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Journal articles on the topic 'Hungary – History – 20th century'
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1
Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.
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Marsovszky, László. "History of cataract operations in Hungary." Orvosi Hetilap 154, no. 45 (November 2013): 1802–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2013.29740.
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The history of the cataract operations dates back to thousands of years ago. Initially, surgery was carried out using rudimentary operating techniques resulting in the loss of many eyes. Cataract surgery has evolved immersely and now it is a highly refined surgical practice. Evolution of the cataract surgery was closely linked to broadening of anatomical-pathological knowledge and to the development of the instruments applied. Although Daviel performed the first intentional cataract removal in 1747, almost one hundred years passed before the extracapsular cataract extraction method finally replaced the old couching technique. By the middle of the 20th century, with the progression of the operation techniques and instruments, different forms of intracapsular cataract extraction methods became prevalent. Introduction and widespread use of the artificial intraocular lenses from the second half of the 20th century led to the rediscovery and further perfection of the extracapsular cataract extraction technique. Today, phacoemulsification through small incision, along with the foldable intraocular lenses is the gold standard of cataract surgery. The aim of this study is to present the different cataract surgery methods applied throughout the centuries, as well as the difficulties encountered. It discusses pioneering steps of each era, in order to give a closer look at the most frequently performed surgical intervention in ophthalmology. Orv. Hetil., 154(45), 1802–1805.
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Gyimesi, Julia. "Hypnotherapies in 20th-century Hungary: The extraordinary career of Ferenc Völgyesi." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 4 (October 2018): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118790414.
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This article traces the history of hypnotherapies in Hungary by exploring and interpreting the work of Ferenc (András) Völgyesi, a controversial physician, psychiatrist and forensic expert who gained remarkable fame in and beyond Hungary. It explores his work and its reception in the context of the complex, changing trends in European psychology between the 1920s and 1950s, drawing on published sources in a range of languages, and the archives of the Hungarian State Security. It uncovers experiments in human and animal hypnosis; Völgyesi’s engagement with the Hungarian psychoanalytic community; and the cultural, scientific, and esoteric, networks from which theories and practices of hypnosis emerged. This reminds us also that the development of psychotherapy in Europe cannot be disentangled from the history of parapsychology and western esotericism. The article also examines allegations of ethical abuses of hypnosis, and the shortcomings of Völgyesi’s theoretical and practical claims. It argues that this case illustrates how the history of European psychotherapy in the 20th century cannot be fully understood without taking into account the enduring fascination with hypnotherapies into the postwar period – re-inscribed, in this case, through Pavlovian theories.
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Polgár, Balázs. "The conflict archaeology of the 19th–20th century in Hungary." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2020 (March 3, 2022): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2020.197.
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Conflict archaeology has significant traditions in Hungary. This paper presents conflict archaeological research on three military sites of the 19th and 20th centuries (the battlefield of Kismegyer, the POW camp of Ostffyasszonyfa and the aircraft wreck of Bágyogszovát) associated with the Ministry of Defence Military History Institute and Museum. Finally, the Appendix concludes the study by presenting 25 more Hungarian conflict archaeological research projects from the Napoleonic Wars to the Cold War.
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Rosivall, László. "20th Anniversary of Budapest Nephrology School: History and Lessons." Open Urology & Nephrology Journal 6, no. 1 (August 8, 2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874303x01306010049.
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Nephrology practice and research in Hungary was strong in the last century. Sándor von Korányi, founder of renal pathophysiology, was the first who applied freezing point reduction to measure osmotic activity of urine and coined the term renal insufficiency. After a decline in the standards of nephrology practice in the 1970s to 80s, I established the Hungarian Kidney Foundation in order to revitalize nephrology in Hungary and the region. Besides, a PhD programme was successfully introduced together with the Budapest Nephrology School (BNS). During the 20 years of its history the BNS became one of the most successful one-week-long CME refresher nephrology course having more than 1500 students representing 61 countries. BNS is a meeting point of young talented nephrologists and dedicated experts proving that personal contacts, discussions cannot be substituted by books, videos or internet. BNS has been a unique tool to once again bring Budapest into the center of attention and recognition for the development of regional nephrology.
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Szabó, András. "A párviadalok jogi és erkölcsi megítélése a reformkortól a XX. század közepéig." Erdélyi Jogélet 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2021.01.13.
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The role of duels changed a lot throughout history. Based upon observations, most duels resulted from personal grievances. Duels were present even in the mid-20th century in Hungary. In the 20th century, duels were one of the greatest dilemmas of justice. The public opinion accepted duels, but the legal profession condemned them, mainly because of the possible negative consequences. In my study, I will present most of the legal provisions for duels both in Hungary and in Europe, the ethical Code of duels, and the most important lawyers, opinions on duels. Finally, I will explain the main reasons that had led to the decline of duelling.
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von Klimó, Árpád. "ST STEPHEN'S DAY: POLITICS AND RELIGION IN 20TH-CENTURY HUNGARY." East Central Europe 26, no. 2 (1999): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633099x00185.
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H. Molnár, Anikó, Ibolya Lipienné Krémer, and János Rigó. "Liptay Imréné - egy 20. századi magyar szülésznő története." Kaleidoscope history 11, no. 22 (2021): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2021.22.123-137.
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Nowadays, in Hungary, midwives are classified as skilled health workers, and according to their qualifications and professionalism, they are important health care providers. Midwifery, as an ancient profession based on traditions and rituals, was gradually transformed into an in-patient nursing of the 20th-century health care facilities. This study was written on the basis of a diploma work “The Life and Working of Hungarian Midwives in the 20th Century” defended at the Faculty of Health Sciences of Semmelweis University in 2020, inspired by a memorial plaque in honour of the former midwife of Gyömrő. This review presents the professional career and life of the town midwife Liptay, born Ilona Hebrancz (1903-1990). It is based on her records and oral history of her descendants and acquaintances while focusing especially on changes of the traditional midwifery in Hungary.
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Boda, Mihály. "Imperial Historicism: An Example of Scientific Justification of Foreign Policy and Warfare in the 19–20th Centuries in Hungary." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public 20, no. 3 (May 26, 2022): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2021.3.6.
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The 19th century saw the modern development of nation states and the early development of human sciences. These progresses linked up with the ideologies of nation-building. Some European states having long history and imperial traditions applied the study of their own history to support their national political purposes. The new political ideology was historicism used for imperial purposes, imperial historicism. With the help of imperial historicism, 19th century thinkers and statesmen identifying themselves and their community with the historical forms of their community attempted to build or uphold their empire. Hungary, or at least some Hungarian thinkers and statesmen, was one of those states which used imperial historicism to define their foreign policy and internal political purposes. Examining political thinking of the 19th-century Hungary one can find several forms of imperial historicism and historical self-identification. This paper presents imperial historicism and its Hungarian forms.
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Tompa, Andrea. "What Can Be Said: The Jenő Janovics Archive in Cluj." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Dramatica 66, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbdrama.2021.2.05.
