes. The CLT panels were characterized

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14

Das, Sumanta, Miroslav Gašparík, Anil Kumar Sethy, et al. "Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)." Journal of Composites Science 9, no. 3 (2025): 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. However, the decline of natural vegetation and the growth of plantation hardwoods has led the researchers to consider alternatives. This study presents a comparative analysis of bending and rolling shear performance of homogenous poplar (Populus nigra L.) CLT and hybrid CLT, with maple (Acer platanoides L.), in the outer layer and poplar in the core, compared to spruce (Picea abies (L.), H. Karst.) CLT. The CLT panels were prepared using one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) and mel

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15

Altaher Omer Ahmed, Ahmed, József Garab, Erika Horváth-Szováti, János Kozelka, and László Bejó. "The Bending Properties of Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Using Various Species Combinations." Materials 16, no. 22 (2023): 7153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16227153.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has become a massive commercial success in recent years due to its high performance, technological advantages, and low environmental impact. The finite softwood raw material supply has motivated researchers to find alternatives. This study presents an investigation of the viability of some Hungarian hardwood materials, such as CLT materials. Homogeneous beech, poplar, and spruce panels, as well as their combinations, were created using a polyurethane adhesive. The experimental results show the clear potential of Hungarian poplar, which performed much better than sp

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16

Vogiatzis, Tzanetis, Themistoklis Tsalkatidis, and Aris Avdelas. "Steel framed structures with cross laminated timber infill shear walls and semi-rigid connections." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 4 (2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i4.29742.

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In recent years, hybrid steel-timber structures are seeing an increasing use in modern building construction at a competitive price. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prefabricated multi-layer engineered panel wood product, manufactured by gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber at perpendicular angles. Their orientation results in excellent structural rigidity in both orthogonal directions. CLT construction materials are used not only for flooring systems and roof assemblies, but CLT infill shear walls are also gaining a lot of interest as a promising alternative for sustainable primary lateral lo

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17

Azanaw, Girmay Mengesha. "Synergizing Sustainability and Structural Innovation: A Critical Review of Steel-CLT Composite Floor Systems in Modern Construction." International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering 13, no. 7 (2025): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijese.g2608.13070625.

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The pressing necessity for the construction sector to achieve decarbonization has thrust steel-CLT (cross-laminated timber) composite flooring systems into prominence as an avantgarde amalgamation of sustainability and structural advancement. This review rigorously evaluates the capacity of these hybrid systems to harmonise the carbon-sequestering potential of CLT, which sequesters 135% of its mass in CO₂, with the unparalleled tensile strength of steel, realising a 60% reduction in embodied carbon and accommodating spans of 12 meters. Nevertheless, their implementation is obstructed by parado

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Kurzinski, Shaghayegh, and Paul L. Crovella. "Investigating the Out-of-Plane Bending Stiffness Properties in Hybrid Species Diagonal-Cross-Laminated Timber Panels." Applied Sciences 14, no. 7 (2024): 2718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072718.

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Since the introduction of Cross-laminated Timber (CLT) in Austria in the early 1990s, the adoption of this 90°-crosswise-laminated product has seen exponential growth worldwide. Compared to traditional laminated timber products (e.g., glulam), CLT provides improved dimensional stability but with reduced out-of-plane bending stiffness. To improve the bending stiffness, while maintaining relative dimensional stability, a modified orientation of the inner layers in a diagonal direction can be used. This novel product is Diagonal-Cross-laminated Timber (DCLT), a composite timber product, consistin

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Adhikari, Sailesh, Henry Quesada, and Brian Bond. "Design and Evaluation of a Shear Analogy Tool for Custom Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) Panels Made from Various Wood Species." Forest Products Journal 73, no. 4 (2023): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-23-00022.

