Journal articles on the topic 'Hungary Economic policy'
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1
Piasecki, Marcin A. "Was Viktor Orbán’s Unorthodox Economic Policy the Right Answer to Hungary’s Economic Misfortunes?" International Journal of Management and Economics 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2015-0021.
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Abstract This paper assesses whether the unorthodox policies implemented in Hungary since 2010 were, given a four-year perspective, the right answer to Hungarian economic problems. The paper draws on findings from the author’s August and November 2014 study trips to Hungary, during which Hungarian government officials and scholars from Budapest University of Technology and Economics were interviewed. These findings were supplemented by publications and data from Eurostat and World Bank databases. Statistical data from May 2015 demonstrate that significant improvements took place in most (if not all) areas of the Hungarian economy since 2010. The country avoided bankruptcy and its 2014 GDP growth outpaced that of the Czech Republic and Poland. Viktor Orbán’s economic reforms therefore seem to have been the appropriate response to the Hungary’s economic misfortunes. The jury is, however, still out on whether those policies laid lasting fundaments for long-term growth. Hungary is the first Central European country (since the anti-communist revolution triggered by Solidarność movement) that is experimenting with an independent economic policy. The results of Viktor Orbán’s experiment, if ultimately judged positive, could have profound consequences for the other countries in Central Europe and beyond.
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Emese, Fayne Peter. "Economic Policy and Foreign Trade of Hungary." Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 29, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/1987/v29/i3/116273.
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Fehér, I., and R. Fejős. "The main elements of food policy in Hungary ." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 52, No. 10 (February 17, 2012): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5052-agricecon.
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Hungary has recently become a member of the European Economic Union (EU) and most of the economic benefits are expected to come from expanded trade with other EU nations. While some variation in agricultural policy continues to exist between EU members, all countries generally, benefit from lower tariffs and expanded trade opportunities. However, Hungary must also be able to compete on the basis of quality and price in order to maintain current domestic markets and sell more to other EU countries. In order for the Hungarian agriculture and food industry to contribute to economic development it must continue to focus on efficiency and competitiveness. Hungary benefits from many natural features, which provide favourable conditions for agriculture: fertile plains, an advantageous climate and production experience, which makes possible a total yearly agricultural and food products trade surplus fluctuating between 1.5 and 2 billion US $ for the last 12 years. However, after the EU accession, the Hungarian internal market has become fully open and domestic products have to compete with the products of other EU members. This is why the renewal of food regulation and policy was indispensable. This article examines the Hungarian food policy (1) before the transformation to a market oriented system, when the policy was quantity orientated, (2) during the pre-accession period, when quality policy became more important, and (3) after accession to the EU where food safety has become more important.
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Yun, Sung-Jong. "Recent Economic Situation in Hungary and Policy Recommendations." East European and Balkan Institute 41, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2017.41.4.177.
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Keune, Maarten, and Alena Nesporova. "Towards an employment-promoting economic policy in Hungary." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 3, no. 2 (August 1997): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425899700300221.
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Comisso, Ellen, and Paul Marer. "The economics and politics of reform in Hungary." International Organization 40, no. 2 (1986): 421–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027193.
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Reform of the domestic economic system is the distinctive element of Hungary's foreign economic strategy in the 1980s. The need for systemic economic reform stems from Hungary's status as a small country, heavily dependent on foreign trade, many of whose imports can no longer be met within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance alone. The many obstacles to economic reform lie in a heritage of policy choices that responded to domestic and CMEA supply constraints rather than to principles of comparative advantage. Such policies undercut the initial economic reform in 1968 and contributed to a major economic crisis in 1979–82. The subsequent changes in policy priorities and institutional mechanisms prompted by this crisis aimed to reduce Hungary's insulation from the larger international economy and make the economy more efficient. Politically, economic reform is possible in Hungary largely because of the impact of the 1956 revolt on both the subsequent composition of the political elite and the norms and features of collective leadership that guided its decision making afterwards. Nevertheless, the political and economic structures on which collective leadership rests weaken reform advocates and obstruct consistent implementation of their policy preferences. Yet Hungary's economic situation in the late 1970s altered the political balance offerees in favor of reformists, permitting them to alter both economic structures and policies.
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PHILLIPS, RICHARD, JEFFREY HENDERSON, LASZLO ANDOR, and DAVID HULME. "Usurping Social Policy: Neoliberalism and Economic Governance in Hungary*." Journal of Social Policy 35, no. 4 (September 4, 2006): 585–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279406000092.
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This paper takes issue with arguments emanating from the global social policy literature that neoliberal policy agendas have been largely a consequence of the interplay of international agencies with indigenous reform interests. While relevant, such arguments grasp only part of the story of social policy change. By means of a case study of Hungary between 1990 and 2002, this article emphasises the role played by the bureaucratic reconstitution of the state and changing forms of national economic governance in the explanation of social policy change. We show how the bureaucratic redesign of the Hungarian state generated a ‘finance-driven’ form of economic governance with the state bureaucracy reconfigured around the fiscal control of the Finance Ministry. These changes had significant implications, not simply for social expenditure, but for the intellectual nature and bureaucratic space for social policy-making. Whereas critiques of neoliberal social policy reform tend to focus on the ideological nature of the projects, this analysis highlights the need to develop visions of, and arguments for, an alternative to the finance-driven forms of economic governance that have become the de facto bureaucratic archetype for re-designing welfare states.
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Gulácsi, László, Gábor Vas, István Pintér, and Ildikó Kriszbacher. "Colorectal cancer screening policy in Hungary." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, no. 01 (January 2009): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309091028.
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We read with great interest the excellent paper of Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea et al. on the review of current policies of screening for colorectal cancer in European countries (12).Colorectal cancer screening has been a hot topic in health technology assessment and medical decision making (13;15;18). The study by Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea and colleagues focused mainly on the “old” fifteen member states of the European Union; however, colorectal cancer represents a large epidemiological (3;11) and economic (4) burden for the society and the healthcare financing agency in Eastern European countries. We would like to highlight some important aspect of colorectal cancer screening in Hungary.
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Ulunyan, A. A. "The Balkans in academic discourse and foreign policy practice of today’s Hungary." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2022): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.02.06.