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"This paper focuses on the documents kept in archive of Jenő Janovics, an artistic director in Hungary and Romania for 30 years. The rich archival materials, kept in Cluj, of this important public figure reflect the turbulent times of history of Hungarian Theater in Cluj in the first half of the 20th century. The study presents a possible approach to this material, also introducing Janovics’s diary’s hermeneutical problems. Keywords: Jenő Janovics, Hungarian Theater Cluj, diary, Hungarian theater history, Jewish "
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Willson, Rachel Beckles. "A NEW VOICE, A NEW 20TH CENTURY? AN EXPERIMENT WITH SÁNDOR VERESS." Tempo 62, no. 243 (January 2008): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004029820800003x.
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The project of introducing an unknown repertory into discourses on music can be approached in a range of ways. The writer can make a case about its regrettable neglect and its unjustified exclusion from a historical canon, or can argue for its (political) relevance to the present. Or s/he can simply try to persuade readers of its aesthetic qualities: this third desire might well drive the first two, however covertly. The path I take here is unabashedly more ambitious. In attempting to open the hearts and minds of the uninitiated reader to a composer little-known outside Switzerland and Hungary, I will suggest that he offers us a significantly new way of thinking about music history in the 20th century as a whole.
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Ritoók, Pál, and Ágnes Anna Sebestyén. "Communicating “space and form?”: The history and impact of the journal Tér és Forma as the Hungarian pipeline of Modernism." An Eastern Europe Vision, no. 59 (2018): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/59.a.yxtyk1q6.
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In the interwar era, architectural journals were at the forefront of professional attention and had the power to disseminate the Modern Movement in architecture globally. The Hungarian journal Tér és Forma (1928-1948) took the lead to introduce international modern architecture to the Hungarian public, while continually reporting on the newest building projects in interwar Hungary. Virgil Bierbauer, the periodical’s long-time editor (1928-1942), presented the broad panorama of contemporary architecture and his followers from 1943 intended to continue his legacy even in wartime. The impact of the periodical did not halt at its cessation in 1948 but, directly as well as indirectly, continued to define 20th century architectural historiography in Hungary.
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Rácz, Attila. "The effects of World War I on marriages between 1914 and 1918 in Hungary." Belvedere Meridionale 32, no. 3 (2020): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.3.9.
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The 20th century has entered the history of Europe as a constant era of wars, crises and dictatorships. This century also marked a series of trials for Hungary. The imprint and long-term effects of the historical events of the period can be well traced with the help of statistical data, therefore the aim of our study is to show how serious and difficult to remedy social, economic and demographic problems can be when people attack people, either with weapons or by another method. In the present study, we analyze the effects of World War I on marriages between 1914 and 1918.
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Godawa, Grzegorz, and Erzsébet Rákó. "Social Pedagogy Training in Poland and Hungary." Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.12209.
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In the present study we compare the formation and development of Polish and Hungarian social pedagogy. The main aspects of the comparison are the principal stages in the history of social pedagogy, the development of training, and the current situation in Hungary and Poland.The history of social pedagogy can be divided into three stages, following key events in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, as these historical events had an impact on the appearance and development of social pedagogy. The first stage is the early period, in the era before 1945, the second is the period after 1945, when the number of orphaned children increased significantly after the second World War and communism determined the socio-economic development of both Poland and Hungary. The third period started after 1989 when, after the collapse of communism, the development of both countries was placed on new socio-economic foundations, and new social problems appeared in the subsystems of society, which were partly addressed by social pedagogical solutions. In what follows, we give a brief overview of the 20th century history of Polish and Hungarian social pedagogy, the initial period of its formation.
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Szisz, Nóra. "The “Storms and Turns of History”: Emigration Narratives in the 20th Century in Polish and Hungarian History Textbooks." Prace Historyczne 148, no. 4 (December 2021): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.21.053.14029.
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History textbooks are special sources, reflecting on the era in which they were published. They play a role in formation of national identity and shape students’ perception of the past and their relation to the present. Central Europe’s recent media have given considerable attention to emigration. How do history textbooks narrate migration? This paper explores how the current history textbooks in Hungary and Poland narrate mass emigration. Findings reveal several reasons for the mass migration named by the textbooks, which include a desire for improved economic and living conditions. The treatment of emigrant groups as transnational populations in both Hungarian and Polish narratives suggests that they are separated from their home country’s national history and in a way ‘step out’ of its flow – however, the narratives appearing in the Polish textbooks deal with the overall neglected groups in greater depth. In addition, this research explores how these textbooks treat these transnational populations.
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Марков, Зоран, and Ћипријан Главан. "ПЛЕМИЋИ НИКОЛИЋ ОД РУДНЕ. ПОРОДИЧНА ИСТОРИЈА У ЈЕДНОМ ДОКУМЕНТУ ИЗ ЗБИРКЕ НАРОДНОГ МУЗЕЈА БАНАТА У ТЕМИШВАРУ." ИСХОДИШТА 1, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/ish.7.2021.11.
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The family Nikolić of Rudna was one of the most important families of Serbian descent from Hungary. The history of this noble family is largely unknown, as it didn’t receive much attention in the historiography. The present document was written by a member of the Nikolić family and addressed to the adopted son of baron Mihajlo Nikolić, Jovan Tirfelder. The document is an excellent information source about the history of the family. The document was written in German in the first decades of the 20th century. It comprises six pages and nowadays it is preserved, in a good state of conservation, in the document collection of the History department of the National Museum of Banat from Timișoara. The document comprises five short chapters: 1. General data about the Serbians in Hungar, 2. Sources about the history of our family, 3. The name of our family and its notation, 4. The history of our family end 5. Remarks regarding the use of the genealogical charts. The original documents regarding the history of the family before 1848 were lost during a fire, which occurred in Rudna during the 1848-1849 revolution. That is why it was necessary to use other sources in order to write the present document: e.g.: National Archives of Hungary in Budapest or the Archives of the Timiș County. A short history of the family, which contains previously unpublished aspects, constitutes the most significant part of this document and of the present article. Another part of the article is dedicated to the baron Fedor Nikolić of Rudna. He was the most important member of the family and a notability in Banat in the second half of the XIXth century. As a deputy, he represented various districts of Banat in the Hungarian parliament. He had an important position in the governing body of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1882-1886). Additionally he led several associations and commercial companies from Banat and Hungary and received various titles and medals.
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Bolvári-Takács, Gábor. "The History of the State Regulation of Dance Teacher Training in Hungary." Tánc és Nevelés 3, no. 2 (2022): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46819/tn.3.2.65-91.
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In regard to dance teacher training, the process of state regulation began with a recognition of dance education as an activity worthy of regulation, followed by efforts to gradually bring it under state control. Until the middle of the 20th century, this mainly resulted in the regulation of dance school activities by professional interest protection organizations and regulations related to exit exams. These measures began in 1922 when for the first time the minister of interior affairs established a dance master qualification examination board for the state recognition of certificates issued by professional associations. After 1945, the process diversified in terms of genres (e.g., ballet, the art of movement, folk dance, and ballroom dance) and, in addition to the regulation of training, took shape in the creation of state institutions. In 1974, dance teacher training was raised to the college level, and finally after 2006, as a result of the Bologna process, the master’s degree represented the highest attainment in the training of dance teachers.
