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Hobart, John. "Forager-farmer relations in south-eastern Africa : a critical reassessment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275772.
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Thompson, Victor Dominic. "Questioning complexity the prehistoric hunter-gatherers of Sapelo Island, Georgia /." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2006. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyanth2006d00392/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2006.Title from document title page (viewed on March 28, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 409 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 365-404).
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Thompson, Victor D. "QUESTIONING COMPLEXITY: THE PREHISTORIC HUNTER-GATHERERS OF SAPELO ISLAND, GEORGIA." UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/245.
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In this dissertation, I examine trajectories of cultural evolution among complexhunter-gatherers and middle range societies. Broadly, I consider the theoretical issuesrelated to these two areas of study and how we should conceptualize the study of socioculturalevolution in societies organized at this scale. I apply these ideas to the study ofthe prehistoric hunter-gatherers who occupied Sapelo Island, Georgia, U. S. A.Specifically, I examine the Archaic period (4200 – 3000 B. P.) occupation of the SapeloShell Ring complex, located on the western side of the island. In particular, I study issuesof sedentism, settlement aggregation, mound construction, and the emergence of socialinequality as they relate to shell rings in the southeastern United States, as well as otherareas of the world. One of the central problems for studying these sites is whether shellrings form by gradual accumulation or by intentional construction and the concomitantsocial formations associated with these two different behaviors. Using geophysicalsurvey, artifact distributions, and radiocarbon dating, I examine the use and nature ofspace at the site as well as site formation processes. I present the results of both thegrowth band analysis on clams and the isotopic analysis on clams and oysters from thesite in order to address season of occupation. In addition to this new data, a reanalysis ofprevious excavations is presented. Combined, these data lend important insights intodifferent dimensions of socio-political complexity. Specifically, these data suggest thatthe Sapelo Shell Ring complex population was relatively large for its time. It addition, itseems that at least some portion of the population occupied the site year-round. Despiteit large population size and reduced mobility the occupants of the site maintained at leastsome degree of egalitarian social relations.
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Smith, D. J. "Cooperative dynamics among hunter-gatherers : an experimental investigation of adaptive hypotheses." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1560248/.
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From small-scale food-sharing among hunter-gatherers to large-scale institutions in modern industrial societies, cooperation is central to human success. This thesis focuses on the former, exploring cooperative dynamics among the Agta, a Filipino hunter-gatherer population. I develop a novel experimental approach to exploring hunter-gatherer cooperative behaviour which simultaneously assesses the amount individuals cooperate and who they cooperate with. In contrast to much previous experimental literature, this non-anonymous design permits tests of specific theories for the evolution of cooperation, including: kin selection (cooperating with related individuals); reciprocity (cooperating with others who cooperate in return); and tolerated theft/demand sharing (taking from those with more resources), among other adaptive hypotheses. Using two experimental games – one exploring giving behaviour (donating resources to others) and another exploring demand sharing behaviour (taking resources from others) – I find that individuals from camps with a greater probability of repeated interactions give more to and take less from others. When individuals give to others it is directed towards kin and reciprocating partners, while when individuals take they do so from those with more resources, regardless of kinship or reciprocity. As predicted by theoretical models, this suggests that reciprocal transfers occur when interactions are repeated, while demand sharing occurs when repeated interactions are less likely. Differences in the frequency of repeated interactions may therefore explain some cross-cultural variation in forager food-sharing practices. This thesis also explores the effects of reputation on cooperative and interaction networks, finding that many aspects of forager social networks may reflect the trade of commodities in biological markets. Additionally, assessment of the ontogenetic roots of Agta cooperative behaviour suggests that 3 who children cooperate with, but not overall levels of cooperation, change over childhood in ways which are consistent with adaptive evolutionary hypotheses. These findings provide an insight into the evolutionary and ecological roots of hunter-gatherer cooperation.
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Kenrick, Justin. "Mbuti hunter-gatherers and rainforest conservation in the Ituri Forest, Zaire." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21335.
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Based on anthropological fieldwork in Zaire, this thesis focuses on the relationship between Mbuti hunter-gatherers, their Bila farming neighbours and their forest environment. Earlier descriptions of Mbuti/Bila relations as being essentially one of opposition (e.g. those of Colin Turnbull) are shown to reflect the nature of colonial control rather than the fundamental interdependence which exists between these two groups. The way people attempt to cope with extractive economic forces is examined historically and in present Mbuti involvement in gold extraction. Local responses to the Forest Reserve (created in 1992) are shown to range from viewing it as resource appropriation to viewing it as a marriage. The author's study of daily Mbuti life in the forest highlights the importance of economic exchange with the Bila, and the impact of broader political forces. Conflict, gender and power are examined in the Bila/Mbuti nkumbi circumcision ritual, and in the Mbuti molimo ritual. For the Mbuti and the Bila the forest is not sacred in itself: the interactions of past generations with the forest render it sacred. This experience of the forest encompasses fearing sorcery and the evil spirits of the dead, and attempting to control and manipulate - or trusting, joking and sharing with - the "forest as ancestors". The nature of the Mbuti net hunt, demand-sharing, and sharing with the forest in song and ritual, are ultimately centred in egalitarianism and their strong identification with the forest. The argument advanced in this thesis supports that of writers such as Nurit Bird-David and Tim Ingold who argue that identity, for the Mbuti and other hunter-gathers, can be grounded in a sense of sharing with a living environment. However it collapses Ingold's absolute opposition between Mbuti and Western approaches to the environment arguing that - although Mbuti cosmology tends towards an identification with the environment, and Cartesian cosmology tends towards a belief in separation and opposition - in practice both the Mbuti and people in the West move between these opposing modes. Conversation projects in the Ituri are shown to embody a Cartesian cosmology which sees humans as separate from the environment, the latter being essentially a passive realm for humans to exploit or protect. Recent developments in these projects, combined with policies which would support local peoples' cosmology of inclusion, suggests a conservation approach which seeks to deepen, rather than restrain, local peoples' involvement with their environment.
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Politis, Gustavo, Pablo Messineo, Cristian Kaufmann, María P. Barros, María C. Álvarez, Prado Violeta Di, and Rocío Scalise. "Ritual Persistence among Hunter and Gatherers of the Pampean Llanura of Argentina." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113615.