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Abstract A user-friendly cross-laminated timber (CLT) design tool called SAM-CLT was developed to calculate the minimum design values for custom CLT panels. Custom panels are those made from different species not currently included in APA PRG 320 and include the use of multiple species in a panel. The tool uses the design value of hardwood and softwood lumber published in the national design specification book to design custom CLTs and the standard CLT grade lumber specification values published in PRG 320 standard. SAM-CLT was designed based on the shear analogy model and is intended to assis

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YANG, Seung Min, Hwa Hyung LEE, and Seog Goo KANG. "Research Trends in Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) to Enhance the Rolling Shear Strength of CLT." Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 49, no. 4 (2021): 336–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2021.49.4.336.

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Rajčić, Vlatka, Nikola Perković, Chiara Bedon, Jure Barbalić, and Roko Žarnić. "Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (2020): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093071.

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Façade elements are a building component that satisfies multiple performance parameters. Among other things, “advanced façades” take advantage of hybrid solutions, such as assembling laminated materials. In addition to the enhanced mechanical properties that are typical of optimally composed hybrid structural components, these systems are energy-efficient, durable, and offer lighting comfort and optimal thermal performance, an example of which is the structural solution developed in collaboration with the University of Zagreb and the University of Ljubljana within the Croatian Science Foundati

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Roncari, Andrea, Filippo Gobbi, and Cristiano Loss. "Nonlinear Static Seismic Response of a Building Equipped with Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Diaphragms and Concentric X-Braced Steel Frames." Buildings 11, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010009.

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Simplified seismic design procedures mostly recommend the adoption of rigid floor diaphragms when forming a building’s lateral force-resisting structural system. While rigid behavior is compatible with many reinforced concrete or composite steel-concrete floor systems, the intrinsic stiffness properties of wood and ductile timber connections of timber floor slabs typically make reaching a such comparable in-plane response difficult. Codes or standards in North America widely cover wood-frame construction, with provisions given for both rigid and flexible floor diaphragms designs. Instead, rese

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Ilgın, Hüseyin Emre, and Markku Karjalainen. "Insights from Finnish Experts on the Construction Practices and Future Prospects of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)." Forests 15, no. 1 (2023): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15010031.

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Given that CLT is a relatively recent innovation, there is a notable scarcity of market research in Finland. Presently, there is a limited body of literature that provides a thorough comprehension of the present state, varied applications, and anticipated future developments concerning the use of CLT within the Finnish construction sector. The limited availability of research data underscores the need for more extensive studies to fill this knowledge gap and provide a more nuanced insight into the evolving landscape of CLT adoption within the Finnish construction industry. This article aims to

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Zong, Chao, Jiajun Zhai, Xiaoluan Sun, Xingxing Liu, Xiaowu Cheng, and Shenshan Wang. "Analysis of Seismic Responses and Vibration Serviceability in a High-Rise Timber–Concrete Hybrid Building." Buildings 14, no. 9 (2024): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092614.

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Timber–concrete hybrid structures are commonly employed in multi-story timber buildings; however, further research is necessary to fully understand the seismic performance of these structures as well as the dynamic properties of the floor. The two dynamic concerns, seismic effects and the vibration of floors in hybrid structures, are key issues, in view of which this study aimed to investigate the small-seismic-response spectra and elastic time histories in a high-rise timber hybrid building, specifically the medical technology building of Jiangsu Provincial Rehabilitation Hospital in China. T

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Karampour, Hassan, Farid Piran, Adam Faircloth, Nima Talebian, and Dane Miller. "Vibration of Timber and Hybrid Floors: A Review of Methods of Measurement, Analysis, and Design." Buildings 13, no. 7 (2023): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071756.

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Floor vibration, although not a safety concern, is a prevalent performance complaint in multi-story structures. With the increasing use of mass timber construction, various types of long-span timber floors (LSTFs), including plain cross-laminated timber (CLT), CLT with secondary beams (ribbed-deck), and hybrid systems such as timber–concrete composite (TCC) and CLT on-steel-support beams, are gaining popularity. However, due to limited knowledge regarding their vibration characteristics and acceptance criteria, these construction types are often overlooked during the design stage by architects

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Hematabadi, Hojat, Mehrab Madhoushi, Abolghasem Khazaeian, and Ghanbar Ebrahimi. "Structural performance of hybrid Poplar-Beech cross-laminated-timber (CLT)." Journal of Building Engineering 44 (December 2021): 102959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102959.