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Stogov, Dmitrii I. "The Rusin agenda in the works of Russian Conservatives of the late 19th - early 20th century." Rusin, no. 67 (2022): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/67/10.
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The article analyses the statements of a number of right-wing conservative politicians, publicists, and thinkers concerning various aspects (socio-economic, political, religious, and cultural) of the life of the Rusinian population of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Analyzing the socio-political life of the Austro-Hungarian Rusins, Conservatives drew attention to their difficult economic situation, criticized the Austro-Hungarian authorities and the Polish public and called for the development of possible ways to improve the situation. Russian Conservatives mostly focused on the spiritual and cultural life of the Rusins in Austria-Hungary and emphasised that, despite Uniatism imposed on them, the Rusins preserved a living Orthodox tradition. The author concludes that some Conservatives advocated the unity (primarily spiritual) of the Rusins, Little Russians and Great Russians, regardless of their citizenship to a particular state, be it Russia or Austria-Hungary. Obviously, the cornerstone in their reasoning was the idea of a once unified Russian people that existed in the days of Old Rus, but due to various circumstances but due to various circumstances fell apart into separate conglomerations on the territory of different states. However, before the outbreak of the First World War, the conservative camp conveyed two positions in relation to the “Rusin question”: the active support of the Rusins from the moderate-right and nationalists and the more restrained position of the extreme right, who did not want to aggravate relations with Austria-Hungary. With the outbreak of the war, the extreme right also began to actively support the Rusin movement.
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Havlíček, Marek, Aleš Vyskočil, Martin Caletka, Zbyněk Sviták, Miriam Dzuráková, Hana Skokanová, and Marta Šopáková. "History of Using Hydropower in the Moravice River Basin, Czechia." Water 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060916.
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Water-powered facilities (WPFs) have traditionally been a pillar of the economy and social development. Therefore, the state took an interest in having these objects recorded and mapped in relevant maps and registers. This article focuses on identifying and localizing WPFs in the Moravice River basin in the so-called Sudetenland, Czechia, between the years 1763 and 2021. Specifically, the evolution and (dis)continuity of the WPFs are assessed through an analysis of cartographic and archival sources, reflecting the wider socioeconomic and demographic context as explanatory variables. The cartographic sources included old military topographic maps of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia from four periods (the mid-18th century, mid-19th century, end of the 19th century, and mid-20th century) on the one hand and two state water-powered facility registers from 1930 and 1953 on the other. The archival sources included funds from regional and state archives. The results show that the count of WPFs peaked during the 19th century, after which there occurred a steep decline caused by societal and economic changes, namely, the expulsion of the local German population, nationalization in the postwar period, and economic and organizational transformations in the socialist era. Special attention is paid to hydropower plants, whose evolution reflects the outlined economic processes.
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Klapka, Pavel, and Martin Erlebach. "The Contribution of Spatial Interaction Modelling to Spatial History: The Case of Central Places and their Hinterlands in the Territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire." Moravian Geographical Reports 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgr-2021-0019.
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Abstract Research on spatial history can be enriched by using approaches from quantitative geography. We analyse an historical regional system and highlight three basic assumptions, building upon Christaller’s central place theory: cities do not stand alone in space, they interact with their hinterlands, and they are hierarchically organised. We investigate the relative position of central places in space and define their hinterlands using a spatial interaction modelling approach. We present the example of functional regional taxonomy in past environments, which therefore has a higher degree of uncertainty in the results and in their interpretation. We use a variant of Reilly’s model to define the functional regions in Austria-Hungary at the beginning and at the end of the 20th century. We present a possible interpretation of the model results based on the identification of the major factors responsible for developments in the urban and regional systems of Austria-Hungary over 100 years. We conclude that the development of urban and regional systems in the territory of the former Austria-Hungary was not considerably affected by the role of political-economic systems, the administrative organisation of states, nor by the different stages in economic development of its formerly constituent territories.
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Scridon, Alin Cristian. "The Religious life of Romanians in 18th-20th century Hungary, reflected in the works of researchers in the Hungarian space." Journal of Education Culture and Society 11, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2020.2.422.428.
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Aim. We tend to believe that the religious life of Romanians in the diaspora – living in the proximity of the Romanian borders (we do not take into account the groups that left towards Spain, Italy, Germany, and so on at the beginning of the third millennium) - is a taboo subject. The Orthodox (Romanian) clerical elite focused less on the assiduous study of the religious life of their Romanian brothers outside the borders; in this case, in Hungary. Therefore, we have the scientific duty—but more importantly, the moral duty—to bring to light the truths that are either not known or are known in a distorted form. The road of Voniga (Giula-Giroc) that we followed during the PhD research period was a blessing from the point of view of a scientific void/niche.
Methods. In our study, we have applied two “simple” components: the archive and the specialised bibliography.
Results. The archive was largely preserved only by Elena Csobai and Emilia Martin. The respectable ladies professionally structured the archive (Romanian Orthodox Church in Hungary) and saved hundreds of research sources from the depth of history.
Conclusion. As Moisa noted (2011), the puzzling ethnographic, linguistic, cultural, and historical bulk material is without a doubt focused on the Church. The church is inextricably linked to the lives of Romanians in Hungary. Going through the tens of thousands from the mentioned fields, even superficially, there is an undeniable truth: the spirituality is present, more or less, in the writings of most of the select researchers who have worked in the scientific field for the past three decades.
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Lénárt, András. "La imagen de Hungría en el cine franquista." Acta Hispanica 19 (January 1, 2014): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2014.19.101-111.
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The complex relationship between film and history represents a thoughtprovoking interdisciplinary research field. The formation of a suitable film policy constituted a substantial assignment in all European dictatorships of the 20th century. Among them, the cinema of Francisco Franco's regime was one of the most interesting examples. The Spanish general considered that communism was the most dangerous and a genuinely diabolical enemy of the Christian civilization. In compliance with this obsession, the regime's film industry produced quite a few movies that backed the dictator's deep-rooted anticommunism. Hungary, a Central European country under communist rule, also belonged to this paradigm: Hungarian topics, events and individuals appeared every now and then in those films that discussed the drawbacks and horrors of being part of the Soviet block. In this paper I analyze three Spanish propaganda movies from the 1950's where Hungary and Hungarians played a central role.
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Mike, Ádám. "The History of Secondary Music Education in Two Significant Institutions in Hungary up to the Middle of the 20th Century." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 65, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2020.2.04.
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"When it comes to the exploration of history of theoretical classes in Hungarian secondary education, it's indispensable to learn about the structure, operation and formation process of conservatoire, the type of institution, which was formed in the 19th century. This study is intended to briefly present the Hungarian institutionalized music education and, after that, to describe the first hundred years of the two significant school of the conservatory institution-system in detail: the National Music School and the Debrecen Music School. In the study we demonstrate the background of formation, the operation, the structure and the eminent leaders of the institutions mentioned above and highlight their transformation in the different education policy systems. Keywords: Music Education in Hungary, National Music School, Debrecen Music School"
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Bakoš, Eduard, Jana Soukopová, and Jan Šelešovský. "The Historical Roots of Local Self-Government in Czech and Slovak Republics." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2015): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/13.1.1-19(2015).
