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Journal articles on the topic 'Hunter'
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Doran, Sean, John Lalor, Tom Hayden, Rory Harrington, and James Fairley. "Hunter and Hunted." Books Ireland, no. 244 (2001): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20632369.
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Soliño, Mario, Begoña A. Farizo, and Pablo Campos. "Hunters' preferences and willingness to pay for driven hunts in southern Europe." Wildlife Research 43, no. 8 (2016): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16044.
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Context Driven hunts exemplify the most representative form of big-game hunting in southern Europe. Aims We analysed hunter preferences for driven hunts and the marginal willingness to pay for their characteristics. Methods We conducted a discrete-choice experiment for driven hunts, taking into account the number of deer that could be hunted, the possibility of free-range wild-boar hunting, the presence of trophies, and other characteristics of driven hunts, such as congestion and travel time. Key results The highest influential driven-hunt characteristic on the utility of big-game hunters is the presence of trophy specimens, whereas for the small-game hunter it would be free-range wild-boar hunting. Conclusions Small-game hunters are reluctant to participate in the big-game market because of cultural factors and not because of budgetary restrictions. Implications Wildlife management and marketing of driven hunts can be improved taking into account the hunter preferences.
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Hansen, Hans Peter, M. Nils Peterson, and Charlotte Jensen. "Demographic transition among hunters: a temporal analysis of hunter recruitment dedication and motives in Denmark." Wildlife Research 39, no. 5 (2012): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12028.
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Context In many countries, hunting has emerged as a major source of funding for wildlife conservation and research or habitat acquisition. In some countries, recent declines in recruitment of hunters have generated concerns about the consequences of the rapid demographic change within society in general, and among hunters in particular. Gaining a better understanding of how these demographic changes influence dedication to and motivation for hunting has therefore become an important task. Aims Our aims included documenting the demographic transition among Danish hunters, and identifying correlates of hunter recruitment age, motivations and dedication. Methods We addressed these aims using a national survey of Danish hunters in 2000 (n = 1186) and 2006 (n = 701). Survey data were analysed using multiple regression models. Key results Whereas recruitment numbers remained stable, the average age of recruitment for hunters increased from 21 to 34 between 1984 and 2006, and the percentage of new hunters younger than 20 declined from 63% to 19% during the same period. Respondents who hunted to experience nature were recruited at older ages than other hunters. Recruitment age was negatively related to number of days hunting per year and relative importance placed on hunting as a recreational activity, and positively related to being recruited by friends, female gender, being married, and having an urban childhood. Conclusions The global demographic transition towards an older and more urban populace may drive a change in hunter demographics rather than a decline of hunting. Implications The present study suggests that hunting can persist in the face of rapid demographic change. However, the study also indicates several important structural barriers for new hunters, favouring those hunters being economically most well off and leading to a decline in hunting dedication. To meet these challenges, the study suggests that modifications will be needed in hunter education programs and hunter recruitment campaigns, so as to maintain hunting as a significant positive factor within wildlife conservation.
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Bloomfield, Jeffrey. "Dr Hunter and the Hunted." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 1 (January 1992): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249203200118.
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SHERRATT, T. "The hunter becomes the hunted." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, no. 6 (June 2005): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.016.
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Mullins, Justin. "The hunter and the hunted." New Scientist 194, no. 2610 (June 2007): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)61656-x.
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Chiao, May. "The hunter as the hunted." Nature Astronomy 4, no. 7 (July 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1160-x.
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Waguespack, Nicole M., and Todd A. Surovell. "Clovis Hunting Strategies, or How to Make out on Plentiful Resources." American Antiquity 68, no. 2 (April 2003): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3557083.
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Traditionally, hunter-gatherers of the Clovis period have been characterized as specialized hunters of large terrestrial mammals. Recent critiques have attempted to upend this position both empirically and theoretically, alternatively favoring a more generalized foraging economy. In this paper, the distinction between subsistence specialists and generalists is framed in terms of forager selectivity with regards to hunted prey, following a behavioral ecological framework. Faunal data are compiled from 33 Clovis sites and used to test the two alternative diet-breadth hypotheses. The data support the older “Clovis as specialist” model, although some use of small game is apparent. Furthermore, data from modern hunter-gatherers are marshaled to support the theoretical plausibility of specialized large-mammal hunting across North America during the Late Pleistocene.
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Haas, Randall, James Watson, Tammy Buonasera, John Southon, Jennifer C. Chen, Sarah Noe, Kevin Smith, Carlos Viviano Llave, Jelmer Eerkens, and Glendon Parker. "Female hunters of the early Americas." Science Advances 6, no. 45 (November 2020): eabd0310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd0310.
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Sexual division of labor with females as gatherers and males as hunters is a major empirical regularity of hunter-gatherer ethnography, suggesting an ancestral behavioral pattern. We present an archeological discovery and meta-analysis that challenge the man-the-hunter hypothesis. Excavations at the Andean highland site of Wilamaya Patjxa reveal a 9000-year-old human burial (WMP6) associated with a hunting toolkit of stone projectile points and animal processing tools. Osteological, proteomic, and isotopic analyses indicate that this early hunter was a young adult female who subsisted on terrestrial plants and animals. Analysis of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene burial practices throughout the Americas situate WMP6 as the earliest and most secure hunter burial in a sample that includes 10 other females in statistical parity with early male hunter burials. The findings are consistent with nongendered labor practices in which early hunter-gatherer females were big-game hunters.
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Woodroffe, R., and S. M. Redpath. "When the hunter becomes the hunted." Science 348, no. 6241 (June 18, 2015): 1312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa8465.
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Whytock, Robin C., Ralph Buij, Munir Z. Virani, and Bethan J. Morgan. "Do large birds experience previously undetected levels of hunting pressure in the forests of Central and West Africa?" Oryx 50, no. 1 (July 24, 2014): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000064.