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In this paper, several lines of evidence (geology, paleoenvironment, lithic and faunal analysis, among others) from the Calera site (Sierras Bayas, pampean region, Argentina) are summarized and discussed. The cultural deposit seems to be a ritual site, formed by the occurrence of several ceremonies during the late Holocene. In the Calera site, four cubetas (pits) were intentionally excavated, between ca. 3400 and 1750 years BP, and filled with a great amount and variety of archaeological materials as well as alochtonous sediments. Among the recovered materials, there were more than 6000 of lithic artefacts, 310 pottery sherds (some of them with antropomorphic motifs), 1760 pieces of mineral pigments, 4 marine molluscs, a shell bead, a granite axe, several instrument made of bone and deer antler, and a phallic statuette. A yet undetermined number (several thousands) of faunal remains were from 16 different mammal species (guanaco, pampean deer, carnivores, mesomammals, micromammals, among others), 6 avian species, 3 fishes and probably reptiles. The exceptional features of the site allow the study of social and ideational aspects of the pampean hunter-gatherers and discussion of the archaeological signatures of the site in terms of non-hierarchical societies.En este trabajo se discuten y resumen las evidencias obtenidas como resultado de estudios multidisciplinarios —geológicos, paleoambientales, líticos, arqueofaunísticos y tafonómicos, entre otros— del sitio Calera, ubicado en las Sierras Bayas, región pampeana, Argentina. Este sitio se presenta como un depósito excepcional de origen ritual producido probablemente como consecuencia de varias ceremonias realizadas en las inmediaciones. En este lugar se registraron cuatro cubetas excavadas intencionalmente, fechadas entre c. 3400 y 1750 a.p., que fueron rellenadas con materiales arqueológicos y sedimentos alóctonos. Entre los materiales se destacan más de 6000 artefactos líticos de diferentes materias primas locales y no locales, aproximadamente 400 instrumentos líticos, 310 tiestos de alfarería (algunos con motivos figurativos antropomorfos), 1760 restos de pigmentos minerales, cuatro moluscos marinos, una hacha de granito, una cuenta de valva, una estatuilla cilíndrica decorada de forma fálica y varios instrumentos sobre hueso y astas. También se registró un número aún indeterminado (varios miles) de restos óseos de 16 especies de mamíferos —entre ellos guanaco, venado, carnívoros, mesomamíferos y micromamíferos—, seis aves, tres peces y, posiblemente, reptiles. Las características excepcionales del sitio permiten abordar aspectos ideacionales y sociales de los cazadores recolectores pampeanos y discutir la visibilidad arqueológica de los sitios de encuentro.
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Hodgetts, Lisa Maye. "Animal bones and human society in the late Younger Stone Age of Arctic Norway." Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4491/.
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In recent decades anthropologists and archaeologists have divided hunter-gatherer groups into two types; "simple" and "complex". However, many documented foraging communities display traits associated with both types, and the placement of past and present hunter-gatherers into either category is problematic. The substantial house remains of the late Younger Stone Age hunter-gatherers of Varangerfjord, North Norway, have been connected by many archaeologists with sedentism and, by extension, with "complexity" and permanent social hierarchies. This analysis takes a more direct approach social organisation, using faunal remains to better define the social relationships between households within this community. The large mammal remains from a series of houses are compared to determine whether all households had equal access to prey species and to different parts of large mammal carcasses. Towards this end, the climate and available resources are established for North Norway during the Younger Stone Age. Previous interpretations of the archaeology of the period, including the argument for "complexity" are then discussed. The study sites and associated faunal assemblages are presented. Seal hunting patterns are compared between households in terms of both the choice of species and the age breakdown of each hunted seal population. Local differences in the numbers of ringed seal are attributed to the preference of ringed seal for certain types of coastline. Strong similarities are noted between all sites in terms of both the season of seal hunting activity and the selection of adult versus juvenile harp seal and ringed seal. Distribution of seal and reindeer body parts are also compared between and within houses. Again, there are more similarities than differences between households. Seals were returned whole to all houses and reindeer body part representation appears to be mediated by the utility of each part for artefact manufacture. The implication of these results are discussed in terms of the structure of social relationships, symbolic behaviour and territoriality. The utility of this approach in a broader context is also considered.
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Holmsen, Katherine. "Out of the Forest and Into the Market: Social and Economic Transformations in a Bornean Foraging Society." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196088.
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This dissertation is an account of a Bornean hunting and gathering group, the Punan of Long Suluy, as it transitions from an economy based primarily in subsistence foraging to one increasingly oriented to the market and about the accompanying social shifts associated with that transition. It focuses on the period stretching from the mid-1960s until 2004 during which time an Arab Indonesian trader managed to establish and maintain what constituted a one-man monopoly over the Punans' trade in commercialized forest products. The relationship between the Punan and this trader began as one based solely in economics and eventually transformed into a type of patron-client relationship embedded in terms of mutual obligations and quasi-kin relations. As the Punan became increasingly involved in market relations and to adopt values based in material accumulation and an identity referenced outside of their own social group, they became increasingly adversarial with the trader, transitioning from subservient laborers to competitors in the forest product trade. This dissertation investigates both the shifting political economy of the Punan during this time period and their internal social dynamics as they negotiate their increasing participation in the market.
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Chen, Shengqian. "Adaptive changes of prehistoric hunter-gatherers during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in China." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&rft%5Fval%5Ffmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss&rft%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss:3137869.
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Thesis (Ph.D. in Anthropology)--S.M.U.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 65-06, Section: A, page: 2250. Advisers: Fred Wendorf; Lewis Binford. Includes bibliographical references.
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Roulette, Casey Jordan. "Cultural models and gender differences in tobacco use among Congo Basin hunter-gatherers." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/C_Roulette_041710.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in anthropology)--Washington State University, May 2010.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 8, 2010). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-77).
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Rudge, A. C. "Sound and socio-aesthetics among the Batek hunter-gatherers of Pahang State, Malaysia." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1569182/.
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This thesis provides an ethnography of sonic practices among the Batek. Sonic practices are central means by which Batek people create, appreciate, and negotiate relationships with each other, and with the non-human persons of the həp (‘forest’). Practices discussed include storytelling, naming, listening to and mimicry of the forest, musical instrument playing, speaking, singing, and laughing. These are related to visual practices, such as weaving and carving, as well as to social life more broadly. This thesis therefore illustrates how Batek aesthetics are both social and oral or visible; connecting diverse practices by drawing on Batek discourses surrounding things that are btʔɛt (‘good, beautiful’), and that cause the emotion of haʔip (‘to feel longing, yearning, nostalgia, love, desire, absence’). Language and ‘musical’ practices are theorised as points on one communicative spectrum, as in Batek, singing, playing instruments, and speaking, are all encompassed by the term klɨŋ (‘sound’). The thesis draws on the ways that Batek people talk about sound, to argue that sounds are not just ephemeral, but can be potent forms of energy. Important ways that the Batek share and transmit their socio-aesthetics are therefore through sonic practices, and the emotional responses they evoke in those that witness or practice them.
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Ruta, Giancarlo. "Understanding hunter-gatherers behaviour through the macro-fractures analysis of lithic backed points." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671946.
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La aplicació d'una metodologia sòlida és premissa fonamental per obtenir informació fiable en cada investigació científica, i particularment en arqueologia prehistòrica, on fàcilment es cometen errors en nivell interpretatiu.