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The article examines the role and place of the Balkans in the academic discourse and foreign policy practice of today’s Hungary in the context of the existing approaches to the Balkan problematics in the Hungarian historical tradition. The author draws attention to the fact that the modern academic view of the Balkans in Hungary has certain features, expressed in the attempts to determine the structure of the Balkan space from the standpoint of political and historical geography. Therefore, representatives of the Hungarian academic and expert-analytical community are studying the Western Balkans as a special part of the region, designed, in their opinion, to solve a specific problem – the accession of the Western Balkan countries to the European Union. In the current Hungarian realities, academic discourse has made it possible to formulate the «Balkan agenda» in a broader sense. The main topic of the discussions is the problem of Hungary's interaction with both the whole region and its «special part». At the same time, when pursuing the Balkan policy, the Hungarian side seeks to use the capabilities of the Visegrad Group and use Hungary’s membership in the EU to promote the idea of the need for the earliest possible admission of the countries of the Western Balkans to this Union. This approach is intended to strengthen the Hungarian position in the Balkan region as a whole, as well as draw US attention to Hungary’s efforts to implement this project. The article attempts to determine the place and role of the «Balkan vector» in Hungary’s foreign policy from the point of view of the interests of the center-right political forces currently in power, headed by Prime Minister V. Orbán. During his second term in office (since 2010), the Balkan theme has taken one of the leading places in Hungary’s foreign policy. First of all, Hungary actively supported a number of countries in the region in their aspiration to join the EU. At the same time, economic ties with the region were strengthened with the parallel use of «soft» power to form a positive image of Hungary in the socio-political circles of particular countries of the peninsula. Strategically, the Balkan theme of contemporary Hungarian discourse not only reflects the country’s foreign policy agenda, but also shapes it.
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Domonkos, Endre. "The Consequences of Stalinist Economic Policy in Hungary (1949-1953)." Multidiszciplináris kihívások, sokszínű válaszok, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33565/mksv.2022.01.01.
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By 1948, with the eradication of private property ownership and multi-party-system, the institutional background of the Soviet-type dictatorship was created by the Hungarian Workers Party (HWP). In economic terms, forced industrialisation became buzzword, whereas both agricultural and infrastructural development were neglected by the communist leadership. The forced collectivisation in the agriculture, accompanied by the postponement of necessary investments led to a permanent shortage of goods. Compulsory deliveries coupled with the application of the principle of quantity further aggravated the situation of the agrarian sector. As a result of aggressive campaign against the wealthy peasants and forced collectivisation, 300 000 people ceased to work in the agriculture and were employed by industry. Within the centrally planned economy, profitability, cost of production, marketability and quality of products were neglected. Only one principle was taken into account, which was the fulfilment or overfulfilment of the global production plan index and all other criteria were ignored by decision-makers. Foreign trade relations were embedded within the framework of the command economy. Foreign trade corporations were set up and world market prices became hermetically isolated from domestic prices. Within Comecon, the endeavour of the USSR was to reduce any dependency of the socialist bloc on world markets and to achieve self-sufficiency. The introduction of fixed prices in 1950 led to serious price distortions, whilst Hungary depended on increasing import of raw material, which was essential for the development of heavy industry. Therefore, the targets of foreign trade were not fulfilled during the period 1949-53. The irrational economic objectives of the first Five-Year Plan produced lasting damages in the national economy of Hungary.
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Kryuchkov, Igor. "Relationships of Hungary with the states of the Visegrád Group (2014–2021)." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2022): 124–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.02.07.
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The article examines main directions of the development of cooperation between Hungary and the states of the Visegrád Group from 2014 to 2021. On one hand, Hungary builds its relations with Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the context of the decisions taken within the framework of the Visegrád Group, on other hand, through bilateral cooperation. The author notes that Hungary is confident in its ability to defend its interests more effectively in the EU and beyond, using the format of the Visegrád Group. V. Orban’s government seeks to maximize the expansion of political and economic cooperation between the states of the Visegrád Group. Nevertheless, Hungary’s increased interest in developments related to the situation of the Hungarian minority in Slovakia complicates contacts between Budapest and Bratislava. The article emphasizes that the position of Hungary coincides with the positions of its partners in the Visegrád Group on most issues on the international agenda (migration crisis, EU development prospects, assessment of Ukrainian and Belarusian events, accession to the EU of the states of the Western Balkans and Turkey). At the same time, Hungary’s policy does not always find understanding among other members of the Visegrád Group due to Hungary’s close relations with Russia and a tough stance on Ukraine’s language policy. Nevertheless, Hungary will strive to maintain a strategic partnership with Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, including by intensifying contacts in the field of defense and security.
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Erdős, T. "Inflation targeting in Hungary: A case study." Acta Oeconomica 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 29–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.58.2008.1.2.
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In the present article the author examines how to develop economic and monetary policy in order to efficiently apply inflation targeting. In Hungary, an inflation targeting system has been applied since 2001. As a result of the current monetary policy, consumer price level must regularly be kept stable at least in a mid-term approach in the middle but possibly also in the long run, or else it should be rising slowly, two per cent per year, at the most. Should the monetary authority have to deal with an already existing fast inflation rate, a considerable reduction of the rate of inflation must be aimed at year by year. Once monetary policy succeeds in bringing down inflation, the low rate achieved must permanently be secured. However, it is not sure that monetary policy has to prefer inflation targeting under any circumstances whatsoever.This policy has a favourable effect only if two substantial preconditions are given: public finances are near the equilibrium and nominal wages are regularly adjusted to the growth rate of GDP. Otherwise, inflation targeting may also have harmful effects such as excessive overvaluation of the national currency, excess of domestic use over GNP, increase of domestic and external debt, decreasing trend of the savings and investment rate, lower economic growth potential.
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Kerekes, Professor Sandor. "Economic development and environmental performance in Hungary." European Environment 3, no. 2 (July 6, 2007): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.3320030206.
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Prantner, Zoltán. "Hungary and the Arabian Peninsula in the 1960s." East Central Europe 49, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-49010003.
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Abstract In this article, the author discusses a particular episode in the history of Hungary’s foreign policy when the Hungarian Communist leadership attempted to expand its system of foreign policy relations within the Arab world in the 1960s. Regarding the latter, the analysis focuses on the Arabian Peninsula. The study is divided into four main parts. Accordingly, it presents the fundamental shift in attitudes toward socialist globalization following Stalin’s death in the first unit. The following chapters describe the relationship between Hungary and the two Yemens, as well as Kuwait in chronological order until the 1970s. The main objective of the article is to detail the role of that foreign policy, which had already tried to give preference to pragmatic, economic aspects, regardless of the political-ideological system of the given state.
