Journal articles on the topic 'Hundred Year War'
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Sharlin, Harold Issadore, Richard Rudolph, and Scott Ridley. "Power Struggle: The Hundred-Year War over Electricity." American Historical Review 92, no. 5 (December 1987): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1868650.
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Forrest, J. S. "Power Struggle—the Hundred Year War over Electricity." Electronics and Power 33, no. 3 (1987): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1987.0127.
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Sicilia, David B., Richard Rudolph, and Scott Ridley. "Power Struggle: The Hundred-Year War over Electricity." Journal of American History 74, no. 2 (September 1987): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1900094.
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Mombauer, Annika. "Guilt or Responsibility? The Hundred-Year Debate on the Origins of World War I." Central European History 48, no. 4 (December 2015): 541–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915001144.
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Historians of the Great War found themselves in high demand in 2014. The looming anniversary naturally prompted publishers to commission titles that were designed to make a splash, cause debate, and spark public interest. The market was consequently flooded with publications that attempted to explain why war had broken out in 1914. Few could have predicted, however, the full extent of public and media interest in World War I. Nor could one have expected that the question of the origins of the war, in particular, would once again be paramount and the subject of widespread, heated debate.
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Young, Nigel. "Concepts of Peace: From 1913 to the Present." Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 2 (2013): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679413000063.
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Over the next few years much will be made of the hundred-year anniversary of the breakdown of the European peace into a thirty-one-year civil war that did not fully cease until 1945. In 2012 the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the fact that there has been no war within its borders for the past sixty years, and today the Union stands as a model for regional peace. But the consequences of the “Great War” and the disastrously unsuccessful “peace” of 1918 are still with us. Like Andrew Carnegie, Alfred Nobel recognized that it is essential that political decision-makers and a wider public act with an awakened sense of the everyday significance of world events.
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Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. "Book review: War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures and Debt." Accounting History 21, no. 4 (July 24, 2016): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373215598196.
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Figueiredo, Carolina Ferreira de. "A presença colonial no território palestino: uma reflexão historiográfica e testemunhal sobre os séculos XX e XXI na Palestina." Revista Tempo e Argumento 13, no. 33 (August 3, 2021): e0401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/2175180313332021e0401.
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McDonald, Avril. "The Year in Review." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2 (December 1999): 213–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138913590000043x.
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Nineteen ninety-nine was a year of taking stock. For humanitarian lawyers, this was facilitated by the fact that it was a year of anniversaries. As well as being the final year of the decade of international law, it was also the centenary of the first Hague peace conference and the first Hague Convention and the fiftieth anniversary of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, providing ample occasion for reflection on the successes and failures of this branch of international law over the past century. The tone of the various commemorative meetings was chastened rather than celebratory. As one commentator noted: ‘At the end of a century which has seen so much of war and in which the laws of war have proven so comparatively ineffectual, it seems obvious that that law must be seen as deficient and the record of the last hundred years be adjudged one of failure rather than achievement. (…) Yet the principle conclusion is not that the world needs new law, or different law, but that the law which we have needs to be made more effective.’The major developments in international humanitarian law have closely tracked a century that has seen society and the nature and aims of warfare change dramatically. Developments in the law have been reactive rather than anticipatory and have built on a model that was designed in response to imperatives that were different than those faced today and those that will be faced in the future. The time has long since passed in many countries when the state has a monopoly on violence. Entire societies have been militarised, and in many areas war has been ‘privatised’ as ‘mercenaries, rebels, mutinous gangsters emerge to exploit the decline of the state’.
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Király, Sándor. "Arany János születésének 100. évfordulója és a háború a nagyszalontai Emlékegyesület értesítése a Debreceni m. kir. Tudományegyetemnek az ünnepség elmaradásáról." Gerundium 8, no. 4 (April 11, 2018): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2017/4/7.
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the Centenary of the Birth of János Arany and the War. The Message of the Memorial Society from Nagyszalonta to the University of Debrecen about the Cancellation of the Ceremony. One hundred years ago and one hundred years after the birth of Arany the memorial society prepared for a nationwide celebration in Nagyszalonta. They sent their official invitation to every literary and scholarly society, with the University of Debrecen among them. Nándor Láng, who was the Rector of the university in the 1916/17. academic year gave the mandate to Károly Pap to attend the ceremony and represent the university. Károly Pap, who was the dean of the faculty of arts, accepted this with pleasure because he was a researcher of the poetry of Arany. But the ceremony was postponed because the train service became unreliable due to the war. The nationwide ceremony had to be cancelled because of the bad traffic conditions and it was never held in Nagyszalonta in 1917. This printed media sources inform us about this and the effect of the Great War on the centenary of the birth of János Arany.