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AbstractThe commercial bushmeat trade threatens numerous species in the forests of West and Central Africa. Hunters shoot and trap animals, which are transported to rural and urban markets for sale. Village-based surveys of hunter offtake and surveys of bushmeat markets have shown that mammals and reptiles are affected most, followed by birds. However, hunters also consume some animals in forest camps and these may have been overlooked in surveys that have focused on bushmeat extracted from the forest. A number of studies have used indirect methods, such as hunter diaries, to quantify this additional offtake but results can be difficult to verify. We examined discarded animal remains at 13 semi-permanent hunting camps in the Ebo Forest, Cameroon, over 272 days. Twenty-one species were identified from 49 carcasses, of which birds constituted 55%, mammals 43% and other taxa 2%. The mammals identified were typical of those recorded in previous bushmeat studies but we recorded several species of birds rarely recorded elsewhere. Offtake of bird species increased with mean body mass. We extrapolated our results to the 34 known hunting camps in the Ebo Forest and estimated that a minimum of 97 birds are hunted annually in a catchment area of c. 479 km2. We conclude that some bird species may be hunted more frequently than previous research suggests and this has important conservation implications for larger-bodied species such as raptors and hornbills.
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Marescotti, Maria Elena, Eugenio Demartini, Michael Gibbert, Roberto Viganò, and Anna Gaviglio. "Disentangling Individual Phases in the Hunted vs. Farmed Meat Supply Chain: Exploring Hunters’ Perceptions in Italy." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010174.
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The growing body of literature concerning the hunted wild game meat (HWGM) supply chain is mainly focused on the final consumer, while little is known about upstream production processes. Even though the hunter plays a central role here, it is not well understood how hunters themselves perceive their role in the various phases of the production process. The present study explores Italian hunters’ perception of the HWGM supply chain and compares it to their perception towards the conventional farmed meat supply chain. We distinguish several phases of this production process and find that the final phase related to on-site game dressing is considered problematic, perhaps because hunters perceive themselves as less skilled than professional butchers. The results, in fact, show that hunters prefer hunted products over farmed meat, but that they consider hunted wild boar meat less safe compared to farmed pork. Findings from this study provide a rare glimpse from the inside of the supply chain and reveals the needs for a broad risk assessment analysis on the Italian game meat supply chain. Considering the development of the Italian emerging market of the HWGM, our results also highlight the relevance of training activities on hunters in order to increase the safety and quality of the final product.
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Aksan, Şengül, and Yıldırım Y. "A Profile of Modern Hunters in Burdur Province, Türkiye and Compared to European Data." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 7, no. 2 (2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000574.
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This study aimed to investigate the socio-demographic characteristics of hunters in Burdur province in Türkiye based on the data of the Game Management Information System (AVBIS) being overseen by and under the control of the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Türkiye. Hunter educational status, and their professional status were determined using the chi-squared test. In the light of the data obtained from a total of 3185 hunters, the group with the primary school level 36.4%, secondary school 10.9%, high school 15.6%, associate 3.1%, undergraduate 8.0%, master's degree 0.8%, doctoral degree graduates 0.1% and the unknown educational status were determined to be 25% (P<0.01). Considering the professional status, it has been determined that the largest share among occupational groups consists of 33.8% of self-employed and 23% of public sector employees, followed by 17.5% of tradesmen and 15.4% of retirees. Occupational groups with the lowest rate 1.7% the private sector, 1.3% students, and 0.3% industrialists with (P<0.01). A comparison of data regarding hunting grounds and the number of game animals hunted was made with Anova-Duncan. It was revealed that for gaming the hunters visited highest catch in the hunting grounds of Burdur province was 45.4% in Kemer (P<0.05). The lowest catch was found in Pamucak with 9.76%. The most hunted animal species in the hunting grounds of Burdur Province were found as 96.45% C. livia (P<0.01) and S. rusticola and G. gallinago species is quite low compared to other animal species. As is evident from this study, socio-demographic profiles of hunters in Burdur province, Türkiye, and in Europe appear to be similar. A significant difference was observed in terms of the number of female hunters. While the average of female hunters in some European countries reached 10,5% there is no female hunter registered in the AVBIS in Türkiye.
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Distefano, John A. "Hunters or Hunted? Towards a History of the Okiek of Kenya." History in Africa 17 (January 1990): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171805.
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In the historiography of east Africa, hunter-gatherers have been given occasional mention almost since the beginning of European contacts with the interior. Early European travelers, hunters, and colonial administrators all took note of the ubiquitous “Dorobo,” as these hunters have come to be known in the literature. Furthermore, oral tradition collections from among east Africa's food-producing populations generally recall an earlier hunter-gatherer community who are said to have “disappeared,” “gone underground,” or were “driven away.”Recent scholarship has attempted to look at these hunter groups in economic terms: (1) as a stage of economic development before achieving a “higher” level of production; (2) as a retrograde step from a food-producing economy; or (3) simply as a mode of production. But east Africa's hunter-gatherers remain inadequately dealt with in historical literature, primarily because they have usually been ignored by researchers but also because of their neighbors' and the academic community's prejudicial or misconceived notions about them.To begin, some of the literature concerning these people will be selectively surveyed to see how ideas about them have developed. Next an attempt will be made to identify and delineate properly the various groups of hunter-gatherers living in East Africa today and in the recent past. Finally, the largest remaining community of hunter-gatherers, those living in the western highlands of Kenya who usually call themselves “Okiek,” will be looked at more closely in an attempt to advance the discussion of hunter-gatherers in general by presenting some observations concerning their socio-economic history.
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Rubino, Elena C., and Christopher Serenari. "Using Latent Profile Analysis to Evaluate Preferences for Chronic Wasting Disease Management Options among Different Hunter Types." Animals 12, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 2751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12202751.