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Gál, Judit. "Zadar, the Angevin Center of Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia." Hungarian Historical Review 11, no. 3 (2022): 570–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2022.3.570.
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When royal power started weakening in Hungary in the last third of the thirteenth century, the Hungarian royal authority in the Dalmatian towns also started to lose influence, and by the first third of the thirteenth century, most of the towns previously under Hungarian rule had become Venetian territories. The reoccupation of these towns and even more lands on the Eastern Adriatic coast could be connected to King Louis I of Hungary, who defeated Venice in 1358 in the war between Hungary and the Italian city state. This study focuses on the king’s exercise of power in Dalmatia, particularly the economic aspects of royal policy and the place of Zadar in this policy. My analysis also focuses on the formation of a Hungarian center in Dalmatia from the twelfth century and on how King Louis turned away from the policies of the previous kings of Hungary. My intention is to highlight the economic importance of Zadar, the process of the formation of an economic and trade center of Hungary, and also the formation of the Dalmatian elite, with a particular focus on the citizens of Zadar, who were in the closest circles of the Hungarian king. The focus will be also on the integration of the coastal territories into the mainland of Hungary under the reign of King Louis I.
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Váradi, Balázs H., Tímea Várnai, and Barnabás Virág. "Brexit: The end or the beginning of a long road." Acta Oeconomica 66, s1 (December 2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2016.66.s1.6.
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Globalisation and the loosening of credit conditions have led to an increase in income and wealth inequalities in the developed economies. The 2008–2009 crisis has forced a deleveraging process, leading to a prolonged recovery due to further demand cuts. The protracted economic problems and the inadequate management of economic policy in the EU increased social discontent that may have eventually contributed to Brexit. The short- and long-run impacts of the decision are difficult to judge, given that the details of the exit process cannot yet be known. Currently, there is a consensus among analysts that the negative economic effects could be greater in the UK in the short term. However, in the longer term, the UK may benefit from a potentially more flexible economic policy framework, while socio-political and economic risks are imposed on the European economy by the secondary effects due to its structural problems and the uncertain future of its institutional system. As a small open economy, Hungary highly depends on the economic performance of its foreign trade partners. We have found that the economic impact of Brexit on Hungary remains moderate. Among the direct channels, the foreign trade channel may be the dominant. Meanwhile, the reduction of EU funds and remittances will affect the Hungarian growth only modestly. Hungary’s vulnerability has improved substantially since the 2008–2009 crisis. Accordingly, potential secondround effects of Brexit may remain subdued and be mitigated through substantial room for manoeuvre for economic policies.
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Weiner, Czaba, and Tekla Szép. "The Residential Energy Cost Reduction Programme in Hungary." Contemporary Europe 101, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope120218694.
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The article outlines the positive and negative effects as well as the policy context of Hungary’s residential energy cost reduction programme initiated in 2013. This programme has occupied a permanent and high-profile place on Hungary’s political agenda and has been shaping the country’s economic policy, energy policy and the everyday lives of Hungarian households. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are applied. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method is applied to decompose the absolute change in residential energy consumption between 2010 and 2017. The results show that decreasing energy prices for households had a positive impact on their energy use only in the first few years of the programme’s implementation. The authors conclude that the programme was realised without the necessary policy background. A significantly declining ratio of residential expenditure on energy services in total expenditure, decreased inflation rate and considerably improved socio-economic situation of the majority of the population are identified as positive effects. However, the programme discourages energy conservation and energy efficiency, erodes the competitiveness of renewables, reduces capital formation in the energy sector, deteriorates security of supply, and increases energy prices for non-household customers
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Yun, Sungjong, and Yunjung Kim. "Changes in the Welfare Policy and Their Socio-economic Effects in Hungary." East European and Balkan Institute 41, no. 3 (August 25, 2017): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2017.41.3.245.
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Kullberg, Patricia. "Social Visions and Social Control: The Evolution of Medical Thought in Postwar Hungary." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 3 (July 1986): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/e45g-tqll-1x63-2n3q.
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After nearly two decades of rigid adherence to the Soviet model of social and economic development, Hungary initiated a series of reforms in the 1960s that emphasize decentralization and market economic mechanisms. Internal repression and surveillance have diminished concurrently. Shaped by these broader social trends, three explanations of disease causation have successively emerged in Hungary since World War II: social medicine, a lifestyle model, and a psychosocial model. Although each model attempts to offer the best explanation for prevailing patterns of morbidity and mortality, each also reflects an underlying world view and the political priorities that derive from it. Social medicine and the lifestyle model have served largely to consolidate the power of ruling elites. The psychosocial model, on the other hand, has the potential to challenge the social order. The current popularity of the lifestyle model seems rooted in a widespread cynicism about social change which in turn is a product of contemporary social conditions in Hungary.
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Skyba, Ivanna. "ECONOMIC REFORMS IN HUNGARY (LATE 1950s – 1960s.)." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 2 (47) (December 20, 2022): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.2(47).2022.267357.
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The article is devoted to the characteristics of economic reforms in the Hungarian People's Republic carried out in the late 1950s-1960s by representatives of the reformist wing of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (HSWP) under the leadership of J. Kadar. It is noted, in particular, that the ultimate success of the ruling communist regime was the economic reform, the main provisions of which came into effect on January 1, 1968, having received the name "a New economic mechanism." The reform anticipated the transition from a centralized directive-planning system to an indicative one, i.e., the elements of market-based relations were introduced along with the existing socialist planned economy. As the study pointed out, liberal transformations in Hungary resulted from J. Kadar's policy of consolidation and social harmony after the revolutionary events of 1956, and their goal was primarily to increase the population's welfare. Both the best Hungarian economists and political figures took an active part in developing essential reforms under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Rezső Nyers, Prime Minister Jenő Fock, Vice Prime Minister Lajos Fehér. It is emphasized that the economic reforms in the Hungarian People's Republic brought the following changes: mandatory planning tasks were canceled, material incentives appeared, pricing practices changed, liberalization of agriculture took place, and small-scale production with the simultaneous functioning of large cooperative farms originated. Based on the developed scientific material, it was concluded that the most significant successes were in agriculture. However, after the events in Czechoslovakia in 1968, the liberal changes in Hungary, which destroyed the directive management system, caused dissatisfaction among the communist leaders of the countries of the socialist camp and in the Kremlin. There were also many opponents of reforms in the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party and in the party-state apparatus, which ultimately led to the collapse of the New economic mechanism in 1972–1973. Based on the analysis of specialized domestic and foreign publications, the author points out that the amount of scientific literature on the studied issues in modern Ukrainian historical science is insufficient.