L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball és comprendre la tasca dels caçadors-recol·lectors després l'Últim Màxim Glacial i durant el Tardìoglacial en una àrea determinada a través de l'anàlisi funcional dels materials lítics arqueològics per tal d'aportar una primera presa de contacte a el paper que van desenvolupar els jaciments en un període de canvis climàtics i mediambientals ràpids. Els jaciments de cultura Epigravettiana de Grotta di Pozzo al centre d'Itàlia i Riparo Villabruna al nord han investigat en profunditat des de la perspectiva lítica per identificar possibles puntes de projectil utilitzades durant activitats de caça. Això ofereix una informació detallada sobre tecnologies d'empunyadura i tècniques de caça, brindant un ampli marc dels coneixements i les habilitats pràctiques de la població.
El projecte de recerca introdueix aspectes únics que mai abans havien estat investigats en els jaciments prèviament esmentats. L'adopció sistemàtica de l'arqueologia experimental és innovadora, i s'han provat aspectes específics i majoritàriament desconeguts sobre l'ús d'eines lítiques.
Les dades provinents de l'àmplia literatura i els resultats inesperats es creuen per comprendre les estratègies de caça, el comportament, els desplaçaments, els assentaments estacionals i la possible interrelació entre grups humans en aquesta gran àrea de centre-nord d'Itàlia a la fi de l'Plistocè.La aplicatión de una metodología sólida es premisa fundamental para obtener información fiable en cada investigación científica, y particularmente en arqueología prehistórica, donde fácilmente se cometen errores a nivel interpretativo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprender la labor de los cazadores-recolectores tras el Último Máximo Glacial y durante el Tardìoglacial en un área determinada a través del análisis funcional de los materiales líticos arqueológicos con el fin de aportar una primera mirada al papel que jugaron los yacimientos en un período de rápidos cambios climáticos y medioambientales. Los yacimientos de cultura Epigravettiana de Grotta di Pozzo en el centro de Italia y Riparo Villabruna al norte han investigado en profundidad desde la perspectiva lítica para identificar posibles puntas de proyectil utilizadas durante actividades de caza. Esto ofrece una detallada información sobre tecnologías de empuñadura y técnicas de caza, brindando un amplio marco de conocimientos y habilidades prácticas de la población. El proyecto de investigación introduce aspectos únicos que nunca antes han sido investigados para los yacimientos mencionados. La adopción sistemática de la arqueología experimental es innovadora, y se han probado aspectos específicos y en su mayoría desconocidos sobre el uso de herramientas líticas. Los datos provenientes de la amplia literatura y los resultados inesperados se cruzan para comprender las estrategias de caza, el comportamiento, los desplazamientos, los asentamientos estacionales y la posible interrelación entre grupos humanos en esta gran área del centro-norte de Italia a finales del Pleistoceno.
The application of a robust methodology is a fundamental precondition to get reliable information in every scientific investigation, in particular in prehistoric archaeology where it is easy to make mistakes on the interpretation level. The main goal of this work is to understand the role of the hunter-gatherers after the Last Glacial Maximum and during the Late Glacial in a given area, through the functional analysis of the archaeological lithic materials, in order to give a glimpse of the function of the sites in a period of rapid climate and environmental changes. The Epigravettian sites of Grotta di Pozzo in the Central Italy and Riparo Villabruna in the North Italy have been investigated on the lithic point of view, as to individuate possible projectile points used during hunting activity. This contribution offers detailed information about hafting technologies and hunting techniques, giving a wide framework of knowledge and practical skills of the inhabitants. The research project introduces unique aspects that have never been investigated before for the considered sites. The systematic adoption of the experimental archaeology is innovative, and there have been tested specific and mostly unknown aspects about the use of lithic tools. The data coming from the large literature and the unexpected results are crossed together as to understand the hunting strategies, the behaviour, the movements, the seasonal settlements and the possible connection between human groups in this large area of North-Central Italy at the end of Pleistocene.
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Thorp, Carolyn R. "Hunter-gatherers and farmers : an enduring frontier in the Caledon Valley, South Africa /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb372079972.
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Chaudhary, C. N. "The role of social capital in human evolution : lessons from BaYaka hunter-gatherers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1559561/.
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Many of Homo sapiens’ defining characteristics relate to our sociality—our advanced mind reading abilities; sophisticated languages; diverse cultural norms and practices that manifest as highly differentiated rituals and religions; and ‘hyper-cooperative’ tendencies. Thus, understanding the evolution of human sociality is indispensable for a complete understanding of humanity. One question that remains unanswered is how individual differences in social integration within the group affect biological fitness. I explore this question by studying BaYaka hunter-gatherers living in the rainforests of Northern Congo. For the vast majority of our species’ history we lived as hunter-gatherers, hence such populations offer a valuable insight into human evolution. The overarching hypothesis presented is that cooperation is a fundamental means by which hunter-gatherers surmount the ecological challenges they face. Therefore, if certain individuals have superior access to cooperation from other group members, which I refer to as social capital, they are likely to achieve higher fitness. I use childcare practices as a case study to demonstrate how essential cooperation is for the BaYaka. Employing a novel method, using wireless sensing devices to track proximate interactions, I find mothers only account for ~25% of the proximate interactions of 0–4 year olds. The analyses also show that this form of cooperation in childcare is preferentially directed towards kin and reciprocal partners. I use economic gift games to measure social capital and confirm that it varies considerably between group members. Moreover, I find that it is associated with larger food sharing networks and higher body-mass index, indicating it enhances one’s ability to buffer the food risk inherent with hunter-gatherer subsistence. Additionally, I show that social capital positively predicts polygynous marriage in men (whereas physical attributes do not), as well as age-specific fertility in women. Finally, I find some evidence for a heritable component of social capital, suggesting that the evolutionary advantages it confers may accrue over multiple generations. These results have important implications for our understanding of the processes underlying human social evolution. Additionally, they help to explain how fitness variance emerges in egalitarian hunter-gatherers, and why social integration is consistently linked with mental and physical health.
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Karn, Amanda. "Hav och Strand : stenteknologi och marin anpassning på Gotland under Senboreal/Tidigatlantisk tid." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1858.
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The essay circulates around the technological analysis of flint material from four localities around the Baltic Sea basin. The analysis was created to investigate the question of where the first Gotlandic settlers originated from and to give clues about the colonization process. The investigated material was collected during the fall of 2011 and a correspondence analysis is used to analyze the collected material. The purpose of using a correspondence analysis is to test the method as a tool for investigating Mesolithic flint technologies. The essay also discusses marine hunter-gatherers, their economy and how their archeological remains differ from terrestrial hunter-gatherers.
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Molnar, Petra. "Tracing prehistoric activitiy : life ways, habitual behaviour and health of hunter-gatherers on Gotland /." Stockholm : Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8136.
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Widlok, Thomas. "The social relationships of changing Hai||om hunter-gatherers in northern Namibia, 1990-1994." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282050.