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Wildlife agencies seek to understand how hunters have and will respond to chronic wasting disease (CWD) management policies because of the vital role hunters play in deer management efforts. As such, dozens of studies have examined the human dimensions of CWD management and policy to assess stakeholder support for management alternatives and reveal what drives support. However, most of these studies have not (1) fully explored the heterogeneity that exists among hunters, and (2) accounted for the tradeoffs that agencies and hunters must make with regard to deer management and potential CWD policy alternatives. To address these deficiencies, we used latent profile analysis to create different typologies of hunters based on a survey of Texas hunters, then analyzed discrete choice experiments investigating the CWD management preferences of these typologies. Across five hunter typologies, we found strong overall support for CWD management, although attitudes towards Texas Parks and Wildlife Department were variable. Preferences for CWD management policies greatly differed between each hunter typology. Wildlife agencies can refer to our findings to better develop hunter-preferred CWD management policies and identify areas of compromise between typologies. Our results also provide agencies with insights regarding how to better communicate about CWD management with different types of hunters.
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Greenwood, Hamilton, Robert G. Clark, and Patrick J. Weatherhead. "Condition bias of hunter-shot mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 599–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-088.
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We tested the hypothesis that hunters using decoys disproportionately shot ducks in poor condition. We compared weights of 316 hunter-shot mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) with those of 156 mallards we collected by jump or pass shooting at a roost. Data were subdivided by age, sex, and sampling period. In support of the hypothesis, in 11 of 12 comparisons, hunter-shot ducks weighed less than ducks collected at the roost and those differences were significant for five of the seven largest samples. Also consistent with the hypothesis, weights of hunter-shot birds were less variable than weights of birds collected at the roost in 9 of 12 comparisons. Through the fall collection period, the mean weight of ducks shot by hunters remained constant, while the weight of ducks sampled at the roost increased by 5.4%. Our results support the argument that caution must be exercised when using data from hunter-shot waterfowl for management programs based on band-recovery analysis or for any other purpose for which a condition bias could influence the interpretation of those data.
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Briggs, SV, MT Maher, and CC Davey. "Hunter Activity and Waterfowls Havests in New South Wales, 1977-82." Wildlife Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850515.
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The results of six annual surveys of waterfowl hunters in New South Wales by mail card are reported. The aims of the survey were to ascertain reported distribution of hunting effort, size and composition of hunters' bags, and state of hunter origin. Hunting effort and waterfowl harvests were highest in southern inland New South Wales. Seasonal bag sizes varied between 15.8 and 27.2 ducks per hunter. Pacific black duck, grey teal and maned duck made up 88.6% of hunters' bags. About half the hunters in New South Wales originated from Victoria. Bag size and species composition, effect of reducing bag size on total harvest, regional bias in hunting effort and harvest, and annual variation in licence sales are discussed.
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Saß, Maurice. "Hunting grounds for painters." Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art / Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek Online 71, no. 1 (November 3, 2022): 144–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22145966-07101007.
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This article focuses on the intersection of the hunt and art as it is reflected in three early modern depictions of artists as successful hunters: Gabriel Metsu’s Hunter getting dressed after bathing, Ary de Vois’s Self-portrait as a hunter, and Rembrandt’s A dead bittern held high by a hunter. These three self-referential paintings show different ways in which the hunt and dead animals were used to characterise artistic practice, and to what extent they were underpinned by the semantics of other forms of ‘the chase’: the pursuit of love, knowledge, and power.
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Malarney, Shaun Kingsley. "Defining the True Hunter: Big Game Hunting, Moral Distinction, and Virtuosity in French Colonial Indochina." Comparative Studies in Society and History 62, no. 3 (July 2020): 651–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417520000201.
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AbstractThis article examines the concept of the “true hunter” (vrai chasseur) among big game hunters in French colonial Indochina. Drawing primarily on French language texts published by highly experienced European hunters between 1910 and 1950, it first examines in detail the true hunter ethic, which required hunters to hunt and kill their prey in a “sporting” (sportif) manner. This ethic involved adherence to an expansive and complicated set of rules related to stalking, marksmanship, knowledge possession, restraint, prey selection, choice of firearms and ammunition, and others. True hunting was regarded as by definition difficult and, as is argued, the practical realization of the true hunter ideal entailed not simply engaging in hunting as an activity, but instead successfully performing a very difficult but specific type of killing. The article's second purpose is to engage a paradox associated with the texts, their authors, and the ethic. While critical of other hunters for “unnecessary slaughter,” many killed staggering numbers of animals. This paradox is accounted for by placing the true hunters in the broader social context of colonial Indochina. Both their type of sport hunting and the virtuosity of their killing distinguished them from the indigenous populations that served their hunts and other European hunters. This virtuosity also legitimized the scale of their killing and placed these hunters into a distinctive social and moral community.
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Fontaine, Joseph J., Alexis D. Fedele, Lyndsie S. Wszola, Lindsey N. Messinger, Christopher J. Chizinski, Jeffery J. Lusk, Karie L. Decker, J. Scott Taylor, and Erica F. Stuber. "Hunters and Their Perceptions of Public Access: A View from Afield." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 589–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/082018-jfwm-077.
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Abstract Declining hunter participation threatens cultural traditions and public support for conservation, warranting examination of the forces behind the downward trajectory. Access to lands for hunting, an often-cited reason for nonparticipation, may play a critical role in the retention and recruitment of hunters. Meeting the access needs of a diverse hunting constituency requires understanding how hunters use and perceive access opportunities, particularly public-access sites. Given that perceptions of access are entirely place based and degrade with time, traditional postseason survey methods may fail to adequately quantify the value of public access to the hunting constituency. To overcome the potential limitations of postseason surveys, we conducted on-site assessments of hunter perceptions of habitat quality, game abundance, ease of access, and crowding as well as whether the experience met the hunters' expectations and their likelihood to return to hunt. Over 3 y, we interviewed 3,248 parties of which 71.5% were hunting. Most parties (65.9%) reported having no private access within the region of Nebraska where they were interviewed. Parties (67.6%) were largely limited to two or fewer hunters, most of whom were adult males (84.3%) who were, on average, 41.2 y old. The perception of public-access sites was generally positive, but 43.1% of parties indicated that game abundance was below average despite 59.2% of parties seeing game and 37.3% harvesting at least one animal. Similar to other explorations of hunter satisfaction, we found game abundance, and in particular harvest success, had the most consistent relationship with hunter perception of public access. By surveying multiple types of hunters across sites that encompass a range of social and ecological conditions, we gained a broader understanding of how hunters perceive public access in real time, which will help to inform future management decisions to foster and improve public-access programs.