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Kapás, Judit, György Komáromi, Pál Czeglédi, and László Jankovics. "Conference Reports." Acta Oeconomica 54, no. 2 (August 1, 2004): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.54.2004.2.5.
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Institutions and Change (ISNIE Conference) - The International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE) held its 7th annual conference in Budapest on 11-13 September 2003; The Link between Diversity and Development Paths (EACES Conference) - International conference on the Institutional and Policy Diversity - Its Role in Economic Development on 3-4 November 2003 in Debrecen, Hungary
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Jankó, Ferenc, Zsolt Bottlik, and Róbert Győri. "Vienna’s South-Eastern Hinterlands: Regional Development in the Austrian-Hungarian Border Area, 1910–2011." European Countryside 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 232–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0012.
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Abstract Formed from the westernmost territories of Hungary, Burgenland became a part of Austria a hundred years ago. The aim of the paper is to answer the question of how Burgenland became integrated into the Austrian society and economy, how its regional inequalities and rural character changed in comparison to the neighbouring Austrian and Hungarian areas, under the influence of Vienna’s major role. The analysis is based on the census data of 1910, 1960/61, 2001 and 2011 and on the mapping of different social and economic indicators. Our data revealed that one hundred years ago, the northern, more prosperous area of Western Hungary was an integral part of the rural hinterland of the imperial capital, Vienna, in stark contrast to the region’s southern periphery. After World War II, however, a steep west-east gradient emerged in the borderland along the Iron Curtain, while the traditional north-south disparity continued to exist on both sides of the new border. During the political transformation in the early 1990s, and even more after Hungary’s EU accession (2004), the former hard border ceased to exist in this region, while Vienna regained its former economic importance and influence. After 1990, the patterns of regional disparities changed rapidly in Hungary, and the western part achieved a leading position within Hungary in every dimension of economic prosperity. In line with this, while the Austrian rural regions in Burgenland and between Vienna and Graz showed remarkable infrastructural progress, Southern Burgenland remained peripheral regarding economic activity.
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Csillag, István. "Beyond the first glimpse (Analysis of the economic policy in Hungary from 1998–)." Acta Oeconomica 70, no. 3 (October 6, 2020): 333–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2020.00017.
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AbstractThere is a sharp contradiction between the economic performance of the Hungarian government of Victor Orbán and the institutional framework (toolkit) by which the seemingly stellar performance of the Hungarian economy has been achieved. It looks like as if the economic playground of the government (disciplined fiscal policy, unorthodox monetary policy and contradictory institutional system) and political-institutional order built by the same government during the last ten years, represent two different worlds. This paper provides a possible explanation to resolve this contradiction by identifying reversed relationship between tools and goals of economic policies. The genuine, hidden but most important goal of the present Hungarian government is to make Orbán and his political family wealthy and make their enrichment legitimate. In disguise of a public policy to achieve this (private, personal) goal, this government needs absolute and uncontrolled power certified by the scenery of the parliamentarian democracy. This private effort should be falsified, which could be achieved if his government pretends that it wants to pursue a disciplined economic policy.
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Kovács, Sándor Zsolt, Bálint Koós, Annamária Uzzoli, Balázs Páger, and Ildikó Egyed. "Regional effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and policy responses in Hungary." R-Economy 6, no. 3 (2020): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2020.6.3.018.
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Relevance. The new coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has brought major changes to everyday life and economy in 2020. The impacts of the pandemic are still difficult to measure and interpret. This paper analyses the key socio-economic factors that shaped the course of the pandemic and its regional effects in Hungary. Research objective. The aim of this paper is to provide a secondary data-based analysis of regional disparities in Hungary as well as the implications of the coronavirus pandemic and the related policy responses. Data and methodology. The analysis consisted of the three stages: first, we processed the official epidemiologic data related to the coronavirus pandemic and the territorial patterns of infections as well as the data on the socio-economic impacts of the lockdown (on retail trade, employment, tourism, local governments’ revenues, etc). Second, we collected the data related to the socio-economic effects of the pandemic and revealed the territorial impacts of the crisis. Finally, we evaluated the government’s measures and interventions introduced in the first wave of the pandemic in terms of their efficiency. Results. Our results demonstrate that while the epicentre of the pandemic was the capital city and its surrounding area, the socio-economic impacts of containment measures implemented by the Hungarian government were felt across the whole country. In some areas, the lockdown measures could have been unreasonably tight as no reasonable justification for these restrictions was provided. Therefore, territorial monitoring and development of regionally differentiated policies are the main tasks in preparation for further waves of the pandemic. In our opinion, it is necessary to devise an action plan that would regulate the protocols of prevention and protection in connection with the regional focal points (hospitals, nursing homes, schools, etc.) and their immediate surroundings. Conclusions. Although territorial aspects have been taken into account by the government in their efforts to contain the pandemic in Hungary, they have been given significantly less attention in terms of socio-economic support. Thus, as the article makes clear, it is important to devise and implement regionally differentiated policies of containment as well as socio-economic protection measures.
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Galbács, Peter. "The age of symbolic economic policies?" Society and Economy 37, no. 2 (June 2015): 245–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2015.37.2.6.
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This paper offers a few remarks on the so-called heterodoxy commentaries of recent times (e.g. Bod 2013, Csaba 2011). In accordance with the growing popularity of unusual economic policy actions, a set of “tools” is emerging that aims to exert its effects breaking with instrumental actions. Outlining a special framework of the history of mainstream economics, it will be argued that economic policy only gradually has become capable of applying this system. In our view, both the emergence of symbolic economic policies mentioned above and the rise of heterodoxy are on the same level, since certain governments can only operate through giving signals. Although it is not the time to formulate ultimate and eternal generalised statements, it may perhaps be stated that symbolic economic policies can make some room for manoeuvring available as a last resort. In other words, the possibility of a certain kind of economic policy “tools” can be derived from theoretical considerations, and this set has become highlighted recently by some constraining changes in the macroeconomic environment. Our theoretical framework will be filled sporadically with some episodes from the last few years of the economic policy of Hungary.