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The paper deals with the historical development of local self-government in the context of the development of the public administration as a whole during the First Czechoslovak Republic. It presents historical roots of the public administration in the former imperial Austria-Hungary, which was different from other European countries with its complex bureaucratic structures. Certain elements of the complex political and administrative developments during the early 20th century can be seen even one hundred years later. It is becoming apparent that history repeats itself in a number of issues and that it is unforgivable not to learn lessons both from the mistakes and the successful solutions of the past.
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Budai, G., and N. D. Afanasieva. "Teaching the Russian Language in Hungary: History of Cultural Interactions." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2021-1-17-121-131.
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The paper is dedicated to outlining the main specific features of the spread and reception of Russian language in Hungary, with attention paid to the chronological perspective and the current situation. The text aims at revealing the factors, institutional and personal agents that fuel the interest to studying and teaching Russian in the atmosphere of Hungary. Russian history, culture, literature, traditions, and, consequently, the Russian language have always been of interest in Hungary. The Hungarian national culture developed in parallel with the rise of enthusiasm toward Russia — and in 1849 the Department of Slavic Philology was introduced at the University of Pest. Russian was popularized and spread in Hungary by textbooks and translations of famous oeuvres of Russian writers. The turn of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th marked the growing interest of students to Russian, with the First World War, the October revolution in Russia and the subsequent Russian exodus intensifying mundane interactions. The Second World War, its outcomes and the split of Europe into two zones showed the clout that the Russian language acquired. In 1949, Russian became the only compulsory foreign language at school; Russian was introduced in higher educational institutions on a broader basis, including pedagogical institutes which were training Russian teachers for middle schools. After 1989, Hungary, like other Central and Eastern European countries, saw a sharp decline in the number of Russian language learners due to geopolitical reasons. The current stage of the spread of the Russian language in Hungary is characterized by positive changes: strengthening of economic relations between the countries, expansion of cultural and educational ties that is gradually leading to an increase in emphasis on the Russian language. In particular, it is owed to the liberalization of book industry and publishing of new Russian textbooks, digital promotion via Internet, construction of the Baksi nuclear power plant, and numerous exhibitions and festivals. What can be concluded is that cultural bonds connecting the Hungarians and the Russian language have a long path dependency relative to the post-1917 diaspora, the period of socialism and favourable relations with the USSR. Their effect is maintained by modern funds and associations. Economic ties that have foundation in both historical industrial cooperation and modern projects also foster attention to maintaining closer cultural interactions — and, thus, to studying Russian.
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Thomas, Riley, Jocelyn Alcantára-García, and Jan Wouters. "A Snapshot of Viennese Textile History using Multi-Instrumental analysis: Benedict codecasa’s swatchbook." MRS Advances 2, no. 63 (2017): 3959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.604.
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AbstractThe Habsburg Empire was a sovereign dynasty ruled by the Habsburgs between the 15th and 20th centuries. Although its borders were not defined before the 19th century, what is now Austria, Hungary, some areas of the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Italy were at some point part of the Empire. Starting in the 17th century, the Empire had Vienna as the capital, which was a hub for culture and craft where silk was a valued commodity. Despite the political and cultural importance of the Empire, little is known of its trade practices and sources of raw material. Using a combination of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA) for the study of a Viennese swatch book, we conducted the first systematic approach to understanding the industry. Benedict Codecasa, a prominent merchant active in Vienna between the late 18th and early 19th century sold silk and other textile goods. Authorized by the Royal Court, Codecasa was assumed to sell luxurious and high-quality textiles. However, our results suggested colored goods were dyed with more focus on aesthetics (finding a similar color) rather than quality through unique recipes. This greatly contrasts with other contemporary textile industries praised for their quality and which, in turn, might be related to comparatively lesser quality textiles sold in Vienna.
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Vonka, Martin, and Robert Kořínek. "CHIMNEY RESERVOIRS: UNIQUE TECHNICAL STRUCTURES FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC." Acta Polytechnica 58, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2018.58.0155.
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In the past, various methods and technological systems were used to supply water on industrial and other sites. In the early 19th century, Professor Otto Intze invented a new form of water reservoir that could be installed in a tower tank or even on the body of a chimney. This gave rise to a structure that had never been seen before – a chimney reservoir. The advantages of this structure resulted in it quickly becoming very popular, especially in the country in which it originated, Germany. The structure spread from the German Empire into other countries, including Austria-Hungary. The first chimney reservoir on the Czech territory originated in the late 19th century, the last structure of this type was built in 1962. Although their history was short, more than sixty distinctive structures of this kind were built in the Czech lands, the twenty-one of which that have survived to the present day can be described as a unique industrial heritage. This article outlines the origin and evolution of different types of chimney reservoirs and describes the structural and technological designs used for such structures on the territory of what is now known as the Czech Republic.
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Kirill, Shevchenko. "Russian Empire in Public and Political Discourse of Galician Rus’ in the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Century." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 2 (May 27, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2022-0-2-49-59.
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The article analyzes the role and place of the Russian Empire in the Galician-Russian public and cultural activities in the 19th century. Representatives of the Galician-Russian intelligentsia in the 19th century considered Galician and Ugric Rusyns from Austria-Hungary to be part of the common civilizational community consisting of Great Russians, Little Russians and White Russians. Galician-Russian intelligentsia interpreted the formation of the Muscovite Rus and then Russian Empire, the formation of the Russian culture and Russian literary language as the result of the common political and cultural efforts of the representatives of the Great and Little Rus, emphasizing the role of Galician natives in common Russian history. In particular, Galician-Russian enlighteners stressed the importance of activities of the Little Rus native F. Prokopovich, who became the leading ideologist of the reforms of Peter the Great. In the second half of the 19th century Galician-Russian intelligentsia acted as Russian patriots defending the political and cultural interests of the Russian state and culture and criticizing Polish and Ukrainian national movements in Galicia. The Austro-Hungarian administration used the First World War as a suitable pretext for the physical liquidation of the representatives of Galician-Russian movement in Galicia.
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Marks, Sarah. "Psychotherapy in Europe." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 4 (October 2018): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118808411.
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Psychotherapy was an invention of European modernity, but as the 20th century unfolded, and we trace how it crossed national and continental borders, its goals and the particular techniques by which it operated become harder to pin down. This introduction briefly draws together the historical literature on psychotherapy in Europe, asking comparative questions about the role of location and culture, and networks of transmission and transformation. It introduces the six articles in this special issue on Greece, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Russia, Britain and Sweden as well as its parallel special issue of History of Psychology on ‘Psychotherapy in the Americas’. It traces what these articles tell us about how therapeutic developments were entangled with the dramatic, and often traumatic, political events across the continent: in the wake of the Second World War, the emergence of Communist and authoritarian regimes, the establishment of welfare states and the advance of neoliberalism.
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Katona, Eszter. "La recepción de la obra de Federico García Lorca en Hungría." Acta Hispanica 13 (January 1, 2008): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2008.13.49-55.