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Pasarić, Maja, and Graeme Warren. "Interactions of Care and Control: Human–animal Relationships in Hunter-gatherer Communities in Near-contemporary Eastern Siberia and the Mesolithic of Northwest Europe." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 3 (April 1, 2019): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977431900012x.
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This contribution explores modes of human–animal interactions in hunter-gatherer communities in near-contemporary eastern Siberia and the Mesolithic of northwest Europe. By discussing notions of care and control and drawing on syntheses of Russian-language ethnographic data from eastern Siberia, this paper explores the diversity and nuances of hunter-gatherers’ interactions with animals. While some contexts may reveal respectful yet diverse treatments of the hunted animals, others suggest that hunter-gatherers also might have interacted with animals kept as pets, captives or companions, thus implicating relations in which notions of care and control seem to be tightly bound.
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Kelly, Jennifer Rebecca, and Stacy Rule. "The Hunt As Love and Kill: Hunter-Prey Relations in the Discourse of Contemporary Hunting Magazines." Nature and Culture 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2013.080204.
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Full-length feature articles in eight popular American hunting magazines were assessed to better understand hunter-prey relationships as depicted in contemporary hunting discourse. Our findings suggest hunters regard prey using two contradictory paradigms-Love and Kill. In the Love category, we find respect for life, admiration for nature and animals, and a sense of kinship between hunter and prey. In contrast, writings consistent with the Kill theme focus on conquest, objectification, hunter physiological responses, and violence. Of the 23 articles reviewed, 61 percent of the sample had multiple representations of Love and Kill in the same article, revealing a multilayered discourse. Many scholars have written about Love and Kill as separate constructs in hunting, suggesting they are mutually exclusive. Our empirical study counters this claim, finding instead that individual hunters often view their prey through a mixed lens that includes both Love and Kill.
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Hunter, Stephen, B. "Expression microarray analysis of brain tumors: what have we learned so far." Frontiers in Bioscience 7, no. 1-3 (2002): c74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/hunter.
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Gilby, Ian C., Zarin P. Machanda, Deus C. Mjungu, Jeremiah Rosen, Martin N. Muller, Anne E. Pusey, and Richard W. Wrangham. "‘Impact hunters’ catalyse cooperative hunting in two wild chimpanzee communities." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1683 (December 5, 2015): 20150005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0005.
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Even when hunting in groups is mutually beneficial, it is unclear how communal hunts are initiated. If it is costly to be the only hunter, individuals should be reluctant to hunt unless others already are. We used 70 years of data from three communities to examine how male chimpanzees ‘solve’ this apparent collective action problem. The ‘impact hunter’ hypothesis proposes that group hunts are sometimes catalysed by certain individuals that hunt more readily than others. In two communities (Kasekela and Kanyawara), we identified a total of five males that exhibited high hunt participation rates for their age, and whose presence at an encounter with red colobus monkeys increased group hunting probability. Critically, these impact hunters were observed to hunt first more often than expected by chance. We argue that by hunting first, these males dilute prey defences and create opportunities for previously reluctant participants. This by-product mutualism can explain variation in group hunting rates within and between social groups. Hunting rates declined after the death of impact hunter FG in Kasekela and after impact hunter MS stopped hunting frequently in Kanyawara. There were no impact hunters in the third, smaller community (Mitumba), where, unlike the others, hunting probability increased with the number of females present at an encounter with prey.
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Munn, Ian, Anwar Hussain, Darren Hudson, and Ben C. West. "Hunter Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Hunting Leases." Forest Science 57, no. 3 (June 1, 2011): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/57.3.189.
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Abstract Previous analyses of hunting leases need to be refined by addressing the decision to lease, incremental willingness to pay (WTP) for those already leasing, and number of leases purchased. Requisite data for this study were generated on the basis of a survey of Mississippi resident and nonresident hunters. Results suggested that a hunter decision to purchase a lease was influenced by hunting avidity, availability of alternative hunting access options, perceived hunter crowding on public lands relative to private lands, and household income, whereas the number of leases purchased was influenced by alternative access options and hunter perception of congestion on public lands compared with that on private land. Thus, factors influencing the decision whether or not to purchase a lease and number of leases purchased were not the same. Incremental median WTP ranged from $0.56 to $6.40 per acre, depending on alternative hunting access options, hunter perception of crowding on public lands, availability of game species on leased lands, and duration of the lease agreement. This result suggested that Mississippi landowners who currently allow hunting access may be able to enhance lease-related total gross annual financial returns by $800 to $9,200 if they improved management of their lands or modified their lease agreements consistent with hunters' genuine concerns.
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Barringer, Judith M. "Atalanta as Model: The Hunter and the Hunted." Classical Antiquity 15, no. 1 (April 1, 1996): 48–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25011031.
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Atalanta, devotee of Artemis and defiant of men and marriage, was a popular figure in ancient literature and art. Although scholars have thoroughly investigated the literary evidence concerning Atalanta, the material record has received less scrutiny. This article explores the written and visual evidence, primarily vase painting, of three Atalanta myths: the Calydonian boar hunt, her wrestling match with Peleus, and Atalanta's footrace, in the context of rites of passage in ancient Greece. The three myths can be read as male and female rites of passage: the hunt, athletics, and a combination of prenuptial footrace and initiatory hunt. Atalanta plays both male and female initiatory roles in each myth: Atalanta is not only a girl facing marriage, but she is also a female hunter and female ephebe. She is the embodiment of ambiguity and liminality. Atalanta's status as outsider and as paradoxical female is sometimes expressed visually by her appearance as Amazon or maenad or a combination of the two. Her blending of gender roles in myth offers insight into Greek ideas of social roles, gender constructs, and male perceptions of femininity. Erotic aspects of the myths of the Calydonian boar hunt and the footrace, and possibly also her wrestling match with Peleus, emphasize Atalanta as the object of male desire. Atalanta challenges men in a man's world and therefore presents a threat, but she is erotically charged and subject to male influence and dominance.
