Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid and electric vehicles and powertrains'
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1
Kafui Ayetor, Godwin, George Bright Gyamfi, and Ebenezer Tetteh Larnor. "Drive Cycle Performance of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 2 (March 12, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i2.16.
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This paper focuses on the effects of HEV (Hybrid-Electric Vehicles) Powertrains on fuel economy and overall system efficiency. Three different hybrid-electric powertrains: Series; Parallel and Combined have been simulated on ADVISOR by the use of MATLAB platform. Three drive cycles, Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Highway Fuel Economy Transport Cycle (HWFET), were used to determine best Fuel Economy, Overall System Efficiency and Energy usage for each Powertrain.While Parallel Powertrain showed best fuel economy and system efficiency at lower speeds (20 mph) during frequent start-stops, Combined Hybrid showed much more significant fuel savings at constant speeds above 48 mph. In situations where both battery and engine power were required simultaneously, Combined Hybrid showed much higher system efficiency giving credence to its PowerSplit device. In conclusion, the selection of the preferred Powertrain for Hybrid Electric application depends strictly on the application required. The results clearly show that advantages of both Series and Parallel powertrains have not been effectively harnessed in the Combined Powertrain as expected. This highlights the need for a Powertrain which effectively saves fuel at all speeds irrespective of number of idle times or stops.
Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicle; zero emissions; combined hybrid; series hybrid; parallel hybrid; electric vehicles; fuel cells
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Cai, William, Xiaogang Wu, Minghao Zhou, Yafei Liang, and Yujin Wang. "Review and Development of Electric Motor Systems and Electric Powertrains for New Energy Vehicles." Automotive Innovation 4, no. 1 (February 2021): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00139-z.
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AbstractThis paper presents a review on the recent research and technical progress of electric motor systems and electric powertrains for new energy vehicles. Through the analysis and comparison of direct current motor, induction motor, and synchronous motor, it is found that permanent magnet synchronous motor has better overall performance; by comparison with converters with Si-based IGBTs, it is found converters with SiC MOSFETs show significantly higher efficiency and increase driving mileage per charge. In addition, the pros and cons of different control strategies and algorithms are demonstrated. Next, by comparing series, parallel, and power split hybrid powertrains, the series–parallel compound hybrid powertrains are found to provide better fuel economy. Different electric powertrains, hybrid powertrains, and range-extended electric systems are also detailed, and their advantages and disadvantages are described. Finally, the technology roadmap over the next 15 years is proposed regarding traction motor, power electronic converter and electric powertrain as well as the key materials and components at each time frame.
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Maddumage, W. U., K. Y. Abeyasighe, M. S. M. Perera, R. A. Attalage, and P. Kelly. "Comparing Fuel Consumption and Emission Levels of Hybrid Powertrain Configurations and a Conventional Powertrain in Varied Drive Cycles and Degree of Hybridization." Science & Technique 19, no. 1 (February 5, 2020): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2020-19-1-20-33.
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Hybrid electric powertrains in automotive applications aim to improve emissions and fuel economy with respect to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Variety of design scenarios need to be addressed in designing a hybrid electric vehicle to achieve desired design objectives such as fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. The work in this paper presents an analysis of the design objectives for an automobile powertrain with respect to different design scenarios, i. e. target drive cycle and degree of hybridization. Toward these ends, four powertrain configuration models (i. e. internal combustion engine, series, parallel and complex hybrid powertrain configurations) of a small vehicle (motorized three wheeler) are developed using Model Advisor software and simulated with varied drive cycles and degrees of hybridization. Firstly, the impact of vehicle power control strategy and operational characteristics of the different powertrain configurations are investigated with respect to exhaust gas emissions and fuel consumption. Secondly, the drive cycles are scaled according to kinetic intensity and the relationship between fuel consumption and drive cycles is assessed. Thirdly, three fuel consumption models are developed so that fuel consumption values for a real-world drive cycle may be predicted in regard to each powertrain configuration. The results show that when compared with a conventional powertrain fuel consumption is lower in hybrid vehicles. This work led to the surprisingly result showing higher CO emission levels with hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, fuel consumption of all four powertrains showed a strong correlation with kinetic intensity values of selected drive cycles. It was found that with varied drive cycles the average fuel advantage for each was: series 23 %, parallel 21 %, and complex hybrids 33 %, compared to an IC engine powertrain. The study reveals that performance of hybrid configurations vary significantly with drive cycle and degree of hybridization. The paper also suggests future areas of study.
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Mansour, Charbel, Wissam Bou Nader, Clément Dumand, and Maroun Nemer. "Waste heat recovery from engine coolant on mild hybrid vehicle using organic Rankine cycle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 2502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018797819.
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Considerable efforts have been invested in the automotive industry on electrified powertrains in order to reduce passenger cars’ dependence on fossil fuels. Powertrains electrification resulted in a wide range of mass-production hybrid vehicle models, ranging from micro-hybrid, to mild, full, and battery-extended hybrids such as plug-in and range-extender electric vehicles. Fuel savings of these powertrains strongly rely on the energy management strategy deployed on-board, as well as on the technology used to recover the waste heat energy. This paper investigates the fuel savings potential of a mild hybrid vehicle using an organic Rankine cycle for generating electricity from the engine-coolant circuit. The net mechanical power and electrical power generated from the organic Rankine cycle are determined based on experimental data recorded on a 1.2-L turbocharged engine. The coolant temperature is regulated at 85°C and 105°C depending on the engine load. The R-1234yf organic fluid is used and the Rankine operating pressure has been controlled to maximize the overall system efficiency under technological constraints. The dynamic programming control is used as a global optimal energy management strategy in order to define the best strategy for the engine operation and power-split between the electric and thermal paths of the powertrain. A sensitivity analysis is also performed to find the optimal size of the electric motor while taking into account the additional weight of the organic Rankine cycle system. Results show 2.4% of fuel economy improvement on The Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles.
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Bou Nader, Wissam S., Charbel J. Mansour, Maroun G. Nemer, and Olivier M. Guezet. "Exergo-technological explicit methodology for gas-turbine system optimization of series hybrid electric vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 10 (October 6, 2017): 1323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017728849.
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Significant research efforts have been invested in the automotive industry on hybrid electrified powertrains in order to reduce the dependence of passenger cars on oil. Electrification of powertrains resulted in a wide range of hybrid vehicle architectures. The fuel consumption of these powertrains strongly relies on the energy converter performance, as well as on the energy management strategy deployed on board. This paper investigates the potential of fuel consumption savings of a series hybrid electric vehicle using a gas turbine as an energy converter instead of the conventional internal-combustion engine. An exergo-technological explicit analysis is conducted to identify the best configuration of the gas-turbine system. An intercooled regenerative reheat cycle is prioritized, offering higher efficiency and higher power density than those of other investigated gas-turbine systems. A series hybrid electric vehicle model is developed and powertrain components are sized by considering the vehicle performance criteria. Energy consumption simulations are performed over the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure driving cycle using dynamic programming as the global optimal energy management strategy. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out in order to evaluate the impact of the battery size on the fuel consumption, for self-sustaining and plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle configurations. The results show an improvement in the fuel consumption of 22–25% with the gas turbine as the auxiliary power unit in comparison with that of the internal-combustion engine. Consequently, the studied auxiliary power unit for the gas turbine presents a potential for implementation on series hybrid electric vehicles.