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In her essay, the author provides a thorough overview of the history of the reception of Federico García Lorca's poetry in Hungary. The 110th anniversary of Lorca's birth, commemorated this year, makes such surveys very timely. The author's aim is to examine Lorca's Hungarian presence from various perspectives. In the first phase of her recent investigations, she concentrated on presenting all the Hungarian translations and editions of Lorca's oeuvre. In the following, the Hungarian reception of Lorca's oueuvre is examined, based on essays and other writings of literary criticism of the era. The author also focuses on the different theatrical representations of Lorca's dramas in Hungary all over the 20th century, and the diverse articles and other press releases covering those. It is also important to mention that prior to the 1970s, there existed already a significant wave of investigations about the Spanish poet: Gábor Tolnai, László Péter, László András, János Benyhe and László Németh, amongst many, not only provided excellent translations of Lorca's poems but also carried out investigations of literary theory and history. Still, by the decade of the 1980s, the intensity of the academic and literary interest towards Lorca faded; the current anniversary provides both an occasion and a positive auspice for the continuation of this work.
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Varga, Norbert. "The Antecedents of the Regulation of the Economic Competition Agreement in the First Part of the 20th Century in Hungary." Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 14, no. 1 (2021): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844131ks.21.002.13269.
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The regulations of the economic competition agreement were introduced by the 20th Act of 1931 after the economic crisis attention to the cartel regulations in Europe in the interwar period. We can realize that the regulation of the unfair business completion has a long codification history which started in the period of the Dualism. Before the end of dualism the Hungary regulated some question related to the cartels special attention to the circulation of commodities. In my presentation, I aim to describe the Hungarian and European codification antecedents and steps (for example: the regulation of industry) of the first Hungarian Cartel Act. This codification process was very important in Hungarian economy and social life because the economic changes started processes in both the field of legal life and legal sciences, and as a result of this, a demand arose to legally codify any rules in connection to cartels. The foundations of these were found in private law, especially in the regulations of the commercial law, which could be further elaborated upon and lead to a development of the regulations on the annulment of contracts in connection to dishonourable business competition.
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Malšina, Katerina, and Jevgen Sinkevič. "Trnova pot razvoja narodne ideje v 20. stoletju: problemi oblikovanja naroda na Slovenskem in v Ukrajini skozi oči ukrajinskega zgodovinarja." Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.1.08.
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DIFFICULT PATH TO DEVELOPING THE IDEA OF A NATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY: PROBLEMS IN FORMING A NATION IN SLOVENIA AND UKRAINE AS SEEN BY AN UKRAINIAN HISTORIANThe article presents the development of the idea of a nation by comparing constitutional and social processes in Slovenia and Ukraine from the second half of the 19thcentury to the end of the 20thcentury. Upon examining the documentary and narrative sources on the formation of the Ukrainian and Slovenian nations, the authors point out that both Slovenians and Ukrainians co-existed within one country – the Austro-Hungarian Empire – as well as to the chronological and thematic similarity of historical independence movement processes in both countries, focusing on the period of Austria-Hungary, as well as on the time after World War I and World War II. The emphasis is on defining the following terms: What is a “national idea” compared to the political and state-related idea? What is the difference between the Slovenian and Ukrainian national idea? How should we define the “Slovenian nation” and the “European nation” today?
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Mikhailov, Vadim, and Konstantin Losev. "Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-4 (October 1, 2020): 196–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi90.
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The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.
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Dávid, Benjámin. "A videóinterjús tanórák hatásai a II. világháború középiskolai történelemoktatásában." Belvedere Meridionale 32, no. 4 (2020): 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.4.6.
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The societies of the countries underwent many difficulties during the history of the 20th century. During World War II, in addition to the military loss of the country, there was a significant loss of civilian population. Due to the changed political circumstances after the war, the processing of these events at the individual, community, and social levels didn’t take place. The research of the MTA–SZTE Oral History and History Education Research Team (2016– 2020) focuses on how to include video interview details with people who have experienced the turning points in the Hungarian history of the 20th century and how to include them in classroom education. Concerning these the classes supplemented with a video details undergoes appropriate (subject-pedagogical) methodological preparation. In my study I examine that Hungary’s participation in the Second World War working group working within a research group how well the classes compiled, supplemented by life-course interviews, attracted the attention of the students, helped them understand the curriculum and its contexts, and what conveyed values to the students.
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Lovra, Éva. "Perceptions. The Unbuilt Synagogue in Buda through Controversial Architectural Tenders (1912–1914)." Arts 8, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts8040149.
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The unbuilt synagogue in Buda is an almost forgotten chapter in Hungarian architectural history which drew great attention between 1911 and 1914. It was discussed extensively by the contemporary press in the early 20th century and by architects in the Hungarian capital of Austria–Hungary. Between 1912 and 1914 three tenders for the design of the synagogue of Buda were announced, with the participation of well-known (synagogue) architects of Hungary, who represented the diverse architectural styles of the period. The efforts to build the synagogue, including the three failed tenders, the 30 competition designs and the opinions of contemporaries raised, and continue to raise, many provocative questions. The present study is based on the analysis of the designs submitted and criticisms published in official architecture magazines between 1912 and 1914, but not yet studied and published elsewhere. Through these, the study showcases the controversial architectural decisions that could have changed the appearance of a neighbourhood but failed to do so. The study puts the townscape of Széll Kálmán Square in Buda in a new context, revealing another layer of architecture, urban design and architectural-sociology and perception of the capital’s synagogue on the eve of World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Fominykh, Sergey, and Alexey Stepnov. "THE STATUS OF SLAVIC LANGUAGES AT THE UNIVERSITIES OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES (A CASE STUDY OF THE MAGAZINE “SLAVIC CENTURY”)." Rusin, no. 46(4) (December 1, 2016): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/46/9.
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Omarbayev, Y. K., V. T. Tarakchi, K. К. Bazarbayev, and Zh Zh Kumganbayev. "Subjects of Austria-Hungary in Western Siberia and Turkestan in the early twentieth century (1900–1917)." Rusin, no. 64 (2021): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/7.
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire played an important role in the processes of European migration. Of particular importance was the migration policy with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Czechs, Rusins, Poles, and Slovaks, who belonged to the Austro-Hungarian population, settled mainly in the European part of the Russian Empire and engaged mainly in agriculture, while the Austrians and Germans opened industrial enterprises in the cities of Western Siberia (Governor- Generalship of the Steppes, 1882–1918). In general, there were two reasons why the Austro-Hungarians settled in Western Siberia and Turkestan: some voluntarily resettled and contributed to the economic and social development of the regions, while others had to move here as prisoners of war. However, it should be noted that in both cases, the tsarist administration did not restrict their social and legal status. The article examines the reasons for the stay of Austro-Hungarian subjects in Western Siberia and Turkestan, as well as their impact on the socio-economic situation of these regions. Austro- Hungarian immigrants, as well as immigrants from other European countries, acted as transmitters of new entrepreneurial experience, advanced technologies, and Western entrepreneurial culture. The descendants of immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian lands became part of the multinational composition of Western Siberia and Turkestan.
