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Academic literature on the topic 'Hurricane, 1969'

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Published: 26 July 2024
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Journal articles on the topic "Hurricane, 1969"

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Pounders, Cecil, Donna Marshall, and Benedict Posadas. "Hurricane Katrina: Perspective from the Southern Horticultural Laboratory." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.680.

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Surviving extremes of climate is a fundamental component of horticultural production and research. The Southern Horticultural Laboratory has weathered many storms including Hurricane Camille and now Hurricane Katrina. The name of the research station has changed twice, both times following massive hurricanes. Before Hurricane Camille in 1969, the station title was the Tung Research Unit. After the devastation of the tung industry by Camille, the research focus changed to blueberries and other small fruit crops with a corresponding name change to Small Fruit Research Unit in 1976. The research objectives expanded to include ornamental research in 2001. Post Hurricane Katrina, the unit was renamed the Thad Cochran Southern Horticultural Laboratory to reflect the station's expanded research mission. This paper chronicles how the station reacted to the devastation of Hurricane Katrina. It also evaluates economic vitality of commodities researched at the station in contrast with storm effects on pecan and the demise of tung production. Katrina produced some temporary interruptions in production but no drastic restructuring of the type experienced with tung production after Camille is anticipated. Hurricanes are inevitable for the Gulf Coast region. Wise planning and implementation of preventative measures to protect horticultural crops and research will determine future success.
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Stalter, Richard, Joseph Rachlin, and John Baden. "A forty-seven year comparison of the vascular flora at three abandoned rice fields, Georgetown, South Carolina, U.S.A." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 15, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v15.i1.1063.

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The vascular flora identified in 1968–1969 in three rice fields of the Winyah Bay Estuary at the Bell W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, Georgetown County, South Carolina, abandoned in 1915, was compared with the vascular flora present in 1987–1991 and 2013–2015. Twenty vascular plant species were identified in 1968–1969 and 22 in 2013–2015 at the most saline marsh, Thousand Acre Rice Field. Forty-seven taxa were reported at Airport Marsh in 1968–1969 and 27 in 2013–2015. Fifty-six taxa were reported at Alderly in 1968–1969 with 41 identified there in 2013–2015. A parsimony algorithm was used to evaluate the distribution and co-occurrence of vascular brackish marsh species in these fields sampled at the three intervals. There was a reduction in flora at the two least saline sites, Alderly and Airport Marsh, from 1968–69 to 1987–91 and 2013–2015. Three factors—rising sea level, an increase in water salinity, and invasion by Phragmites australis—may explain this shift. There was also a shift in the flora at Thousand Acre Rice Field from 1967–1969 to 1987–1991 and 2013–2015 after the marsh was savaged by Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Invasion by non-native Phragmites australis at all sites and increase in water salinity at all sites best explain the reduction in vascular plant species at Airport Marsh and Alderly over the 47-year collection period.
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Kieper, Margaret E., Christopher W. Landsea, and John L. Beven. "A Reanalysis of Hurricane Camille." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00137.1.

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Abstract A reanalysis of 1969’s Hurricane Camille has been completed as part of the Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis Project. The reanalysis of Hurricane Camille has been expedited to allow for a homogeneous comparison of all four of the U.S.-landfalling Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale category 5 hurricanes since 1900. A review of the available ship, station, radar, aircraft, and satellite observations is presented, along with the reanalysis methodology. Highlights of the Best-Track Change Committee approved changes to Camille’s genesis, track, intensity, and dissipation are discussed. As part of the preparation for the reanalysis, research on Hurricane Camille uncovered new data useful to the reanalysis. Focus was placed on understanding the internal structure in a modern context, especially whether eyewall replacement cycles occurred, including comparisons with a similar hurricane used as a proxy. A more detailed understanding was gained of the tropical wave and genesis phases. In addition, a 901-mb dropsonde that was later rejected was reanalyzed to find out why and to see if an accurate central pressure could be determined. New landfall surface pressures along the Mississippi coast were discovered and a significant revision is made to the U.S.-landfall central pressure and intensity (maximum sustained surface winds). Additionally, a radar “loop” was constructed from archived Weather Surveillance Radar-1957 (WSR-57) film, including landfall, marking the very first time that this historic hurricane can be viewed in a time-lapse movie format.
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Lo, Jen-Men, and R. G. Dean. "EVALUATION OF A MODIFIED STRETCHED LINEAR WAVE THEORY." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (January 29, 1986): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.40.

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Many experimental investigations of the drag and inertia force coefficients have relied on the determination of water particle kinematics from measured wave forms. Since the pioneering work of Airy (1845), Stokes (1847, 1880) and others, a number of wave theories have been developed for predicting water particle kinematics. Clearly, the use of a certain wave theory will lead to corresponding force coefficients. Therefore, a wave theory that provides more accurate water particle kinematics is very important. Reid (1958) developed the simple superposition method for predicting water particle kinematics from a measured sea surface that could be either random or periodic. The method is based upon linear long-crested wave theory. Borgman (1965, 1967, 1969a, 1969b) introduced the linearized spectral density of wave force on a pile due to a random Gaussian sea. The drag force component has been approximated in the simplest form by a linear relation. This method, however, cannot calculate properties of the wave field and wave force above the mean water level. Wheeler (1969) applied simple superposition with a stretching factor in the vertical coordinate position for hurricane-generated wave data during Wave Project II. With this method it was possible to evaluate the wave force above the mean water level.
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Potter, Sean. "Retrospect: August 14–22, 1969: Hurricane Camille." Weatherwise 72, no. 4 (June 25, 2019): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00431672.2019.1612200.