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Larivière, Serge. "Hunter And Hunted: Relationships Between Carnivores And People." Journal of Mammalogy 85, no. 1 (February 2004): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0168:br>2.0.co;2.
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Jones, Eric J., and Phillip A. Bishop. "Comparisons Between Hunter Education Instructors' and Hunters' Behaviors." Human Dimensions of Wildlife 16, no. 6 (November 2011): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2011.602658.
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Rothenberg, John. "The Hunter Hunted: Social Strategies in Sarraute's Theatre." Nottingham French Studies 34, no. 2 (September 1995): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.1995-2.003.
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Malainey, M. E., R. Przybylski, and B. L. Sherriff. "One Person's Food: How and Why Fish Avoidance May Affect the Settlement and Subsistence Patterns of Hunter-Gatherers." American Antiquity 66, no. 1 (January 2001): 141–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694322.
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Foraging strategies of modern hunter-gatherers may not accurately model resource use of specialized big-game hunters. Historic accounts from the Northern Plains of North America indicate that utilization of spring-spawning fish when large mammals were fat-depleted was not universally beneficial. Three independent reports from Europeans and Americans show that a sudden switch from a prolonged diet of lean red meat to fish produces symptoms consistent with lipid (fat) malabsorption. It is hypothesized that plains-adapted hunter-gatherers formed their camps in grassland environments and hunted big game throughout the winter The effects of eating lean meat alone were avoided by utilizing fetal and newborn animals and through the use of stored carbohydrate-rich foods. Groups associated with wooded environments wintered along the margins of the winter grazing range. They followed a diverse strategy with opportunistic use of big game and were able to exploit spring-spawning fish. Archaeological remains from 18 sites from the plains, parkland, and forests of Western Canada were used to test these hypotheses. The faunal assemblages, tools, and identifications of lipid residues from pottery vessels were consistent with the proposed strategies.
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Kerr, Geoffrey N., and Walt Abell. "What are they hunting for? Investigating heterogeneity among sika deer (Cervus nippon) hunters." Wildlife Research 43, no. 1 (2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15117.
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Context New Zealand’s Game Animal Council has the opportunity to manage game animals. However, effective management requires understanding of the benefits to hunters of hunting-game resources and how those benefits and behaviours change in response to changes in hunt attributes, including game-animal densities, hunt duration, presence of other hunters and travel distance. Aims To identify different typologies of recreational sika deer (Cervus nippon) hunters and to measure the importance of salient hunt attributes for the different groups, to identify opportunities for enhancing recreational hunting experiences. Methods We explored hunter differences through factor analysis and cluster analysis, identifying three different groups of hunters on the basis of motivations and frequency of hunting. Preferences for hunt attributes were explored with a choice experiment that used a pivot design around actual travel distances to measure the relative importance of hunt-related attributes. Latent class analysis of choice-experiment responses identified three discrete groups of hunters who sought different activity settings. Key Results Results showed the high value of recreational hunting, and identified significant heterogeneity in hunter preference. Membership of the different clusters identified in the cluster analysis and motivations for hunting were not significant predictors of activity-setting preferences, whereas frequency of hunting was. One group of locals took short-duration hunts that were of low personal benefit. The other groups preferred longer hunts and received high personal benefits. Trophy potential was a significant determinant of the choice of hunt location. Conclusions Changes in hunt attributes, such as deer density, trophy potential and presence of other hunters have significant effects on hunt benefits and site choice. Implications Sika deer hunting is currently open access, which diminishes hunter benefits because of goal interference both within and among different groups of hunters. The present study identified potential gains from active management of sika deer and sika deer hunters.
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Kerr, Geoffrey. "Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) recreational hunting values." Wildlife Research 46, no. 2 (2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18027.
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Context Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) are a valued game resource that can cause environmental harm, requiring control of tahr populations below policy-prescribed thresholds. Effective game management requires understanding of the benefits to hunters of game resources and how hunter behaviours change in response to changes in hunt attributes, including game-animal densities, hunt duration, presence of other hunters and travel distance. Aims To identify the value of recreational Himalayan tahr hunting and how that value is affected by changes in hunt attributes for different types of hunter, thereby identifying the value of tahr as a recreational resource and opportunities for enhancing recreational hunting experiences. Methods Hunter differences were explored through factor analysis and cluster analysis, which identified three different groups of hunters on the basis of motivations and hunting activity. Preferences for hunt attributes were explored with a choice experiment that used a pivot design around actual travel distances to measure the relative importance of hunt-related attributes. Latent class analysis of choice experiment responses identified three discrete groups of hunters who sought different activity settings. Key results Results showed the high value of recreational tahr hunting for all three groups of tahr hunters. Tahr hunters were uniformly focussed on trophy bull tahr, and reduced probabilities of securing a trophy would diminish recreational hunting effort significantly. Hunting activity was not affected by adult female tahr populations. These results suggest that managing tahr to low densities, but improving trophy potential, can provide concurrent environmental and recreational benefits. Conclusions Changes in hunt attributes, such as trophy potential and presence of other hunters, have significant effects on hunt benefits, site choice and the amount of recreational tahr hunting. Implications The present study identified potential gains from active management of Himalayan tahr and tahr hunters.
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Murray, George. "hunter." Radical Society 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1476085032000125592.
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Hobson, Lauren. "Hunter." River Teeth: A Journal of Nonfiction Narrative 18, no. 2 (2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rvt.2017.0013.