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Galiullin, Lenar Ajratovich, Rustam Asgatovich Valiev, and Ilnar Ajratovich Galiullin. "Development of Technical Diagnostic System for Internal Combustion Engines." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 16, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 4569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2019.8356.
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This article describes methods of development of technical diagnostic systems for internal combustion engines. The automotive industry plays a leading role in the economy of any state. The history of the development of the global automotive industry is closely linked with the development of many branches of engineering. So, by the beginning of the 20th century, the automobile industry began to consume half of the steel and iron produced, three-quarters of rubber and leather, a third part of nickel and aluminum, and a seventh part of wood and copper. Autobuilding came in first place in terms of production among other branches of engineering, began to have a serious impact on the economic life of states. By the beginning of World War I, the car park on the globe was about 2 million. Of these, 1.3 million were in the USA, 245 thousand in England, 100 thousand in France, 57 thousand in Austria-Hungary, 12 thousand—to Italy, 10 thousand—to the Russia.
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Gréczi-Zsoldos, Enikő. "A palóc nyelvjárási beszélőközösség diftongushasználatának izoglosszája térben és időben." Acta Academiae Beregsasiensis, Philologica I, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.58423/2786-6726/2022-2-85-106.
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In recent years I have done researches in the Palóc dialect area. In this region the diphthongs were used by the speakers of a larger area in earlier eras of Hungarian language history. In some dialect groups and local dialects of this region even in the 19th century also reported diphthong pronunciation. At the end of the 20th century and now most of the Palóc speakers do not pronounce diphthongs, this data is demonstrated in language tests. It can be detected divergent linguistic movements. We can perceive those different phenomena on both sides of the Trianon border in the earlier Nógrád county (the borderline between Hungary and Slovakia is here at the present). The geographical boundary line marking the area in which a distinctive linguistic feature commonly occurs. The isogloss means a geographical dialect continuum. In my study, I try to draw the temporal and spatial boundaries of diphthong use and disappearance. Sometimes these differences will be larger, sometimes smaller, but they will be cumulative. My corpus shows linguistic changes from the Middle Age to the present. My analysis was done by the following written and oral data: 1. The Code of Gömöry from the 16th century – the nun who copied it (her name: soror Katherina, Legéndy Kató), comes from the Palóc dialect region from the village Legénd. My resources contain the descriptions of the speech and customs of the Palóc speakers from the 18th and the 19th century (Matthias Bel 1735, from the northern Palóc region; Fábián Szeder 1819, the first and the following researches in the area along the river Ipoly; Imre Hollók 1836, from the region of Gömör; István Szabó 1837, in the valley of Karancs; Antal Reguly 1857, notes on her trip in the land of Palóc ethnicity; Gyula Pap 1865, from the region of Salgó; Sándor Pintér 1880, her collections in the western central region of the Palóc; Gyula Istvánffy 1890–1900, her collection of the folk poetries in the area of Mátra); 3. Atlas of the Hungarian Dialects from the middle of the 20th century; 4. the data from the atlases of dialect islands from Slavonien (at the present: Croatia); 5. Dialect Atlas of Medvesalja; 6. and language databases from the 20th and 21th century, my own research from a village Karancslapujtő in the Palóc area. Based on the data, I try to present the isogloss of the spread of diphthongs in space and time in the Palóc dialect area groups.
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Udvarvölgyi, Zsolt András, and Zoltán Bolek. "Episodes in the life of the Bosnian Muslim Community in Hungary (1920-1945)." Historijski pogledi 5, no. 8 (November 15, 2022): 112–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2022.5.8.112.
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In this study we present an important and interesting period in the history of Islam in Hungary in the 20th century, the past of the Islamic community in Budapest between the two world wars, which was mainly composed of Bosniaks. Special emphasis will be placed on the life of the community's imam, Husein Hilmi Durić , ‘Grand Mufti’ of Buda and former Military Imam, his domestic and international activities on behalf of the community, and the Hungarian supporters, friends and helpers of the Bosniaks. There is also a brief description of a few other members of the community. The Hungarian Islamic Community , founded in 1988 and still functioning as an established church in Hungary, claims as its legal predecessor the Independent Hungarian Autonomous Islamic Religious Community of Buda, named after Gül Baba, which operated de facto between 1931 and 1945. In our study, we describe in detail how Bosnian soldiers who fought valiantly in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy's army in the First World War found their way to Hungary after the war, how they found a new home, mostly in Budapest, how they started their lives again, choosing mostly Hungarian wives and quickly learning Hungarian language and customs. But soon the practice of Islam became indispensable for them, and that is why the first Islamic community in Hungary was founded in 1931. The adventurous life of the community's leader, Husein Hilmi Durić, is described in detail, along with his extensive activities in Hungary and his domestic and international contacts. Similarly, we describe the activities of influential Hungarian supporters of the community (e.g. Andor Medriczky, Gyula Germanus, István Bárczy) who selflessly helped Bosnian Muslims to practice their faith in Hungary. We look at the two major trips of the community leaders to the Middle East and India to strengthen Islam in Hungary and to raise funds for the planned mosque in Buda, which never materialised. Durić's special relationship with the Albanian King Zogu, his travels to Tirana and his programmes are also discussed in more detail. Nor can we ignore the unfortunate fact that in the 1930s and 1940s, during the Christian Nationalist Horthy era, many people did not look kindly on the activities of Bosnian Muslims living in Hungary. We then turn to the life and activities of another community leader, Mehmed Resulović, as a fencing master. We will also outline how an average Bosniak lived, what he did, how he spent his everyday life, how he dressed and how he entertained himself in Hungary in the 1930s and 1940s, far from his homeland. We also discuss, of course, how some of them became involved in Hungarian politics, as members of far-right organisations and movements, possibly because they were invited to join these circles by their former Hungarian officers and comrades in arms of First World War. Finally, we outline the life of an average Bosnian Muslim, Hasan Jamaković, who had a typical career in Hungary.
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Rasmussen, Knud. "Disputable Issues in the Russian History of the 16th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.2.2.