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Schecter, David A. "Hurricane intensity in the Ooyama (1969) paradigm." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 136, no. 652 (August 16, 2010): 1920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.657.

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Michel-Kerjan, Erwann O. "Catastrophe Economics: The National Flood Insurance Program." Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.4.165.

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Hurricane Betsy, which hit Louisiana September 9, 1965, was one of the most intense, deadly, and costly storms ever to make landfall in the United States: it killed 76 people in Louisiana and caused $1.5 billion in damage—equal to nearly $10 billion in 2010 dollars. In 1965, no flood insurance was available, so victims had to rely on friends and family, charities, or federal relief. After that catastrophe, the U.S. government established a new program in 1968—the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)—to make flood insurance widely available. Now, after more than 40 years of operation, the NFIP is today one of the longest standing government-run disaster insurance programs in the world. In this paper, I present an overview of the 40 years of operation of the National Flood Insurance Program, starting with how and why it was created and how it has evolved to now cover $1.23 trillion in assets. I analyze the financial balance of the NFIP between 1969 and 2008. Excluding the 2005 hurricane season (which included Hurricane Katrina) as an outlier, policyholders have paid nearly $11 billion more in premiums than they have received in claim reimbursements over that period. However, the program has spent an average of 40 percent of all collected premiums on administrative expenses, more than three quarters of which were paid to private insurance intermediaries who sell and manage flood insurance policies on behalf of the federal government but do not bear any risk. I present challenges the NFIP faces today and propose ways those challenges might be overcome through innovative modifications.
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Farfán, Luis M., Rosario Romero-Centeno, and G. B. Raga. "Observations and Forecasts from the Landfall of Tropical Cyclones John, Lane, and Paul (2006) over Northwestern Mexico." Weather and Forecasting 27, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 1373–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-11-00108.1.

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Abstract This study focuses on track and intensity changes of three tropical cyclones that, during the season of 2006, developed in the eastern North Pacific basin and made landfall over northwestern Mexico. Observational datasets, including satellite and radar imagery and a rain gauge network, are used to document regional-scale structures. Additionally, gridded fields are applied to determine the large-scale environment. John made landfall as a category-2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale and moved along the Baja California Peninsula during more than 40 h, resulting in total rainfall of up to 506 mm. The largest accumulations were located over mountains and set new records with respect to daily rates from the 1969–2005 period. Later in the season, Lane and Paul made landfall over the mainland and brought moderate rainfall over the coastal plains. Lane became a category-3 hurricane and was the third strongest hurricane to make landfall since 1969. In contrast, Paul followed a recurving track to reach the coastline as a weakening tropical depression. Strong wind shear, associated with a midlatitude trough, is found to be related to the intensity change. Examination of the official forecasts reveals that first inland positions were predicted several days before the actual landfall events. An assessment of the forecasts issued 1–3 days prior to landfall shows large track errors associated with some of the above tropical cyclones and this resulted in a westward bias. It is suggested that the track errors are due to an inadequate representation of the large-scale environment that steered the tropical cyclones.
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Bentley, Samuel J., Timothy R. Keen, Cheryl Ann Blain, and W. Chad Vaughan. "The origin and preservation of a major hurricane event bed in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Hurricane Camille, 1969." Marine Geology 186, no. 3-4 (July 2002): 423–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(02)00297-9.

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Morris, Andrew. "The American Red Cross and Disaster Relief in the 1960s: Nonprofits and Mass Philanthropy in an Era of Rising Expectations." Tocqueville Review 43, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.43.2.89.

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Hurricane Camille, a devastating Category Five hurricane which hit the Gulf Coast of the U.S. in August, 1969, prompted a reassessment of U.S. disaster relief policy. The American National Red Cross, which had played the dominant role in disaster relief for individuals in the U.S. since the turn of the century, saw its role in disaster relief challenged on a number of fronts. Facing failures in its response to Camille, financial challenges in meeting every-more-costly disasters in the post-World War Two era, and rising expectations of both adequacy and equity on the part of disaster victims, the non-governmental agency ultimately found its role diminished by both the expansion of federal disaster relief programs and by the increasing prominence of disaster programs performed by other voluntary agencies such as the Salvation Army and the Mennonite Disaster Service.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hurricane, 1969"

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Speckhart, Benjamin L. "Observational analysis of shallow water response to passing hurricanes in Onslow Bay, NC in 1999 /." Electronic version (PDF), 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/speckhartb/benjaminspeckhart.pdf.

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Delgado, Sandy. "Reanalysis of the 1954-1963 Atlantic Hurricane Seasons." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1511.

