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Kawashima, Etsuko, Yusuke Ohba, Yusuke Terui, and Kazuo Kamaike. "Design, Synthesis, and Analysis of Minor Groove Binder Pyrrolepolyamide-2′-Deoxyguanosine Hybrids." Journal of Nucleic Acids 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/235240.
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Pyrrolepolyamide-2′-deoxyguanosine hybrids (Hybrid2and Hybrid3) incorporating the 3-aminopropionyl or 3-aminopropyl linker were designed and synthesized on the basis of previously reported results of a pyrrolepolyamide-adenosine hybrid (Hybrid1). Evaluation of the DNA binding sequence selectivity of pyrrolepolyamide-2′-deoxyguanosine hybrids was performed by CD spectral andTmanalyses. It was shown that Hybrid3possessed greater binding specificity than distamycin A, Hybrid1and Hybrid2.
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Tseng, Yu-Hsin, and Jer-Ming Hu. "A new hybrid from Taiwan, Elatostema ×hybrida (Urticaceae), is the first confirmed natural hybrid for Urticaceae." Phytotaxa 161, no. 1 (February 20, 2014): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.161.1.2.
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Explosive pollen dispersal is common in Urticaceae and they are thought to be wind-pollinated. Despite a lack of obvious mechanism for preventing cross-species pollination, putative hybrid species in Urticaceae are rarely documented. Here we described the first natural hybrid in Urticaceae Elatostema ×hybrida from Taiwan. Morphological characters in E. ×hybrida are intermediate between putative parental species: E. lineolatum var. majus and E. platyphylloides. Six hybrid populations of E. ×hybrida were found in Taiwan that exhibited largely overlapping distribution patterns with its putative parents. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast DNA showed that the hybrid species is more closely related to E. lineolatum var. majus suggesting that the latter is the maternal parent and that hybridization is unidirectional. The chromosome number of E. ×hybrida remains the same as its putative parents (2n = 26). We speculate that the examined hybrids are natural first-generation results of independent hybridization events. Based on the morphology, spatial distribution, DNA sequence data, pollen viability and cytological observations, we hypothesize that E. ×hybrida is derived from natural hybridization events between E. lineolatum var. majus (♀) and E. platyphylloides (♂).
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ANTON, Mihail. "HYBRID PEDAGOGIES FOR HYBRID WAR." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE 18, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2016.18.2.3.
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Nieto Feliner, Gonzalo, and Javier Fuertes Aguilar. "Hybrids and hybrid zones." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, no. 7 (July 1998): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01370-6.
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Nyaga, Christine, Manje Gowda, Yoseph Beyene, Wilson T. Murithi, Juan Burgueno, Fernando Toledo, Dan Makumbi, et al. "Hybrid Breeding for MLN Resistance: Heterosis, Combining Ability, and Hybrid Prediction." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040468.
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Prior knowledge on heterosis and quantitative genetic parameters on maize lethal necrosis (MLN) can help the breeders to develop numerous resistant or tolerant hybrids with optimum resources. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the quantitative genetic parameters for MLN disease severity, (2) investigate the efficiency of the prediction of hybrid performance based on parental per se and general combining ability (GCA) effects, and (3) examine the potential of hybrid prediction for MLN resistance or tolerance based on markers. Fifty elite maize inbred lines were selected based on their response to MLN under artificial inoculation. Crosses were made in a half diallel mating design to produce 307 F1 hybrids. All hybrids were evaluated in MLN quarantine facility in Naivasha, Kenya for two seasons under artificial inoculation. All 50 inbreds were genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) SNPs. The phenotypic variation was significant for all traits and the heritability was moderate to high. We observed that hybrids were superior to the mean performance of the parents for disease severity (−14.57%) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) (14.9%). Correlations were significant and moderate between line per se and GCA; and mean of parental value with hybrid performance for both disease severity and AUDPC value. Very low and negative correlation was observed between parental lines marker based genetic distance and heterosis. Nevertheless, the correlation of GCA effects was very high with hybrid performance which can suggests as a good predictor of MLN resistance. Genomic prediction of hybrid performance for MLN is high for both traits. We therefore conclude that there is potential for prediction of hybrid performance for MLN. Overall, the estimated quantitative genetic parameters suggest that through targeted approach, it is possible to develop outstanding lines and hybrids for MLN resistance.
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GRANT, IAN, and WALLACE D. BEVERSDORF. "AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF TRIAZINE-RESISTANT SINGLE-CROSS HYBRID OILSEED RAPE (Brassica napus L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-114.
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The agronomic performance of eight triazine-resistant single-cross oilseed rape (B. napus L.) hybrids was evaluated. The yield of most of the hybrids was significantly greater than Atr-Regent; some of the hybirds demonstrated mid-parent heterosis, but none of the eight exhibited high-parent heterosis. In most cases the hybrids were intermediate to the parents for flowering date, plant height, lodging resistance, physiological maturity, percent oil and percent protein.Key words: Brassica napus L., oilseed rape, F1 hybrid, triazine resistance
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Burlakova, Elena, Elena Molochkina, and Grygoriy Nikiforov. "Hybrid antioxidants." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2008): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.03.163.
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The article is a review of the data on synthesis and physiological activity of hybrid antioxidants. The introduction offers an explanation to the fact why, in some cases, it is necessary to add drug molecules with fragments responsible for various properties and aimed at various targets. A large group of hybrid antioxidants comprise stable nitroxyl radicals that behave as antioxidants in free-radical reactions of oxidation. Compounds of this type were synthesized extensively to form a group of antitumor agents. As a rule, the specific (antitumor) activity retained or even increased as compared with the initial compounds (without nitroxyl radicals); the toxicity decreased 5 to 10 times, which made it possible to apply the drug in considerably higher concentrations. There are reported data on nitroxyl derivatives of anthracycline antibiotics, antimetabolites, alkyl ting agents, and the recent results on platinum complexes with nitroxyl fragments. Much attention is given to hindered phenols with “buoyancy” properties, particularly, to biochemical effects, making them promising agents to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
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Lee, Cheol Hee, Kee Yoeup Paek, J. Brian Power, and Edward C. Cocking. "ASSESSMENT OF THE LIMITATIONS OF SOMATIC HYBIDIZATION." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1164c—1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1164c.
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This study was designed to assess the general limitations of somatic hybridization as one of the key technologies for genetic manipulation in plants. The limits of somatic hybridization against different taxonomic backgrounds, intraspecific to interfamilial, were also assessed. Protoplast culture studies provided essential information relating to the species cultural and morphogenetic capacity. several #elect Ion strategies for the recovery of somatic hybrid colonies/plants were developed and assessed using various combinations of protoplast sources and species in the genera Petunia, Nicotiana, Salpiglossis and Chrysanthemum. Morphological, cytological and biochemical analyses were performed to confirm the hybridity of plants or cell lines recovered following protoplasm fusion (using 4-5 methods) and selection.The somatic hybrid callus/plants were obtained at intraspecific to interfamilial levels by complementation to chlorophyll proficiency, together with media selection or complementation of nitrate reductase deficient mutants as follows; P. Hybrida var. Monsanto (+) P. hybrida cv. Blue Lace (intraspecific), P. hybrida var. Monsanto (+) P. inflata and P. parviflora (interspecific), P. parviflora (+) N. tabacum (intergeneric), S. sinuata (+) P. hybrida var. Monsanto, P. parodii and N. tabacum (intertribal), and C. morifolium (+) S. sinuata.From this study, it appeared that there were no taxonomic limits to the production and proliferation of somatic hybrid cell lines. However, obtaining morphologically normal hybrid plants met with limited success as the taxonomic relationships became more distant. The regeneration capacity of somatic hybrids seemed to be controlled by both parental species. Somatic incompatibility mechanism was also shown to operate on chromosome elimination. Such chromosome elimination may well be advantageous in plant improvement.
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Haščík, Peter, Miroslava Kačániová, Marek Bobko, Jaroslav Pochop, Michal Mihok, and Henrieta Arpášová. "Effect of probiotic preparation for chemical composition of meat cocks different combinations of hybrid chicks." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 5 (2011): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159050083.