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Katona, Klára. "CORPORATE PRODUCTION AND FINANCING CHOICES IN HUNGARY." Ekonomika 93, no. 3 (January 1, 2014): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2014.0.3879.
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The objective of this study is to investigate how Hungarian firms could finance their production in the circumstances of the Hungarian financial market, including economic policy and credit supply in the last two decades. We put the question whether the companies could effectively use the sources which owners and creditors provided for them. The growing proportion of the debt in firms’ capital may have positive – not only negative – effects on companies at the same time, which forces the owners and managers to replace the shareholders’ equity with credits. However, the availability of credits depends on the solvency of firms on the one hand and the development of the financial market on the other hand.The study analyses the capital structure of firms in Hungary by financial indicators and their productivity in a regression model. We review the effects of the Hungarian economic policy and credit supply on financing choices and the performance of the corporates.The database of Hungarian enterprises represents nearly 90% of firms in the country. We differentiate among the companies according to their ownership and size. The period includes 18 years between 1992 and 2009. The records contain all relevant information from annual reports, e.g., balance sheets, profit and loss figures.
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Pickvance, Chris. "Local economic situation, local environmental mobilization and local government environmental policy in Hungary." Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jepp.100.
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Simon, Gyorgy. "Factors and problems of economic growth in Hungary, Russia and Serbia." Medjunarodni problemi 62, no. 2 (2010): 195–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1002195s.
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The paper presents an analysis of the main characteristics of growth mechanism in three transitional economies - Hungary, Russia and Serbia. The author searches for an answer to the question what fundamental factors, internal and international, determined the long-term growth of the national economies in these countries from the early 1960s to the present global crisis. Wherever it was possible, he made comparisons between the pretransition and transition periods. Applying the models of mathematical economics, the author carried out an econometric investigation to prove his hypothesis on the system effect of market reforms. He pointed out that market reforms, which were implemented consequently and combined with a growth-oriented economic policy, could substantially contribute to the attainment of better performance.
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Mujagic, Edin, Dóra Győrffy, and László Jankovics. "Conference Reports." Acta Oeconomica 55, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.55.2005.2.5.
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EMU Enlargement to the East and the West CEPR/ESI Conference. Report of the 8th annual conference of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) and the European Summer Institute (ESI) held in September 2004 in Budapest, Hungary. (Conference report by Edin Mujagic); Dilemmas around the future enlargement of the EU-EACES Conference. The European Association for Comparative Economic Studies (EACES) held its 8th biannual conference at the Faculty of Economics in Belgrade on September 23-25, 2004. (Conference report by Dóra Gyõrffy and László Jankovics)
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Kazmi, Syed Zaheer Abbas. "Perceived Barriers to Youth entrepreneurship in Pakistan and Hungary." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 3, no. 3 (July 7, 2018): 382–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2018.3.31.
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Entrepreneurship brings enormous benefits. It generates employment and helps in social and economic development. Ventures created through the youth entrepreneurship have enormous benefits. They generate employment, reduce poverty and unequitable distribution of wealth. These ventures do also help in social, economic and technological development. However, the youth faces several barriers to entrepreneurship. This study explores the personal & psychological, family related, institutional & regulatory, cultural & social, financial and market & knowledge barriers faced by the youth of Hungary and Pakistan. Qualitative research methodology was applied. Interviews at micro and meso levels were conducted from the young entrepreneurs and university professors of Pakistan and Hungary. Results indicate that Pakistan and Hungary have almost similar levels of Personal & Psychological barriers, however, the fear of failure is higher in Hungary than in Pakistan. Family related, cultural & social and market & knowledge barriers are higher in Pakistan for the youth entrepreneurship than Hungary. Institutional & regulatory and financial barriers are at medium levels in Pakistan. For Hungary, these are at low levels. The study has important implications for researchers, academicians, policy makers and for the young aspiring entrepreneurs.
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Süli-Zakar, István. "The Formation of Social and Economic Peripheries in Hungary after the Change of Regime." Landscape & Environment 10, no. 3-4 (September 13, 2016): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/3-4/11.
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The Hungarian industrial revolution started in the second half of the 19th century, which caused therevaluation of the geographical peripheries in Hungary. After the Trianon Treaty the rural areas of Hungarylost their foreign markets and became the "country of three million beggars". The socialist industrializationof the systems of Rákosi and Kádár absorbed the surplus of rural labour, but the industrializationmeant the redistributive exploitation of the agricultural areas and the further impoverishment. Afterthe political transition in 1989, the rural Hungary could not be the "pantry of the Council for MutualEconomic Assistance", and the final crisis of the Hungarian agricultural sales finalized the deformationof the three-quarters of Hungary, the major part of the rural areas in Hungary. In the recent decades thebrain drain worked in the Hungarian peripheries, the disinvestment and the pauperization increased.The emerging of the new latifundia and the monoculture commodity production operate independently,separated from the Hungarian rural people in the sense of ownerships and production. As the result ofthese negative processes, significant part of the society in the peripheral areas declassed. In this hopelesssituation awareness only a conscious regional policy and above all, a very well-considered education isonly able to offer a chance for break
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Sáringer, János. "The Hungarian–Czechoslovak Relations from the Hungarian Perspective." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 21, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2022-0002.
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Abstract As a result of the first free and democratic elections in Hungary, in May 1990, József Antall formed a government, whose foreign policy goal was the restoration of the sovereignty of Hungary and the support and representation of the Euro-Atlantic integration and of the Hungarians across the border. In the Hungarian–Czechoslovak bilateral relations, the new Hungarian government’s aim was to expand the political relations in both federal and republican levels. It was Hungary’s interest that serious legacies, such as the issue of the Bős– Nagymaros Dam system, should not hold back the general advance, wherefore a solution appropriate for both parties had to be found. Hungary considered Czechoslovakia as an outstanding economic partner. The Antall government took steps so that the fate and future of the Slovakian Hungarians would be ensured in accordance with the European development standards. One of the key issues in this was the consistent Czechoslovak condemnation of the principle of collective guilt, the Beneš decrees. During the dialogues, certain elements of the common historical past returned several times.
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Singh, Devesh, Zoltan Gal, Raqif Huseynov, and Michał Wojtaszek. "Determining the Performance Measurement of SME from Economic Value Added: Study on Hungary, Somogy County." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.2.54.