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HURDAT is the main historical archive of all tropical storms and hurricanes in the North Atlantic Basin, which includes the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, from 1851 to the present. HURDAT is maintained and updated annually by the National Hurricane Center at Miami, Florida. Today, HURDAT is widely used by research scientists, operational hurricane forecasters, insurance companies, emergency managers and others. HURDAT contains both systematic biases and random errors. Thus, the reanalysis of HURDAT is vital. For this thesis, HURDAT is reanalyzed for the period of 1954-1963. The track and intensity of each existing tropical cyclone in HURDAT is assessed in the light of 21st century understanding and previously unrecognized tropical cyclones are detected and analyzed. The resulting changes will be recommended to the National Hurricane Center Best Track Change Committee for inclusion in HURDAT.
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Cosentino, Giovanni R. "Comparing Vegetation Cover in the Santee Experimental Forest, South Carolina (USA), Before and After Hurricane Hugo: 1989-2011." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/58.

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Hurricane Hugo struck the coast of South Carolina on September 21, 1989 as a category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Landsat Thematic mapper was utilized to determine the extent of damage experienced at the Santee Experimental Forest (SEF) (a part of Francis Marion National Forest) in South Carolina. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the change detection techniques were used to determine initial forest damage and to monitor the recovery over a 22-year period following Hurricane Hugo. According to the results from the NDVI analysis the SEF made a full recovery after a 10-year period. The remote sensing techniques used were effective in identifying the damage as well as the recovery.
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Beckley, Amber L. "The effect of hurricanes on burglary in North Carolina counties, 1999-2003." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8537.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Funakoshi, Yuji. "COUPLING OF HYDRODYNAMIC AND WAVE MODELS FOR STORM TIDE SIMULATIONS: A CASE STUDY FOR HURRICANE FLOYD (1999)." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2768.

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This dissertation presents the development of a two-dimensional St. Johns River model and the coupling of hydrodynamic and wave models for the simulation of storm tides. The hydrodynamic model employed for calculating tides and surges is ADCIRC-2DDI (ADvanced CIRCulation Model for Shelves, Coasts and Estuaries, Two-Dimensional Depth Integrated) developed by Luettich et al. (1992). The finite element based model solves the fully nonlinear shallow water equations in the generalized wave continuity form. Hydrodynamic applications are operated with the following forcings: 1) astronomical tides, 2) inflows from tributaries, 3) meteorological effects (winds and pressure), and 4) waves (wind-induced waves). The wave model applied for wind-induced wave simulation is the third-generation SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore), applicable to the estimation of wave parameters in coastal areas and estuaries. The SWAN model is governed by the wave action balance equation driven by wind, sea surface elevations and current conditions (Holthuijsen et al. 2004). The overall work is comprised of three major phases: 1) To develop a model domain that incorporates the entire East Coast of the United States, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, while honing in on the St. Johns River area; 2) To employ output from the SWAN model with the ADCIRC model and produce a uni-directional coupling of the two models in order to investigate the effects of the wave radiation stresses; 3) To couple the ADCIRC model with the SWAN model to describe the complete interactions of the two physical processes. Model calibration and comparisons are accomplished in three steps. First, astronomical tide simulation results are calibrated with historical NOS (National Ocean Service) tide data. Second, overland and riverine flows and meteorological effects are included, and computed river levels are compared with the historical NOS water level data. Finally, the storm tides generated by Hurricane Floyd are simulated and compared with historical data. This research results in a prototype for real-time simulation of tides and waves for flash flood and river-stage forecasting efforts of the NWS Forecasting Centers that border coastal areas. The following two main conclusions are reported: 1) regardless of whether one uses uni-coupling or coupling, wind-induced waves result in an approximately 10 – 15 % higher peak storm tide level than without any coupling; and 2) the wave-current interaction described by the coupling model results in decreasing peaks and increasing troughs in the storm tide hydrograph. Two main corollary conclusions are also drawn from a 122-day hindcast for the period spanning June 1 – October 1, 2005. First, wind forcing for the St. Johns River is equal to or greater than that of astronomic tides and generally supersedes the impact of inflows, while pressure variations have a minimal impact. Secondly, water levels inside the St. Johns River depend on the wind forcings in the deep ocean; however, if one applies an elevation hydrograph boundary condition from a large-scale domain model to a local-scale domain model the results are highly accurate.
Ph.D.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
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Edwards, Aubrey. "Swamp Surburbia and Rebellion Against a Culture of Crime: The Birth Of Black Skateboarding in the Big Easy." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2015. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1968.

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This research addresses a significant gap in previous work on the formation of urban and suburban black skateboarding subcultures. By using data generated through oral histories, photographs, mapping, and literature review, this study explores why black youth initially began skateboarding in New Orleans in the mid-2000s. In contrast to the scholarly literature and local popular perception, this visual anthropological study aims to provide an alternative origin story of black skateboarding in Post-Katrina New Orleans, and to examine the continuing popularity of the sport within the young black community.
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Newberry, James. "A Damage Assessment and Wind Loading Analysis of Residential Structures Built Post-1996 in Punta Gorda in the Wake of Hurricane Charley." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3749.