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In the experiment were verified the application of probiotic preparation through a water supply for feeding of cock’s hybrids Ross 308, Hubbard JV and Cobb 500 in the chemical composition of the most valuable parts of the carcass. Probiotic was based on the strain Lactobacillus fermentum with containing of 1.109 cfu.g−1 and potentially components of maltodextrin and oligofructose in 1% concentration. Length of feeding period was 42 days. Cocks were fed an ad libitum with the same starter mixture HYD-01 to 21th day and from 22nd to 42nd day of feeding with mixture HYD-02 in powdery form. The average of protein content of breast muscle was highest in Hubbard JV hybrid (23.93 g.100 g−1), lower in Cobb 500 hybrid (23.90 g.100 g−1) and lowest in Ross 308 hybrid (23.73 g.100 g−1), without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. Effect of probiotics had increased the protein content (P ≥ 0.05) in breast muscle of Ross 308 and Cobb 500 cocks and at the Hubbard JV only lower doses application during the feeding. The average of fat content in 100 g of breast muscle was lowest in Cobb 500 hybrid (1.09 g), higher in Hubbard JV hybrid (1.28 g) and highest in Ross 308 hybrid (1.35 g). Effect of probiotic to reduce fat content in breast muscle of cocks was at Ross 308 hybrid (1.33 and 1.23 g.100 g−1), Cobb 500 hybrid (0.98 and 1.02 g.100 g−1) and in second experimental group at Hubbard JV hybrid (1.03 g.100 g−1) statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05) in compared with control group, but significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between hybrids Cobb 500 and Hubbard JV in the first test groups. The average of energy value in 100 g of breast muscle was highest in Hubbard JV hybrid (449.24 kJ), lower in Ross 308 hybrid (448.40 kJ) and lowest in Cobb 500 hybrid (441.45 kJ), without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. The average of protein content of the femur was highest in Ross 308 hybrid (18.56 g.100 g−1), lower in Cobb 500 hybrid (18.42 g.100 g−1) and lowest in Hubbard JV (17.54 g.100 g−1) without statistical significance (P ≥ 0.05). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of the femur were found at lower dose of probiotics between cock’s hybrids Hubbard JV (16.95 g.100 g−1) and Ross 308 (18.48 g.100 g−1) in the protein content. The average of fat content in the femur was highest in Ross 308 hybrid (10.58 g.100 g−1), lower in Hubbard JV hybrid (10.51 g.100 g−1) and lowest in Cobb 500 hybrid (10.29 g.100 g−1) without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. The higher fat and protein content in 100 g of the femur in Ross 308 hybrid was ensured the highest energy value (710.88 kJ), lower in Cobb 500 hybrid (696.40 kJ) and lowest in Hubbard JV hybrid (689.77 kJ) without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. The verified probiotic preparation in the final analysis had not negative effect on the chemical composition of the most valuable parts of the carcase cock’s hybrids Ross 308, Hubbard JV and Cobb 500.
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Bruckner, Franziska. "Hybrid Image, Hybrid Montage: Film Analytical Parameters for Live Action/Animation Hybrids." Animation 10, no. 1 (February 27, 2015): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746847715570815.
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Wang, Li, Ian K. Greaves, Michael Groszmann, Li Min Wu, Elizabeth S. Dennis, and W. James Peacock. "Hybrid mimics and hybrid vigor in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 35 (August 17, 2015): E4959—E4967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514190112.
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F1 hybrids can outperform their parents in yield and vegetative biomass, features of hybrid vigor that form the basis of the hybrid seed industry. The yield advantage of the F1 is lost in the F2 and subsequent generations. In Arabidopsis, from F2 plants that have a F1-like phenotype, we have by recurrent selection produced pure breeding F5/F6 lines, hybrid mimics, in which the characteristics of the F1 hybrid are stabilized. These hybrid mimic lines, like the F1 hybrid, have larger leaves than the parent plant, and the leaves have increased photosynthetic cell numbers, and in some lines, increased size of cells, suggesting an increased supply of photosynthate. A comparison of the differentially expressed genes in the F1 hybrid with those of eight hybrid mimic lines identified metabolic pathways altered in both; these pathways include down-regulation of defense response pathways and altered abiotic response pathways. F6 hybrid mimic lines are mostly homozygous at each locus in the genome and yet retain the large F1-like phenotype. Many alleles in the F6 plants, when they are homozygous, have expression levels different to the level in the parent. We consider this altered expression to be a consequence of transregulation of genes from one parent by genes from the other parent. Transregulation could also arise from epigenetic modifications in the F1. The pure breeding hybrid mimics have been valuable in probing the mechanisms of hybrid vigor and may also prove to be useful hybrid vigor equivalents in agriculture.
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Boudes, Mélissa, Alexander Pinz, C. R. Hinings, Karin Kreutzer, Anne-Claire Pache, Cécile Godfroid, Ali Aslan Guemuesay, Benjamin Huybrechts, and Bjoern C. Mitzinneck. "Hybrids and Hybrid Organizing for Sustainability." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 18628. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.18628symposium.
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Dagher, Marie-Claire, and Odile Filhol-Cochet. "Making Hybrids of Two-Hybrid Systems." BioTechniques 22, no. 5 (May 1997): 916–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/97225st05.
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Márton, Lénárd, Éva Lehoczky, and Gábor Wágner. "Study on the weeds of maize in the infected field with Cirsium arvense (l.) scop." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 51 (February 10, 2013): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/51/2077.
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The aim of our research was to establish the difference between the weed flora of maize hybrids sown in different times. Our field trial has been performed nearby Szombathely on a field of an agricultural farm, where two different hybrids were grown. The cold tolerant hybrid was sown at the end of March; the traditional hybrid was sown at the end of April. During the vegetation weed survey was conducted on 4–4 model parcels at two times in case of both hybrids. Cirsium arvense gave the largest weed cover in both hybrids. In cold tolerant hybrid gave 4.53%, in the traditional hybrid gave 56.63% weed cover. Considering the number of shoots per square meter C. arvense was also dominant with 64 plant m-2 density in early sown maize and 49.5 plant m-2 in traditional maize hybrid. At the time of the second weed survey the number of weeds increased significantly. The shoot number of C. arvense in cold tolerant hybrid was almost one and a half times more than at the first evaluation, while in case of the traditional hybrid it is nearly doubled. According to the weed density assessment there were differences between the two hybrids in the rate of G3 and T4 weeds. In early sown maize hybrid (MT Milo) this rate was 50–50% while in traditional hybrid was 90–10%. On 26th June the density of the weeds in the cold tolerant hybrid was two times higher than in the traditional one (Kamelias). Based on the experimental results it can be stated that the effective weed control in cold tolerant, early sowing maize hybrids is very important too.
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Mair, Johanna, Judith Mayer, and Eva Lutz. "Navigating Institutional Plurality: Organizational Governance in Hybrid Organizations." Organization Studies 36, no. 6 (May 13, 2015): 713–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840615580007.
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Hybrid organizations operate in a context of institutional plurality and enact elements of multiple, often conflicting institutional logics. Governance is highly relevant in navigating such an environment. This study examines how hybrid organizations set up their governance structures and practices. Building on survey data from 70 social enterprises, a subset of hybrid organizations, we identify two types of hybrid organization: conforming hybrids rely on the prioritization of a single institutional logic and dissenting hybrids use defiance, selective coupling and innovation as mechanisms to combine and balance the prescriptions of several institutional logics. We illustrate these mechanisms by drawing on the qualitative analysis of selected cases. This study refines current debates on social enterprises as hybrid organizations. Based on our findings, we speculate that some social enterprises might assume hybridity for symbolic reasons while others – genuine hybrids – do so for substantive reasons.
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Li, Zhikang, Shannon R. M. Pinson, Andrew H. Paterson, William D. Park, and James W. Stansel. "Genetics of Hybrid Sterility and Hybrid Breakdown in an Intersubspecific Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Population." Genetics 145, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.4.1139.