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This thesis analyses the social relationships of a group of northern Hai||om, who also call themselves Akhoe, in the Oshikoto region of Namibia. The Hai||om are a Khoisan-speaking group, labelled "Bushmen" or "San" by outsiders, who were dispossessed of their land during the colonial period. Today most Hai||om combine hunting, gathering, agriculture, handicrafts, wage labour, and cattle-keeping in a mixed economy. The Hai||om changing economy has elements of an immediate-retum strategy aimed at gaining access to the delayed-return economies of neighbouring groups, particularly Owambo-speaking agropastoralists, and farmers of European origin. Based on long-term participant observation with the Hai||om, this thesis shows the flexibility and versatility of Hai||om social organization and its institutions. Particular reference is made to the ways in which social categories are established on the basis of material transactions (sharing, gift-giving, bartering and commercial exchange), and are grounded in shared classifications of land and its resources. The thesis documents and analyses how Hai||om construct and maintain social relations, including relations with outsiders, in everyday social interaction. Patterns of Hai||om social practice involving these social relations emerge in language pragmatics, in the usage of space, and in ritual activities. The thesis also includes an analysis of representations of ethnic identity and economic difference in Hai||om folklore. The investigation shows that Hai||om social relationships and social values continue to shape the diversity and overall flexibility that characterize Hai||om life today. Although Hai||om have little power to influence the conditions imposed on them by national and international contexts, Hai||om social strategies across changing conditions can be explained on the basis of a set of instituted social practices centred around open accessibility and informal common ground.
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Kaare, Bwire Timothy Maarwa. "The symbolic construction of community identity of the Akia hunter-gatherers of Northern Tanzania." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362722.
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Hanson-James, Nicholas Richard. "Hunter-gatherers, herders and farmers in central-southern Africa, 2,200 BP to 1,500 BP." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625045.
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Kyriacou, Katharine. "Coastal resources and nutrition among Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers in the Southwestern Cape." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13319.
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Includes bibliographical references.This thesis presents new information on the macronutrient, micronutrient and fatty acid content of marine and terrestrial resources available to Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers in the southwestern Cape, and examines the role of coastal and terrestrial foods in the diets of early modern humans in the region. The collection, consumption and systematic discard of intertidal molluscs by prehistoric people is firmly attested by the presence of shellfish residues at archaeological sites dating to the Last Interglacial (120 000 years ago) at Klasies River Mouth, Blombos Cave, Hoedjiespunt and Sea Harvest, or earlier (164 000 years ago) at Pinnacle Point. The incorporation of marine foods into the diet is one of several forms of innovative behaviour characteristic of the Middle Stone Age. Classification of fossil hominin remains from key sites in southern Africa as anatomically modern further marks the Middle Stone Age as a crucial stage in the evolution of our species. The apparent link between coastal resources, innovative behaviour and anatomical modernity is tantalising, and in need of further exploration. The nutrient content of one hundred and twenty three samples from a range of marine and terrestrial animals and plants known or presumed to have been eaten by Middle Stone Age hunter-gatherers in the southwestern Cape was measured using spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. When interpreted against existing knowledge on prehistoric subsistence strategies and ecology, these results provide a quantitative framework within which the relative utility of marine and terrestrial resources as a nutritional substrate for encephalising humans is evaluated. While terrestrial foods would have provided prehistoric people with sufficient energy and trace elements, sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids would have been limited. Marine foods, including intertidal mussels and limpets, are rich in the two most important omega-3 fatty acids found in the human brain, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid. The inclusion of coastal resources, particularly sessile, abundant, predictable and easily collected marine molluscs, in the diet would have been highly advantageous for groups of early modern humans in the vicinity of the Atlantic west coast. Pregnant and lactating women and very young children, who have some of the highest requirements for brain-specific nutrients, are likely to have benefitted the most.
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Ebert, David. "Predictive modeling and the ecology of hunter-gatherers of the boreal forest of Manitoba /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb391866445.
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Molnar, Petra. "Tracing prehistoric activitities : life ways, habitual behaviour and health of hunter-gatherers on Gotland /." Stockholm : Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8136.
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Waggoner, James Cowan. "Footprints on the landscape the historical ecology of hunter-gatherers in the Archaic Southeast /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024725.
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Flygare, Åke. "Den norrländska jakt- och fångstkulturens hällmålningar och deras lokalisation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295851.
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The rock paintings of the hunter-gatherers in the province of Norrland, and their localisation. The aim of this thesis is to find a couple of distinguishing features for the localisation of the rock paintings of the hunter-gatherers in Norrland. This will be done through studies of Swedish and international literature, about ancient rock-art and the belief system of the hunter-gatherers. I will make comparisons with other groups of hunter-gatherers and try to find analogies. My belief is that there must be a large number of undetected rock paintings in Norrland. They are hard to find because of overgrowth by lichen and damages due to wethering. Theretoo I feel that there hasn´t been enough of structured surveys. I hope that my resulting short list of practical clues of where to find them will help: seek for them in the boreal forest area from 200 meters above the sea level to the present alpine tree line zone in close vicinity to neolithic winter dwellings in close vicinity to pitfall traps on vertical rock walls of cliffs or boulders in close vicinity to standing water/ alternatively in a hillside in the forest the rock faces to the south on imposing natural formations try to find them in cloudy, humid weather
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Dejongh, Jennifer June. "UNDERTAKING COMMUNITY: THE ORIGINS OF CEMETERIES IN THE LEVANT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin991853175.
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Peng, Yujie. "An Anthropological Study on the Tattoo Practice among the Baka Hunter-Gatherers in Southeastern Cameroon." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215665.
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Cane, T. R. "The socio-economic organisation of hunter-gatherers in the Mesolithic period of England and Wales." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376128.
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Cummins, Gaynor Elizabeth. "Impacts of hunter-gatherers on the vegetation history of the eastern Vale of Pickering, Yorkshire." Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4002/.
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Research is undertaken into the vegetation and human impact at three previously un-researched archaeological sites from the eastern Vale of Pickering. The vegetation history is reconstructed from the end of the Windermere Interstadial c. 13,000 (^14)C yr BP until the final Mesolithic c. 5100 (^14)C yr BP. The early Mesolithic human impact on the vegetation is assessed using a three stage statistical test to establish the internal variability in the data as well as background variations in pollen output. The results reveal that humans had a small but significant impact on the vegetation around two of the sites. Pollen preservation at the third site precluded analyses of the impacts of humans on the vegetation. The three-stage test used to test for human impact was quite successful but requires revision before any further use. On the whole the tests confirmed the findings of conventional human impact analyses. During the pre-Holocene fires occurred on a regular basis. These fires varied in location and intensity, suggesting that some of the fires were regional or large-scale, whilst others were small and very localized. A multi-causal explanation has been given for the fires. Later, during the early Mesolithic, human groups are thought to have burnt the reedswamp at the lake edges as part of an economic strategy. Star Carr is the only site that demonstrates clearance of significant areas of woodland. During the later Mesolithic the hunter-gatherers have a greater impact on the vegetation within the Vale. This is attributed to the need for more resources as a result of vegetation change and increased population levels. Unlike their counter-parts from the North York Moors, the occupants of the lowland Vale of Pickering cause no long-term change to their environment.