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Atherstone, Andrew. "Rescued from the Brink: the Collapse and Resurgence of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford." Studies in Church History 44 (2008): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400003715.
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The twenty-five theological colleges of the Church of England entered the 1960s in buoyant mood. Rooms were full, finances were steadily improving, expansion seemed inevitable. For four years in succession, from 1961 to 1964, ordinations exceeded six hundred a year, for the first time since before the First World War, and the peak was expected to rise still higher. In a famously misleading report, the sociologist Leslie Paul predicted that at a ‘conservative estimate’ there would be more than eight hundred ordinations a year by the 1970s. In fact, the opposite occurred. The boom was followed by bust, and the early 1970s saw ordinations dip below four hundred. The dramatic plunge in the number of candidates offering themselves for Anglican ministry devastated the theological colleges. Many began running at a loss and faced imminent bankruptcy. In desperation the central Church authorities set about closing or merging colleges, but even their ruthless cutbacks could not keep pace with the fall in ordinands.
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Hudson, Hugh D., Bruce J. DeHart, and David M. Griffiths. "Proletarians by Fiat: The Compulsory Ural Metallurgical Work Force, 1630–1861." International Labor and Working-Class History 48 (1995): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900005366.
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Buried within the bowels of Russia's Ural Mountains, some sixteen hundred kilometers east of Moscow, lay huge deposits of the invaluable raw material iron. If exploitedon a large scale, they would provide the Russian state with one of the chief ingredients of an early industrial economy. A prospering iron industry, in its turn, would expand immeasurably Russia's hitherto-limited war-making capacity—no small consideration in the early eighteenth century, an age in which war-making was still deemed the major function of the ambitious ruler. Appropriately, no Russian was more alert to the potential of Ural iron than Peter I, whose reign of some thirty-five years (1689–1725) would be distinguished by only one year completely free of war.
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Klehr, Harvey. "REFLECTIONS ON ESPIONAGE." Social Philosophy and Policy 21, no. 1 (January 2004): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052504211074.
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In 1995 the United States National Security Agency (NSA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) made public the story of a forty-year American intelligence operation code-named Venona. Shortly after the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939, American military intelligence had ordered companies that were sending and receiving coded cables overseas, such as Western Union, to turn over copies to the U.S. government. Hundreds of thousands of cables were sent or received by Soviet government bodies. Beginning in 1943, spurred by rumors and concerns that Stalin might conclude a separate peace with Hitler, the U.S. Army's cryptographic section began work trying to read these Russian cables. It had very limited success until 1946, by which time the Cold War was already underway. Some twenty-nine hundred cables dealing with Russian intelligence activities from 1942 to 1946 eventually were decrypted successfully in whole or in part as a result of Soviet technical errors in constructing and using “one-time pads” that American code-breakers were able to exploit. These cables implicated more than three hundred Americans as having been involved with Soviet intelligence services during World War II, a time when the United States and the USSR were allies.
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Ville, Kenneth De, and Richard Kluger. "Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris." Journal of Southern History 63, no. 3 (August 1997): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2211695.
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Schiller, Wendy J., and Richard Kluger. "Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris." Political Science Quarterly 112, no. 2 (1997): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657952.
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Sellers, Christopher, and Richard Kluger. "Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris." American Historical Review 104, no. 3 (June 1999): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651087.
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Campbell, Tracy A., and Richard Kluger. "Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris." Journal of American History 83, no. 4 (March 1997): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953002.
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Goodman, Seymour E. "Deploying Technological Innovation in “Real Time”." Vulcan 7, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 81–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00701007.
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The Industrial Revolution provided the environment and opportunities for the large-scale development and deployment of military technological innovation in “real time,” that is, in time to influence the conduct and outcomes of a major conflict while that conflict was in progress. The case of the Union and Confederate strategies and their implementations during the American Civil War is particularly exemplary because both sides looked to ironclad warships in opposing ways. For the first year of the war each side pursued real-time ironclad warship deployment efforts to influence three different strategic races on a continental scale. Confederate success could have had enormous impacts on the course and outcomes of the war, but by August 1862 the Union had won all three races. Each was won in a different way, each portended how the conduct of the war on water continued, and each provided lessons for both navies to learn. Both sides went forward with revised strategies and renewed vigor to try to build and deploy more than one hundred ironclad warships between them. Over the next three years, the extensive Confederate ironclad program failed in multiple and costly ways to deliver much to the Confederate war effort. The even more extensive Union ironclad program did better primarily by securing what had been won the first year and neutralizing the continuing Confederate ironclad threat, although it failed in other important ways.