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One of the communities in the path of Hurricane Charley as it came ashore August 13, 2004, was Punta Gorda, recording gusts up to 145 mph. This project utilizes aerial photos taken approximately 10 days after the storm battered the area, using a digital photography program. Focusing on the one-story residential structures (houses) of the Punta Gorda area, a damage assessment could be made of the area’s homes, and how they stood up to the storm. This study focused further on homes built after major changes to the local/state building codes went into effect (starting in 1996) after the devastation left in south Florida by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. After selecting approximately 20 damaged houses, damaged from wind loading only, an analysis of these houses (or types of houses) could then be undertaken complying with the most current building/wind codes used at the time of Charley’s landfall. Furthermore, by looking at the pictures, and using reports outlining the types of damage seen from the storm, the building/wind codes could then be checked for their effectiveness. After performing a wind loading analysis on houses similar to those seen in the selected pictures, and using the wind code provisions of ASCE 7-98, calculations show a substantial increase in local wind pressure to various zones of the roof. High pressure zones of the roof included the ridges of the gable and hipped style roofs, as well as the corners and the edges. More emphasis needs to be placed on the installation of the clay tiles (mandated by certain deed-restricted subdivisions of Punta Gorda). If the tiles are ripped off from the wind, then the roof sheathing becomes exposed to the environment, and if this becomes damaged, rain leaking down into the interior of the house would cause additional damage.
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Allen, Bruce Peter. "Vegetation dynamics and response to disturbance, in floodplain forest ecosystems with a focus on lianas." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179427491.

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Maxham, William Davidson Ruscher Paul. "Boundary layer structure in landfalling tropical cyclones." 2004. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10052004-124435.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2004.
Advisor: Dr. Paul Ruscher, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Meteorology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan 18, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.
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Maue, Ryan Nicholas O'Brien James J. "Evolution of frontal structure associated with extratropical transitioning hurricanes." 2004. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11152004-171557.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2004.
Advisor: Dr. James O'Brien, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Meteorology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 13, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.
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Books on the topic "Hurricane, 1969"

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M, Smith Mark. Camille, 1969: Histories of a hurricane. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011.

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Hearn, Philip D. Hurricane Camille: Monster storm of the Gulf Coast. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004.

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Rotter, Charles. Hurricanes: Storms of the sea. Mankato, Minn: Creative Education, 2003.

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Rotter, Charles. Hurricanes. Mankato, Minn: Creative Education, 1994.

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Sullivan, Kelly. Winter bayou. Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2004.

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Zebrowski, Ernest. Category 5: The story of Camille, lessons unlearned from America's most violent hurricane. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006.

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Zebrowski, Ernest. Category 5: The story of Camille, lessons unlearned from America's most violent hurricane. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.

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Elizabeth, Spencer. The salt line. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.

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Elizabeth, Spencer. The salt line. New York: Penguin, 1985.

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Bechtel, Stefan. Roar of the heavens. New York: Citadel Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hurricane, 1969"

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GöTe ÖStlund, H. "Hurricane Tritium I: Preliminary Results on Hilda 1964 and Betsy 1965." In Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle, 58–60. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm011p0058.

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Zhou, Yan. "An Art Hurricane: The Avant-Garde Movement (1985–1989)." In Chinese Contemporary Art Series, 117–265. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1141-7_4.

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DeMaria, Mark. "A History of Hurricane Forecasting for the Atlantic Basin, 1920–1995." In Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919–1995, 263–305. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-940033-84-6_9.

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Hollander, Justin B. "After the Hurricane: Government Responses to Employment and Population Decline, 1929–1975." In An Ordinary City, 101–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60705-4_6.

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Emanuel, Kerry. "Hurricane Camille." In Divine Wind, 205–12. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195149418.003.0026.

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Abstract On the night of Sunday, August 17, 1969, Hurricane Camille, one of the most violent storms ever to strike the United States, obliterated the Gulf coast of Mississippi, taking at least 150 lives and destroying whole towns and fishing fleets. Though the winds died down quickly after landfall, the circulation and its excessively wet core drifted northward and then eastward, where it encountered the Appalachian Mountains, precipitating a series of deluges that killed another 150 people. A close look at the meteorological circumstances suggests that, like many great disasters, Camille was the result of the confluence of several improbable events. On August 5, forecasters noticed an easterly wave moving off the coast of Africa. Over the next nine days, the wave tracked westward across the tropical Atlantic, with little change, but on the fourteenth, a Navy reconnaissance pilot recorded a central pressure of 999 mb (29.50’’) and surface winds of 25 m/s (55 mph). The next day the storm, now named Camille, reached hurricane strength, and late in the afternoon, as it approached Cuba, it was packing 50 m/s (115 mph) winds. Forecasters warned that Camille was the most intense Atlantic hurricane since Beulah of 1967. During the evening of the fifteenth, it crossed the western tip of Cuba, bringing 40 m/s (90 mph) winds and 25 cm (10 in) of rain.
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Elsner, James B., and Thomas H. Jagger. "Intensity Models." In Hurricane Climatology. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199827633.003.0012.