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Gjerde, Astrid. "Hunter-gatherers on the move : a study of dwellings in southern Scandinavia, Norway, Britain and Ireland." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538637.
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Deter, Christina. "Dental wear patterns of hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists : the impact of behavioural changes accompanying the transition." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1425882/.
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Tooth wear can record valuable information on diet, and non-dietary activities in different populations. In this study, assemblages from various behavioural groups are used to test the hypothesis that non-agriculturalists had a characteristic pattern of tooth wear which differs from the pattern of tooth wear of agriculturalists. The current study used an updated method to measure the proportions of dentine exposed in the occlusal wear facet and compared this to approximal wear and occlusal wear plane angle (separately). Assemblages used were from different behavioural groups (non-agriculturalists, transitionals and agriculturalists), environments (inland and coastal) and regions (North America and Levant). The non-agricultural groups were made up of assemblages from Carlston Annis, Ciggerville, El Wad, Indian Knoll and Kebara. The transitional group was from Calhoun County and the agriculturalists were made up of assemblages from Abu Hureyra, Florida Canaveral Peninsula, Hawikuh and Shannon. Results showed that the rate of occlusal wear corresponds greatly with the eruption timing of the dentition, agriculturalists and transitionals had greater approximal wear relative to Ml occlusal wear than non-agriculturalists and non-agriculturalists had a slower rate of change in occlusal facet angle relative to the extent of occlusal wear than the agriculturalists and transitionals.
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Orton, Jayson David John. "Late Holocene archaeology in Namaqualand, South Africa : hunter-gatherers and herders in a semi-arid environment." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eb329a96-a52f-4ba2-bdfd-73c73293d99e.
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This study examines mid- to late Holocene Later Stone Age archaeological residues – specifically flaked stone artefacts, ostrich eggshell beads and pottery – from Namaqualand, north-western South Africa. Through its implication in all models so far proposed, Namaqualand is crucial to understanding the introduction of herding to the southern African subcontinent. Despite numerous publications on early herding, many key debates remain unresolved. The study focuses on the northern and central Namaqualand coastline, but sites from other parts of Namaqualand are also described. The stone assemblages are grouped according to variation in materials and retouch and then, along with data from ostrich eggshell beads and pottery, analysed graphically for temporal and other patterning. A cultural sequence is then presented. Using this sequence, key debates on early herding are explored and a hypothesis on its origins is constructed. Indigenous hunter-gatherers occupied the region throughout the Holocene and made Group 1 lithic assemblages from quartz and cryptocrystalline silica with frequent retouched tools primarily in cryptocrystalline silica. A new population – likely Proto-Khoekhoe-speaking hunter-gatherers with limited numbers of livestock – entered the landscape approximately 2000 years ago. They made Group 3 assemblages from clear quartz focusing on backed bladelets. Diffusion of stock and pottery among the local population occurred during this period. Later, c. AD 500, a new wave of migrants appeared. These last were the ancestors of the historically observed Khoekhoe pastoralists; they made Group 2 lithic assemblages on milky quartz without retouched tools. Bead diameter generally increases with time and contributes nothing to the debate. The pottery sequence is still too patchy for meaningful interpretation but differs from that elsewhere. Overall, the differing cultural signatures in western South Africa suggest that, although many questions will likely remain unanswered, a better understanding of southern African early herding will only be possible with a study addressing all regions simultaneously.
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Taylor, A. J. "Mortuary practices and territoriality : archaic hunter-gatherers of southern Texas and the Loma Sandia Site (41LK28) /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Visentin, Davide. "Sauveterrian hunter-gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France : evolution and dynamics of lithic technical systems." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20024/document.
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Le Sauveterrien représente l'une des principales traditions culturelles du Premier Mésolithique européen. L'uniformité présumée de ce complexe était basée surtout sur la présence dans la France méridionale et l'Italie septentrionale de pointes à dos fusiformes (pointes de Sauveterre) et de microlithes triangulaires. Le but principal de ce travail est celui de mettre en discussion et vérifier cette association en utilisant une approche technologique ample des assemblages lithiques appartenant à 23 contextes stratigraphiques de 12 sites français et italiens de référence. En particulier, ces assemblages ont été analysés avec l'objectif de reconstruire les chaînes opératoires dans leur totalité, de l'approvisionnement des matières premières à l'utilisation et à l'abandon des éléments ayant servi comme outils. Plusieurs techniques d'analyse ont été intégrées afin de comprendre et caractériser les assemblages sauveterriens à partir de points de vue différents et complémentaires. De plus, l'évaluation de l'uniformité du complexe sauveterrien dans son territoire central par rapports aux groupes culturels des régions voisines a permis d'aborder de façon préliminaire la question de la réelle nature du Premier Mésolithique de l'Europe occidentaleThe Sauveterrian represents one of the main cultural aspects of the European Early Mesolithic. It was at first identified and described in southern France during the 1920ies. Following the discovery of similar lithic assemblages in north-eastern Italy (Adige Valley), during the 1970ies it was proposed that this culture had developed over a large territory whose central areas are represented by southern France and northern Italy. The presumed uniformity of this complex was based, in particular, on the presence in both regions of needle-like backed points (Sauveterre points) and triangular microliths. In the following years a first typological attempt to verify the actual homogeneity of the Early Mesolithic of this region arose some doubts regarding the appropriateness of this unification. Following this line of research the main aim of this work was, thus, to question and verify this association, by applying a broad technological approach to the study of the lithic assemblages belonging to 23 stratigraphic contexts from 12 French and Italian reference sites. More specifically these assemblages were investigated with the aim of reconstructing the entire reduction sequences, from the procurement of lithic raw materials to the use and discard of tools. Different analytical techniques were thus combined in order to understand and characterize the Sauveterrian assemblages from different and complementary viewpoints. Besides, the evaluation of the uniformity of the Sauveterrian complex in its central area with respect to the neighbouring cultural groups, allowed tentatively approaching the investigation of the very nature of western European Early Mesolithic
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Visentin, Davide. "Sauveterrian hunter-gatherers in Northern Italy and Southern France : evolution and dynamics of lithic technical systems." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20024.