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F1 hybrid sterility and “hybrid breakdown” of F2 and later generations in rice (Oryza sativa L.) are common and genetically complicated. We used a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map and F4 progeny testing to investigate hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown in a cross between “widely compatible” O. sativa ssp. japonica cultivar Lemont from the Southern U.S. and ssp. indica cultivar Teqing from China. Our results implicate different genetic mechanisms in hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown, respectively. Hybrid sterility appeared to be due to recombination within a number of putative differentiated “supergenes” in the rice genome, which may reflect cryptic structural rearrangements. The cytoplasmic genome had a large effect on fertility of both male and female gametes in the F1 hybrids. There appeared to be a pair of complementary genes that behaved like “wide compatibility” genes. This pair of genes and the “gamete eliminator” (S1) or “egg killer” (S-5) may influence the phenotypic effects of presumed supergenes in hybrids. Hybrid breakdown appeared to be largely due to incompatibilities between indica and japonica alleles at many unlinked epistatic loci in the genome. These proposed mechanisms may partly account for the complicated nature of postreproductive barriers in rice.
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Sawamura, K., M. T. Yamamoto, and T. K. Watanabe. "Hybrid lethal systems in the Drosophila melanogaster species complex. II. The Zygotic hybrid rescue (Zhr) gene of D. melanogaster." Genetics 133, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/133.2.307.
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Abstract Hybrid females from Drosophila simulans females x Drosophila melanogaster males die as embryos while hybrid males from the reciprocal cross die as larvae. We have recovered a mutation in melanogaster that rescues the former hybrid females. It was located on the X chromosome at a position close to the centromere, and it was a zygotically acting gene, in contrast with mhr (maternal hybrid rescue) in simulans that rescues the same hybrids maternally. We named it Zhr (Zygotic hybrid rescue). The gene also rescues hybrid females from embryonic lethals in crosses of Drosophila mauritiana females x D. melanogaster males and of Drosophila sechellia females x D. melanogaster males. Independence of the hybrid embryonic lethality and the hybrid larval lethality suggested in a companion study was confirmed by employing two rescue genes, Zhr and Hmr (Hybrid male rescue), in doubly lethal hybrids. A model is proposed to explain the genetic mechanisms of hybrid lethalities as well as the evolutionary pathways.
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Tognarelli, Giulia, Marco A. L. Zuffi, Silvia Marracci, and Matilde Ragghianti. "Surveys on populations of green frogs (Pelophylax) of Western Tuscany sites with molecular and morphometric methods." Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 1 (2014): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002931.
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The water frogs of western Tuscany (Italy) belong to the L-E hybridogenetic system, and comprise one parental species and its hybrid. A stringent morphological approach for discriminating the Italian hybrids from non-hybrids has yet to be established. In this work, using the molecular marker RrS1, we have determined the hybrid versus non-hybrid status of 43 water frogs collected from two sampling sites (“Fiume Morto Vecchio” and “Padule di Bientina”). At “Fiume Morto Vecchio” we determined 25 non-hybrids and nine hybrids and in “Padule di Bientina” we determined eight hybrids and one non-hybrid individual. All individuals of these two frog populations were analyzed morphologically. We used the derived residuals from regression analysis of all normally distributed morphological parameters on callus internus length (snout to vent length, tibia length, head width, distance nostril eye, first toe length and body mass) to build sex independent variables in discriminant analysis providing a valid contribution to morphologically distinguish hybrids from non-hybrid green frogs in Italy.
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Hristakieva, P., M. Oblakova, M. Lalev, and N. Mincheva. "Heterosis effect in hybrid laying hens." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 30, no. 2 (2014): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1402303h.
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The new original egg laying lines T, P and N selected at the Institute of Agriculture - Stara Zagora were used. Hybrid ?? ? ??, ?? ? ?? crosses were obtained and used for paternal line. Thereafter, the following breeding schedule of paternal and maternal lines was applied: Group I - (?????)? ?N?; group ?? - (?????)? ?N?; group ??? - ???N?; and group ?V - ???N?. The production traits of original and hybrid birds were recorded: live weight at the age of 8 and 18 weeks, age of sexual maturity in days, 150 days egg production, average egg weight - at 2-week intervals until end of lay; livability, heterosis effect. The live weights of hybrids at 8 and 18 weeks of age were statistically significantly lower compared to original lines. The values of heterosis for this parameter were negative for all four hybrid combinations. The earliest beginning of egg lay occurred in (?????) ? ?N? (162.08 days of age) and ???N? (163.11 days of age). The relative (%) heterosis for age of sexual maturity of studied hybrid combinations had moderate to low negative values. Average egg weights of hybrids were higher and the values of heterosis - positive for all four groups varying from 0.97% to 1.63%. The average 150 days egg production was lower in purebred lines compared to hybrids. The highest average 150 days egg production was determined in ???N? hybrids - 142 eggs. The heterosis effect for egg production in hybrids was significant.
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Powell, Martin, and Michele Castelli. "“Strange animals”: hybrid organisations in health care." Journal of Health Organization and Management 31, no. 7/8 (October 9, 2017): 746–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-04-2017-0068.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically explore hybrid organisations in health care. It examines the broad literature on hybrids focusing on issues of perspective, definition, sub-type and level. It then presents the results of the literature review of hybrid health care organisations, exploring which organisations have been viewed as hybrids, and then examining studies in more detail with respect to the research questions. Design/methodology/approach It critically explores the literature on hybrid organisations in health care through a structured search. Findings It is found that a wide variety of hybrid forms exist, but not clear what they combine or how they combine it. However, the level of depth from some of these studies is rather limited, with little consensus on definition, and relatively few drawing on any explicit conceptual perspective. It seems that the wider hybridity literatures have limited influence of studies of hybrid health care organisations. Originality/value As far as the authors are aware, this paper is the first attempt to critically review the literature on hybrid organisations in health care. It is concluded that it is difficult to define and explain hybrid health care organisations. Health care hybrids appear to be chameleons as they appear to be able to change their form to different observers.
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Arntzen, Jan W., Nazan Üzüm, Maja D. Ajduković, Ana Ivanović, and Ben Wielstra. "Absence of heterosis in hybrid crested newts." PeerJ 6 (July 24, 2018): e5317. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5317.
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Relationships between phylogenetic relatedness, hybrid zone spatial structure, the amount of interspecific gene flow and population demography were investigated, with the newt genusTriturusas a model system. In earlier work, a bimodal hybrid zone of two distantly related species combined low interspecific gene flow with hybrid sterility and heterosis was documented. Apart from that, a suite of unimodal hybrid zones in closely relatedTriturusshowed more or less extensive introgressive hybridization with no evidence for heterosis. We here report on population demography and interspecific gene flow in twoTriturusspecies (T. macedonicusandT. ivanbureschiin Serbia). These are two that are moderately related, engage in a heterogeneous uni-/bimodal hybrid zone and hence represent an intermediate situation. This study used 13 diagnostic nuclear genetic markers in a population at the species contact zone. This showed that all individuals were hybrids, with no parentals detected. Age, size and longevity and the estimated growth curves are not exceeding that of the parental species, so that we conclude the absence of heterosis inT. macedonicus–T. ivanbureschi. Observations across the genus support the hypothesis that fertile hybrids allocate resources to reproduction and infertile hybrids allocate resources to growth. SeveralTriturusspecies hybrid zones not yet studied allow the testing of this hypothesis.
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Wang, Li, Li Min Wu, Ian K. Greaves, Anyu Zhu, Elizabeth S. Dennis, and W. James Peacock. "PIF4-controlled auxin pathway contributes to hybrid vigor in Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 17 (April 10, 2017): E3555—E3562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703179114.