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Strong hurricanes, such as Camille in 1969, Andrew in 1992, and Katrina in 2005, cause catastrophic damage. It is important to have an estimate of when the next big one will occur. You also want to know what influences the strongest hurricanes and whether they are getting stronger as the earth warms. This chapter shows you how to model hurricane intensity. The data are basinwide lifetime highest intensities for individual tropical cyclones over the North Atlantic and county-level hurricane wind intervals. We begin by considering trends using the method of quantile regression and then examine extreme-value models for estimating return periods. We also look at modeling cyclone winds when the values are given by category, and use Miami-Dade County as an example. Here you consider cyclones above tropical storm intensity (≥ 17 m s−1) during the period 1967–2010, inclusive. The period is long enough to see changes but not too long that it includes intensity estimates before satellite observations. We use “intensity” and “strength” synonymously to mean the fastest wind inside the cyclone. Consider the set of events defined by the location and wind speed at which a tropical cyclone first reaches its lifetime maximum intensity (see Chapter 5). The data are in the file LMI.txt. Import and list the values in 10 columns of the first 6 rows of the data frame by typing . . . > LMI.df = read.table("LMI.txt", header=TRUE) > round(head(LMI.df)[c(1, 5:9, 12, 16)], 1). . . The data set is described in Chapter 6. Here your interest is the smoothed intensity estimate at the time of lifetime maximum (WmaxS). First, convert the wind speeds from the operational units of knots to the SI units of meter per second. . . . > LMI.df$WmaxS = LMI.df$WmaxS * .5144 . . . Next, determine the quartiles (0.25 and 0.75 quantiles) of the wind speed distribution. The quartiles divide the cumulative distribution function (CDF) into three equal-sized subsets. . . . > quantile(LMI.df$WmaxS, c(.25, .75)) 25% 75% 25.5 46.0 . . . You find that 25 percent of the cyclones have a lifetime maximum wind speed less than 26 m s−1 and 75 percent have a maximum wind speed less than 46ms−1, so that 50 percent of all cyclones have a maximum wind speed between 26 and 46 m s−1 (interquartile range–IQR).
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Conner, William H. "Impact of Hurricanes on Forests of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, USA." In Coastally Restricted Forests, 271–77. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195075670.003.0018.

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Abstract Hurricanes are common, but unpredictable, occurrences on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the southeastern United States. There is evidence that 160,000 to 320,000 hurricanes have occurred in the area of the Florida keys during the past two million years (Ball et al. 1967). They occur about once every 20 years in south Florida (Lugo et al. 1976) and are even more common on the Gulf coast (Conner et al. 1989). South Carolina experienced 38 hurricanes between 1700 and 1983, or approximately one every seven years (Dukes 1984). Hurricane paths have been plotted for several time periods. Figure 18.1 shows hurricanes plotted for the years 1886-1963. As can be seen in the figure, the Gulf coast has been hit by more hurricanes than the Atlantic coast.
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Elsner, James B., and A. Birol Kara. "Hurricanes of the Early 1990s." In Hurricanes of the North Atlantic, 309–24. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195125085.003.0012.

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Abstract Hurricane activity in the North Atlantic basin during 1995 and 1996 was well above the long-term average. Cumulatively the two seasons featured a record 20 hurricanes. Eleven hurricanes formed during 1995 and nine more followed in 1996. Many of the storms formed deep in the tropics from easterly waves. The extensive activity marked an abrupt change from the early 1990s, when consecutive seasons had below normal levels of activity; and much of the activity was baroclinically-enhanced. Tropical-only hurricanes were more common during the 1940s and the 1950s. The return of tropicalonly hurricanes to the North Atlantic basin is likely the result of several global and local factors including cool SST conditions in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (cold phase of ENSO) and warm SSTs in the tropical Atlantic. This chapter reviews the record-setting nature of the 1995 and 1996 North Atlantic hurricane seasons. The ample activity during the brief2-yearperiod is compared to the dearth of activity during the previous 4 years. Speculations on climatological factors related to the heightened activity are given. The presentation in this chapter follows the work of Kimberlain and Elsner (1998).
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Gryta, Jeffrey J., and Mervin J. Bartholomew. "Factors influencing the distribution of debris avalanches associated with the 1969 Hurricane Camille in Nelson County, Virginia." In Geological Society of America Special Papers, 15–28. Geological Society of America, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe236-p15.

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Elsner, James B., and A. Birol Kara. "North Atlantic Hurricanes." In Hurricanes of the North Atlantic, 52–84. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195125085.003.0004.

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Abstract Hurricanes are a regular feature of the North Atlantic basin during late summer and early autumn. But, what is the average hurricane frequency and where are hurricanes most likely to form? These are some of the questions addressed in this chapter. Specifically, a climatology of North Atlantic hurricanes (historically referred to as West Indian hurricanes) is presented based on the best-track data set. The focus is on frequencies, duration, origins, tracks, and dissipation of the known North Atlantic hurricanes over the period 1886 through 1996 (111 years). The North Atlantic basin includes the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. The recent updates to the best-track data made by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry F. Diaz are not included in this chapter as they constitute rather minor adjustments to the data set.
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Conference papers on the topic "Hurricane, 1969"

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Forman, Jr., James W. "Response of Carteret County, North Carolina, to Five Hurricanes from 1996 to 1999." In Solutions to Coastal Disasters Conference 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40774(176)17.