Full textAbstract:
Le Sauveterrien représente l'une des principales traditions culturelles du Premier Mésolithique européen. L'uniformité présumée de ce complexe était basée surtout sur la présence dans la France méridionale et l'Italie septentrionale de pointes à dos fusiformes (pointes de Sauveterre) et de microlithes triangulaires. Le but principal de ce travail est celui de mettre en discussion et vérifier cette association en utilisant une approche technologique ample des assemblages lithiques appartenant à 23 contextes stratigraphiques de 12 sites français et italiens de référence. En particulier, ces assemblages ont été analysés avec l'objectif de reconstruire les chaînes opératoires dans leur totalité, de l'approvisionnement des matières premières à l'utilisation et à l'abandon des éléments ayant servi comme outils. Plusieurs techniques d'analyse ont été intégrées afin de comprendre et caractériser les assemblages sauveterriens à partir de points de vue différents et complémentaires. De plus, l'évaluation de l'uniformité du complexe sauveterrien dans son territoire central par rapports aux groupes culturels des régions voisines a permis d'aborder de façon préliminaire la question de la réelle nature du Premier Mésolithique de l'Europe occidentaleThe Sauveterrian represents one of the main cultural aspects of the European Early Mesolithic. It was at first identified and described in southern France during the 1920ies. Following the discovery of similar lithic assemblages in north-eastern Italy (Adige Valley), during the 1970ies it was proposed that this culture had developed over a large territory whose central areas are represented by southern France and northern Italy. The presumed uniformity of this complex was based, in particular, on the presence in both regions of needle-like backed points (Sauveterre points) and triangular microliths. In the following years a first typological attempt to verify the actual homogeneity of the Early Mesolithic of this region arose some doubts regarding the appropriateness of this unification. Following this line of research the main aim of this work was, thus, to question and verify this association, by applying a broad technological approach to the study of the lithic assemblages belonging to 23 stratigraphic contexts from 12 French and Italian reference sites. More specifically these assemblages were investigated with the aim of reconstructing the entire reduction sequences, from the procurement of lithic raw materials to the use and discard of tools. Different analytical techniques were thus combined in order to understand and characterize the Sauveterrian assemblages from different and complementary viewpoints. Besides, the evaluation of the uniformity of the Sauveterrian complex in its central area with respect to the neighbouring cultural groups, allowed tentatively approaching the investigation of the very nature of western European Early Mesolithic
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Bombjaková, Daša. "The role of public speaking, ridicule, and play in cultural transmission among Mbendjele Bayaka forest hunter-gatherers." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10043002/.
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This thesis is based on ethnographic research conducted with Mbendjele BaYaka Pygmy hunter-gatherers of Likouala Region, Congo-Brazzaville for eighteen months from 2013 to 2015. The primary goals of this thesis are: (1) to present three key contexts for educating children about Mbendjele practices and values; (2) to analyse ethnographic observations of how these contexts are employed to distinguish the modes of education they exploit; (3) to contrast Mbendjele and outsider-imposed education methods, and how Mbendjele define proper and improper teaching and learning. Mbendjele BaYaka value three main pro-egalitarian, cultural institutions as the primary means of educating children. They are based on public speaking, ridicule and play. I will examine how these institutions are employed in practice with a discussion of content and context. The results indicate that Mbendjele value mostly transmission of pro-egalitarian values, shaping understanding of gender and sexual roles in children, and teaching ways to deal with Non-Mbendjele outsiders. Corporal punishment is rare amongst egalitarian hunter-gatherers. Despite Mbendjele perceiving of it as an improper way of disciplining children, it is often employed in sedentarized context, in conjunction with increasing domestic violence and alcoholism. Indigenous institutions for cultural reproduction are central to understanding how hunter-gatherer picture their own future. Despite good intentions foreign enforcement of institutional schooling can have negative affects on the cultural resilience of Mbendjele sociality and egalitarian values. Understanding how Mbendjele value outsider imposed and their indigenous education institutions contributes to a better understanding of cultural resilience among marginalised ethnic groups, such as Mbendjele.
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Singels, Elzanne. "Underground storage organs of plants as a food source for Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in the southern Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95475.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The abundance and diversity of carbohydrate and protein resources in the southern Cape of South Africa may well have aided the survival of modern humans through the harsh climatic conditions of the late Pleistocene. Until now, the carbohydrate resources, in particular the underground storage organs (USOs) of some plant species have not been described from a forager’s perspective. This is baffling when one considers that the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa harbors the highest diversity of geophyte (herbaceous plants which possess USOs) species in the world. I report on USO distribution and abundance in the southern Cape of South Africa and on the effort, nutritional return and energetic return rates of harvesting these USOs. To determine their distribution and abundance, I assessed identity and abundance in a hundred 25m2 plots. These data, along with biomass data of every species sampled, allowed me to quantify the variation of this potential food source over different habitat types in the southern Cape landscape. Furthermore, I observed the time it took for human subjects to gather a sample of six USO species in three different vegetation types and in two seasons. Proximal analyses of the nutritional content of each of these species provided data which, when combined with foraging time, enabled a basic quantification of the return rate of energy (in calories) per time unit. There is high variability in the distribution of edible USO abundance and biomass across the study area, with some sites having very high biomass. Such biomass hotspots are likely to have been targeted by foragers, returning biomass values comparable to other studies which have been conducted on extant hunter-gatherer communities. Due to considerable variation over the landscape, the hotspots of biomass did not correlate significantly with any abiotic variables we measured. This suggests that hotspots of high biomass may have been challenging to find, unless the cognitive skills required to locate such patches were sufficiently developed – certainly excellent knowledge of the landscape and botany would have been crucial if survival depended on locating these diet items. USO species belonging to the Iridaceae family had the highest overall and average biomass in the area, so it is not surprising that this family is best represented amongst USO plant remains found in the archaeological record. Little effort (time) was required to obtain the six species of USOs we observed, although the weights obtained were also low. The nutritional returns of the six test species were higher than in other studies. The return rates per simulated foraging event in this study therefore compare favorably to the anthropological observations of extant hunter-gatherer communities. The lines of evidence presented in this thesis therefore lend support to the hypothesis that the USO resources of the southern Cape would have provided a large component of the carbohydrate requirements for sustaining hunter-gatherer communities. The data set presented in this thesis can be considered a baseline for future studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die digtheid en diversiteit van koolhidraat- en proteïenhulpbronne in die Suid-Kaap van Suid-Afrika mag die oorlewing van die moderne mens beïnvloed het tydens die ongunstige klimaatstoestande wat geheers het deur die laat Pleistoseen. Tot op hede is die koolhidraathulpbronne in die area nie beskryf vanuit ‘n kosversamelaar se perspektief af nie, spesifiek nie die koolhidrate wat deur ondergrondse stoororgane (OSO's) van sommige plantspesies verskaf kan word nie. Dié feit is verstommend as mens in ag neem dat die Kaapse Floristiese Streek van Suid-Afrika die hoogste geofietspesies (kruidagtige plante met OSO's) diversiteit ter wêreld het. Ek rapporteer oor die verspreiding en digtheid van OSO's in die Suid-Kaap en op