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27

Li, Qiao, Zhiqiang Wang, Zhijun Liang, Long Li, Meng Gong, and Jianhui Zhou. "Shear properties of hybrid CLT fabricated with lumber and OSB." Construction and Building Materials 261 (November 2020): 120504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120504.

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Furukawa, Sachi, Ryohei Iwami, and Yoshihiro Kimura. "Development of an Environmentally Friendly Steel Structural Framework: Evaluation of Bending Stiffness and Yield Bending Moment of Cross-Laminated Timber Slab–H-Shaped Steel Composite Beams for Component Reuse." Sustainability 17, no. 5 (2025): 2073. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052073.

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The building and construction sector accounts for nearly 40% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with steel-framed buildings being a significant contributor due to high CO2 emissions during production. To mitigate this issue, integrating Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) into structural systems has emerged as a sustainable alternative. CLT, known for its carbon sequestration properties, offers an environmentally friendly replacement for reinforced-concrete slabs, particularly when paired with steel structures to enhance material reuse and reduce lifecycle impacts. This study focuses on hybrid syste

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Ayoade, Oladotun, Vian Ahmed, and David Baldry. "Interoperability optimisation for shared equity housing model development and FTB homeownership in the UK." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 12, no. 4 (2019): 558–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-12-2017-0110.

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Purpose This paper aims to assess financial interoperability implications associated with first-time buyers (FTB) in housing development and the role of the community land trust shared equity housing model (CLT SEHM). Design/methodology/approach The interoperability optimisation process adopted by this study involved triangulated findings from the literature, semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys. The text analysis of interview responses was actualised with Nvivo 9.0. This process informed the validation of themes through a questionnaire survey (purposive sampling), of which fin

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Khajehpour, Mehdi, Yuxin Pan, and Thomas Tannert. "Seismic Analysis of Hybrid Steel Moment Frame CLT Shear Walls Structures." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 35, no. 5 (2021): 04021059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001633.

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Cherry, Rebecca, Warna Karunasena, and Allan Manalo. "Maximizing the Use of Out-of-Grade Hybrid Pine in Engineered Wood Products: Bond Performance, the Effect of Resin Streaking, Knots, and Pith." Forests 14, no. 9 (2023): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14091916.

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The evolution toward small-diameter and fast-growing plantation timbers such as the Pinus elliotti var. elliottii (Engelm) × Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéclauze) (PEE×PCH) hybrids around the world is producing large volumes of core wood that are falling short of structural sawn timber grading requirements. Engineered timber products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glue-laminated (glulam) offer potential solutions to value-adding this resource, but the bond performance of this feedstock and the extent to which current standards and guides address its common characteristics for

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Binder, Eva, Wit Derkowski, and Thomas K. Bader. "Development of Creep Deformations during Service Life: A Comparison of CLT and TCC Floor Constructions." Buildings 12, no. 2 (2022): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020239.

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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) slabs in residential buildings need additional weight, e.g., in the form of screeds or gravel layers, to fulfill the criterion for the highest impact-sound class. The additional mass is, however, not exploited for the load bearing behavior, but adds additional weight and leads to an increased height of the floor construction. In this study, such a CLT floor construction with a construction height of 380 mm is compared with a composite slab consisting of a CLT plate with a concrete layer on top with a floor construction height of 330 mm. The timber concrete composit

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Anand, Vaishali. "Comparative Study of Grammar-Translation Method vs Communicative Language Teaching in Indian Classrooms." International Journal of Teaching, Learning and Education 4, no. 3 (2025): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijtle.4.3.4.