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Knud Rasmussen (1930–1985) was a famous Danish historian, Professor at Institute of Slavic Studies at University of Copenhagen, specialist in medieval Russia, author of a dozen of scientific monographs published in large editions including in Russian. In 1973, he defended his thesis titled “The Livonian crisis of 1554–1561”. According to the list of works published by J. Lind, 13 publications are devoted to the epoch of Ivan the Terrible. This article, published for the first time, is presented in the form of a report at the conference in Hungary. The scientist consistently outlined the main tasks and problems related to the study of Russian history abroad, in particular, in Denmark. He told what plan was built for the team of Danish historians who decided in the early 1970s to prepare a textbook on Russian history in the form of a problem historiographic course for Danish students, and how this plan was implemented. The study of works on Russian history and their systematization helped the team of Danish historians, which included K. Rasmussen, develop a special historiographic method and its principles, which led to developing understanding of the problematic historical field as a whole and placing individual research in it. As a result, a multivolume manual was written; by the time of K. Rasmussen’s speech, 3 volumes were published, covering the period of Russian history from the 17th to the 20th century inclusive. K. Rasmussen worked on preparing a volume on the Russian history of the 16th century. In the second part of his speech (article), the author shared his thoughts on the chosen approach to the assessment of historiography and spoke about the content of this volume, where he outlined the controversial problem of enslaving peasants, discussions on the reasons for backwardness of Russian cities as the basis of Moscow defeats in Livonia, possible ways of Russian revival, on the state and its institutions and on the development of historical events in the field of domestic policy. This volume was published after the death of the author in the same year: Rasmussen Knud. Ruslands historie i det 16. Arhundrede: En forsknings-og kildeoversigt. Kobenhavn, 1985. 161 s. Bibliography about K. Rasmussen: Lind J. Creative Way Knud Rasmussen (on the 10th anniversary of his death) // Archeographic Yearbook for 1995. – Moscow : Nauka, 1995. – P. 160–165; Lind J. H. Knud Rasmussen in memoriam // Jacob Ulfeld. Travel to Russia. – M. : Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. – Р. 17–25; Vozgrin V. E. Knud Rasmussen and Zans Bagger – Danish historians of Russia // Proceedings of the Department of the History of New and Newest Times of St. Petersburg State University. – 2016. – № 16 (2). – Р. 205–219. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko.
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Kleitman, Alexander. "“Troubled Times in Russia in the Early 17th and Early 20th Centuries: Nature and Lessons” International Scientific Conference (October 12–13, 2018, Volgograd)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2019): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.2.18.
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The article presents the analytical review of “Troubled Times in Russia in the Early 17th and Early 20th Centuries: Nature and Lessons” conference, dedicated to the jubilee of I.O. Tumentsev, which was held in Volgograd in October 2018. The aims of the conference were to conduct a comparative study of the two turning points in the history of the Russian state and society, to identify the patterns of systemic sociopolitical crises emergence and occurrence, to determine causes, factors, directions and boundaries of socio-cultural, economic and political changes that took place in Russia during the Time of Troubles of the early 17th century and the revolution and Civil War of 1917–1922. The conference takes an opportunity to analyze a wide circle of issues related to internal and external factors of the appearance of the Troubled Times in Russia, the specifics of social elevators functioning in the conditions of the system social crisis, the interaction between the elite and ordinary people in revolutionary times, the transformation of the state apparatus and service in the Time of Troubles, and the role of the Russian Orthodox Church at crucial moments in the Russian history. Scientists from Russia, England, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and the USA: historians, political scientists, economists, leading experts in these fields attended the conference. The article describes the content of the reports that were presented at the conference, analyzes the course of discussions, and presents the decisions that were made based on the results of its work. The scientific results obtained during the conference can be used in research on the history of Russia in the 17th and 20th centuries, the history of the national state and law, and in the analysis of contemporary social and political phenomena and processes.
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Niemöller, Klaus. "Sonate und Sonatina für Violoncello und Klavier von Kodály im gattungsgeschichtlichen Zusammenhang." Studia Musicologica 50, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2009): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.50.2009.1-2.3.
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The history of the genre of the sonata written for violoncello and pianoforte begins in 1796 with the five sonatas by Beethoven opp. 5, 69 and 102. The sonata op. 69 is a model for its special role until the 20th century: the lyrical character of the opening theme with a fantasy-like closing solo-cadenza and a fermata. Since the 1st Sonata of Brahms (1865), it was mostly young composers like Strauss (op. 6), Pfitzner (op. 1), Reger (op. 5) and Dohnányi (op. 8) who followed this tradition. As also the Sonata op. 4 by the young composer Kodály (1909) whose opening Adagio as “Fantasia” has the same conceptions: rhapsodic melody with closing cadenza and a fermata. The final return of the Adagio establishes a cyclic unity. The first performance of the sonata in 1910 with string quartets by Kodály and Bartók founded the beginning of modern music in Hungary. Also the Sonatina, originally the 3rd part of Sonata, published in 1922, has a Lento-introduction with rhapsodic-like parts wich begins a process-like evolution of composition. A relationship with the special features of the Sonata for Cello and Piano in the history of the genre includes also works by Debussy (1915) and Hindemith (1919).
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Lukács, Norbert Csaba. "The Founding and First Years of Activity of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club Football Team 1910 – 1914." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 66, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.66(4).37.
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"The year 2020 marks one hundred and ten years since the founding of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club (in Romanian: Clubul Atletic Oradea), which in matter of football was one of the reference sports groups in the city of Nagyvárad in the first half of the 20th century. Due to this anniversary, we set out to present the history of this team, from the moment when it was founded up to the outbreak of World War I. Through its contents, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the past of this sports team and, in the same time, it represents an acclaim of its founders, leaders and players. The first part of this paper presents the founding of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club team, its first years of activity, its attendance to competitions, international matches, its contribution to shaping iconic players for local football and for the national teams of Hungary and Romania, and then it presents the headquarters, playing fields, coaches and main leaders of the team. Through its contents, this paper is of interest, not only for those who just want to expand their general knowledge, but also for people who study Nagyvárad’s football history. Keywords: Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club, Clubul Atletic Oradea, football "
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McElhinney, L. M., D. A. Marston, C. M. Freuling, W. Cragg, S. Stankov, D. Lalosević, V. Lalosević, T. Müller, and A. R. Fooks. "Molecular diversity and evolutionary history of rabies virus strains circulating in the Balkans." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 2171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.032748-0.
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Molecular studies of European classical rabies viruses (RABV) have revealed a number of geographically clustered lineages. To study the diversity of Balkan RABV, partial nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences were analysed from a unique panel of isolates (n = 210), collected from various hosts between 1972 and 2006. All of the Balkan isolates grouped within the European/Middle East Lineage, with the majority most closely related to East European strains. A number of RABV from Bosnia & Herzegovina and Montenegro, collected between 1986 and 2006, grouped with the West European strains, believed to be responsible for the rabies epizootic that spread throughout Europe in the latter half of the 20th Century. In contrast, no Serbian RABV belonged to this sublineage. However, a distinct group of Serbian fox RABV provided further evidence for the southwards wildlife-mediated movement of rabies from Hungary, Romania and Serbia into Bulgaria. To determine the optimal region for evolutionary analysis, partial, full and concatenated N-gene and glycoprotein (G) gene sequences were compared. Whilst both the divergence times and evolutionary rates were similar irrespective of genomic region, the 95 % highest probability density (HPD) limits were significantly reduced for full N-gene and concatenated NG-gene sequences compared with partial gene sequences. Bayesian coalescent analysis estimated the date of the most common recent ancestor of the Balkan RABV to be 1885 (95 % HPD, 1852–1913), and skyline plots suggested an expansion of the local viral population in 1980–1990, which coincides with the observed emergence of fox rabies in the region.
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Dobrzhanskiy, Oleksandr V., and Liliia I. Sholohon. "The Ukrainian professional associations of teachers of Galicia and Bukovyna (second half of the 19th - early 20th century): an attempt of comparative analysis." Rusin, no. 68 (2022): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/68/6.