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F1 hybrids in Arabidopsis and crop species are uniform and high yielding. The F2 generation loses much of the yield advantage and the plants have heterogeneous phenotypes. We generated pure breeding hybrid mimic lines by recurrent selection and also selected a pure breeding small phenotype line. The hybrid mimics are almost completely homozygous with chromosome segments from each parent. Four particular chromosomal segments from C24 and 8 from Ler were present in all of the hybrid mimic lines, whereas in the F6 small phenotype line, the 12 segments were each derived from the alternative parent. Loci critical for promoting hybrid vigor may be contained in each of these 12 conserved segments. We have identified genes with similar altered expression in hybrid mimics and F1 plants but not in the small phenotype line. These genes may be critical for the generation of hybrid vigor. Analysis of transcriptomes indicated that increased expression of the transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF4) may contribute to hybrid vigor by targeting the auxin biosynthesis gene YUCCA8 and the auxin signaling gene IAA29. A number of auxin responsive genes promoting leaf growth were up-regulated in the F1 hybrids and hybrid mimics, suggesting that increased auxin biosynthesis and signaling contribute to the hybrid phenotype. The hybrid mimic seeds had earlier germination as did the seeds of the F1 hybrids, indicating cosegregation of the genes for rosette size and the germination trait. Early germination may be an indicator of vigorous hybrids.
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Orr, H. Allen, and Shannon Irving. "Genetic Analysis of theHybrid male rescueLocus of Drosophila." Genetics 155, no. 1 (May 1, 2000): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.1.225.
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AbstractSeveral hybrid rescue mutations—alleles that restore the viability of normally lethal hybrids—have been discovered in Drosophila melanogaster and its relatives. Here we analyze one of these genes, Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), asking two questions about its role in hybrid inviability. (1) Does the wild-type allele from D. melanogaster (Hmrmel) cause hybrid embryonic inviability? (2) Does Hmrmel cause hybrid larval inviability? Our results show that the wild-type product of Hmr is neither necessary nor sufficient for hybrid embryonic inviability. Hmrmel does, however, appear to lower the viability of hybrid larvae. The data further suggest (though do not prove) that Hmrmel acts as a gain-of-function poison in hybrids. These findings support previous claims that hybrid embryonic and larval lethalities are genetically distinct and suggest that Hmrmel is at least one of the proximate causes of hybrid larval inviability.
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Piekuś-Słomka, Natalia, Renata Mikstacka, Joanna Ronowicz, and Stanisław Sobiak. "Hybrid cis-stilbene Molecules: Novel Anticancer Agents." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061300.
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The growing interest in anticancer hybrids in the last few years has resulted in a great number of reports on hybrid design, synthesis and bioevaluation. Many novel multi-target-directed drug candidates were synthesized, and their biological activities were evaluated. For the design of anticancer hybrid compounds, the molecules of stilbenes, aromatic quinones, and heterocycles (benzimidazole, imidazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, pyrazole, quinoline, quinazoline) were applied. A distinct group of hybrids comprises the molecules built with natural compounds: Resveratrol, curcumin, coumarin, and oleanolic acid. In this review, we present the studies on bioactive hybrid molecules of a well-known tubulin polymerization inhibitor, combretastatin A-4 and its analogs with other pharmacologically active entities. The mechanism of anticancer activity of selected hybrids is discussed considering the structure-activity relationship.
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Trucco, Federico, Tatiana Tatum, Kenneth R. Robertson, A. Lane Rayburn, and Patrick J. Tranel. "Characterization of Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) × Smooth Pigweed (A. hybridus) F1Hybrids." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-018r.1.
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In the state of Illinois, waterhemp and smooth pigweed are among the worst agricultural weeds. Previous research shows high potential for hybridization between these two species. However, the actual occurrence of hybrids in natural settings is still uncertain. Morphological similarity between hybrids and waterhemp makes field surveys of hybrids difficult to conduct. The main purpose of this study was to characterize the morphology of waterhemp × smooth pigweed F1hybrids, emphasizing evaluation of characters that may allow for hybrid discrimination in fieldAmaranthuscommunities. Concurrently, the study characterized hybrid reproductive fitness, chromosome number, and DNA content. To accomplish this, hybrids were obtained from field crosses. A species-specific polymorphism in theALSgene was used to verify hybrid identity. Significant differences (α = 0.05) between hybrids and individuals of the parental species were observed for five staminate and five carpellate characters. Of these, five characters differentiated hybrids from waterhemp. However, clustering analyses using these characters indicated that morphological differences were not reliable enough, by themselves, for unambiguous hybrid identification. Also, hybrid homoploidy (2n= 32) with respect to parental species excluded chromosome counts in hybridity determinations. However, DNA content analysis may be used for such purpose. Hybrids had an average of 1.21 pg of DNA per 2C nucleus, a value intermediate to that of parental species. Hybrids produced 3.3 or 0.7% the seed output of parental and sibling waterhemp individuals, respectively. Percent micropollen in hybrids was 95-times greater than in parental species. Hybrid sterility appears to be the most reliable feature for hybrid discrimination when conducting field surveys. However, molecular and cytogenetic analyses as employed in this study may be desired for ultimate identity corroboration.
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Monte Vidal, Dielly Cavalcanti da Silva, Heitor L. Ornaghi, Felipe Gustavo Ornaghi, Francisco Maciel Monticeli, Herman Jacobus Cornelis Voorwald, and Maria Odila Hilário Cioffi. "Effect of different stacking sequences on hybrid carbon/glass/epoxy composites laminate: Thermal, dynamic mechanical and long-term behavior." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 6 (August 6, 2019): 731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319868512.
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In the present study, different stacking sequences on hybrid carbon/glass/epoxy composites laminate were examined in relation to thermal, dynamic mechanical and long-term behavior. A positive hybrid effect was found for both hybrid composites (interleaved-Hybrid 1 and in block-Hybrid 2) showing that in some cases hybrid composites can properly replace carbon or glass composites. The composite containing all glass fiber in the middle (Hybrid 2) presented similar thermal behavior when compared to glass fiber composite. All hybrid composites presented higher storage modulus when compared to glass composite. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that both hybrids can satisfactorily perform the requirement in a wide temperature range. The long-term prediction was successfully applied for all composites, showing to be highly temperature-dependent. Hence, depending on the application requirement, both hybrids can be used, saving weight and cost.
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Šmíd, Jan, Jan Douda, Karol Krak, and Bohumil Mandák. "Analyses of Hybrid Viability across a Hybrid Zone between Two Alnus Species Using Microsatellites and cpDNA Markers." Genes 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070770.
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Diploid Alnus glutinosa s. str. and autotetraploid A. rohlenae form a narrow hybrid zone in a study area in southern Serbia, which results in triploid hybrid formation. The vast majority of previous studies have been focused on studies of maternal plants, but the offspring resulting from their crossing have not been much studied. Here, we use the variability of microsatellites and chloroplast DNA between these species and their putative hybrids to create an overall picture of the development of the hybrid zone and its predicted type. To elucidate the gene transfer within both species, the origins of individual ploidies and especially the role of triploid hybrids, a germination experiment was carried out linked with a flow cytometry study of the resulting seedlings. The tension zone model seems to offer the most adequate explanation of our observations, with selection against triploid hybrids and the spatial positioning of the hybrid zone. Despite selection against them, the triploid hybrids play an important role in the exchange of genes between the two species and therefore serve as a bridge for introgression. The presence of fertile triploids is essential for enriching the haplotype diversity between these species and for the development of new genetic lineages.
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Naya, Yuki, Tomoka Matsunaga, Yu Shimizu, Eisuke Takahashi, Fumika Shima, Mitsuru Endoh, Takafumi Fujimoto, Katsutoshi Arai, and Etsuro Yamaha. "Developmental potential of somatic and germ cells of hybrids between Carassius auratus females and Hemigrammocypris rasborella males." Zygote 28, no. 6 (August 10, 2020): 470–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199420000349.
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SummaryThe cause of hybrid sterility and inviability has not been analyzed in the fin-fish hybrid, although large numbers of hybridizations have been carried out. In this study, we produced allo-diploid hybrids by cross-fertilization between female goldfish (Carassius auratus) and male golden venus chub (Hemigrammocypris rasborella). Inviability of these hybrids was due to breakage of the enveloping layer during epiboly or due to malformation with serious cardiac oedema around the hatching stage. Spontaneous allo-triploid hybrids with two sets of the goldfish genome and one set of the golden venus chub genome developed normally and survived beyond the feeding stage. This improved survival was confirmed by generating heat-shock-induced allo-triploid hybrids that possessed an extra goldfish genome. When inviable allo-diploid hybrid cells were transplanted into goldfish host embryos at the blastula stage, these embryos hatched normally, incorporating the allo-diploid cells. These allo-diploid hybrid cells persisted, and were genetically detected in a 6-month-old fish. In contrast, primordial germ cells taken from allo-diploid hybrids and transplanted into goldfish hosts at the blastula stage had disappeared by 10 days post-fertilization, even under chimeric conditions. In allo-triploid hybrid embryos, germ cells proliferated in the gonad, but had disappeared by 10 weeks post-fertilization. These results showed that while hybrid germ cells are inviable even in chimeric conditions, hybrid somatic cells remain viable.