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Kim, Kiyoung, Namdoo Kim, Jongryeol Jeong, Sunghwan Min, Horim Yang, Ram Vijayagopal, Aymeric Rousseau, and Suk Won Cha. "A Component-Sizing Methodology for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using an Optimization Algorithm." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113147.
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Many leading companies in the automotive industry have been putting tremendous effort into developing new powertrains and technologies to make their products more energy efficient. Evaluating the fuel economy benefit of a new technology in specific powertrain systems is straightforward; and, in an early concept phase, obtaining a projection of energy efficiency benefits from new technologies is extremely useful. However, when carmakers consider new technology or powertrain configurations, they must deal with a trade-off problem involving factors such as energy efficiency and performance, because of the complexities of sizing a vehicle’s powertrain components, which directly affect its energy efficiency and dynamic performance. As powertrains of modern vehicles become more complicated, even more effort is required to design the size of each component. This study presents a component-sizing process based on the forward-looking vehicle simulator “Autonomie” and the optimization algorithm “POUNDERS”; the supervisory control strategy based on Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) assures sufficient computational system efficiency. We tested the process by applying it to a single power-split hybrid electric vehicle to determine optimal values of gear ratios and each component size, where we defined the optimization problem as minimizing energy consumption when the vehicle’s dynamic performance is given as a performance constraint. The suggested sizing process will be helpful in determining optimal component sizes for vehicle powertrain to maximize fuel efficiency while dynamic performance is satisfied. Indeed, this process does not require the engineer’s intuition or rules based on heuristics required in the rule-based process.
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Deaconu, Sorin Ioan, Marcel Topor, Gabriel Nicolae Popa, and Feifei Bu. "Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Matrix Converter and Direct Torque Control in Powertrains Asynchronous Motor Drives." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 01066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929201066.
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Electric transportation has made rapid developments and significant steps toward the full electrical powertrain systems. With the increased use of electric vehicles energy conversion systems several technologies have been developed and reached a high degree of performance. Since electric vehicles and hybrid are the more cost competitive technology available today, the evolution toward a more reliable powertrain combining different electric powertrain systems is needed. Induction machine and permanent magnet generators/motors integrated powertrains have some significant advantages over other types of systems such as no need of excitation, low volume and weight, high precision, and no use of a complex gearbox for torque/speed conversion. A electric vehicle powertrain for EV propulsion with a induction motor and a matrix converter is proposed in this paper. The induction motor is controlled using the direct torque flux algorithm. The traditional power conversion stages consist of a rectifier followed by an inverter and bulky DC link capacitor. It involves 2 stages of power conversion and, subsequently, the efficiency of the overall EV is reduced because of power quality issues mainly based on total harmonic distortion. The proposed solution incorporates a matrix converter is mainly utilized to control the induction electric motor for propulsion. The matrix converter is a simple and compact direct AC-AC converter. The proposed EV with matrix converter is modeled using PSIM.
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Borthakur, Swagata, and Shankar C. Subramanian. "Design and optimization of a modified series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 6 (March 12, 2018): 1419–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018759357.
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Hybrid electric vehicles are emerging technologies that are considered as eco-friendly alternative solutions to internal combustion engine–driven vehicles. This paper proposes a modified hybrid electric vehicle powertrain system that addresses the shortcomings of a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. The proposed configuration replaces the conventional generator of a series hybrid electric vehicle with an integrated starter generator that supports the traction motor of the vehicle during acceleration and peak torque requirements and maintains the state of charge of the batteries to provide an extended electric range of the vehicle. The work done in this paper can be categorized into two stages. The first stage is the methodical development of the powertrain in terms of initial parameter matching and sizing of the vehicle components by considering the fundamentals of longitudinal vehicle dynamics. The second stage describes the optimization of the proposed configuration to meet the design objective of maximizing fuel economy subjected to a set of vehicle performance constraints. The performance of the proposed powertrain was evaluated and compared with a series hybrid electric vehicle powertrain for an on-road Indian driving cycle using AVL CRUISE, which is a commercially available software for the study and analysis of road vehicle powertrains. Result analysis during initial parameterization showed a reduction in gross vehicle weight of the proposed configuration by 244 kg (1.5%) and an improvement in the average operating efficiency of the traction motor by around 11%, when compared to a series hybrid electric vehicle. Furthermore, the optimization results for the proposed configuration established an improvement in the fuel economy by 21% while meeting vehicle performance requirements.
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Wolff, Sebastian, Moritz Seidenfus, Karim Gordon, Sergio Álvarez, Svenja Kalt, and Markus Lienkamp. "Scalable Life-Cycle Inventory for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Production." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135396.
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The transportation sector needs to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. European manufacturers in particular must develop new vehicles and powertrains to comply with recent regulations and avoid fines for exceeding C O 2 emissions. To answer the question regarding which powertrain concept provides the best option to lower the environmental impacts, it is necessary to evaluate all vehicle life-cycle phases. Different system boundaries and scopes of the current state of science complicate a holistic impact assessment. This paper presents a scaleable life-cycle inventory (LCI) for heavy-duty trucks and powertrains components. We combine primary and secondary data to compile a component-based inventory and apply it to internal combustion engine (ICE), hybrid and battery electric vehicles (BEV). The vehicles are configured with regard to their powertrain topology and the components are scaled according to weight models. The resulting material compositions are modeled with LCA software to obtain global warming potential and primary energy demand. Especially for BEV, decisions in product development strongly influence the vehicle’s environmental impact. Our results show that the lithium-ion battery must be considered the most critical component for electrified powertrain concepts. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of considering the vehicle production phase.
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Piechottka, Hendrik, Ferit Küçükay, Felix Kercher, and Michael Bargende. "Optimal Powertrain Design through a Virtual Development Process." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010011.
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The ever more stringent global CO2 and pollutant emission regulations imply that the optimization of conventional powertrains can only provide partial reductions in fleet emissions. Vehicle manufacturers are therefore responding by increasing the electrification of their powertrain portfolios. This in turn, results in higher levels of electrification of the individual powertrain units. The increase in electric power leads to a comprehensive range of possible technologies—from 48 V mild hybrids to pure electric concepts. The powertrain topology and the configuration of the electrical components of a hybrid powertrain play a decisive role in determining the overall efficiency when considering the individual market requirements. Different hybrid functions as well as performance and customer requirements are determined from statutory cycles and in customer operation. A virtual development chain that is based on MATLAB/Simulink then represents the steps for the identification, configuration, and evaluation of new electrified powertrains. The tool chain presented supports powertrain development through automated conceptualization, design, and evaluation of powertrain systems and their components. The outcome of the entire tool chain is a robust concept decision for future powertrains. Using this methodical and reproducible approach, future electrified powertrain concepts are identified.