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EVA (Economic Value Added) permits commercial businesses to figure out whether the business is operating in profit and the money can be put into effect into a more profitable source. A leading EVA is a sign that the company has a greater value. The goal of this study is to identify if SMEs' actions carried out on a daily basis are able to generate economic value added for their business. The study is based on a comparative study between Hungary and 28 EU countries. The study is carried out in Hungary’s region of Somogy county. First, the variables for research were created and research was carried out at ground level. The research used the Expletory Factor analysis method to find EVA determinants. The results showed that determinants work together to reshape the regional industrial growth. The research demonstrated that finance and sluggish production are the major determinants in Somogy county. Entrepreneurs' skills and finance have the major impact, which means that to achieve a high growth in SMEs, policy makers have to solve these two problems and make the policy concentric toward finance and high skill development problem.
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Kappel, Stanislav, and Jan Janků. "Integration of Monetary and Fiscal Policy of the Countries of the Visegrad Group." Review of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2014-0010.
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Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate mutual interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in the countries of the Visegrad group, i.e. in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Hungary. The relationship of monetary and fiscal policy - their coordination, cooperation or mutual antagonism - are basic determinants of successful implementation for economic policy of the state. Fiscal and monetary policies usually have different aims, and some conflict situations may arise in practical economic and political decision- making. Each policy has to make its decision with regard to the other one. Methodical approaches of this contribution are based on the game theory, which deals with the analysis of a wide range of decision situations with more participants (players) and it is primarily focused on the conflict situations. This game-theoretical approach is responsible for creating the theoretical model which is then dealt with in the empirical analysis. We find a distinctly stabilizing role of monetary policy and relatively problematic stabilizing role of fiscal policy in the analyzed countries. The dominant role of monetary policy is statistically confirmed in the case of the Czech Republic and Hungary.
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Lentner, Csaba. "From an active state-led financial policy to an active state-led financial policy : A taxonomical outline of Hungary’s public finances in the past thirty years." Pro Publico Bono - Magyar Közigazgatás 9, no. 4 (2021): 66–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32575/ppb.2021.4.4.
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The aim of this study is to trace the three-decade-long market economy transition that has replaced the socialist planned economy in Hungary, a process which is divided into two parts by the author. He begins by outlining the harsh, neoliberal methodology of the transition, and the Hungarian fiscal practice which developed from it, built on the application of non-conventional instruments of active government regulation and fundamentally based on the Fundamental Law (Hungary’s constitution) adopted in 2011, particularly its chapter on Public Finances and the cardinal laws pertaining to public finances. The study is a journey through time, encompassing three decades, demonstrating that the Achilles heel of the transition was its dependence on the basic conditions of the socialist planned economic system, which still exert an effect today. It provides an outline of the taxonomical elements of three, significantly different yet interrelated economic eras taking place in a Central European country in less than a century, and draws a macro-economic conclusion. The purpose of the study of more than three decades is to provide a historic set and, based on this, an outlook for the future for prognosis, which is especially important now at the time of Covid-19 problems.
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Szalavetz, A. "European policy lessons in the process of regional transformation in Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 52, no. 2 (June 2002): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.52.2002.2.3.
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The applicability of selected aspects of the European regional policy approach to Hungary is analysed in the present paper. The balanced approach of European regional development — one combining structural change with performance improvement of existing actors — is contrasted with the one-sided Hungarian approach — one restricting modernisation efforts to facilitating structural change and attracting new economic actors. The paper — funded by the INCO-Copernicus — argues that in order to achieve the required regional transformation, besides institution building, strengthening, i.e. “empowering”, existing regional development institutions is also necessary.
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Fogarassy, Csaba, Bálint Horváth, Linda Szőke, and Attila Kovács. "Low-carbon innovation policy with the use of biorenewables in the transport sector until 2030." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2015/4/6.
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The topic of the present study deals with the changes and future trends of the European Union’s climate policy. In addition, it studies the manner in which Hungary’s transport sector contributes to the success of the above. The general opinion of Hungarian climate policy is that the country has no need of any substantial climate policy measures, since it will be able to reach its emission reduction targets anyway. This is mostly true, because the basis year for the long term goals is around the middle/end of the 1980’s, when Hungary’s pollution indices were entirely different than today due to former large-scale industrial production. With the termination of these inefficient energy systems, Hungary has basically been “performing well” since the change in political system without taking any specific steps in the interest of doing so. The analysis of the commitments for the 2020-2030 climate policy planning period, which defined emissions commitments compared to 2005 GHG emissions levels, has also garnered similar political reactions in recent years. Thus, it is not the issue of decreasing GHG emissions but the degree to which possible emissions can be increased stemming from the conditions and characteristics of economic growth that is important from the aspect of economic policy. In 2005, the Hungarian transport sector’s emissions amounted to 11 million tons, which is equal to 1.2% of total EU emissions, meaning it does not significantly influence total transport emissions. However, the stakes are still high for developing a low GHG emission transport system, since that will decide whether Hungary can avoid those negative development tendencies that have plagued the majority of Western European transport systems. Can Budapest avoid the scourge of perpetual smog and traffic jams? Can it avert the immeasurable accumulation of externalities on the capital city’s public bypass roads caused by having road transport conduct goods shipping?
JEL classification: Q58
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Lengyel, Imre. "The Pyramid Model: Enhancing Regional Competitiveness in Hungary." Acta Oeconomica 54, no. 3 (November 1, 2004): 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.54.2004.3.3.
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The notion of competitiveness figures nowadays frequently and centrally both in economic policy and in regional development. Current economic development programmes, in short, have been directly responsible for the increasing attention devoted to analyses of regional competitiveness. At the same time, there is a growing consensus that a single notion of competitiveness can be found to describe processes of the globalising economy for companies (microlevel), industrial sectors and regions (mesolevel) as well as for national economies (macrolevel). The standard (common) concept of competitiveness has been partly developed in order to serve as a widely accepted theoretical definition, which can be measured and also be used by economic development policies. Competitiveness is intimately bound up with successful economic development. This study reviews the conceptual background and some special aspects of competitiveness and also looks more closely at one of the basic models of enhancing regional competitiveness. First, some aspects of the standard notion of competitiveness are discussed. Then some key indicators of the competitiveness of Hungarian regions will be investigated. I shall end by introducing the so-called pyramid model, which has been designed to measure and improve regional competitiveness.