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Focusing on the professional teachers' associations of Galicia and Bukovyna, the author makes an attempt of comparative analysis and introduces a number of previously unknown sources to discuss six professional pedagogical associations established during the 1880s - early 20th century. The problems of public schools and proper professional level of their teachers came in sight of “Rus Pedagogical Society” (“Ukrainian Pedagogical Society”) in Galicia and the “Ruska Shkola” (“Ukrainian school”) in Bukovyna. “Mutual Aid of Ukrainian Teachers” and “Free Organization of Ukrainian Teachers in Bukovyna” defended the professional interests of school teachers respectively. Higher professional level of gymnasium teachers in Ukraine became a priority in the activities of the “Teachers' Community” and the Hryhoriy Skovoroda Society of Higher School Teachers established in Lviv and Chernivtsi. Since Galicia and Bukovyna were separate autonomous regions within Austria-Hungary, they had their own teachers' associations with the similar mission. The difficulties faced by the schools of these two regions were similar; however, they tackled them differently due to the specific political circumstances. As a result, the Ukrainian Pedagogical Society in Galicia had the most significant achievements in the creation of the Ukrainian-Language primary schools, gymnasiums, teachers' seminaries, courses for the illiterate and publishing activity, while the pedagogical assiciations of Bukovyna managed to protect the professional rights of teachers and achieve a significant increase in teachers' salaries supported by other public associations and political parties of the region.
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Bowring, Bill. "Twentieth Century Totalitarian Regimes, Lustration, and Guilt for Crimes of the Past: Challenges and Dangers for the Strasbourg Court." Review of Central and East European Law 44, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04401004.
Full textAbstract:
This article addresses a key contemporary problem confronting the Strasbourg Court. While it is well established that seeking the historical truth is an integral part of the right to freedom of expression, it cannot be the role of the Strasbourg Court to arbitrate underlying historical issues (Dzhugashvili v. Russia, 2014). Still less can it be for the Court to decide on individual or collective guilt for crimes of the past, rather than on violations of Convention rights. For example, the Court has found many violations of human rights in the more recent armed conflicts in Northern Ireland, South-East Turkey, Chechnya, or the Basque Country, but has never sought to pronounce on the legal or moral issues underlying these conflicts, or on their deep historical roots. However, the existence of the ussr for more than 70 years, and 12 years of Nazism in Germany, leading to wwii, dominated the 20th century in Europe. These have both been described as totalitarian regimes. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 followed by the collapse of the ussr in 1991 led to dramatic changes not only in statehood and political systems, but also a strong desire for states emerging from the ussr or Soviet domination to purge the past, and to identify and punish wrongdoers. Various forms of lustration have been a product of this desire, with the exception of the Russian Federation, where the characterization and proper evaluation of its Soviet past are questions still unresolved. Increasingly the Strasbourg Court has been called on to decide highly controversial cases, for example Ždanoka v. Latvia (2006), Vajnai v. Hungary (2008), Kononov v. Latvia (2010), Korobov v. Estonia (2013), Soro v. Estonia (2015). The author was counsel for the applicants in some of these cases. I ask: what are the dangers and challenges for the Strasbourg Court in adjudicating such cases, and how can it avoid the appearance of taking sides in bitter and intractable arguments?
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Lányi, Gábor. "“Ecclesiastical Authority Terror”. The Downgrading of the Szigetszentmiklós Reformed Parish to Mission Parish in 1956." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 65, no. 2 (September 20, 2020): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.65.2.03.
Full textAbstract:
"On 24 May 1956, Délpest Reformed Diocese – by the consent of the Danubi-an Reformed Church District– downgraded the Szigetszentmiklós Reformed Parish to the status of mission parish. The 700 members strong, almost 400 hundred years old parish’s chief elder was also relieved of his duties whilst the consistory was dis-solved. The downgrading of the long-standing parish, the dissolution of the elected consistory, and the deprivation of its right to elect its minister gave rise to protests both inside and outside the parish. An array of scandals, disciplinary issues, and dif-ficult as well as intricate lawsuits followed. The matter also generated waves in the entire Reformed Church since the presidium of the diocese overlooked the ecclesias-tic rules and regulations, ordering the downgrade without the consent of the dioce-san assembly –also assisted by the presidium of the church district–, accepting the new situation and appointing the mission minister. The case of Szigetszentmiklós is a great example to understand the global pic-ture of the actions taken against the disloyal ministers and consistories by the ecclesi-astic governance intertwined with the one-party state. Keywords: Hungarian Reformed Church during communism, church–state relations during communism, 20th-century history of the Reformed Church in Hungary, cold war, Albert Bereczky, Szigetszentmiklós."
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Tlustý, Tomáš. "Orel – the Catholic physical education association : foreign relations up to 1929." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 4, no. 1 (2021): 11–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2021.04.01.
Full textAbstract:
This paper looks at the history of Orel, the Catholic physical education association, and its foreign relations up to 1929. The origins of the Orel movement in the Czech region of Austria-Hungary go back to the turn of the 20th century when the first local Orel associations were established. These associations were strongly connected with Czech political Catholicism. Shortly after being formed, their functionaries began to establish their first contacts with existing foreign organizations. Most of these organizations were from the area of contemporary Slovenia. Their number rose significantly after the First World War when the newly independent Czechoslovakian Orel became a member of the Catholic physical education union – UIOCEP. The members of this organization were all around the world. The number of foreign contacts it had established was also on the increase. The first international physical educational festival, which helped Czechoslovak Orel with its development, was organized in Brno in 1922. But the Czechoslovakian Orel had planned a second big festival of physical education for 1929, hoping to further extend its number of foreign friends. The second physical educational festival was also successful. It helped Czechoslovak Orel to increase its influence in UIOCEP where it became the second-largest organization.
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Bellakova, Eva. "The Development of Industry as a Condition for the Development of Urban Planning and Architecture on the Example of an Industrial Site in Podbrezova." Advanced Engineering Forum 12 (November 2014): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.12.30.
Full textAbstract:
Adequate natural conditions, including good raw materials and energy base, are prerequisites for a development of industrial production. The industrial production in these areas causes a creation of a settlement dependent on industrial activities. In this way the development of the industry results into the social and cultural development of regions and settlements. This simple scheme of regional development is accompanied by the construction of technical, industrial and ultimately residential and public buildings. In particular, a good production potentiality is the common characteristic of the construction development. The impact of the industrial production on architecture and urban development is indisputable. The paper will present this dependence on the example of the most important iron producer in the former Kingdom of Hungary-Hronec complex. Ironworks in Podbrezova became the most important industrial site of the Hronec complex in the late 19th century and, today, it ranks among the European leaders in its field. The industrial area of Podbrezova has determined the urban development throughout its history. The urban and architectural development of Podbrezova in the second half of the 20th century fluently followed up the development of the previous period. As then, production facilities has remained subject to the changing conditions of the production and the surrounding urbanism has been determined in response to these changes. Podbrezova's spatial layout represents complementarity between the current production requirements and demands of the population. The ability to adapt to changing conditions has guaranteed that Podbrezova is still a viable and workable urban structure.