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Sandrini, Giulia, Marco Gadola, and Daniel Chindamo. "Longitudinal Dynamics Simulation Tool for Hybrid APU and Full Electric Vehicle." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041207.
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Due to problems related to environmental pollution and fossil fuels consumption that have not infinite availability, the automotive sector is increasingly moving towards electric powertrains. The most limiting aspect of this category of vehicles is certainly the battery pack, regarding the difficulty in obtaining high range with good performance and low weights. The aim of this work is to provide a simulation tool, which allows for the analysis of the performance of different types of electric and hybrid powertrains, concerning both mechanical and electrical aspects. Through this model it is possible to test different vehicle configurations before prototype realization or to investigate the impact that subsystems’ modifications may have on a vehicle under development. This will allow to speed-up the model-based design process typical for fully electric and hybrid vehicles. The model aims to be at the same time complete but simple enough to lower the simulation time and computational burden so that it can be used in real-time applications, such as driving simulators. All this reduces the time and costs of vehicle design. Validation is also provided, based on a real vehicle and comparison with another consolidated simulation tool. Maximum error on mechanical quantities is proved to be within 5% while on electrical quantities it is always lower than 10%.
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González Palencia, Juan C., Van Tuan Nguyen, Mikiya Araki, and Seiichi Shiga. "The Role of Powertrain Electrification in Achieving Deep Decarbonization in Road Freight Transport." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102459.
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Decarbonizing road freight transport is difficult due to its reliance on fossil fuel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The role of powertrain electrification in achieving deep decarbonization in road freight transport was studied using a vehicle stock turnover model, focusing on Japan. Twelve vehicle types were considered; combining four powertrains, ICEV, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV); and three vehicle size classes, normal, compact and mini-sized vehicles. A scenario-based approach was used; considering a Base scenario, and three alternative scenarios targeting powertrain electrification. Between 2012 and 2050, tank to wheel CO2 emissions decrease 42.8% in the Base scenario, due to the reduction of vehicle stock, the improvement of vehicle fuel consumption and the adoption of HEVs. Diffusion of FCEVs in normal vehicles and BEVs in compact and mini-sized vehicles achieves the largest tank to wheel CO2 emissions reductions, up to 44.6% compared with the 2050 baseline value. The net cash flow is positive over the whole time horizon, peaking at 6.7 billion USD/year in 2049 and reaching 6.6 billion USD/year by 2050. Powertrain electrification is not enough to achieve any of the CO2 emissions reduction targets in road freight transport.
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B Basavaradder, Arun, Dayananda Pai K., and Chethan K N. "Review on alternative propulsion in automotives -hybrid vehicles." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (July 8, 2018): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.11455.
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The dynamic diminishing in overall oil stores and proximity of stringent outflows runs the world over, have made a desperate prerequisite for the making of automobiles with upgraded effectiveness. This is the change time frame to move with elective powertrains as an Electric driven, hybrid, fuel cell models are being produced. Energy Management System (EMS) are given significance for capacity and improving the effectiveness of machines. The operation of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) in different landscape with their fuel utilization is accounted. Hybrid powertrain like series, parallel and mixed are clarified. Testing undertaking is the appropriation of charging station situation for India and compelling use of hybrid vehicles. Battery management is the key part in HEV which require search for various methodologies are taken into for creating. The correlation of the customary motors finished with hybrid vehicles.
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Kamguia Simeu, Severin, Jens Brokate, Thomas Stephens, and Aymeric Rousseau. "Factors Influencing Energy Consumption and Cost-Competiveness of Plug-in Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9020023.
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The widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will depend on public appreciation of the potential savings in ownership costs that PEVs offer over conventional, internal combustion energy vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), including fuel savings. This study compares the energy consumption and estimated ownership costs of various technologies for multiple drive cycles in the United States and the European Union; identifies and quantifies the impacts of the main parameters influencing the ownership costs of PEVs in comparison with other powertrains for different timeframes, vehicle classes, and technologies; and assesses under what combinations of parameters the cost of PEVs can be competitive with other powertrains.
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Polak, Filip. "Energy balance comparison of small unmanned vehicle equipped with electric and hybrid propulsion system." Combustion Engines 182, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2020-304.
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Article presents comparison of the energetic balance of vehicle powertrain – pure electric vehicle and vehicle equipped with electric hybrid power transmission. Society is more and more often persuaded to buy electric cars as an environmentally friendly solution because they have opinion of ecological vehicles. Electrification in military applications is also widely considered, especially in case of small to medium UGV’s such as wide range of robotic systems introduced to the milatary operations. The article presents the problems of comparing the efficiency and others parameters such as the range of a two presented powertrains. The research was carried out on an small unmanned land platform equipped with a hybrid propulsion system supplied as standard with Diesel power generator and electrically only powered. Energy used for charging of the battery, from tank-to-wheel, was calculated. This also enables to calculate total efficiency of electric and hybrid power transmission. By calculating different capacity of battery and power of generator, it is possible to determine the vehicle range.
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Awadallah, Mohamed, Peter Tawadros, Paul Walker, and Nong Zhang. "Comparative fuel economy, cost and emissions analysis of a novel mild hybrid and conventional vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 13 (November 8, 2017): 1846–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017736116.
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Mild hybrid vehicles have been explored as a potential pathway to reduce vehicle emissions cost-effectively. The use of manual transmissions to develop novel hybrid vehicles provides an alternate route to producing low cost electrified powertrains. In this paper, a comparative analysis examining a conventional vehicle and a mild hybrid electric vehicle is presented. The analysis considers fuel economy, capital and ongoing costs and environmental emissions, and includes developmental analysis and simulation using mathematical models. Vehicle emissions (nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) and fuel economy are computed, analysed and compared using a number of alternative driving cycles and their weighted combination. Different driver styles are also evaluated. Studying the relationship between the fuel economy and driveability, where driveability is addressed using fuel-economical gear shift strategies. Our simulation suggests the hybrid concept presented can deliver fuel economy gains of between 5 and 10%, as compared to the conventional powertrain.
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Szántó, Attila, and Gusztáv Áron Szíki. "Review of Modern Vehicle Powertrains and Their Modelling and Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2020.2.29.