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Shiragaki, Kumpei, Takahiro Iizuka, Katsuyuki Ichitani, Tsutomu Kuboyama, Toshinobu Morikawa, Masayuki Oda, and Takahiro Tezuka. "HWA1- and HWA2-Mediated Hybrid Weakness in Rice Involves Cell Death, Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation, and Disease Resistance-Related Gene Upregulation." Plants 8, no. 11 (October 25, 2019): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110450.
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Hybrid weakness is a type of reproductive isolation in which F1 hybrids of normal parents exhibit weaker growth characteristics than their parents. F1 hybrid of the Oryza sativa Indian cultivars ‘P.T.B.7′ and ‘A.D.T.14′ exhibits hybrid weakness that is associated with the HWA1 and HWA2 loci. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to analyze the hybrid weakness phenotype of the ‘P.T.B.7′ × ‘A.D.T.14′ hybrids. The height and tiller number of the F1 hybrid were lower than those of either parent, and F1 hybrid also exhibited leaf yellowing that was not observed in either parent. In addition, the present study demonstrates that SPAD values, an index correlated with chlorophyll content, are effective for evaluating the progression of hybrid weakness that is associated with the HWA1 and HWA2 loci because it accurately reflects degree of leaf yellowing. Both cell death and H2O2, a reactive oxygen species, were detected in the yellowing leaves of the F1 hybrid. Furthermore, disease resistance-related genes were upregulated in the yellowing leaves of the F1 hybrids, whereas photosynthesis-related genes tended to be downregulated. These results suggest that the hybrid weakness associated with the HWA1 and HWA2 loci involves hypersensitive response-like mechanisms.
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Gorodetskiy, A., and M. Grabovskiy. "Technological qualities of root crops and economic efficiency of growing sugar beet hybrids by the KWS company in the conditions of "Rasavske" Ltd. of Kaharlyk district, Kiev region." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-34-39.
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The paper deals with the results of research on the study of the technological traits changes in foreign hybrids root crops of the KWS company sugar beet enterprises under the influence of long-term storage and their economic efficiency. The conducted researches are especially relevant due to insufficiently studied issues of changes in the technological traits of the root crops of the newest hybrids during their storage in the crutches on the field or at the sugar factory. Estimation of new hybrids of sugar beet by regions of the Forest-steppe allows to predict the genetically determined degree of their plasticity and stability both in the yield and the quality. Hybrids with higher resistance to extreme temperatures are especially valuable. The researches were carried out during 2014–2015 at the "Rasavske" Ltd. of Kaharlyk district, Kyiv region. The sugar content in the root crops increased from 1.6% in the Alyona hybrid to 5.9 % in the Daria hybrid and 6.1 % in the Coryda hybrid, due to the loss of moisture during their prolonged storage. The content of soluble dry matter in the root crops increased from 1.7 % in the Alyona hybrid to 7.7 % in the Coryda hybrid for the same reason. The conducted calculations of cell juice quality showed that long-term storage resulted in the highest growth of this indicator by 8.2 % in the Cesaria hybrid and by 7.5 % in the Acatsia hybrid. In the Alyona hybrid, the growth rate of cell juice quality was only 0.8 %, while the Corida hybrid had the quality of the previous level. In the Olesya hybrid, this indicator decreased by 1.8 % compared with the previous determination period (October 10). The costs of growing root crops ranged from 17,859 to 20,726 UAH/ha. The highest profit was 17435 UAH/ha and the profitability level was 86.3 % for the Alyona hybrid, while the lowest economic efficiency figures were for the profit of 10,201 UAH/ha and the profitability level of 53.7 % in the Carmelite hybrid. The highest rates of the technological traits of root crops during the long-term storage of sugar beet were determined in the Alyona hybrid. The highest yield of root crops was in the Daria hybrid – 79.8 t/ha. According to the indicators of economic efficiency the Alona hybrid was the best in terms of profit (17,435 UAH/ha) and the profitability level of 86.3 %. Key words: sugar beet, hybrids, productivity, yield, sugar content, technological traits, profit, profitability level.
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Ålund, Murielle, Simone Immler, Amber M. Rice, and Anna Qvarnström. "Low fertility of wild hybrid male flycatchers despite recent divergence." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20130169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0169.
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Postzygotic isolation may be important for maintaining species boundaries, particularly when premating barriers are incomplete. Little is known about the course of events leading from minor environmental mismatches affecting hybrid fitness to severe genetic incompatibilities causing sterility or inviability. We investigated whether reduced reproductive success of hybrid males was caused by suboptimal sperm traits or by more severe genetic incompatibilities in a hybrid zone of pied ( Ficedula hypoleuca ) and collared flycatchers ( F. albicollis ) on the island of Öland, Sweden. About 4 per cent hybridization is observed in this population and all female hybrids are sterile. We found no sperm in the ejaculates of most sampled hybrid males, and sperm with abnormal morphology in two hybrids. Furthermore, none of the hybrids sired any offspring because of high levels of hatching failure and extra-pair paternity in their nests. These results from a natural hybrid zone suggest that the spermatogenesis of hybrid males may become disrupted despite little genetic divergence between the parental species.
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Kochubey, A. A., and R. Sh Zaremuk. "Study of drought tolerance of hybrid material of home plum in southern Russia." Agrarian science, no. 6 (July 18, 2020): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2020-339-6-94-98.
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Relevance. The aim of the research was to determine the physiological characteristics of the manifestation of resistance to stress factors (drought) of new hybrid forms of domestic plum and the allocation of the most drought-resistant in the environmental conditions of southern gardening.Methods. The article presents the results of drought tolerance studies of six promising hybrid forms of home plum (17–1-55, 17–1-69, 17–2-64, 17–2-78, 17–2-81, 17–3-79), concentrated in the genetic collection of SKFNTSVV. The main indicators characterizing the varieties and hybrids of home plum were determined as drought tolerant — the water content of the leaves and the water holding capacity of the leaves under conditions of summer moisture deficiency.Results. The water content of leaf tissue of hybrid forms in the hottest period (second — third decade of July) was heterogeneous. The highest water content in tissues was observed in hybrid seedlings 17–2-64 (63.1%) and 17–2-81 (59.6%). The smallest value was observed in the hybrid 17–3-79 and amounted to 49.7%. According to the data obtained, it was concluded that the studied hybrid forms do not differ in high water content, with the exception of hybrid 17–2-64, in which the water content can be characterized as above average. It was found that the water retention capacity of most hybrid forms is average. The total water content after withering in the studied hybrids was more than 80%. The greatest decrease in the amount of water in the leaves was observed in hybrids 17–1-55 (18.9%), 17–2-64 (18.5%), 17–3-79 (18.4%); the smallest — in hybrids 17–1-69 (13.3%), 17–2-78 (13.6%), which indicates a highwater retention capacity of the last two hybrids. With a general assessment of the hybrid fund of home plum, it was found that most hybrids studied have low hydration of leaf tissue and average water retention capacity. Based on this, two drought-resistant hybrid forms were identified: 17–1-69 and 17–2-78, which, despite the low water content, are distinguished by good water-holding ability in comparison with other hybrids and, as a consequence, the conservation of leaf turgor.
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Macy, Anne. "Are Hybrid Cars A Good Buy?" Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 5, no. 3 (June 24, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v5i3.4701.