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SIMIONESCU, Mihaela, and Lucian-Liviu ALBU. "THE IMPACT OF STANDARD VALUE ADDED TAX ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CEE-5 COUNTRIES: ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND SIMULATIONS." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 22, no. 6 (November 23, 2016): 850–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1244710.
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The value added tax (VAT), as an instrument of fiscal policy, might have an important role on economic growth. This study analyzes the impact of standard VAT rate on economic growth in five Central and Eastern European countries (CEE-5) (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Romania). Different types of panel data models (random effect model, dynamic panel and panel vector-autoregression) over 1995–2015 indicated a positive influence of VAT rate on economic growth. There is a bilateral Granger causality between economic growth and VAT rate. The Bayesian linear models indicate a positive effect of VAT rate on GDP rate only for Hungary. On short-run, the other countries register lower GDP rates when VAT rates increase. Some simulations of economic growth for 2016 and 2018 were made for each CEE-5 country under different assumptions regarding VAT rate values.
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Borhi, László. "Rollback, Liberation, Containment, or Inaction? U.S. Policy and Eastern Europe in the 1950s." Journal of Cold War Studies 1, no. 3 (September 1999): 67–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039799316976814.
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This article discusses the Eisenhower administration's policy toward Eastern Europe in the years leading up to the 1956 Hungarian revolution. The article first considers the broader context of U.S. Cold War strategy in Eastern Europe, including policies of “economic warfare” and “psychological warfare,” as well as covert operations and military supplies. It then examines U.S. policy toward Hungary, particularly during the events of October-November 1956, when the Eisenhower administration had to decide how to respond to the uprising. The article brings to light the Eisenhower administration's dual policy toward Hungary—a policy that attempted, on the one hand, to strike a negotiated settlement with the Soviet Union, and, on the other hand, to promote instability within the Soviet bloc. An analysis of these contradictory approaches sheds broader light on the dynamics of U.S. foreign policy in the 1950s.
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Joyal, André. "La Hongrie : une décentralisation sans le « marché socialiste »." Articles 52, no. 3 (June 25, 2009): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800682ar.
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Abstract Since there is a relatively large number of publications on the Hungarian economic reform—generally known as the New Economic Mechanism—the purpose of this paper is not so much to present the different aspects of the system as to show both the problems and results which one can identify seven years after its adoption. At the end of 1973, the State increased its control of the economy. We try to demonstrate that in so doing the national authorities did not mean to reopen the question of the "liberalization" of the economy, but above all wanted to make some reajustments in the economic policy in view of the effects of the world crisis on prices and wage policy. The difficulties Hungary has recently known have been attributed to market-socialism by orthodox socialists who are opposed to this policy. On the other hand some of the architects of the N.E.M. maintain that the present model does not fully correspond to market socialism. One must admit that indeed many elements of the economic problems (inflation, income inequalities, development of monopolistic power) that can be identified in Hungary are linked with the disadvantages of a decentralized socialist model. However, in spite of these problems the achievements of the Hungarian economy are worthy of mention. The economic authorities do not conceal their price at having exceeded the forecasts of the 1971-1976 five year Plan. Even if, as several writers maintain, the introduction of the market is not a panacea for all the flaws of socialism in general, Hungary through its past experience and present endeavours provides valuable information to all those interested in studying a synthesis of planning and the market.
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Nagy, Orsolya. "Renewable energy development in Hungary." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 47 (July 18, 2012): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/47/2430.
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Due to the exhaustion of the fossile fuel reserves of the Earth, the increase of fossile fuel prices and the difficulties concerning stable fuel supply, the increase of electricity production from renewable energy sources has a special strategic importance. In this study, I am going to evaluate the circumstances of the production and use of renewable energy sources in Hungary and in the European Union. I present the Hungarian economic, energy policy-related and social circumstances which make it necessary to support renewable energy production. I am going to give an overview on the related EU strategies concerning the sector and the Hungarian development plan in this field. I pay particular attention to the examination of development opportunities and the R&D activities going on in this area in Hungary, as well as the efficiency of the means used to improve renewable energy use.
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Lentner, Csaba. "Outline of the Evolution of the Hungarian Monetary Policy from the Restoration of the Two-level Banking System to the Present Day." Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review 6, no. 1 (October 29, 2021): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2021.1.9.
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This study outlines the development of Hungary’s monetary policy, and the course and changes in its objectives and instruments since the beginning of the market economy transition in the late 1980s. The author’s basic thesis is that the period since the two-level banking system was reinstated after four decades of a planned economy system, in 1987, can be basically divided into three development phases with significantly different characteristics. The first phase was an ‘attempt to introduce’ an imported monetary mechanism, or perhaps an urge to comply with it, while the second phase was an approach of a monetary regime change launched in 2013 and supporting economic growth and financial stability strongly and directly, which lasted until the appearance of the traumatic elements of the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. The third phase is evolving today, under the circumstances of adapting to the conditions of the real essence of the twenty-first century, i.e. a new type of international competitiveness, which is pursued by the Central Bank of Hungary as stipulated by the Fundamental Law and the cardinal Central Bank Act of Hungary.
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Moździerz, Anna Jadwiga. "The Economic Effects of Fiscal Policy in Hungary in the Period of 2008–2014." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia 50, no. 1 (April 19, 2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2016.50.1.123.
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Csaplár-Degovics, Krisztián. "Austro-Hungarian Colonial Ventures: The Case of Albania." Hungarian Historical Review 11, no. 2 (2022): 267–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2022.2.267.
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In his unpublished 1955 doctoral dissertation, Johann Wagner persuasively argued that certain members of the leading political, economic, and military circles in Austria-Hungary were very interested in the possibility of global colonization.1 Furthermore, as the data gathered by Evelyn Kolm clearly shows, in the last decades of the nineteenth century, joint Ministers of Foreign Affairs Gusztáv Kálnoky and Agenor Gołuchowski and joint Minister of Finance Benjámin Kállay promoted the idea of creating a competitive military fleet, and they were ready to offer political support for the economic interest groups that insisted on the necessity of colonialism.2 Two out of these three people initiated and played a crucial role in the 1896 Vienna Conference, where they decided to adopt and implement a new Albanian policy. This Austro-Hungarian Albanian policy was shaped in part by new colonial ambitions and was not merely the result of a one-time decision made in response to singular circumstances. The new Albanian policy harmonized with the general aspirations of the 1890s: Gustav Kálnoky and Agenor Gołuchowski, as heads of Ballhausplatz, made political and institutional attempts to include, in some form or another, the practice of global colonization as part of the foreign policy profile of Austria-Hungary. One of their allies in these efforts was Benjámin Kállay, who, as the governor of Bosnia-Herzegovina, was well-versed in both the theoretical and the practical issues of colonization. This study presents the context and consequences of the 1896 conference from a transnational perspective. It also draws attention to two things. First, historical research on the question of colonization should be extended to the Balkan peninsula in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Second, Austria-Hungary’s new Albanian policy was based not only on international models but also on its own experiences in Africa.