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Lindquist, Kristen A., Erika H. Siegel, Karen S. Quigley, and Lisa Feldman Barrett. "The hundred-year emotion war: Are emotions natural kinds or psychological constructions? Comment on Lench, Flores, and Bench (2011)." Psychological Bulletin 139, no. 1 (January 2013): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029038.
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Simic, Olivera. "Bringing “Justice” Home? Bosnians, War Criminals and the Interaction between the Cosmopolitan and the Local." German Law Journal 12, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1389–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200017363.
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One day before the historic trial against Radovan Karadžić was due to begin, Biljana Plavšić, a former Bosnian Serb leader, was released from prison after serving two-thirds of an 11-year sentence for war crimes. She flew in from Sweden to Belgrade, where she was welcomed by the Prime Minister of Republika Srpska. While Plavšić was on her way home, more than a hundred representatives of Bosnian nongovernmental organizations were heading from home to the Hague, to be present for the beginning of the Karadžić trial. Drawing on cases of returning war criminals, this article argues that similar to Bosnian citizens and war criminals who are commuting in different directions, cosmopolitan and local forms of justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina are also progressing in opposite destinations.
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Sansom, Clare. "Crystallography for biochemists." Biochemist 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03601054.
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It cannot have escaped your notice so far that 2014 is a year of centenaries, but you may not realize that this goes beyond the First World War. The United Nations has designated 2014 the International Year of Crystallography to mark the fact that this discipline, the study of atomic and molecular structures, is almost exactly a hundred years old. But 2014 is in some ways an odd year to choose. It is neither the centenary of the discovery by the father-and-son team of William Henry and William Lawrence (known as Lawrence) Bragg that the diffraction pattern produced when a beam of X-rays is shone at a crystal could yield insights into the geometry of that crystal, nor that of the Braggs' Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915.
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Courtwright, David T. "Book Review: Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris." Contemporary Drug Problems 23, no. 4 (December 1996): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145099602300416.
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Reinhart, Carmen M., and Kenneth S. Rogoff. "Shifting Mandates: The Federal Reserve's First Centennial." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.48.
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The Federal Reserve's mandate has evolved considerably over the organization's hundred-year history. It was changed from an initial focus in 1913 on financial stability, to fiscal financing in World War II and its aftermath, to a strong anti-inflation focus from the late 1970s, and then back to greater emphasis on financial stability since the Great Contraction. Yet, as the Fed's mandate has expanded in recent years, its range of instruments has narrowed, partly based on a misguided belief in the inherent stability of financial markets. We argue for a return to multiple instruments, including a more active role for reserve requirements.
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Bochenek, Michael Garcia. "Children's Rights as Human Rights." Ethics & International Affairs 29, no. 4 (2015): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679415000441.
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The image of Aylan Kurdi, a three-year-old Syrian boy who drowned on September 2, 2015, as he tried to cross the Mediterranean with his family to seek safety in Europe, may finally shock Europe and the world into offering greater protection to refugees fleeing from war and persecution in Syria and elsewhere. Aylan's death was a tragedy of a kind that has become all too familiar. In 2015 alone, thousands of people have died trying to reach European shores in unseaworthy, overcrowded boats. Many of those who drowned were children—including in a single instance an estimated one hundred children (out of a total of some eight hundred fatalities) lost in a shipwreck off the coast of Libya in April.
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Malia, Alban. "Strong Disagreements West-Moscow on the Future of the World After World War II." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/839ndo92u.
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The European continent after the end of World War II was completely destroyed. A destruction of such proportions was not even done in the 30-year War three hundred years ago, not even in the Napoleonic wars of the 19th century. Now the victors had to prepare the treaties. This did not turn out to be a simple task. For the first time the Council of Foreign Ministers of the victorious countries met in London from September 11 until October 2, 1945. The first problem faced by this council was the opposition of Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov to accept France and China as allies. France was dissatisfied with the Soviet move and again felt excluded from major decisions. US President Harry Truman appealed directly to Stalin, but the latter did not respond. The Western allies proved determined. They would not allow any of their allies to be excluded from Soviet desires. This act was also the first disagreement between the Western foreign ministers and the Soviet foreign minister.