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Thanks to technological advances and environmental standards, as well as changing usage patterns, road vehicles are constantly developing. Electric and hybrid vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in today’s road transport. The most significant changes are probably in the powertrain of vehicles. The efficiency of internal combustion engines increases while their emissions continue to decline. In addition, high performance electric motors, batteries and even fuel cells play an increasingly important role in hybrid and electric vehicles. In this publication, we review the drive systems of current modern vehicles and the types and characteristics of their major components. We also review the available models and computer programs for their simulation, focusing mainly on MATLAB/Simulink applications. Based on this, we can develop our own models and simulation programs which will help us to perform different driving dynamics simulations and to compare the performance, dynamic and energetic characteristics of these powertrains and their components to each other.
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Shen, Ye, Andreas Viehmann, and Stephan Rinderknecht. "Investigation of the power losses of the hybrid transmission DE-REX based on modeling and measurement." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 14 (February 18, 2019): 3646–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019829655.
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Electric and hybrid powertrains are developed to reduce the energy and fuel consumption of vehicles. Recently, multi-speed transmission systems were discussed for further reduction of the energy consumption of electric vehicles. Therefore, analyzing the power losses of such transmissions is of interest. In this paper, the novel powertrain concept DE-REX (Two-Drive-Transmission with Range-Extender) and the experimental investigation of its overall power losses is first introduced. A method is then developed to model and analyze the power losses of this hybrid transmission based on experimental data. After the validation of the method, the overall power loss model is eventually applied to estimate the power losses of the transmission at other driving modes, which were not measured on the test rig. The method is used to understand the characteristics of power losses inside the transmission in a hybrid powertrain and to optimize powertrain power losses in future.
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Szałek, Andrzej, and Ireneusz Pielecha. "The Influence of Engine Downsizing in Hybrid Powertrains on the Energy Flow Indicators under Actual Traffic Conditions." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 2872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102872.
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The development of internal combustion engines is currently based around the ideas of downsizing and rightsizing. These trends, however, are not very widespread in vehicles with hybrid drive systems. Nevertheless, the authors analyzed the performance indicators of hybrid drives in downsized vehicles. Two generations of a vehicle model, equipped with hybrid drive systems, were used in the analysis in which not only the design of the internal combustion engine was changed, but also other hybrid drive systems (including the transmission, electric motors and high-voltage batteries). The paper analyzes the energy flow in two hybrid vehicles of different generations during tests in real road driving conditions in accordance with the requirements of the RDE (real driving emissions) tests. The authors have confirmed that newer vehicle designs extend the vehicle range by 38% in the electric mode under the conditions of road traffic (68% in the urban conditions). The application of a combustion engine with better operating indexes did not result in its greater load, but led to limitation of the maximum pressure-volume (PV) diagram. The change of the battery to Li-ion, despite its lower electric and energy capacity, led to an increase in vehicle’s working parameters (power and regenerative braking).
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Gao, Shang An, Xi Ming Wang, Hong Wen He, Hong Qiang Guo, and Heng Lu Tang. "Powertrain Matching Based on Driving Cycle for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (February 2013): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.142.
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Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) is one of the most efficient technologies to solve the problems of the energy shortage and the air pollution caused by the internal-combustion engine vehicles, and its performance strongly depends on the powertrains’ matching and its energy control strategy. The theoretic matching method only based on the theoretical equation of kinetic equilibrium, which is a traditional method, could not take fully use of the advantages of FCHEV under a certain driving cycle because it doesn’t consider the target driving cycle. In order to match the powertrain that operates more efficiently under the target driving cycle, the matching method based on driving cycle is studied. The powertrain of a fuel cell hybrid electric bus (FCHEB) is matched, modeled and simulated on the AVL CRUISE. The simulation results show that the FCHEB has remarkable power performance and fuel economy.
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Orecchini, Fabio, Adriano Santiangeli, and Fabrizio Zuccari. "Real Drive Well-to-Wheel Energy Analysis of Conventional and Electrified Car Powertrains." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184788.
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Reducing fuel consumption and global emissions in the automotive sector has been a main focus of vehicle technology development for long time. The most effective goal to achieve the overall sustainability objectives is to reduce the need for non-renewable and fossil resources. Five vehicles, two conventional ICE, two hybrid-electric, and one pure electric powertrain, are considered. Non-renewable primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions are calculated for each powertrain considered. All data—including calculated values—are based on the experimental measure of fuel consumption taken in real driving conditions. The data were recorded in an experimental campaign in Rome, Italy on urban, extra-urban streets, and highway on a total of 5400 km and 197 h of road acquisitions. The analysis shows significant reductions in non-renewable fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of hybrid-electric powertrains compared to conventional ones (petrol and diesel engines). Furthermore, a supplementary and very interesting comparison analysis was made between the values of energy consumptions measured during the tests in real driving conditions and the values deriving from the NEDC and WLTP homologation cycles.
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Laurén, Mika, Giota Goswami, Anna Tupitsina, Suraj Jaiswal, Tuomo Lindh, and Jussi Sopanen. "General-Purpose and Scalable Internal-Combustion Engine Model for Energy-Efficiency Studies." Machines 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10010026.
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Hybrid powertrains that combine electric machines and internal-combustion engines offer substantial opportunities to increase the energy efficiency and minimize the exhaust emissions of vehicles and nonroad working machines. Due to the wide range of applications of such powertrains, simulation tools are used to evaluate and compare the energy efficiency of hybrid powertrains for application-specific working cycles in virtual environments. Therefore, the accurate modeling of the powertrain components of a hybrid system is important. This paper presents an agile calculation tool that can generate realistic fuel consumption data of a scalable diesel engine. This method utilizes a simple efficiency model of the combustion and crank train friction model to generate the fuel consumption map in the operating area of a typical diesel engine. The model parameters are calibrated to produce accurate fuel consumption data in the initial phase of system-level simulations. The proposed method is also validated by using three real engine datasets, and the comparison of results is presented.
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Bou Nader, Wissam, Yuan Cheng, Emmanuel Nault, Alexandre Reine, Samer Wakim, Bilal Kabalan, and Maroun Nemer. "Technological analysis and fuel consumption saving potential of different gas turbine thermodynamic configurations for series hybrid electric vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 6 (December 6, 2019): 1544–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019890160.
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Gas turbine systems are among potential energy converters to substitute the internal combustion engine as auxiliary power unit in future series hybrid electric vehicle powertrains. Fuel consumption of these auxiliary power units in the series hybrid electric vehicle strongly relies on the energy converter efficiency and power-to-weight ratio as well as on the energy management strategy deployed on-board. This paper presents a technological analysis and investigates the potential of fuel consumption savings of a series hybrid electric vehicle using different gas turbine–system thermodynamic configurations. These include a simple gas turbine, a regenerative gas turbine, an intercooler regenerative gas turbine, and an intercooler regenerative reheat gas turbine. An energetic and technological analysis is conducted to identify the systems’ efficiency and power-to-weight ratio for different operating temperatures. A series hybrid electric vehicle model is developed and the different gas turbine–system configurations are integrated as auxiliary power units. A bi-level optimization method is proposed to optimize the powertrain. It consists of coupling the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to the dynamic programming to minimize the fuel consumption and the number of switching ON/OFF of the auxiliary power unit, which impacts its durability. Fuel consumption simulations are performed on the worldwide-harmonized light vehicles test cycle while considering the electric and thermal comfort vehicle energetic needs. Results show that the intercooler regenerative reheat gas turbine–auxiliary power unit presents an improved fuel consumption compared with the other investigated gas turbine systems and a good potential for implementation in series hybrid electric vehicles.