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Curtis, David C. "Radar-Rainfall Estimates in Florida During the 1999 Hurricane Season." In Joint Conference on Water Resource Engineering and Water Resources Planning and Management 2000. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40517(2000)136.

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van Dijk, Radboud R. T., Arjan Voogt, Paul Fourchy, and Saadat Mirza. "The Effect of Mooring System and Sheared Currents on Vortex Induced Motions of Truss Spars." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37151.

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Since 1996 Spars have been used as production platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Spar Vortex Induced Motions (VIM) in strong currents like the hurricane and loop currents are an important consideration for the design of the mooring system and risers. This is important for the extreme offsets as well as fatigue in risers and the mooring system. This paper compares the VIM behavior of a truss Spar in sheared currents, like the Hurricane current in the Gulf of Mexico, with tow test results. Experiments have been carried out on a scaled model in both a complete mooring system and in a towing set-up with a simplified horizontal mooring. The Spar model consists of a hard tank with removable helical strakes, a truss section and a square soft tank. The results of this model test program show that both the choice of the mooring system and current profile have a significant influence on the VIM response of the Spar. The paper discusses the results of this research and also addresses important issues and considerations for VIM model tests.
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Boss, Stephen K. "NEUMANN ON NORTHERN GREAT BAHAMA BANK, 1989-1994: ACCOMMODATION AND HURRICANES AND WHITINGS, OH MY!" In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-345317.

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Boss, Stephen. "NEUMANN ON NORTHERN GREAT BAHAMA BANK, 1989-1994: ACCOMMODATION AND HURRICANES AND WHITINGS, OH MY!" In Joint 72nd Annual Southeastern/ 58th Annual Northeastern Section Meeting - 2023. Geological Society of America, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2023se-386048.

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Jennifer Duvall Shelby, George M. Chescheir, and R. Wayne Skaggs. "Hydrology and Water Quality Impacts from the Hurricanes and Tropical Storms of 1999 in a Coastal Plain Watershed." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16420.

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Halkyard, John, Pierre Liagre, and Arcandra Tahar. "Full Scale Data Comparison for the Horn Mountain Spar." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51629.

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The Horn Mountain Production Spar was installed in 5,400 feet of water in June 2002. This was the deepest floating production unit at that time. A comprehensive instrumentation program was initiated to measure spar and riser responses (Edwards et al, DOT 2003). The present paper discusses the results of these measurements and comparison with analytical predictions of spar behavior during two selected events, hurricane Isidore in September 2002 and a summer storm in August 2003. Particular attention has been placed on the slowly varying surge and pitch motions and the importance of coupling with risers and mooring on hull motions. Our conclusion is that uncoupled analytical models for spar behavior predict accurately the wave frequency responses, however riser coupling has an influence on the slowly varying responses. This conclusion is consistent with earlier measurements of classic spar behavior (Gupta et al, OTC 2000, Prislin et al, OTC 1999).
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Lim, Ho-Joon, Manoj Jegannathan, Bonjun Koo, Johyun Kyoung, and Eleni Beyko. "Direct Time Domain Life Cycle Loading Analysis on a Floating Platform." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78142.

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Time domain numerical simulations with TechnipFMC’s in-house program were performed to estimate life cycle loading on a floating platform using High Performance Computing (HPC). Direct Simulation Analysis (DSA) were conducted to estimate fatigue life of mooring lines of two Spar platforms and the results were compared with fatigue life estimated from the condensed bin approach. In the Direct Simulation Analysis, 35-year hindcast wave and wind data with 3-hour interval for Gulf of Mexico was used. The wind and wave data covers from January 1979 to December 2013 for every 3-hours. The current data was not available so associated current information was approximately estimated. The time domain direct simulation results include nonlinear loads, nonlinear responses and seasonal effects such as hurricane events. The life cycle loading analysis tool developed will reduce uncertainties and increase the accuracy and reliability of the estimation of the mooring fatigue life during the service life of platform. Fatigue life of a mooring line from condensed bin analysis is highly variable with more than 20% depending on the selected wave seed number. In addition, the fatigue life from condensed bin analysis is about 20% less than the fatigue life from the Direct Simulation Analysis. This paper presents the systematic comparisons between the conventional approach and the direct time domain simulation results and also provides some major findings. In addition to the mooring line fatigue analysis, the structural fatigue analysis is also being performed and the results will be presented in the near future.
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Bolkas, Dimitrios, Matthew O’Banion, Jakeb Prickett, Gregory Ellsworth, Gerald Rusek, and Hannah Corson. "Comparison of TLS and sUAS point clouds for monitoring embankment dams." In 5th Joint International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring. Valencia: Editorial de la Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jisdm2022.2022.13868.