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Gołaszewski, Filip. "Teologiczne konsekwencje darwinizmu — „Bóg Darwina” Corneliusa G. Huntera." Hybris 60, no. 1 (July 2, 2023): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1689-4286.60.05.
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Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie teodycei Darwinowskiej według Corneliusa G. Huntera. Książka Huntera została przetłumaczona na język polski przez Józefa Zonia i wydana przez Fundację En Arche w 2021 roku. Artykuł przedstawia krytyczną lekturę książki Huntera. Twierdzi się, że główna teza Huntera jest powierzchowna, a argumenty na jej poparcie są niewystarczające. Po pierwsze, przedstawiono historyczne tło problemu teodycei. Począwszy od św. Augustyna i Leibniza, omawiane są niektóre XX-wieczne i współczesne próby rozwiązania problemu zła. W ten sposób nakreślony zostaje kontekst dla podjętej przez Huntera próby przedstawienia Darwinizmu jako przykładu filozoficznej teodycei. Po drugie, przedstawione są główne idee książki Huntera Bóg Darwina. Szczególny nacisk położony jest na problem metafizycznych i teologicznych implikacji, ale także ukrytych założeń stojących za teorią ewolucji. W zakończeniu artykułu uwypuklone zostały pewne słabości narracji Huntera na temat kulturowych źródeł Darwinowskiego deizmu. Zwrócono uwagę na historyczne uproszczenia dotyczące dziewiętnastowiecznego ateizmu oraz logiczną lukę w argumentacji Huntera. Hunter argumentuje, że Darwinizm opiera się na określonych metafizycznych założeniach i z tego powodu nie może być uważany za przykład nauki. Jednocześnie Hunter nie podaje przykładu teorii naukowej, która byłaby całkowicie wolna od metafizycznych założeń. Wydaje się zatem, że jego krytyka Darwinizmu nie dostarcza przekonujących argumentów.
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Cherpak, Evelyn M. "Reminiscences of Brazilian Life, 1834-1848, Selections From the Diary of Mary Robinson Hunter." Americas 49, no. 1 (July 1992): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006885.
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In November 1834, Mary Robinson Hunter sailed to Rio de Janeiro with her husband William, a prominent Newport lawyer and newly appointed chargé d'affaires to the Imperial Court, and five of their six children. President Andrew Jackson had named Hunter to the post in June 1834 on the recommendation of their son, William, a clerk with the State Department. The Hunters had experienced financial difficulties over the years, and a diplomatic assignment offered them a steady income, prestige, and a unique travel opportunity.The experience of living in a Latin and tropical culture inspired Mary Hunter to record her impressions in six diaries which she kept during a residence of fourteen years. These journals are part of a larger collection of Hunter family papers that are located in the Newport (RI) Historical Society. The volumes were carefully scanned by her daughter, Elizabeth Hunter Birckhead, who crossed out passages which shed light on family quarrels; they were ultimately deposited by her great granddaughter, Anna Dunn, in 1945. These diaries, written in medium sized script, in brown ink and a firm hand, are thoroughly legible and in good condition, given their age. They serve as the main source for her memories of life in Brazil, since her letters to female friends in Newport do not survive.
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Trump, Tyler, Kyle Knopff, Andrea Morehouse, and Mark S. Boyce. "Sustainable elk harvests in Alberta with increasing predator populations." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): e0269407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269407.
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Large predators often are believed to cause declines in hunter harvests of ungulates due to direct competition for prey with hunters. In Alberta, predators of elk (Cervus elaphus), including grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), cougar (Puma concolor), and wolf (Canis lupus), have increased in recent years. We used trend analysis replicated by Wildlife Management Unit (WMU) to examine regional trends in elk harvest and hunter success. Over a 26-yr period, average harvest of elk increased by 5.46% per year for unrestricted bull and by 6.64% per year for limited-quota seasons. Also, over the same time frame, average hunter success increased by 0.2% per year for unrestricted bull and by 0.3% per year for limited-quota seasons, but no trend was detected in hunter effort (P>0.05). Our results show that increasing large-predator populations do not necessarily reduce hunter harvest of elk, and we only found evidence for this in Alberta’s mountain WMUs where predation on elk calves has reduced recruitment. Furthermore, data indicate that Alberta’s elk harvest management has been sustainable, i.e., hunting has continued while populations of elk have increased throughout most of the province. Wildlife agencies can justify commitments to long-term population monitoring because data allow adaptive management and can inform stakeholders on the status of populations.
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Batiran, Karno, and Micah Fisher. "From Hunter to Protector: The Invention and Reinvention of the Nuri Talaud." Forest and Society 4, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v4i1.7438.
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This article describes the ways in which the Nuri Talaud, a small colorful bird located on an island at the northern reaches of Indonesia, first became a hunted commodity and evolved into a thriving protected species. Told from the life history of Om Zaka, a local hunter turned bird conservationist, this article describes the background that shaped the shifting values placed on the Nuri Talaud. The bird initially gained value as a symbol of the state through its selection for inclusion in Indonesia’s national theme park. As a result of its newfound prominence, local hunters emerged to systematically hunt the bird for sale through a network of international species trade. Nearly facing extinction, various actors and initiatives came together to protect the Nuri Talaud. This paper shows the ways in which a species can be targeted to almost extinction, and the processes that can take shape to ensure its protection.
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Beatty, Norman L., Patricia L. Dorn, and Stephen A. Klotz. "The Uninvited “Kiss”: When the Hunter Becomes the Hunted." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0909.
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M. Thiery. "William Hunter (1718-1783) en de membrana decidua Hunteri." Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, no. 8 (2019): 560–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47671/tvg.75.08.2002835.
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Edwards, Phillip C. "A 14000 year-old hunter-gatherer's toolkit." Antiquity 81, no. 314 (December 2007): 865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0009596x.