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Wegener, Marius, Thorsten Plum, Markus Eisenbarth, and Jakob Andert. "Energy saving potentials of modern powertrains utilizing predictive driving algorithms in different traffic scenarios." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 992–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019867172.
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In this article, we analyze the interaction between powertrain technology, predictive driving functionalities, and inner-city traffic conditions. A model predictive velocity control algorithm is developed that utilizes dynamic traffic data as well as static route information to optimize the future trajectory of the considered ego-vehicle. This controller is then integrated into a state-of-the-art simulation environment for automated driving functionalities to calculate energy saving potentials for vehicles with a conventional gasoline engine powertrain and a P3-hybrid powertrain configuration as well as for a battery electric vehicle based on real driving measurements. The comparison of these powertrains under various traffic conditions shows that all three technologies profit from predictive driving functionalities. The determined reduction in energy demand ranges from 15% to more than 40%, but it is highly dependent on the boundary conditions and the selected powertrain technology. Specifically, it is shown that electrified powertrains can profit the most when the time-gap to the preceding vehicle is maintained at a high level. For a conventional powertrain, this effect is less pronounced and can be attributed to the efficiency characteristics of gasoline engines. It can be concluded that the development of advanced predictive driving functionalities requires microscopic simulation of inner-city traffic to achieve optimum results with regard to energy consumption.
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Zaher, Mohamed, and Sabri Cetinkunt. "Real-Time Energy Management Control for Hybrid Electric Powertrains." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/801237.
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This paper focuses on embedded control of a hybrid powertrain concepts for mobile vehicle applications. Optimal robust control approach is used to develop a real-time energy management strategy. The main idea is to store the normally wasted mechanical regenerative energy in energy storage devices for later usage. The regenerative energy recovery opportunity exists in any condition where the speed of motion is in the opposite direction to the applied force or torque. This is the case when the vehicle is braking, decelerating, the motion is driven by gravitational force, or load driven. There are three main concepts for energy storing devices in hybrid vehicles: electric, hydraulic, and mechanical (flywheel). The real-time control challenge is to balance the system power demands from the engine and the hybrid storage device, without depleting the energy storage device or stalling the engine in any work cycle. In the worst-case scenario, only the engine is used and the hybrid system is completely disabled. A rule-based control algorithm is developed and is tuned for different work cycles and could be linked to a gain scheduling algorithm. A gain scheduling algorithm identifies the cycle being performed by the work machine and its position via GPS and maps both of them to the gains.
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Holjevac, Nikola, Federico Cheli, and Massimiliano Gobbi. "Multi-objective vehicle optimization: Comparison of combustion engine, hybrid and electric powertrains." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 2-3 (July 4, 2019): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019860364.
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The use of optimization techniques has been extensively adopted in vehicle design and with the increasing complexity of systems, especially with the introduction of new technologies, it plays an even more significant role. Market competition, stringent mandatory emission regulations and the need for a future sustainable mobility have raised questions over conventional vehicles and are pushing toward new cleaner and eco-friendly solutions. Fulfilling this target without sacrificing the other vehicle’s requirements leads to extremely challenging tasks for vehicle designers. The use of virtual prototyping emerges as a possible breakthrough allowing to rapidly assess the effect of design changes and the impact of new technologies. The study presented in this work provides a suitable approach to compare different vehicle powertrain architectures through optimization techniques and deploying model-based simulation to rapidly assess vehicle performances. The vehicle model is defined at the components level through scalable models obtained from based on detailed simulation. An optimal energy management is applied to the power sources and transmission gear shifting. The optimization technique consider the main design variables of the various components including vehicle chassis and extensively exploits the design space. The multi-objective optimization considers vehicle’s consumption, emission, range, longitudinal and lateral dynamics, costs and further performances to comprehensively assess the vehicle. The results allow to compare four different powertrain architectures: combustion engine vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle with parallel and series configuration, and battery electric vehicle. The results allows furthermore to identify technological limitations and conflicts among the different objectives. A critical analysis over the main design variables allows to identify the more suitable values and in particular, for combustion engine, gearbox and electric traction drive detailed comparisons are provided.
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Wang, Xi Ming, Hong Wen He, Heng Lu Tang, Hong Zhou Qin, and Jian Kun Peng. "Study on Powertrain Matching Based on Driving Cycle for Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 288 (February 2013): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.288.175.
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The performance of fuel economy and emissions reduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) strongly depends on the powertrains’ matching and its energy control strategy. The theoretic matching method only based on the theoretical equation of kinetic equilibrium, which is a traditional method, could not take fully use of the advantages of HEV under a certain driving cycle because it doesn’t consider the target driving cycle. In order to match the hybrid powertrain that operates more efficiently under the target driving cycle, the matching method based on driving cycle is presented. The powertrain of a hybrid electric bus is matched, modeled and simulated on the CRUISE, a forwards simulation platform from AVL. The simulation results show that the matching method based on driving cycle presented in this paper could not only meet the requirements of the power performance, but also operate efficiently under the target driving cycle.
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Ayetor, Godwin K., Emmanuel Duodu, and John Abban. "Effects of Energy Storage Systems on Fuel Economy of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles." International Journal of Technology and Management Research 1, no. 5 (March 12, 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47127/ijtmr.v1i5.39.
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Three energy storage systems, namely Nickel Zinc, Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium ion batteries were simulated on ADVISOR (Advanced vehicle simulator) to determine their impact on fuel economy. ADVISOR, a drivetrain analysis tool developed in MATLAB/Simulink for comparing fuel economy and emissions performance and designed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory by Ford, GM, and Chrysler was used for the simulations. In choosing the batteries for simulations, only the latest technological advanced batteries of NiZn, Li ion and NiMH were used. The results showed that NiZn battery influence in fuel economy and system efficiency far exceeds the other batteries especially for the combined Powertrain. While a lithium ion battery is seen to be well suited for Parallel and Series powertrains at higher speeds, average values for all drive cycle singles out NiZn as a better performing battery. NiMH showed the worst performance. This confirms NiMH, which is the predominant energy storage system today in the HEV industry, is deficient in advancing the growth of HEV’s.Keywords: power trains; hybrid energy storage; hybrid electric vehicle; combined hybrid; parallel hybrid
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Dergachev, D. V., V. I. Marsov, and B. K. Ospanbekov. "Review of the status and prospects of development of existing solutions in the field of converting vehicles to electric vehicles." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2015): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67225.