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Monitoring of dams is an essential surveying task to guarantee the safety of operation and understand the physical processes concerning their movement. Point cloud generating technologies are increasingly being utilized for monitoring of engineered structures. This paper compares point clouds acquired from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS)-based photogrammetry for monitoring of the Francis E. Walter dam in northeast Pennsylvania. Authorized for construction by the Flood Control Act of 1946, and with renewed interest due to extensive flooding in 1955 caused by the back-to-back hurricanes Connie and Diane, this earth-filled embankment dam was completed in June of 1961 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It is currently operated in conjunction with Beltzville Lake for stage reductions on the Lehigh River. The dam is being monitored through conventional surveying methods (total station) every five years. In spring of 2021 a TLS and sUAS data acquisition took place to assess the feasibility and utility of using modern point cloud technologies for monitoring. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison and accuracy assessment of the two point cloud collection methods, considering several parameters for the generation of the sUAS photogrammetric point cloud. Results show the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. For instance, TLS offers high accuracy (cm-level), but suffers from data gaps due to line of sight blockage/occlusion. On the other hand, sUAS photogrammetry offers more complete point clouds, but presents more challenges in georeferencing and in the generation of accurate point clouds. Similar insights and lessons learned are useful for future surveying tasks and monitoring of similar embankment dam structures.
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Henderson, Thomas M., and Leah K. Richter. "Palm Beach County WTE Expansion Model." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3530.

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Palm Beach County (Florida) Solid Waste Authority built an integrated solid waste management system in the 1980s and 1990s around an 1,800 tpd Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Waste-to-Energy (WTE) facility. The system included a network of five regional transfer stations, Subtitle D sanitary landfill, recovered materials processing facility, composting facility, metals processing facility and household hazardous waste collection program. The WTE, which became operational in 1989, was built with two 900 tpd RDF combustion units. Space was provided for the addition of a third combustion unit, a second turbine-generator and an extra flue was installed in the facility’s stack. By 2004, the WTE was fifteen years old. It had been running at over 125% availability and well above its nominal capacity for almost a decade. Landfill capacity was being consumed at a rate which would see it filled in less than 20 years. The County had been hit with repeated hurricanes in recent years and the County’s population was continuing to grow making landfill capacity projections far from certain. The Authority began an assessment of its long term capacity options which included renovation of its existing WTE facility, expansion of that facility, development of a new WTE facility, development of a new Subtitle D Landfill and several out-of-county options. This paper will focus on the results of this assessment with emphasis on the current efforts to develop a new Mass Burn WTE facility with a capacity of 3,000 tpd and a commercial operations date of 2015. It will be the largest new WTE built in North America in more than 20 years. The choice of Mass Burn technology, facility and combustion module sizing, air pollution control technology, facility site selection, environmental permitting, public outreach program, project financing and procurement and contracting approach will be discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Hurricane, 1969"

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Vega, Gabriela, Mauricio Bertrand, Ginya Truitt Nakata, Anne-Marie Urban, and Mayra Buvinic. Hurricane Mitch: Women's Needs and Contributions. Inter-American Development Bank, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008902.

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This report examines evidence from post-Mitch Central America and disasters in other parts of the world to identify the ways disasters affect women and to highlight women's participation in prevention, relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction efforts. This report is based on background papers prepared on the effects of Mitch and past disasters on women, and inputs from a technical meeting with government and NGO representatives of the four countries directly affected by Mitch -El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua- and Costa Rica, which suffered indirect impacts. The report was prepared for and presented at the meeting of the Consultative Group for the Reconstruction and Transformation of Central America which took place in Stockholm, Sweden on May 25th-27th, 1999.
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Ziesler, Pamela, and Claire Spalding. Statistical abstract: 2021. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293345.