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This study explores the comparative analysis of the Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) and Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in English language classrooms across selected schools in Haryana. As English education in India continues to evolve, the tension between traditional and modern teaching methods remains a topic of both academic and practical interest. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to English language teachers and secondary-level students in 15 schools. The findings reveal that while CLT is generally preferred for

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Fox, Stephen, and Vitor Fortes Rey. "A Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) Analysis of Machine Learning Explainability, Transparency, Interpretability, and Shared Interpretability." Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction 6, no. 3 (2024): 1494–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/make6030071.

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Information that is complicated and ambiguous entails high cognitive load. Trying to understand such information can involve a lot of cognitive effort. An alternative to expending a lot of cognitive effort is to engage in motivated cognition, which can involve selective attention to new information that matches existing beliefs. In accordance with principles of least action related to management of cognitive effort, another alternative is to give up trying to understand new information with high cognitive load. In either case, high cognitive load can limit potential for understanding of new in

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Quang Mai, Khai, Aron Park, Khoa Tan Nguyen, and Kihak Lee. "Full-scale static and dynamic experiments of hybrid CLT–concrete composite floor." Construction and Building Materials 170 (May 2018): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.042.

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36

Yin, Tianxiao, Huan Song, Zhiqiang Wang, et al. "Long-term creep properties of hybrid CLT fabricated with lumber and OSB." Industrial Crops and Products 211 (May 2024): 118238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118238.

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Sinclair, Christina, and Leonard Jay Thornton. "Exploring preservice teachers’ conceptions after ‘living a hybrid curriculum’." European Physical Education Review 24, no. 2 (2016): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x16669331.

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Physical education reform efforts support constructivist learning theory (CLT) to re-conceptualize K-12 physical education. Advocates of models-based instruction (MBI) indicate that sport education and a tactical games approach are grounded in CLT. A key implication for physical education teacher education (PETE) programmes is to develop preservice teachers (PSTs) capable of implementing MBI. Often, PSTs enter PETE programmes with the pre-conception that learning can only occur through passive transfer of information. As a result, PETE programmes must help PSTs re-conceptualize physical educat

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Ju, Zehui, Qian He, Haiyang Zhang, et al. "Calculation of Sound Insulation for Hybrid CLT Fabricated with Lumber and LVL and comparison with experimental data." MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927501012.

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The insulated predictions were carried out for LVL, CLT and HCLT in order to evaluate their sound properties, in which the theoretical value of sound insulation was predicted by regarding the substances in wood cell wall as equivalence to specific medium based on Biot model, and the wood anatomical characteristics, such as the length and diameter of tracheid, diameter of pit, and porosity, were taken into account for determining the equivalent density and bulk modulus of elasticity of wood cell wall. By comparing the tested and predicted values of sound insulation, the conclusion were drawn as

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Wang, Zhiqiang, Hongmei Fu, Meng Gong, et al. "Planar shear and bending properties of hybrid CLT fabricated with lumber and LVL." Construction and Building Materials 151 (October 2017): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.205.

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Wang, Xijun, Minjuan He, and Zheng Li. "Evaluation of engineering demand parameters for seismic analyses of CLT-glulam hybrid structures." Engineering Structures 296 (December 2023): 116958. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116958.

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Vogiatzis, Tzanetis, Evangelos Efthymiou, and Themistoklis Tsalkatidis. "Investigation of Wood‐Steel Composite Shear Walls Behavioural Parameters." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (2023): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2688.

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AbstractOver the last few years, hybrid steel‐timber components and systems are enjoying increasing popularity in the construction sector, particularly in the case of multistorey timber buildings where significant benefits arise due to faster and safer on‐site erection, improved structural and seismic performance combined with minimized environmental impact. Most of these studies focus on steel frames with Cross‐laminated Timber (CLT) infills and hybrid steel‐timber joints. However, it may only sometime to be possible to satisfy the maximum drift limit prescribed by building codes only with CL

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Alvarez, Diego, Riko Kouda, Anh Dung Ho, and Tetsu Kubota. "Scenario analysis of embodied energy and CO2 emissions for multistory apartments in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339604015.