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The growing market of vehicles on alternative energy sources and the desire of automakers to switch to the production of efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles lead to searching of various possibilities to make this desire coming true. In addition to designing and mass production of new electric cars the promising direction is converting combustion vehicles to electric. This article presents a review of international experience in the field of conversion of existing vehicles with internal combustion engines to electric vehicles and vehicles with hybrid powertrains.
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Karlušić, Juraj, Mihael Cipek, Danijel Pavković, Željko Šitum, Juraj Benić, and Marijan Šušnjar. "Benefit Assessment of Skidder Powertrain Hybridization Utilizing a Novel Cascade Optimization Algorithm." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 10396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410396.
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Over the last decade, off-road vehicles have been increasingly hybridized through powertrain electrification in terms of additional electrical machine-based propulsion and battery energy storage, with the goal of achieving significant gains in fuel economy and reductions in greenhouse gases emissions. Since hybrid powertrains consist of two or more different energy sources and may be arranged in many different configurations, there are many open questions in their design and powertrain energy management control, which may have influence on the hybridized powertrain purchase cost and efficiency. This paper presents simple backward optimization models of conventional and hybrid cable skidder powertrains. These models are then used in the optimization of control variables over one forest path in order to find the minimum possible fuel consumption. The optimization results show that 15% fuel efficiency improvement in winching and skid trail driving can be achieved with the selected hybrid powertrain. With that improvement, main hybrid drive components can be paid off in 13 years.
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Akkaya, Filiz, Wolfgang Klos, Timm Schwämmle, Gregor Haffke, and Hans-Christian Reuss. "Holistic Testing Strategies for Electrified Vehicle Powertrains in Product Development Process." World Electric Vehicle Journal 9, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj9010005.
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In the field of powertrain engineering, longstanding knowledge was gained for testing conventional vehicle powertrains. The hitherto used test strategies here were more focused on the subsystems of the powertrain than on the powertrain as an integrated system. Through the electrification of the powertrain, the topology and the range of functions have changed. This leads to new challenges for the validation and requires not only adjustments of the test strategies for electric vehicle powertrains but establish and develop integrative tests for the powertrain as an integrated system in order to meet the increased complexity. This paper presents a method to develop a holistic test strategy for a hybrid and electrical vehicle powertrain. In order to avoid misunderstandings of the used terms, it is necessary to create a standard understanding of them. Therefore, a nomenclature is defined and described. Furthermore, a definition of a holistic test strategy is provided. The focus of this present study is on the powertrain and not on its single subsystems. Subsequently, the four steps of the method are introduced and the current results are presented. Finally, a new developed test element within the holistic test strategy is introduced. The findings of this study support the integrative testing for powertrains.
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Pielecha, Jacek, Kinga Skobiej, and Karolina Kurtyka. "Exhaust Emissions and Energy Consumption Analysis of Conventional, Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles in Real Driving Cycles." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 4, 2020): 6423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236423.
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One of the environmental aims of the European Union is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. According to European Parliament data, transport emissions accounted for about 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2016, in which road transport had the largest share (approximately 72%). This phenomenon is particularly visible in urban agglomerations. The solution examples are the popularization of hybrid vehicles and the development of electromobility. The aim of this paper is an assessment of the energy consumption and exhaust emissions from passenger cars fitted with different powertrains in actual operation. For the tests, passenger cars with conventional engines of various emission classes were used as well as the latest hybrid vehicles and an electric car. It enabled a comparative assessment of the energy consumption under different traffic conditions, with particular emphasis on the urban phase and the entire RDE (Real Driving Emissions) test. The results were analyzed to identify changes in these environmental factors that have occurred with the technical advancement of vehicles. The lowest total energy consumption in real traffic conditions is characteristic of an electric vehicle; the plug-in hybrid vehicle with a gasoline engine is about 10% bigger, and the largest one is a combustion vehicle (30% bigger than an electric vehicle). These data may contribute to the classification of vehicles and identification of advantages of the latest developments in conventional, hybrid, and electric vehicles.
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Hamza, Karim, Kang-Ching Chu, Matthew Favetti, Peter Keene Benoliel, Vaishnavi Karanam, Kenneth P. Laberteaux, and Gil Tal. "Comparisons of Real-World Vehicle Energy Efficiency with Dynamometer-Based Ratings and Simulation Models." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (September 25, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040161.
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Software tools for fuel economy simulations play an important role during design stages of advanced powertrains. However, calibration of vehicle models versus real-world driving data faces challenges owing to inherent variations in vehicle energy efficiency across different driving conditions and different vehicle owners. This work utilizes datasets of vehicles equipped with OBD/GPS loggers to validate and calibrate FASTSim (software originally developed by NREL) vehicle models. The results show that window-sticker ratings (derived from dynamometer tests) can be reasonably accurate when averaged across many trips by different vehicle owners, but successfully calibrated FASTSim models can have better fidelity. The results in this paper are shown for nine vehicle models, including the following: three battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), four plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), one hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and one conventional internal combustion engine (CICE) vehicle. The calibrated vehicle models are able to successfully predict the average trip energy intensity within ±3% for an aggregate of trips across multiple vehicle owners, as opposed to within ±10% via window-sticker ratings or baseline FASTSim.
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Maino, Claudio, Antonio Mastropietro, Luca Sorrentino, Enrico Busto, Daniela Misul, and Ezio Spessa. "Project and Development of a Reinforcement Learning Based Control Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020812.
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Hybrid electric vehicles are, nowadays, considered as one of the most promising technologies for reducing on-road greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions. Such a goal can be accomplished by developing an intelligent energy management system which could lead the powertrain to exploit its maximum energetic performances under real-world driving conditions. According to the latest research in the field of control algorithms for hybrid electric vehicles, Reinforcement Learning has emerged between several Artificial Intelligence approaches as it has proved to retain the capability of producing near-optimal solutions to the control problem even in real-time conditions. Nevertheless, an accurate design of both agent and environment is needed for this class of algorithms. Within this paper, a detailed plan for the complete project and development of an energy management system based on Q-learning for hybrid powertrains is discussed. An integrated modular software framework for co-simulation has been developed and it is thoroughly described. Finally, results have been presented about a massive testing of the agent aimed at assessing for the change in its performance when different training parameters are considered.
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Shahroz, Mohammad. "A Review on Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.7039.
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Bastin, Matthew Andrew, and R. Peter Jones. "Development of a Multibody Systems Model for Investigation of the Effects of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains on Vehicle Dynamics." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 11, no. 6 (November 5, 2015): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v11i6.5033.