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This case examines the benefits and costs of buying a hybrid car. Students examine the car purchase decision along with depreciation rates and the long-term value of hybrid cars, while they calculate the benefits and costs of the various hybrid vehicles and their comparable sister cars. Secondary issues include an examination of the trade-in value for non-hybrid cars and the horsepower and greenhouse gas emission differences between hybrid and their sister cars. Furthermore, students will examine whether or not the federal tax credit for hybrids should be reinstated.
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Islam, M. R., M. A. K. Mian, and M. S. Ali. "SEED PRODUCTION FEASIBILITY STUDY ON SELECTED APPROVED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) HYBRID VARIETIES." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics 28, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v28i1.27845.
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The seed production feasibility of approved hybrid varieties of rice were assessed using 15 commercially approved varieties comprising four public hybrids. Higher seed yield potentiality and earliness in maturity were the two most important indicators for popularizing hybrid rice variety in Bangladesh. The field performance of the approved hybrid rice varieties were found to vary significantly for different traits. Maximum outcrossing potential was observed in SL08HA followed by BRRI hybrid dhan2A but F1 seed yield per plant was the highest in BRRI hybrid dhan3A due to its high tillering ability followed by BRRI hybrid dhan2A, ACI1A and Heera2A. Among the tested entries F1 seed production potentiality of BRRI hybrid dhan3A was maximum indicated its commercial prospect of large scale seed production. Public bred hybrid BRRI hybrid dhan3 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 has immense potentiality for large scale commercialization but BRRI should ensure the quality of parental lines seed as well as supply sufficient amount of seeds according to the demand. Private company hybrids ACI1H and Heera2H have good commercial prospects but seed production under Bangladesh conditions needs to be fine tune.
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Sutkowska, Agnieszka, Andrzej Pasierbzziński, Wojciech Bąba, Tomasz Warzecha, and Józef Mitka. "Additivity of ISSR Markers in Natural Hybrids of Related Forest Species Bromus benekenii and B. ramosus (Poaceae)." Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abcsb-2015-0015.
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AbstractThe co-occurrence of hybrids and parental species in similar ecological niches poses a question on the role of traits additivity and overdispersion (emergence of new traits) in microevolutionary processes. We analysed genetic polymorphism ofBromus benekenii,B. ramosusand the spontaneous hybridB. benekenii×B. ramosusin sympatric and allopatric parts of the species distribution in Europe, based on non-coding regions of the taxon genomes (ISSR genetic fingerprinting). We tested 68 individuals in 7 populations, including a hybrid population in N France. Altogether 233 polymorphic ISSR bands (loci) were obtained. We found that the parent species were genetically distinct and the hybrids had an additive pattern of ISSR bands found in the putative parental species (NMDS, STRUCTURE); however, there was evidence of introgression towardsB. ramosus(NEWHYBRIDS, UPGMA classifications, Nei's D genetic distance).Bromus benekeniihad 72,B. ramosus21 and the hybrids 9 private bands (genetic overdispersion), probably resulting from the rearranged genomes. Based on its low genetic divergence index DW, the hybrid population seems to be at a young age. We argue that in the face of anthropogenic landscape transformations favouring secondary contacts, the hybrids may competitively replace the parental species in sympatric areas.
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Ferdinandez, Yasas S. N., and Bruce E. Coulman. "Characterization of meadow × smooth bromegrass hybrid populations using morphological characteristics." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-122.
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Three hybrid populations between meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) have been developed using recurrent selection for vigor, uniformity of growth and floret fertility. The objective of this study was to use morphological characters to characterize the three hybrid populations (S-9197, S-9073, and S-9183) and the two parental species. Tiller heights did not differ among the hybrids and the parental species. Leaf-to-stem ratio of the hybrids was intermediate to that of the parents. Tiller density, panicle density and dry matter yield of the hybrids were more similar to those of smooth bromegrass. Leaf pubescence densities of the hybrids were higher than the parental species, but pubescence lengths closely resembled meadow bromegrass. Leaf area index (LAI) of the hybrids was lower than smooth bromegrass, and resembled meadow bromegrass. Lowest brown leaf spot ratings were observed in meadow bromegrass, while the hybrids were similar to smooth bromegrass. In general, the hybrid populations showed some individual characteristics similar to each of the parental species and, thus, can be characterized as being intermediate to the parental species. Furthermore, several of the differences among the hybrid populations can be attributed to the selection criteria that were used to develop these populations. Key words: Bromus, smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, hybrid bromegrass, morphological characteristics
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Latour, Yasmin, Marco Perriat-Sanguinet, Pierre Caminade, Pierre Boursot, Carole M. Smadja, and Guila Ganem. "Sexual selection against natural hybrids may contribute to reinforcement in a house mouse hybrid zone." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1776 (February 7, 2014): 20132733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2733.
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Sexual selection may hinder gene flow across contact zones when hybrid recognition signals are discriminated against. We tested this hypothesis in a unimodal hybrid zone between Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus where a pattern of reinforcement was described and lower hybrid fitness documented. We presented mice from the border of the hybrid zone with a choice between opposite sex urine from the same subspecies versus hybrids sampled in different locations across the zone. While no preference was evidenced in domesticus mice, musculus males discriminated in favour of musculus signals and against hybrid signals. Remarkably, the pattern of hybrid unattractiveness did not vary across the hybrid zone. Moreover, allopatric populations tested in the same conditions did not discriminate against hybrid signals, indicating character displacement for signal perception or preference. Finally, habituation–discrimination tests assessing similarities between signals pointed out that hybrid signals differed from the parental ones. Overall, our results suggest that perception of hybrids as unattractive has evolved in border populations of musculus after the secondary contact with domesticus . We discuss the mechanisms involved in hybrid unattractiveness, and the potential impact of asymmetric sexual selection on the hybrid zone dynamics and gene flow between the two subspecies.
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Szczepaniak, Magdalena, Elżbieta Cieślak, and Piotr Bednarek. "Natural hybridization between Elymus repens and E. hispidus assessed by AFLP analysis." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 76, no. 3 (2011): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2007.025.
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Hybrid speciation within the genus <em>Elymus</em> is analyzed and discussed. The supposed hybrid origin of <em>Elymus</em> x <em>mucronatus</em> between <em>Elymus repens</em> and <em>Elymus hispidus</em> was tested. In this aim, pollen viability and AFLP variation of putative progenitors and progenies from two natural populations were studied. Pollen fertility of hybrids ranging from 0 to 91.95% (average 59.50%) indicates the occurrence of F1 hybrids and backcross hybrids. Seven EcoRI/MseI AFLP primer combinations generated a total of 477 AFLP fragments (300 polymorphic) for 48 parental and hybrid individuals. UPGMA and principal coordinates analysis of the AFLP data set show that hybrids are closer to <em>E. hispidus</em> than to <em>E. repens</em> and suggest unidirectional introgression towards <em>E. hispidus</em>. AFLP fragments of the hybrid taxon were additively inherited from the parental species and no hybrid-specific bands were identified. AFLP analysis validates the hybrid status of <em>E.</em> ×<em>mucronatus</em>. Populations in which <em>E. repens</em>, <em>E. hispidus</em> and their hybrids co-occur still progress from early hybridization stages of F1 hybrids to an advanced hybridization stage of a well-established hybrid swarm. <em>E.</em> ×<em>mucronatus</em> is potentially self-sustaining by predominant vegetative reproduction by rhizomes and partial fertility leading to the development of mature seeds. We propose to consider <em>Elymus</em> ×<em>mucronatus</em> as a new species of hybrid origin in the Polish flora.
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Dubchak, О., L. Andrieieva, P. Vakulenko, and L. Palamarchuk. "Creation of new generation sugar beet hybrids." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(163) (May 25, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2021-163-1-32-40.