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In 2021, recreation visits to National Park Service (NPS) sites rebounded from the COVID-19 pandemic-driven low visitation of 2020 and climbed to 297,115,406 recreation visits. This is an increase of 60 million recreation visits (+25.3%) from 2020 and a decrease of 30 million recreation visits (-9.3%) from 2019. Recreation visitor hours were 1,356,657,749 – a 28.6% increase from 2020 and a 5.1% decrease from 2019. Total overnight stays followed a similar pattern with 12,745,455 overnight stays – up 4.7 million (+58.5%) from 2020 and down 1.1 million (-8%) from 2019. Five parks were added to the reporting system in 2021: Alagnak Wild River in Alaska, Camp Nelson National Monument in Kentucky, Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument in Mississippi, Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument in Nevada, and World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C. These parks were responsible for over 629,000 recreation visits in 2021. Factors influencing visits to National Park System units in 2021 include: continuing closures and limited capacities due to COVID-19 mitigation at some parks, temporary closures for wildland fires in 2021 (eleven parks), severe regional smoke/haze from ongoing wildland fires throughout the summer and early autumn affecting parks in the western half and northern tier of states in the continental U.S., two hurricanes in 2021 – both in August – impacted visitation: Hurricane Henri caused temporary closures of some parks in the northeast and Hurricane Ida caused temporary closures of parks along the Gulf Coast and generated some heavy flooding in the northeast, hurricanes and wildland fires in previous years resulting in lingering closures, most notably Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, the Carr and Woolsey Fires in 2018, Hurricane Dorian in 2019, the Caldwell, Cameron Peak, East Troublesome, and Woodward Fires in 2020, and Hurricane Sally in 2020. Forty-four parks set a record for recreation visits in 2021 and 6 parks broke a record they set in 2020. See Appendix A for a list of record parks. The number of reporting units with over 10 million recreation visits was the same as in recent years (3 parks) and 73 parks had over 1 million recreation visits. Twenty-five percent of total recreation visits occurred in the top 8 parks and fifty percent of total visitation occurred in the top 25 parks. Several parks passed annual visitation milestones including Capulin Volcano NM which passed 100,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, Big Bend NP and Devils Tower NM which each passed 500,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, and Zion NP which passed 5 million visits for the first time. Other parks passed milestones for accumulated recreation visits including Hamilton Grange NMEM (1968-2021) and Palo Alto Battlefield NHP (2003-2021) each passing 1 million total recreation visits, Voyageurs NP (1976-2021) passing 10 million total recreation visits, and Hot Springs NP (1904-2021) passing 100 million total recreation visits. Population center designations were updated in 2021 to reflect overlap of park boundaries with statistical areas from the 2020 U.S. Census. Many population center changes reflect increases in local population as indicated by parks changing from rural to outlying or from outlying to suburban. Other changes reflect increasing complexity in population density as parks changed from a single designation, such as rural or suburban, to a mixed designation. See the Definitions section for population center definitions and Table B.1 for previous and updated population center designations by park. In the pages that follow, a series of tables and figures display visitor use data for calendar year 2021. By documenting these visits across the National Park System, the NPS Statistical Abstract offers a historical record of visitor use in parks and provides NPS staff and partners with a useful tool for effective management and planning. In 2021, 394 of 423 NPS units...
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Rogers, Caroline. A synthesis of coral reef research at Buck Island Reef National Monument and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: 1961 to 2022. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294235.

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This synthesis focuses on the history of research on coral reefs within two U.S. National Park Service units in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands: Buck Island Reef National Monument (from 1961 to 2022) and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (from 1980 to 2022). Buck Island Reef National Monument (BUIS) is off the north shore of the island of St. Croix, in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Established in 1961 and expanded in 2001, it is under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service (NPS). Long-term monitoring programs maintained by the NPS and jointly by the University of the Virgin Islands (UVI) and the Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources (VIDPNR) provide data on trends in living coral cover and specific coral species from 2000 and 2001, respectively. Disease, thermal stress (indicated by coral bleaching), and hurricanes reduced total coral cover periodically, but cover remained relatively stable from 2007 through the end of 2020. Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve (SARI) is a national park on the north shore of the island of St. Croix, in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Established in 1992, it is co-managed by the NPS and the Government of the Virgin Islands. Long-term monitoring programs maintained by the NPS and by the UVI with the VIDPNR provide data on trends in living coral cover and individual coral species from 2011 and 2001, respectively. In spite of thermal stress (indicated by coral bleaching), disease, and hurricanes, total coral cover remained relatively stable through the end of 2020. This document also includes results from extensive investigations by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and from many individual projects including those based out of the underwater saturation habitats Hydrolab and Aquarius from 1977 to 1989, as well as studies from researchers at Fairleigh Dickinson University’s West Indies Laboratory. While not possible to review all of these in detail, this report highlights information considered useful to managers, and scientists planning future research. In 2021, a particularly virulent disease called stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), first noted in 2014 in Florida, and then in 2019 in the U.S. Virgin Islands, started killing corals in BUIS and SARI with the different species showing a gradient of susceptibility. An exact cause or link between this disease and human actions has not been discovered to date. The losses associated with this disease have now exceeded those from any other stressors in these national parks.
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Vignoles, Christopher, and Anneke Jessen. CARICOM Report No. 2 (2005). Inter-American Development Bank, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008587.

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Economic growth in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) has been slow in the last two decades, averaging just 1.8 percent a year, compared to annual growth of 3.5 percent in the world economy and 4.3 percent in developing countries. Growth has varied considerably among CARICOM¿s 15 member states, but in most countries it has slowed over the years. The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), for example, witnessed above-average growth of 5.4 percent a year in the period 1984-1994, but only 3.3 percent in 1994-1999, and only 1.2 percent in 1999-2004. Of the remaining CARICOM countries, only four have seen accelerated growth in recent years. Unemployment rates are high throughout the region, particularly among younger workers. Apart from slow growth and high unemployment, CARICOM countries face many other problems, among them a high prevalence and rising incidence of HIV/AIDS infections; persistent poverty in several countries of the region; high rates of drug abuse, violence and crime linked to the narcotics trade; and recurring devastation caused by hurricanes and other natural disasters. Meanwhile, the world economy is changing rapidly, requiring huge efforts among the small Caribbean countries to adjust to change while continuing to pursue growth and development.
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Hydrologic aspects of Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina, September 1989. US Geological Survey, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ha733.

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Line technician electrocuted during power restoration following Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina, October 11, 1989. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshface9008.

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Two months of floodings in eastern North Carolina, September-October 1999 : hydrologic, water quality, and geologic effects of Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene. US Geological Survey, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri004093.

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