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With ever increasing numbers of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV’s) being developed, come new challenges in the field of automotive engineering. Whilst there has been considerable work conducted on HEV’s from a powertrain, efficiency, and control systems perspective, very little work has been instigated in the field of how the introduction of such hybrid systems effect passive vehicle dynamics. One of the possible obstacles in the way of such studies is the multitude of powertrain architectures that are present or possible in HEV’s. This obstacle can make investigations very application specific, and leads to inefficiencies in the modelling process. This paper discusses the development of a model constructed in Dymola in order to investigate the effects of hybrid powertrains on ride and handling. The modelling methodology is presented, along with model based testing and validation of component and the full vehicle models. Whilst the development of the model is introduced for a specific study, it is shown that the way in which the model has been developed lends itself easily to use in other fields. It is shown that the modular construction of the model, and the physical, object orientated modelling approach facilitated by Dymola, allow varying numbers and complexities of component models to be utilised within the same basic model. Such an approach means that one base model can be utilised for differing hybrid architectures for ride, handling and drivability studies thus reducing modelling time and complexity.
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Bakhmutov, S. V., S. P. Chuprunov, and V. V. Debelov. "IASF-2022 results." Trudy NAMI, no. 4 (January 3, 2023): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2022-4-6-14.
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On 18–19 October 2022, the annual International Automobile Scientific Forum (IASF-2022) “Sustainable Development of Russian Automotive Industry under Present-Day Conditions” took place. The event format assumed both offline and online participation. The issues of providing technological sovereignty of the Russian automotive industry and development of domestic component base, technical and technological developments in the field of innovative land vehicles and systems were discussed during the Forum. Within the Forum, an exhibition of technical achievements of FSUE “NAMI” and manufacturers of automotive vehicles and components was held dedicated to the domestic innovative solutions in terms of vehicle decarbonization, highly automated intelligent vehicles and intelligent control systems. Components of electric, hybrid and intelligent vehicles, electronic control units, assemblies and aggregates of powertrains, electric traction vehicles and hybrid vehicles with additional power sources were also presented. The competition was held in two categories: “Best Student Scientific Paper” and “Best Graduate Student and Young Specialist Scientific Paper”. 18 applications were fi led for the competition from the educational, scientific and production companies and organizations.
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Martini, Valerio, Francesco Mocera, and Aurelio Somà. "Numerical Investigation of a Fuel Cell-Powered Agricultural Tractor." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 8818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238818.
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In recent years, growing awareness about environmental issues is pushing humankind to explore innovative technologies to reduce the anthropogenic sources of pollutants. Among these sources, internal combustion engines in non-road mobile machinery (NRMM), such as agricultural tractors, are one of the most important. The aim of this work is to explore the possibility of replacing the conventional diesel engine with an electric powertrain powered by a hybrid storage system, consisting of a small battery pack and a fuel-cell system. The battery pack (BP) is necessary to help the fuel cell manage sudden peaks in power demands. Numerical models of the conventional powertrain and a fuel-cell tractor were carried out. To compare the two powertrains, work cycles derived from data collected during real operative conditions were exploited and simulated. For the fuel-cell tractor, a control strategy to split the electric power between the battery pack and the fuel cell was explored. The powertrains were compared in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) according to well-to-wheel (WTW) equivalent CO2 emission factors available in the literature. Considering the actual state-of-the-art hydrogen production methods, the simulation results showed that the fuel-cell/battery powertrain was able to accomplish the tasks with a reduction of about 50% of the equivalent CO2 emissions compared to traditional diesel-powered vehicles.
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Kohel, Petr, and Rastislav Toman. "DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR A PARALLEL HYBRID POWERTRAIN." MECCA Journal of Middle European Construction and Design of Cars 17, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mecdc.2020.01.03.
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The current legislation calls for fast electrification of vehicle powertrains, since it is necessary to fulfil the CO2 requirements for the vehicle fleets. The hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) with parallel powertrain topologies – together with pure battery electric vehicles (BEV) – are the most common ways of electrification. However, the HEV powertrain – opposed to the BEV or conventional powertrain – poses an interesting challenge associated with the control system design to achieve the ideal power split between an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electrical machines (EM) during the whole vehicle operation.The presented paper sums up the specific functions and requirements on a control system, together with the description of general control strategy options for a HEV powertrain. The proposed control strategy then combines heuristic rules with a suboptimal numerical control method, calculating the optimal power split ratio based on the efficiencies of ICE and EMs. This control strategy is built into a modular algorithm in Matlab/Simulink for two different parallel HEV powertrain topologies: P2 and P0P4. It is subsequently coupled with a vehicle models created in GT-Suite environment and tested on a WLTC homologation driving cycles. The following simulation tests show the fuel consumption reduction potential for chosen HEV topologies working in hybrid modes, in comparison to a base operation with conventional mode only. Yet, the heuristic rules can be further optimized to obtain even better overall results.Současná legislativa tlačí výrobce vozidel k okamžité elektrifikaci pohonu, protože je to v tuto chvíli jediná možnost, jak dostát požadavkům na flotilové emise CO2. Nejběžnější formou elektrifikace pohonu jsou v dnešní době vozidla s paralelním hybridním pohonem anebo bateriové elektromobily. Nicméně hybridní pohon, na rozdíl právě od konvenčního nebo čistě elektrického pohonu, představuje zajímavé výzvy spojené s návrhem řídicího algoritmu, který musí v každém okamžiku zajišťovat optimální rozdělení výkonu mezi spalovací motor a elektromotor.Tento článek v úvodu krátce shrnuje specifické funkce a požadavky na takový řídicí algoritmus, společně s obecným přehledem možných řídicích strategií hybridních vozidel. Následně je navržena řídicí strategie kombinující heuristická pravidla se suboptimální numerickou metodou, která vypočítává parametr optimálního dělení výkonu na základě účinností spalovacího motoru a elektromotoru. Na základě navrhnuté strategie je v programu Matlab/Simulink vytvořen modulární řídicí algoritmus pro dvě paralelní hybridní topologie: P2 a P0P4, který je následně propojen s modely vozidel vytvořenými v simulačním prostředí GT-Suite a testován v homologačním cyklu WLTC. Nakonec je prezentováno několik testů řídicího algoritmu, které demonstrují úsporu paliva vybraných topologií hybridního vozidla pracujících v hybridních režimech, ve srovnání s provozem pouze v konvenčním režimu pohonu. Avšak heuristická pravidla mohou být dále optimalizována, s cílem dosáhnout ještě příznivějších celkových výsledků.
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Ing, Adam H., and John McPhee. "Automated topology optimisation of hybrid electric vehicle powertrains." International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 7, no. 4 (2015): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijehv.2015.074671.
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Geng, Stefan, and Thomas Schulte. "Real-Time Models of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 21 (2013): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130904-4-jp-2042.00106.
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Mantriota, Giacomo, Giulio Reina, and Angelo Ugenti. "Performance Evaluation of a Compound Power-Split CVT for Hybrid Powertrains." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 8749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188749.