die inspanning, voedingswaarde en energie-opbrengskoerse verbonde aan die oes van dié OSO's. Verspreiding en digtheid is bepaal oor ʼn honderd 25m2 plotte. Dié data, saam met die biomassa-data van elke spesie wat geïdentifiseer was, is gebruik om potensiële voedselbronne te kwantifiseer in verskillende habitattipes in die Suid-Kaap. Ek het verder die tyd wat dit neem vir mense om die ses geïdentifiseerde OSO-spesies te oes in drie verskillende habitatte en twee seisoene waargeneem. Voedingswaarde-data, tesame met OSO-oestyd-data, is gebruik vir die basiese berekening van energie-opbrengskoerse van spesies deur middel van proksimale analises. Daar is hoë variasie in die verspreiding, digtheid en biomassa van eetbare OSO's gevind in die studie-area, met sommige plotte wat baie hoë biomassa bevat het. Hierdie areas van hoë biomassa sou heel waarskynlik deur kos-versamelaars geteiken gewees het, en gevolglik hoë opbrengste van biomassa bied, wat vergelykbaar is met die biomassa-waardes wat waargeneem word binne areas waar huidige jagter-versamelaar-gemeenskappe tans oorleef. As gevolg van die aansienlike variasie wat waargeneem is oor die landskap het die hoë-biomassa-areas nie beduidend gekorreleer met enige abiotiese veranderlikes wat gemeet is nie. Dit dui daarop dat hoë-biomassa-areas moeilik kan wees om te vind, tensy kognitiewe vermoëns wat noodsaaklik is om kolle van hoë biomassa te vind ontwikkel was. OSO-spesies wat aan die Iridaceae-familie behoort het die hoogste algehele en gemiddelde biomassa in die area gehad. Dit is dus nie verbasend dat dié familie die beste verteenwoordig word in die argeologiese rekord van OSO-plantoorskot nie. Min inspanning (tyd) was nodig om die OSO's van die ses geïdentifiseerde spesies te bekom, alhoewel die massa wat bekom is ook laag was. Die voedingswaarde-opbrengs (per eenheidsmassa) van die ses toetsspesies was hoër as in ander studies. Die energie-opbrengskoers per versamelingsgebeurtenis het gevolglik ook gunstig vergelyk met die antropologiese waarnemings wat van huidige jagter-versamelaars gemeenskappe gemaak is. Die resultate van hierdie studie ondersteun die hipotese dat die OSO-hulpbronne in die Suid-Kaap 'n groot komponent van die koolhidraat-vereistes van jagter-versamelaar-gemeenskappe sou gewees het. Die datastel wat in dié tesis aangebied word kan as 'n basisverwysing dien vir toekomstige studies.
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Connaughton, Sean P. "Onset of pottery in the subsistence economy of prehistoric hunter-gatherers of the St. Johns River Valley." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004864.
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Hamilton, Joseph Shawn. "The Tongue River bison jump (24RB2135) the technological organization of late prehistoric period hunter-gatherers in southwestern Montana /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-04172007-185759/.
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Haas, Randall, Ioana C. Stefanescu, Alexander Garcia-Putnam, Mark S. Aldenderfer, Mark T. Clementz, Melissa S. Murphy, Carlos Viviano Llave, and James T. Watson. "Humans permanently occupied the Andean highlands by at least 7 ka." ROYAL SOC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624958.
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High-elevation environments above 2500 metres above sea level (m.a.s.l.) were among the planet's last frontiers of human colonization. Research on the speed and tempo of this colonization process is active and holds implications for understanding rates of genetic, physiological and cultural adaptation in our species. Permanent occupation of high-elevation environments in the Andes Mountains of South America tentatively began with hunter-gatherers around 9 ka according to current archaeological estimates, though the timing is currently debated. Recent observations on the archaeological site of Soro Mik'aya Patjxa (8.0-6.5 ka), located at 3800 m.a.s.l. in the Andean Altiplano, offer an opportunity to independently test hypotheses for early permanent use of the region. This study observes low oxygen (delta O-18) and high carbon (delta C-13) isotope values in human bone, long travel distances to low-elevation zones, variable age and sex structure in the human population and an absence of non-local lithic materials. These independent lines of evidence converge to support a model of permanent occupation of high elevations and refute logistical and seasonal use models. The results constitute the strongest empirical support to date for permanent human occupation of the Andean highlands by hunter-gatherers before 7 ka.
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Chadyuk, Oleksiy. "A Test of an Evolutionary Theory of Adiposity Gain Induced by Long Sleep in Descendants of European Hunter-Gatherers." Thesis, Walden University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3597452.
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Researchers have identified inadequate sleep duration as one of the factors contributing to global obesity. The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesis deduced from a new sleep-duration-based evolutionary theory claiming that sleep extension in response to lengthening night duration in early fall evolved into a behavioral marker of an approaching winter; this adaptive trait was theorized to produce adiposity gain in White men in response to sleep extension. The hypothesis was that White Americans would show a greater increase in the age-adjusted fat mass index per unit of sleep duration compared to that of Black Americans. Data were part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study between 2005 and 2010. The multiple regression analysis did not support the study hypothesis. The results indicated that habitual sleep duration had no effect on the annual rate of adiposity gain in White men, while in Black men, longer sleep was associated with significantly higher annual rates of adiposity gain. Implications for social change include the case for population-specific antiobesity interventions in Black men, including closer monitoring of sleep duration in order to prevent adverse habitual sleep extension and to improve time budgeting for physical exercise.
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Dallos, Csilla. "Identity and opportunity : asymmetrical household integration among the Lanoh, newly sedentary hunter-gatherers and forest collectors of Peninsular Malaysia." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82849.
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In recent years, heated debates about the definition and evolutionary role of simple, egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies have assumed a central place in hunter-gatherer studies. Since household dynamics are bound to be fundamental in arguments about these issues, the present study examines social change in terms of household integration in Air Bah, a resettlement village of newly sedentary Lanoh hunter-gatherers and forest collectors of Peninsular Malaysia. The Lanoh have accepted inequality more readily than cooperation and binding relationships. Household integration has remained partial because, even in households of self-aggrandizers, younger men retain their individual autonomy. This incomplete household integration, in turn, continues to affect kinship group and village integration, preventing Air Bah from developing into a centralized "village community." These findings suggest substantial revisions in our understanding of the sociality and evolutionary significance of the "simplest" hunter-gatherer societies.
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Norström, Crister. "They call for us : strategies for securing autonomy among the Paliyans, hunter-gatherers of the Palni Hills, south India /." Stockholm : Department of social anthropology, Stockholm university, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39902635z.
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Best, Anne. "Regional variation in the material culture of hunter gatherers : social and ecological approaches to ethnographic objects from Queensland, Australia /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb390773190.
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Norström, Christer. ""They call for us" strategies for securing autonomy among the Paliyans, hunter-gatherers of the Palni Hills, South India /." Stockholm : Dept. of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University : Distributed by Almqvist & Wiskell International, 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53098755.html.
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Norström, Christer. ""They call for us" : strategies for securing autonomy among the Paliyans, hunter-gatherers of the Palni Hills, South India." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Socialantropologiska institutionen, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-96155.
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Chadyuk, Oleksiy. "A Test of an Evolutionary Theory of Adiposity Gain Induced by Long Sleep in Descendants of European Hunter-Gatherers." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1080.