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Fares, Jawad, Souheil Gebeily, Mohamad Saad, Hayat Harati, Sanaa Nabha, Najwane Said, Mohamad Kanso, Ronza Abdel Rassoul, and Youssef Fares. "Post-traumatic stress disorder in adult victims of cluster munitions in Lebanon: a 10-year longitudinal study." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e017214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017214.
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ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the short-term and long-term prevalence and effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among victims of cluster munitions.Design and settingA prospective 10-year longitudinal study that took place in Lebanon.ParticipantsTwo-hundred-and-forty-four Lebanese civilian victims of submunition blasts, who were injured in 2006 and were over 18 years old, were interviewed. Included were participants who had been diagnosed with PTSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) and the PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version in 2006. Interviewees were present for the 10-year follow-up.Main outcome measuresPTSD prevalence rates of participants in 2006 and 2016 were compared. Analysis of the demographical data pertaining to the association of long-term PTSD with other variables was performed. p Values <0.05 were considered statistically significant for all analyses (95% CI).ResultsAll the 244 civilians injured by cluster munitions in 2006 responded, and were present for long-term follow-up in 2016. The prevalence of PTSD decreased significantly from 98% to 43% after 10 years (p<0.001). A lower long-term prevalence was significantly associated with male sex (p<0.001), family support (p<0.001) and religion (p<0.001). Hospitalisation (p=0.005) and severe functional impairment (p<0.001) post-trauma were significantly associated with increased prevalence of long-term PTSD. Symptoms of negative cognition and mood were more common in the long run. In addition, job instability was the most frequent socioeconomic repercussion among the participants (88%).ConclusionsPsychological symptoms, especially PTSD, remain high in war-affected populations many years after the war; this is particularly evident for Lebanese civilians who were victimised by cluster munitions. Screening programmes and psychological interventions need to be implemented in vulnerable populations exposed to war traumas. Officials and public health advocates should consider the socioeconomic implications, and help raise awareness against the harm induced by cluster munitions and similar weaponry.
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Todd, Lisa M. "“The Soldier's Wife Who Ran Away with the Russian”: Sexual Infidelities in World War I Germany." Central European History 44, no. 2 (May 23, 2011): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938911000033.
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In May 1917 twenty-seven residents of Landau (Württemberg) sent a long petition to the German Reichstag. The group, which included doctors, pastors, teachers, and industrialists, demanded that the state put an end to the “immoral” behavior of women who had romantic relationships with foreign prisoners of war. The petition included more than one hundred examples of such affairs, gleaned from newspapers, court records, and eyewitness accounts. The petitioners lamented the “sinking morality” of the countryside and the damaged reputation of German women. They also had more immediate concerns. These affairs were threatening the happiness of families, “complicating” the feeding of the nation, weakening the strength of the people, and heightening the fear of espionage. The petitioners went on to warn the Reichstag deputies that “good German citizens are full of anger at such events,” and that the common person's “sense of sacrifice” was dwindling now, in the third year of the war.
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Jurczyk-Romanowska, Ewa, and Piotr Kwiatkowski. "From Presumption to DNA – Evolution of the Institution of the Parentage of a Child in the One-hundred-year History of Polish Law." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2019-0021.
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Abstract After the end of World War I, in 1918, Poland regained its independence to once again find its place on the map of the world after 123 years. Thus, Polish jurists were faced with the task of creating an entirely new legal order, in the realm of the law of the state system as well as criminal, administrative, civil, and family law. The evolution of the questions pertaining to the parentage of a child was key in the realisation of the child’s right to know their identity, in granting children citizenship of the newly founded state of Poland, and in securing their social, civil, and political rights. The laws of the previous governments would clearly stigmatise children born illegitimi thori. The year 1946 brought the first mitigation of the division into marital and non-marital children, and in 1950 the division was abolished. The subsequent legislative changes were aimed to follow the advances in biological and medical sciences. In its directives the Supreme Court wold accept the successive methods of establishing parentage moving gradually from the prevalence of personal sources in court proceedings to that of DNA tests. Exegesis of legal text and analysis of judicial decisions and literature. After one hundred years of adapting legal regulations to social changes and scientific discovery Poland still faces the necessity to regulate the crucial issues of in vitro fertilisation and surrogacy. The one-hundred-years evolution of legislation and jurisdiction in Poland in the context of the development of new methods of establishing parentage is described in the present paper.