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A sickle, 21 flint lunates for tipping spears and evidence of the hunted quarry – gazelle bones – lay together by the wall of a Natufian building. The author deduces that these objects were contained in a bag and constituted the versatile working equipment of a hunter-gatherer.
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Avila Martin, Eva, Guillermo Ros Brull, Stephan M. Funk, Luca Luiselli, Robert Okale, and John E. Fa. "Wild meat hunting and use by sedentarised Baka Pygmies in southeastern Cameroon." PeerJ 8 (September 17, 2020): e9906. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9906.
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As a result of sedentarisation many Baka Pygmies have changed their mobility patterns away from nomadic lifestyles to living in roadside villages. These settled groups are increasingly dependent on cultivated foods but still rely on forest resources. The level of dependence on hunting of wild animals for food and cash, as well as the hunting profiles of sedentarised Pygmy groups is little known. In this study we describe the use of wild meat in 10 Baka villages along the Djoum-Mintom road in southeastern Cameroon. From data collected from 1,946 hunting trips by 121 hunters, we show that most trips are of around 13 hours and a median of eight hours. A mean ± SD of 1.15 ± 1.11 animal carcasses are taken in a single trip; there was a positive correlation between duration of trips and carcasses. A total of 2,245 carcasses of 49 species of 24 animal families were taken in the study; species diversity was similar in all villages except one. Most hunted animals were mammals, with ungulates contributing the highest proportion. By species, just over half of the animal biomass extracted by all hunters in the studied villages was provided by four mammal species. Most animals were trapped (65.77% ± 16.63), followed by shot with guns (22.56% ± 17.72), other methods (8.69% ± 6.96) and with dogs (2.96% ± 4.49). A mean of 7,569.7 ± 6,103.4 kg yr−1 (2,080.8–19,351.4) were extracted per village, giving 75,697 kg yr−1 in total, which is equivalent to 123 UK dairy cattle. In all villages, 48.07% ± 17.58 of animals hunted were consumed by the hunter and his family, around 32.73% ± 12.55, were sold, followed by a lower percentage of carcasses partially sold and consumed (19.21% ± 17.02). Between 60% and 80% of carcasses belonged to the “least concern” category, followed by “near threatened”, “vulnerable” and, rarely “endangered”. The only endangered species hunted was the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). We suggest that hunting is a critical activity that provides a vital source of food for our study communities. Measured wild meat extraction levels are likely to be sustainable if hunter densities do not increase.
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Anderson, Abigail, Sophia Chilczuk, Kaylie Nelson, Roxanne Ruther, and Cara Wall-Scheffler. "The Myth of Man the Hunter: Women’s contribution to the hunt across ethnographic contexts." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 28, 2023): e0287101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287101.
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The sexual division of labor among human foraging populations has typically been recognized as involving males as hunters and females as gatherers. Recent archeological research has questioned this paradigm with evidence that females hunted (and went to war) throughout the Homo sapiens lineage, though many of these authors assert the pattern of women hunting may only have occurred in the past. The current project gleans data from across the ethnographic literature to investigate the prevalence of women hunting in foraging societies in more recent times. Evidence from the past one hundred years supports archaeological finds from the Holocene that women from a broad range of cultures intentionally hunt for subsistence. These results aim to shift the male-hunter female-gatherer paradigm to account for the significant role females have in hunting, thus dramatically shifting stereotypes of labor, as well as mobility.
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Offenberg, Sara. "Beauty and the Beast: On a Doe, a Devilish Hunter, and Jewish-Christian Polemics." AJS Review 44, no. 2 (October 22, 2020): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009420000057.
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AbstractHunting scenes are common in Jewish illuminated manuscripts and are understood as allegories of the Jew, usually represented as a hare or a deer, being persecuted by the Christian, shown as a hunter and his dogs. This article will discuss a hunt scene from the Worms Maḥzor, an Ashkenazic illuminated prayer book produced in 1272, probably in Würzburg. At the top of folio 130r, an illumination of the piyyut (liturgical poem) “ʾAyelet ʾahavim” (the loving hind, or doe) for Shavuot displays a deer being hunted by a devilish hunter and his dogs. Examining the illustration in the context of contemporary textual evidence, I shall demonstrate that the deer in the Worms Maḥzor portrays the Torah itself being persecuted by the hunter, who can be understood not only as a Christian or Esau, but also as Jesus.
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Janicka-Szyszko, Renata. "Językowo-kulturowa kreacja myśliwego we wspomnieniach polujących (Szczęśliwe dni Stefana Badeniego i Wspomnienia myśliwskie Juliana Ejsmonda) – rekonesans." Język. Religia. Tożsamość. 2, no. 28 (December 31, 2023): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2867.
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The article depicts the image of hunters in memoirs of those who used to hunt. There has also been done the attempt of analysis of the linguistic and cultural creation of hunters in the world presented in “The Happy Days “ by Stafan Badeni and “ Memoirs of Hunters “ by Julian Ejsmond.The analysis of the excerpted parts shows that in both works the image of the hunter is complex. The writers point out that the final and total score of the hunting is not the main purpose of the hunter. Both writers signify strong feelings and emotions experienced in contact with the nature, spending time with people sharing the same passions, cultivating centuries- long traditions and the observation of the St. Hubert cult in particular; emphasize also the uniqueness of experiences witnessed only by those connected with hunting. Analyzing the linguistic creation there have been used various stylistic devices (epithets, idioms, metaphoric expressions , images preserved in culture).
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Hušek, Jan, Melanie R. Boudreau, and Marek Panek. "Hunter estimates of game density as a simple and efficient source of information for population monitoring: A comparison to targeted survey methods." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): e0256580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256580.