Full textAbstract:
Researchers have identified inadequate sleep duration as one of the factors contributing to global obesity. The purpose of this study was to test a hypothesis deduced from a new sleep-duration-based evolutionary theory claiming that sleep extension in response to lengthening night duration in early fall evolved into a behavioral marker of an approaching winter; this adaptive trait was theorized to produce adiposity gain in White men in response to sleep extension. The hypothesis was that White Americans would show a greater increase in the age-adjusted fat mass index per unit of sleep duration compared to that of Black Americans. Data were part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) study between 2005 and 2010. The multiple regression analysis did not support the study hypothesis. The results indicated that habitual sleep duration had no effect on the annual rate of adiposity gain in White men, while in Black men, longer sleep was associated with significantly higher annual rates of adiposity gain. Implications for social change include the case for population-specific antiobesity interventions in Black men, including closer monitoring of sleep duration in order to prevent adverse habitual sleep extension and to improve time budgeting for physical exercise.
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Sheppard, Brennand Megan. "Hunter-gatherer economies along the Newcastle coastline: An analysis of a shell midden site from the Late Holocene Birubi, New South Wales." Thesis, Department of Archaeology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17959.
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Until relatively recently, shell middens have been overlooked as culturally rich sites that can inform archaeologists on many aspects of the past. In depth analyses of all features of a site are needed in order to gain an understanding of the people who created them. Analyses that examine both the ecological and economic aspects of sites through the use of quantitative data have been promoted via detailed research of coastal shell deposits in South Africa and California. Although the application of this type of approach has not been as widespread in southeast Australia, the foundational work on which to build more detailed coastal archaeological research and midden analysis comes from Attenbrow (Attenbrow 1993, 1995, 2010a, 2010c, 2011) and Sullivan (Sullivan 1982, 1984, 1987).This thesis, through a holistic and methodical approach, seeks to provide a material based analysis of hunter-gatherer interactions with the environment along the NSW coastline during the late Holocene. The case study of the Birubi shell midden is located near Port Stephens in NSW and was systematically excavated and recorded by Prof. Len Dyall (then of the University of Newcastle) in the 1970s. The results from the quantitative analysis undertaken in this thesis demonstrate that the hunter-gatherers of Birubi sustained a diverse coastal economy. This thesis aims to provide a dataset, following the framework of Sullivan and Attenbrow, which can be used alongside other similar studies in order to build up a more comprehensive understanding of subsistence economies along the NSW coastline in the Holocene.
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Janz, Lisa. "Chronology of Post-Glacial Settlement in the Gobi Desert and the Neolithization of Arid Mongolia and China." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223342.
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Prior to this study, knowledge of Gobi Desert prehistory was mostly limited to early and mid-20th century descriptions of undated stone tool assemblages from unanalyzed museum collections. This research focuses on the use of extensive existing museum collections to establish a baseline chronology of technology, economy, and land-use for prehistoric Gobi Desert groups. Radiocarbon and luminescence dating are used to establish an artefact-based chronology and provide a relative age for 96 archaeological site assemblages. Interpretations of land-use derived from lithic analysis are compared to detailed regional and local palaeoenvironmental records in order to contextualize residential mobility and subsistence. Results indicate that a dramatic shift in land-use after about 8000 years ago was related to a combination of widespread forestation and the increased productivity of lowland habitats during a period of high effective moisture. Hunter-gatherers organized their movements around dune-field/wetland environments, but utilized a range of both high- and low-ranked foods such as large ungulates from adjoining plains and uplands, and seeds and/or tubers from dune-fields and wetlands. New radiocarbon dates indicate that the use of dune-fields and wetlands persisted into the early Bronze Age, overlapping with the rise of nomadic pastoralism across Northeast Asia. These findings illuminate the period just prior to the rise of nomadic pastoralism in Northeast Asia and add considerable depth to our understanding of hunter-gatherer adaptations within arid environments following the Last Glacial Maximum.
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Clark, Amy E. "From Activity Areas to Occupational Histories: New Methods to Document the Formation of Spatial Structure in Hunter-Gatherer Sites." SPRINGER, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626114.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past five decades, archaeologists have proposed a wide range of methods for the study of spatial organization within hunter-gatherer sites. Many of these methods sought to identify the spatial location of activities based on patterns of behavior observed in ethnographic contexts. While this resulted in productive observations at certain sites, many of these methods were tailored to specific situations and thus could not be applied to a wide range of sites. For example, open-air sites rarely contain preserved bone or features, such as hearths, which were central components to identifying characteristics of site structure. In addition, many of these methods often did not take into consideration the temporal dynamics of the occupation, i.e., that many sites were formed through subsequent occupations of differing duration. This paper proposes the use of two related methods that assume many assemblages are the result of more than one occupation. The methods target the distribution of lithic artifacts, the most ubiquitously preserved of archaeological materials, and accounts for the potential that the final resting place of artifacts was the result of both intentional and unintentional movement by humans and a host of biological and geological processes. The main goal of this paper is to use an understanding of how these processes influenced the formation of site structure to estimate the relative number and duration of occupations for each site in the sample. These new methods will be presented and explained through the study of seven open-air Middle Paleolithic sites in France but are applicable to a wide range of hunter-gatherer sites.
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Salali, G. D. "Social structure and knowledge sharing networks in hunter-gatherers : a case study on the plant knowledge of the Mbendjele BaYaka Pygmies." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1542180/.
Full textAbstract:
Hunters and gatherers occupied 95% of the human history. Despite the forces of globalization, current-day hunter-gatherers can shed light on how we adapted to different environments and generated complex cultural traits. Their changing ways of life, on the other hand, may let us understand cultural change. In this thesis, I explore the cultural evolution of plant knowledge in an extant hunter-gatherer population, the Mbendjele BaYaka Pygmies from the Northern Republic of Congo. In Chapter 4, I show that the Mbendjele use wild plants for various reasons from treating digestive system disorders to punishing norm violators. In Chapter 5, I investigate whether there are adaptive benefits to the use of certain medicinal plants and explore the common uses of medicinal plants across different Pygmy populations and great apes. I also explore the known bioactive compounds, and test the effects of mothers’ use of certain medicinal plants on their children’s body- mass-index. In Chapter 6, I investigate how the Mbendjele have evolved such a rich plant use repertoire by exploring sharing of medicinal and non-medicinal plant knowledge with respect to features of social structure. I argue that the long-term pair bonds, marital ties and cooperative breeding have allowed the Mbendjele to combine and accumulate rich medicinal plant uses. Additionally, co-residence of multiple families provides a context for the sharing and accumulation of plant uses that concern cooperative foraging and social norms. In Chapter 7, I explore the socioeconomic transitions in the Mbendjele that live in a logging town and examine how plant knowledge declines with their changing life-style. I argue that change in subsistence activities, emerging inequalities and decreased mobility hinder the transmission of traditional knowledge. Nevertheless, I argue that adoption of new cultural traits may be inevitable and beneficial for the resilience of modern day hunter-gatherers.