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Harsányi, Endre, Gergely Harsányi, and Attila János Nagy. "Regional Development Differences in Hungary and the Northern-Great Plain Region." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 18 (March 4, 2005): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/18/3261.
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The most important endeavour of European Union’s regional policy is to moderate disparities. An emphasised strategic objective of member states, based on the principle of solidarity, fairness and justice, is to develop regions and almost forty percent of the common budget is devoted to achieving this objective.Hungary, as a full EU member state, will get a new chance for underdeveloped regions, especially for the Eastern-Hungarian as well as the North Hungarian and North Plain Region.The differences in development among the regions are significantly influenced by the economic characteristics of the specific region, quality and quantity of human resources, accessability of the region and other factors influencing local quality of life beside natural conditions.The new spatial structure was formed by change of regime, processes of the nineties, primarily the economic renewal based on foreign capital investments and the crisis phenomena in parallel with these. The economic, political and social consequences of the transformation significantly changed spatial structure and increased disparities. New disparities formed which were further aggravated as a consequence due to the formation of the eastern-western slope and local crisis zones. As a result of the outstanding development of the capital, the long term differentiation of regional development differences can also be detected when examining the regional distribution of Hungarian gross domestic product. The collapse of heavy industry and agricultural mass production based on the eastern markets primarily affected the north-east counties in the eastern part of the country.Strengthening regional competitiveness is of key importance for the region, which requires the application of consistent development policy. The most important is economic development which, if it operates well, also infers the possibility of establishing welfare infrastructures. Drawing in external sources to ease the significant lack of capital is important for the processing industry and the development of supplier networks. Agricultural development also plays an important role in transforming economic structure, since the characteristics of the region, its traditions and long term competitive advantages are favourable, therefore it is going to represent a higher ratio within the economy than the EU average. The modernisation of the agricultural sector can be promoted by supporting market accession, quality agricultural production and stimulating producer-retailer cooperation. The development of transportation and informatics infrastructure as well as human resource development plays a significantly important role in the development of the region.In conclusion, the implementation of such a consistent regional development policy is required in the future, based on the strengths of the region, that serves the most efficient utilisation of regional development funds through the implementation of regional policy principles and prevents the irreversible decay of the region while promoting rapid development.
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Kiss, Benedek, Jose Dinis Silvestre, Rita Andrade Santos, and Zsuzsa Szalay. "Environmental and Economic Optimisation of Buildings in Portugal and Hungary." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 13531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413531.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a scientific method for evaluating the environmental impact of products. Standards provide a general framework for conducting an LCA study and calculation rules specifically for buildings. The challenge is to design energy-efficient buildings that have a low environmental impact, reasonable costs, and high thermal comfort as these are usually conflicting aspects. Efficient mathematical optimisation algorithms can be applied to such engineering problems. In this paper, a framework for automated optimisation is described, and it is applied to a multi-story residential building case study in two locations, Portugal and Hungary. The objectives are to minimise the life cycle environmental impacts and costs. The results indicate that optimum solutions are found at a higher cost but lower global warming potential for Portugal than for Hungary. Optimum solutions have walls with a thermal transmittance in the intervals of 0.29–0.39 and 0.06–0.19 W/m2K for Portugal and Hungary, respectively. Multi-objective optimisation algorithms can be successfully applied to find solutions with low environmental impact and an eco-efficient thermal envelope.
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Lengyel, Balázs, and Izabella Szakálné Kanó. "Regional economic growth in Hungary 1998–2005: What does really matter in clusters?" Acta Oeconomica 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 257–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.64.2014.3.1.
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Although industry clusters are major targets of regional economic development in less developed regions as well, we still need a deeper understanding of how the spatial clustering of firms generates dynamics in lagging regions. These latter environments may differ from the typical cluster policy examples that are usually specialised global centres of dynamically growing industries. Using census-type data of Hungarian firms, we test the effect of major cluster indicators — regional specialisation and spatial concentration of industries — and the impact of FDI on regional productivity and employment growth in Hungary. Our results suggest that regional specialisation does not affect regional growth, while the spatial concentration of industries is found to influence productivity and employment growth with an overwhelmingly negative effect. Furthermore, regional employment growth is associated negatively with the initial level of regional specialisation. Results suggest that Hungary has evolved into a dual economy in which previously specialised regions and geographically concentrated industries have lost their pace, while the main factor that favoured regional economic growth was the presence of large foreign companies. Therefore, economic policies fostering regional specialisation and the spatial concentration of industries — such as cluster policy — may have minor effects unless the interaction of foreign-owned and domestic companies is encouraged.
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Kozma, Gábor. "Place Marketing in Hungary: The Case of Debrecen." European Spatial Research and Policy 16, no. 1 (September 29, 2009): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10105-009-0004-6.
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After the political transformations in East-Central Europe local authorities were forced to realise that they have to employ more active policy, and consequently, the use of place marketing became more popular. The study examines one particular city in Hungary, Debrecen, and concentrates on two areas. First, it presents what methods were employed in an attempt to attract economic players and tourists, and to increase the satisfaction of existing target groups. Secondly, it evaluates the steps taken: how characteristic were the tools used in Debrecen in other Hungarian cities, and what positive and negative features of marketing activity can be identified.
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Pesuth, Tamás. "“Digital transformation leads to new jobs creation with higher wages.” = Interview with Boris Vujčić, Governor, Croatian National Bank." Köz-gazdaság 16, no. 1 (March 8, 2021): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2021.01.01.
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This year the Lamfalussy Award was received by Boris Vujčić, Governor of the Croatian National Bank. The Lamfalussy Award, established by the National Bank of Hungary is dedicated to recognise exceptional international achievements influencing international monetary policy. We are honored to be able to conduct the following interview with Governor Vujčić, that can help us to better understand the economic policy and thinking in our region, in Central and Eastern Europe.