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Hunters in Europe gather non-survey game species population estimates to inform wildlife management, however, the quality of such estimates remains unclear. We compared estimates of game density, realized annual intrinsic growth rates, and period mean growth rates between hunter obtained data and data obtained by targeted survey methods for four species in Poland from 1960 to 2014. Raw hunter estimates were strongly positively correlated to spotlight counts of red fox (18 years of monitoring), strip counts of brown hare (21 years) and grey partridge (25 years), male call counts of partridge (24 years), and complete counts of roe deer (49 years), and not related to spotlight counts of brown hare (15 years). Realized annual intrinsic growth rates derived from hunter estimates were strongly positively related to annual intrinsic growth rates derived from strip counts of grey partridge and complete counts of roe deer, but only weakly or not related to strip counts of brown hare, spotlight counts of red fox and brown hare, and male call counts of grey partridge. The period length at which the period mean growth rates derived from hunter estimates and estimates from other methods were strongly correlated was largely variable among methods and species. In the roe deer, correlation between these variables was strong across all years, while in smaller game species the period mean growth rates based on hunter estimates and other methods had the strongest association in period lengths of 6 to 11 years. We conclude that raw hunter estimates convey largely similar information to that provided by other targeted survey methods. Hunter estimates provide a source of population data for both the retrospective and prospective analysis of game population development when more robust estimates are unavailable.
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Seong, Chuntaek. "Neolithic Complex Hunter-Gatherers in Korea Revisitied." KOREA NEOLITHIC RESEARCH SOCIETY 46 (December 31, 2023): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35186/jkns.2023.46.41.
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The present essay critically reviews the recent attempt to conceptualize the Neolithic society in Korea as complex hunter-gatherers. While large scale settlements with 20 to 30, and even 60 subterranean houses are well recognized in the Neolithic Korea, many archaeologists still consider that the occupants were mainly hunters and gatherers. The concept of complex hunter-gatherers were originally proposed to denote large village societies with prominent social hierarchies relying on abundant marine resources, and some archaeologists extended its use to prehistory. Aside from the archaeological applicability of the concept itself, the Korean Neolithic archaeological record lacks critical elements of the complex hunter-gatherers. While the discussion and application of the concept in the context of Korean Neolithic have opened the new theoretical landscape, it is true that many burials and associated goods, let alone habitations sites, do not suggest the development of social hierarchies. The characteristics of burial goods are consistent with sexual differences which is widely observable with most hunter-gatherers societies. Furthermore, many Korean Neolithic sites yielded evidence of broomcorn and foxtail millet domestication, which most archaeologists try to explain in the context of complementary subsistence activities still dominated by hunting and gathering. The existence of material evidence of plant domestication strongly suggests that the Neolithic people were not ‘typical’ hunter-gatherers, which begs further discussions of the role of domestication in the Neolithic and its implications to the development of settled village lives. While the concept of the complex hunter-gatherers was coined to embrace cases that do not fit into the traditional hunter-gatherer society, it has become another stereotype that does not allow wide range of variability in prehistoric societies. Rather, we need to pay more attention to the role of mixed economy or horticulture and dynamics of orderly egalitarian societies in the Neolithic Korea.
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Martinescu-Bădălan, Fabiana. "Specific Physical Training of Future Officers for Actions in Mountain Environments." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2024-0067.
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Abstract The mountain environment implies a certain degree of difficulty even in peacetime, in civilian sector activities, even more so from a military point of view, especially in conducting operations in this environment. The varied terrain, sudden weather changes, oxygen depletion with increasing altitude and the lack of suitable travel lanes are just some of the challenges that future officer mountain hunters have to face and overcome. Preparation for this stage must start early with an emphasis on physical and mental endurance, the latter being a basic pillar for any military person, but even more so for a mountain hunter. Sustained physical effort in difficult terrain and exposure to bad weather combined with strong winds requires a trained psyche, ready to carry on even when the physique might give way. Endurance training also plays an important role and contributes to the ability of mountain hunters to traverse large areas of terrain in a relatively short time using weapon-specific methods and techniques. Being a mountain hunter puts a strain on your body and mind. One thing we can improve as mountain hunters is certainly the level of physical training specific to this weapon. Given the specificity of mountain hunter actions in terms of both ski and alpine training, training with a focus on the lower body is a starting point in the physical preparation needed to carry out actions in the mountain environment.
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St. James, Elizabeth A., Michael L. Schummer, Richard M. Kaminski, Edward J. Penny, and L. Wesley Burger. "Effect of Weekly Hunting Frequency on Rate of Ducks Harvested." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/012014-jfwm-009.
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Abstract Waterfowl hunting is important culturally and economically in North America. Few studies have evaluated the relationship between weekly hunting frequency and rate of ducks harvested. We evaluated the effect of hunting 2 or 4 d/wk on rate of ducks harvested on three Mississippi Wildlife Management Areas, USA, during three waterfowl hunting seasons, December–January 2008–2011. Harvest of all ducks combined, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, northern shoveler Anas clypeata, or green-winged teal Anas crecca per hunter day did not differ between areas hunted 2 or 4 d/wk, but increased with hours spent afield. We suggest Wildlife Management Areas may be hunted 4 d/wk without reducing duck harvest per hunter day. We recommend continued evaluations of weekly hunting frequency on rate of ducks harvested to sustain science-guided management of waterfowl hunting on Mississippi public lands and elsewhere.
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Smith, Kristopher M., Yevgeniy M. Olkhov, David A. Puts, and Coren L. Apicella. "Hadza Men With Lower Voice Pitch Have a Better Hunting Reputation." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 147470491774046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917740466.
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Previous research with hunter-gatherers has found that women perceive men with voices manipulated to be lower in pitch to be better hunters, and men perceive women with lower pitch to be better gatherers. Here, we test if actual voice pitch is associated with hunting and gathering reputations in men and women, respectively. We find that voice pitch does relate to foraging reputation in men, but not in women, with better hunters having a lower voice pitch. In addition, we find that the previously documented relationship between voice pitch and reproductive success no longer holds when controlling for hunting reputation, but hunting reputation remains a significant predictor of reproductive success when controlling for voice pitch. This raises the possibility that voice pitch is being selected for in hunter-gatherers because of the relationship between voice pitch and hunting reputation.