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The Power-Split Continuously Variable Transmission is one of the most promising architectures for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. These systems have been introduced to improve vehicle global efficiency since they can maximize the efficiency in varying operating conditions. During the design stage, the availability of modeling tools would play a key role in achieving optimal design and control of these architectures. In this work, a compound power split device that combines an electric Continuously Variable Transmission with two planetary gear trains is analyzed. A comprehensive model is derived that allows the different power flow configurations to be evaluated given the properties of the single subcomponents of the system. The efficiency of the powertrain can be derived as well, and a numerical example is provided. The architecture studied has an efficiency that can be higher than that obtained using one single eCVT for most of the global transmission ratio range, showing that this solution could be suitable as a part of a more complex compound transmission that engages in a specific speed range.
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Perrone, D., L. Falbo, T. Castiglione, A. Ficarella, and S. Bova. "Batteries Thermal Management for Hybrid plug-in Powertrains." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012073.
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Abstract Lithium-ion batteries have become the primary battery technology used for electric and hybrid vehicles powertrains. Battery temperature, however, is a critical factor for these devices, as it influences battery performance life-time and safety and must be preferably kept in the 15-35 °C range. A dynamic electro-thermal model of a lithium iron phosphate battery was developed. The model predicts battery voltage and temperature evolution in different operating conditions. A battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) with an open circuit voltage source, an ohmic resistance and a capacitor-resistor pair in series is adopted. The state-of-charge is determined by the Coulomb counting approach and the battery temperature is computed by carrying out an energy balance for the cell. The balance takes into account the difference between the heat generated within the cell and the heat loss to the environment. Finally a controller, which cools or heats the battery in order to keep its temperature in the desired range, was developed. The case of the battery pack of a hybrid plug-in powertrain during a WLTP cycle is simulated and the result of different environmental conditions are presented.
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Yang, Yinye, Kamran Arshad Ali, Joel Roeleveld, and Ali Emadi. "State-of-the-art electrified powertrains - hybrid, plug-in, and electric vehicles." International Journal of Powertrains 5, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpt.2016.075181.
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Gooding, Richard. "Shifting Sands." Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2021, no. 3 (November 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(22)60255-0.
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Zero emission motorsport is fast picking up pace, and now the Dakar Rally endurance event is also entering the electrified age. However, it’s not just electric and hybrid powertrains that will duel in the harsh desert. The arrival of hydrogen-powered vehicles is an important step in the series’ clean-energy transition
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Wang, Ren Guang, Ming Jun Zhang, and Chuan Long Shi. "New Powertrain Development for Electric Hybrid Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 654 (October 2014): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.217.
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A new type of powertrain system was developed for electric hybrid vehicles. It is mainly composed of engine, first electric motor, first shaft, synchronizer mechanism, second electric motor, planetary gear set and second shaft. The adoption of one planetary gear set and synchronizer mechanism make it can be operated in four different operation modes with high energy efficiency and lower cost, its four operation modes are pure electric driving, hybrid driving, independent engine driving and regenerative braking. These four operation modes can fit the vehicle practical conditions according to order from the control system.
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Soriano, F., M. Moreno-Eguilaz, J. Alvarez, and J. Riera. "Topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles based on real routes–Part II: Hybrid electric powertrain." International Journal of Automotive Technology 17, no. 5 (June 30, 2016): 883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12239-016-0086-x.
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Hirz, Mario, and Thu Trang Nguyen. "Life-Cycle CO2-Equivalent Emissions of Cars Driven by Conventional and Electric Propulsion Systems." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13040061.
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As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging batteries, as well as the impact of vehicle production play an essential role in a holistic consideration of the carbon footprint. The paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas-emission-related factors of cars driven by different propulsion technologies, considering the entire product life cycle. This comprises vehicle production, including battery system, electric powertrain and other relevant components, the car’s use phase under consideration of different electricity mixes and the end-of-life phase. The results of the study give insights of influencing factors on life-cycle-related carbon-dioxide-equivalent emissions of cars driven by combustion engines, hybrid powertrains and battery-electric propulsion systems. In addition, a comparison of actual mass-production cars is made and the total life-cycle carbon footprints are discussed under different boundary conditions of electric power supply. In this way, the article comprehensively introduces an automotive life-cycle assessment and provides fundamental information, contributing to an objective discussion of different propulsion technologies.
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Franceschi, Alessandro, Nicolò Cavina, Riccardo Parenti, Maurizio Reggiani, and Enrico Corti. "Energy Management Optimization of a Dual Motor Lithium Ion Capacitors-Based Hybrid Super Sport Car." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020885.
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Nowadays, hybrid electric vehicles represent one of the main solutions for the reduction of greenhouse gases in the automotive sector. Alongside the reduction of CO2, hybrid electric vehicles serve as a strong alternative on drivability and performance to conventional internal combustion engine-based vehicles. Vehicles exist with various missions; super sport cars usually aim to reach peak performance and to guarantee a great driving experience to the driver, but great attention must also be paid to fuel consumption. According to the vehicle mission, hybrid electric vehicles can differ in the powertrain configuration and the choice of the energy storage system. Manufacturers have recently started to work on Lithium-Ion Capacitors (LiC) -based hybrid vehicles. This paper discusses the usage of a control-oriented vehicle and powertrain model to analyze the performance of a dual motor LiC-based hybrid V12 vehicle by Automobili Lamborghini. P3–P4 and P2–P4 parallel hybrid configurations have been selected and compared since they allow to fully exploit the potential of the LiC storage system characterized by high power. The validated model has been used to develop control strategies aimed at fuel economy and CO2 reduction, and in particular, both Rule Based Strategies (RBS) and Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies (ECMS) are presented in the paper. A critical comparison between the various powertrain configurations is carried out, keeping into account the peculiarities of the LiC technology and evaluating the performance of the different control approaches.
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Broatch, Alberto, Pablo Olmeda, Benjamín Plá, and Amin Dreif. "Novel Energy Management Control Strategy for Improving Efficiency in Hybrid Powertrains." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010107.
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Energy management in electrified vehicles is critical and directly impacts the global operating efficiency, durability, driveability, and safety of the vehicle powertrain. Given the multitude of components of these powertrains, the complexity of the proper control is significantly higher than the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV). Hence, several control algorithms and numerical methods have been developed and implemented in order to optimize the operation of the hybrid powertrain while complying with the required boundary conditions. In this work, a model-based method is used for predicting the impacts of a set of possible control actions, choosing the one minimizing the associated costs. In particular, the energy management technique used in the present study is the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS). The novelty of this work consists of taking into account the thermal state of the ICE for optimization. This feature was implemented by means of an extensive experimental campaign at different coolant temperatures of the ICE to calibrate the additional fuel consumption due to operating the engine outside of its optimum temperature. The results showed significant gains in both WLTC and RDE cycles.