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Contribution in the building sector to the global warming can be tackled by diminishing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (mainly CO2) not only from operational energy but also from the embodied energy (EE) of construction materials. Harvested Wood Products (HWP) such as Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), Glued Laminated (Glulam) timber, among others, make multistorey wooden buildings possible. These wooden buildings could help to reduce EE and CO2 emissions significantly. A material flow analysis (MFA) using an I-O (Input-Output) table was used to compare three scenarios for an 8-story apartment buil

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Liang, Zhijun, Guojun Chen, Yi Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, and Meng Gong. "The Dimensional Stability and Bonding Performance of Hybrid CLT Fabricated with Lumber and COSB." Buildings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101669.

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The differences of physical and mechanical properties of different laminations, such as softwood, hardwood or other structural composite lumber, in hybrid cross-laminated timber (HCLT), lead to their dimensional stability and bonding performance more complex than generic cross-laminated timber (CLT). In this paper, the spruce-pine-fir (SPF) dimension lumber and construction oriented strand board (COSB) were employed to fabricate HCLT. The effects of four configurations and three adhesives on the dimensional stability and bonding performance of CLT and HCLT were evaluated in term of the water a

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Thoelen, Felix, та Walter Frank. "Crystal engineering with short-chained amphiphiles: decasodium octa-n-butanesulfonate di-μ-chlorido-bis[dichloridopalladate(II)] tetrahydrate, a layered inorganic–organic hybrid material". Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 75, № 5 (2019): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989019004201.

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In the course of crystal-engineering experiments, crystals of the hydrated title salt, Na10[Pd2Cl6](C4H9SO3)8·4H2O, were obtained from a water/2-propanol solution of sodium n-butanesulfonate and sodium tetrachloridopalladate(II). In the crystal, sodium n-butanesulfonate anions and water molecules are arranged in an amphiphilic inverse bilayered cationic array represented by the formula {[Na10(C4H9SO3)8(H2O)4]2+} n . Within this lamellar array: (i) a hydrophilic layer region parallel to the bc plane is established by the Na+ cations, the H2O molecules (as aqua ligands in κNa,κNa′-bridging coord

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Donkor, Francis, and Isaac Sekyere. "Importing Complexity Leadership Theory Into Bureaucratic Organizations in Non-Western Environments." International Journal of Applied Management Theory and Research 2, no. 2 (2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijamtr.2020070101.

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Criticisms of bureaucratic leadership in the public sector literature are increasing, and as such, a growing number of scholars in public administration are calling for a more complex and conceptually sound theoretical models of leadership that are collaborative and reduce the power of the leader and create hybrid governance models. With a multifaceted perspective, detailed conceptual underpinning and a growing body of empirical study support complexity leadership theory (CLT) as a potential to address many of the issues where an individual is seen to possess all the knowledge in the organizat

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Ho, Tu Xuan, Thang Nguyen Dao, Sriram Aaleti, John W. van de Lindt, and Douglas R. Rammer. "Hybrid System of Unbonded Post-Tensioned CLT Panels and Light-Frame Wood Shear Walls." Journal of Structural Engineering 143, no. 2 (2017): 04016171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001665.

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Weckendorf, Jan, Ebenezer Ussher, and Ian Smith. "Dynamic response of CLT plate systems in the context of timber and hybrid construction." Composite Structures 157 (December 2016): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.08.033.

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MIKI, Norihito, Shoichi NAKASHIMA, Yoshihiro YAMAZAKI, and Tadashi ISHIHARA. "CYCLIC LOADING TEST OF CLT-STEEL HYBRID STRUCTURE FRAME WITH CONNECTIONS TO IMPROVE HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 27, no. 65 (2021): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.27.213.

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Ávila, Francisco, Peter Dechent, and Alexander Opazo. "Seismic behaviour evaluation of CLT horizontal diaphragms on hybrid buildings with reinforced concrete shear walls." Engineering Structures 244 (October 2021): 112698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112698.

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Tesfamariam, S., S. F. Stiemer, C. Dickof, and M. A. Bezabeh. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Hybrid Steel-Timber Structure: Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with CLT Infill." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 6 (2014): 929–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.916240.

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