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The paper reveals the results of Verkhnyatska RSS breeders participation in the Betaintercross program on creating new generation sugar beet hybrids. Studying the effciency of new hybrids simultaneously in all beet sowing zones in Ukraine (ecological varieties testing on the Betaintercross program) makes it possible to estimate their adaptability to various agroclimatic conditions as well as comprehensive and prompt assessment of the created hybrids. The paper reveals the best hybrids on the results of ecological seed tests for 2007–2019 created with use of the initial forms of Verkhnyatska of selection. The largest number of perspective hybrids were received at hybridization of MP Verkhnyatsk origin with MS by lines of Ivanivsk, Uman and Ulaiv selection. Hybrid STs 121120 Dzhura, with sugar yield of 115,8 % and hybrid CTs 090922 USB 1201 with 115,2 % of the standard were created at purposeful topcross crossings of MP 3 1111 VRSS with MS the line 1037 IvDSS creates. The hybrid STs 110120 Heroy received with Uman MS line 0912 and Verkhnyatska MP1 1008, yielded 105,6 % of sugar. The most successful hybrid combinations are created using Verhnyatska parent MS lines with Bila Tserkva and Uman polinators. Belotserkivska MP 0805 in a combination with Verkhnyatska MS line 0714 provided the STs 090328 Aydar hybrid, with sugar yield of 109,2 % in comparison with the standard. The STs 110804 Verkhniy hybrid was created in cooperation with Bila Tserkva selelectionists and provided for 122,5 % of sugar yield. 11 hybrid combinations of MS lines and MP of our own Verkhnyatsk selection were created in the selection program running. The hybrids of sugar beet USB1201, Dzhura, Kozak, Heroy, Aydar, Verkhniy were listed in the state register of grades of Ukraine in 2010–2019. Key words: breeding, genotype, sugar beet hybrid, heterozis, productivity.
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Riungu, Teresio C., and Peter B. E. McVetty. "Comparison of the effect of mur and nap cytoplasms on the performance of intercultivar summer rape hybrids." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-163.
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The performance of six isogenic pairs of male fertility restored, hand-crossed, summer rape (Brassica napus L.) hybrids, in the mur and nap cytoplasms, were investigated in four Manitoba environments. Hybrids in both cytoplasms exhibited high-parent heterosis for seed yield, total dry matter (TDM) and, to a lesser degree, harvest index (HI). Negative high parent heterosis for days to flowering, days to maturity, oil concentration and protein concentration was observed. Combined over hybrids within cytoplasms, the mur and nap cytoplasmic hybrid groups differed in oil concentration in all environments, and in protein concentration in one of four environments. Similarly, the mur hybrid group was lower-yielding and had lower TDM, HI and oil concentration, but higher protein concentration than the nap hybrid group. Even though there are some biological costs associated with the mur cytoplasm, especially for oil concentration, it appears that the mur cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system has good potential for use in summer rape hybrid cultivar breeding and commercial hybrid seed production, since hybrids in the mur cytoplasm display heterosis for many traits in absolute terms. Key words: Biological cost, Brassica napus L., cytoplasmic male sterility, heterosis, hybrid
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Musundire, L., J. Derera, S. Dari, A. Lagat, and P. Tongoona. "Stability Assessment of Single-Cross Maize Hybrids Using GGE-Biplot Analysis." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n2p78.
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Grain yield potential of new maize hybrid varieties across target environments contributes to the uptake of these varieties by farmers. Evaluation of single-cross hybrids developed from test crossing introgressed inbred lines bred for three distinct environments to elite tropical inbred line testers was carried out. The study’s objective was to assess grain yield stability and genotype adaptability of the single-cross hybrids across South African environments relative to adapted commercial hybrid checks. One hundred and twenty-two introgressed inbred lines developed using the pedigree breeding program were crossed to four tropical elite inbred line testers using line × tester mating design to obtain 488 experimental single cross hybrids. Subject to availability of adequate seed for evaluation, a panel of 444 experimental single-cross hybrids was evaluated using an augmented design in two experiments defined as Population A and B for the study’s convenience in South African environments. Data for grain yield (t/ha) performance for experimental single-cross hybrids and commercial check hybrids in Population A and B across environments and individual environments identified experimental single-cross hybrids that had significant comparable grain yield (t/ha) performance relative to best commercial check hybrid (PAN6Q445B) on the market. The selected experimental single-cross hybrids 225, 89, 246 and 43 (Population A) and 112 (Population B) also had a better average rank position for grain yield (t/ha) relative to best commercial check hybrid. These selected experimental single-cross hybrids had a grain yield (t/ha) advantage range of 0.9-6.7% for Population A and 7.3% for Population A and B, respectively, relative to the adapted commercial check hybrid. GGE biplot patterns for which won-where for Population A indicated that at Potchefstroom Research Station and Ukulinga Research Station experimental single-cross hybrids 127 and135 were the vertex (winning) hybrids. Cedera Research Station did not have a vertex hybrid for Population A. For Population B, experimental single-cross hybrids 112, 117 and 18 were the vertex hybrids at Cedera Research Station, Ukulinga Research Station and Potchefstroom Research Station, respectively. Experimental single-cross hybrid 257 was identified as ideal genotype for Population A, while experimental single-cross hybrid 121 in Population B was the ideal genotype. Ideal environments were also identified as Ukulinga Research Station for Population A, and Cedera Research Station for Population B. Average-environment coordination (AEC) view of the GGE biplot in Population A indicated that experimental single-cross hybrids 1 was highly stable across environments. In comparison, Population B experimental single-cross hybrid 161 was highly stable across environments. In conclusion, selected single-cross hybrids in the current study can also be advanced for further evaluation with a possibility for identifying high yielding and stable single-cross hybrids for variety registration and release in target environments in South Africa.
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Ferguson, Moira M., Roy G. Danzmann, and Fred W. Allendorf. "Developmental divergence among hatchery strains of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). II. Hybrids." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 298–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-044.
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The developmental rates of first generation hybrids between six closely related hatchery strains of rainbow trout are compared using hatching time, morphology, and the pattern of ontogenetic change of four enzymes. Hybrid developmental rates can not be explained by additive genetic effects. Nine of 14 hybrid types developed slower than their maternal parent. These results are consistent with a hypothesis of regulatory divergence between the hybridizing strains. Heterotic effects were observed in five hybrid groups in that hybrids developed faster than their maternal parent. A strong dominance component was observed in the reciprocal hybrids of one strain. There was no association between the degree of perturbation of hybrid developmental rates and the genetic distance between hybridizing strains. Hybrids between more distantly related strains were no more delayed in their development than those from closely related strains.Key words: developmental rate, rainbow trout, hybrids, gene regulation.
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Bessières, Dominique. "The hybridity of public communication: on old component still a sign of modernity in France." SOCIOLOGIA DELLA COMUNICAZIONE, no. 61 (July 2021): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sc2021-061004.
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Public communication, as the communication of hybrid public organizations, appears to be recognized today in France. It is concerned by the theme of hybridi-ty because of the persistent specificities of the bureaucratic model, together with its forms of professionalization and the development of public management inspired by the private sector. So how can we scientifically understand this communication, whose organizational springs and models are hybrids between public, political and private?
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Chupkin, Konstantin A., Vera I. Terekhova, and Anastasiya V. Konstantinovich. "Testing of tomato hybrids of the breeding of the company "Gavrish" in JSC "Teplichnoye" of the Tambov region." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (September 7, 2019): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-4-64-67.
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Relevance Currently, the requirements for modern tomato hybrids are increasing both from consumers and from producers. Modern tomato hybrids in extended circulation should yield at least 60 kg / m2, be distinguished by high quality of fruits, early ripeness, possess manufacturability, resistance to major diseases. Along with the traditional form of fruits, hybrids with original shape, color, taste and aroma are interesting for manufacturers. Methods The aim of the research was the variety study of indeterminant F1 hybrids of tomato breeding of the company "Gavrish" in JSC "Teplichnoye" of the Tambov region. Studies were conducted in 2017-2018 in the extended and summer-autumn turnover in the conditions of JSC "Teplichnoye" of the Tambov region in accordance with generally accepted recommendations for research with vegetable crops in greenhouses. The objects of the study in extended circulation were tomato hybrids: F1 Bao Bab, F1 Baloven, the F1 Torero hybrid was taken as a control. In the summerautumn turnover, a study was made of the rose hybrid – F1 Panthera; the Rosario F1 hybrid was used as a control; a hybrid with a plum-shaped fruit – F1 Armata, control – a hybrid F1 Lezghinka. Results According to the results of the study of tomato hybrids, the selection of the Gavrish company at the enterprise made the decision to grow it in extended circulation and increase the area under F1 Baloven, in the summer-autumn turnover under the F1 Panthera hybrid.
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Zheryakov, E. V., and A. A. Novokhvatskiy. "PRODUCTIVITY ASSESSMENT OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION." Scientific Life 15, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 1094–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/1991-9476-2020-15-8-1094-1104.
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Sunflower production is an important task for the country’s agro-industrial sector. Environmental testing of promising sunflower hybrids in specific soil and climatic conditions is important, both from the point of view of theoretical research and practice. The studies were carried out on chernozem soils in the conditions of the Penza region in 2016-2019. The article presents the results of a comparative assessment of various sunflower hybrids in terms of productivity. The influence of weather conditions on the duration of the main phases in growth and development of various sunflower hybrids, and photosynthetic activity of crops was studied. When growing sunflower in 2016, biological ripeness occurred in early-maturing hybrids on August 27, in the mid-early hybrid 10 days later, and mid-season hybrids on September 19. In 2017, the biological ripeness of all hybrids came later compared to 2016. In 2018, biological ripeness came later than in 2016 and 2017. In 2019, early-maturing hybrids had biological ripeness on August 26 ... 28, mid-early September 4, mid-season September 20. Studies have established the peculiarities of the sunflower achenes formation depending on the hybrid: Neoma hybrid achenes were larger in comparison with the achenes of other hybrids, and the smallest achenes were in the early-season Amis hybrid. The mass of 1000 achenes in all hybrids was greatest in the marginal part of the basket. The highest yield of oilseeds on average over the years of research was obtained for the mid-season Neoma hybrid. According to the research results, the most productive and stable hybrids in the Penza region were identified, having an adaptability coefficient of more than one. The highest oil content in seeds on average over the years of research was obtained when growing an early-season Fortimi hybrid.
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Sitkevich, Daniil A. "Hybrid organizations as effective intermediate institutions: Evidence from Eastern Asia." Ars Administrandi (Искусство управления) 13, no. 1 (2021): 110–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-9173-2021-1-110-130.
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Introduction: the article examines the impact of hybrid organizations on the economic dynamics of Eastern Asian countries. Objectives: to assess the effectiveness of hybrid organizations as intermediate institutions that promote economic development, to describe the transformation of hybrids as they are modernized. Methods: dialectical method, system analysis, case study method, induction method. Results: the positive role of hybrid organizations in catching-up economic development is revealed; it is shown that hybrids serve as intermediate institutions that either transform or hinder economic growth as modernization progresses; possible economic policies to support hybrids are described. Conclusions: hybrid organizations are common in many countries and regions with a predominance of traditional regulators which have managed to reach the development path of developed countries. Thus, hybrids are country specific for the “Asian tigers” – Japan (in the form of keiretsu), South Korea (in the form of chaebols), Taiwan (in the form of clusters) as well as for China (in the form of industrial areas). At the same time, in most cases, hybrid institutional agreements serve as intermediate institutions – relying on existing social ties, they promote economic growth, but as they modernize, they either undergo changes or hinder subsequent development. The analysis of the presented cases also shows that the state can contribute to the formation of hybrids in various ways – from creating infrastructure to supporting the export activities of firms.
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Mikheev, V. G., and A. V. Molokov. "Productivity of sunflower hybrides depending on long terms." Bulletin of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokychaiev. The series “Crop production, selection and seed production, fruit and vegetable growing” 2019, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35550/visnykagro2019.01.057.
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The results of the observations on the influence of sowing dates of the studied hybrids on sunflower grain yield capacity are highlighted. The largest number of plants was formed by the studied sunflower hybrids at sowing in the optimal time in the crops of the hybrid NK Delphi - 57 thousand pieces/ha, the hybrid NK Rocky - 67 thousand pieces/ha. Under the influence of different sowing dates, the height of plants increased and fluctuated in the hybrid NK Delphi from 164 to 186 cm, in the hybrid NK Rocky - from 123 to 145 cm. NK Delphi was significantly inferior in the level of yield of the hybrid NK Rocky, the difference was 0,56 t/ha - in 2013 and 0,64 t/ha - in 2014. Sowing in the optimal time significantly exceeded the yield of sunflower for all studied hybrids compared to sowing in the early and late period, the difference was 0,27 and 0,45 t/ha - in 2013 and 0,27 t/ha - in 2014. Key words: sunflower, hybrid, sowing dates, yield, grain quality.
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Koroma, Alie Patrick, Raymond Jones, and Pawel Michalak. "Snapshot of DNA methylation changes associated with hybridization in Xenopus." Physiological Genomics 43, no. 22 (November 2011): 1276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00110.2011.
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Hybridization often results in dramatic genome reconfigurations including epigenetic changes that control gene expression. Here we survey methylation patterns of interspecific Xenopus F1 hybrids relative to parental species X. laevis and X. muelleri, using methyl-sensitive amplification polymorphisms (MSAPs). Out of a total of 546 MSAP markers, 364 were effective in elucidating the difference in methylation patterns between the hybrids and the parental species. Principal coordinate analysis of methylated fragments revealed four distinct clusters with the two parental species separate from hybrid males and females. On average, hybrids were characterized by a higher proportion (70.6%) of methylated fragments compared with the parental species (64.5%), and this difference was consistent with previously observed disruptions of hybrid transcriptomes. The proportion of methylated fragments did not correlate with variation in genome size, as measured with flow cytometry. The levels of methylation in sterile hybrid males (73.8%) were higher than in fertile hybrid females (68.6%), but this difference was not statistically significant. A total of 76 methylated fragments (20.9%) were hybrid-unique, presumably originating from methylation alterations in hybrid genomes.
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Uddin, MN, FW Ellison, L. O'Brien, and BDH Latter. "The performance of pure lines derived from heterotic bread wheat hybrids." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940591.
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Comparisons of the grain yields of pure lines derived from heterotic hybrides were made with those of the F1 hybrids and their parents for four hand-made crosses, and with the hybrid in the case of the commercial hybrid cultivar Comet. Seventy-five F7 (F6 in the case of Comet) single seed descent lines from each cross were evaluated in hill plot experiments containing five plots of each parent and hybrid per replication. Mid-parent and high-parent heterosis averaged 17% and 10.7% respectively in the four hand-made hybrids. Thus hybrid breeding of wheat could achieve a significant yield advance because the parental genotypes were advanced breeding lines or commercial cultivars. The estimated genotypic value for grain yield of the best pure line derived from each cross was 98, 96, 94, 91 and 85% of the corresponding hybrid mean yield, and even higher yields could be expected from a larger sample of derived pure lines. A hybrid breeding program cannot therefore be justified solely on the basis of yield comparisons between hybrids and pure lines.
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Lobachev, Yuriy Viktorovich, Sergey Petrovich Kudryashov, Andrey Yurievich Buenkov, Lyudmila Gennadievna Kurasova, and Yulia Yuryevna Bandurina. "Sunflower olein hybrides resistant to parasites." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 11 (November 14, 2019): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i11pp13-17.
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New hybrids of the first generation of sunflower of three ripeness groups with a high content of oleic acid in oil have been bred at the Federal State Budget Scientific Research Institute of the South-East region. A study of these hybrids in the conditions of the Saratov region in 2017–2018, conducted as a competitive varietal test, showed that new hybrids of the first generation of sunflower with a record oleic acid content in oil were obtained: early-ripening hybrid PG 784 - 79.0%, short-season hybrid PG-815 - 85.0%, mid-season hybrid PG-802 - 82.2%, which is 8.3-14.3% more than previous hybrids. The maximum harvest of oleic acid per unit area in the best early ripening hybrid of PG 784 was 1.06 t/ha, in the best short-season hybrids PG-812, PG-814 and PG-815 –1.02 t/ha, in the best mid-ripening hybrid PG-802 - 1.14 t/ha. It has been experimentally proved that, in the Saratov region it is possible to breed early-ripening, short-season and mid-ripening hybrids of the first generation of sunflower with an oleic acid content in oil of more than 80% and harvesting of oleic acid from a unit area of more than 1 t/ha.