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Grozdic, Borislav. "Nomokanon of St. Sava concerning murder in the war." Theoria, Beograd 53, no. 4 (2010): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1004087g.
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The paper deals with understanding of murder in the war in Nomokanon of St. Sava, original and unique nomocanon in the Orthodox world, different from all those previously known, which is prepared by Saint Sava on the basis of the Byzantine nomocanon and who put inside of it over one hundred canonical and Byzantine legal documents, translated into serbian-slovene language. Murder in the war in Nomokanon of Saint Sava is considered wilful, intentional murder or premeditated murder. It is interesting and significant that Saint Sava in Nomokanon omits attitude of St. Athanasius the Great, who claims that is not allowed to kill, but that it is legal and deserved to be decorated to kill enemies in war, so that is why those who stand in the war were highly honored and devoted monuments, which describe their glorious deeds. St. Sava introduce and points out attitude of St. Vasilije the Great, according to which the soldier who kill in the war for holy truth and real Christian Faith, is not allowed to receive Holy Communion for three years. Thus, as well for those who killed in war in the name of their deep belief and holy truth, and whose hands are unclean, epitimija - prohibition of the Holy Eucharist is recommended for three years because of their unclean hands. Priests, if they kill, whether in war or not, are to be degradated. With judgement that the murder in war is deliberate, that is intentional murder and that it means a sin to be followed by certain epitimija still does not mean that the Church absolutely denies war as such, and participation in the war. It just confirms how much the war is tragic situation for Christians, but situation that they can not reject, avoid, and pretend that they do not see it. The obligation of Christians is to participate in the war with high ideals of love, justice, duty and service if there is the need, but bravely and ready for all related consequences. In this difficult dilemma, which leaves them without a moral way-out with 'clean hands', but where they are forced to consciously acceptance of injustice, and acceptance of not only burden of death but also burden of murder. Insisting on a three-year epitimija demonstrate a care that Christians should not lose awareness of the fact that they (if they) killed a man, regardless of the circumstances of war, and due to that a certain period is necessary, at least three years, of repentance and abstinence from communion.
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Stanca, Nicoleta. "Narratives of Healing in Sebastian Barry’s The Secret Scripture (2008)." DIALOGO 8, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51917/dialogo.2022.8.2.11.
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Sebastian Barry’s novel The Secret Scripture (2008) was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize before being named the 2008 Costa Book of Year and winning the Irish Book Awards Best Novel, the Independent Booksellers Prize and the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. The novel is an exquisite example of trauma narrative in Irish recent fiction. Almost one hundred years old and still in the mental hospital where she was committed as a young woman, Roseanne revisits the tragedies and passions of her life through her secret journal. Raised in rural Ireland in the 1930s, her life is marked by civil war and a troubled family life. When she marries Tom McNulty, she believes she has found love and security, but her dreams are shattered. Through her journal and that of the doctor in charge of her, the reader is gradually revealed how the process of trauma healing could be achieved.
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Hamilton, J. S., and Anne Curry. "The Hundred Years War." American Historical Review 99, no. 4 (October 1994): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168813.
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Luo, Guode, Xiaohua Wang, Yajiao Li, Guangyu Chen, Yongkuan Cao, Jiaqing Gong, and Yunming Li. "Hand-assisted laparoscopic versus open surgery for radical gastrectomy in the treatment of advanced distal gastric cancer: long-term overall and disease-free survival (final results of a single-center study)." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 9 (September 2021): 030006052110477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211047700.
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Objective To compare the surgical effects and long-term efficacy of hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) and open surgery (OS) in radical gastrectomy for advanced distal gastric cancer. Methods One hundred twenty-four patients who were admitted to the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the West War Zone General Hospital from May 2008 to April 2012 were randomly divided into a HALS group (n = 62) and an OS group (n = 62). After surgery, 113 patients were followed up for 5 and 8 years, and 11 patients were lost to follow-up. The 5- and 8-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results The 5- and 8-year overall survival rates were 31.90% and 18.40% in the HALS group and 32.50% and 18.60% in the OS group, respectively. The 5- and 8-year disease-free survival rates were 21.50% and 13.00% in the HALS group and 21.90% and 13.10% in the OS group, respectively. No significant differences were found. Conclusion Hand-assisted laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for advanced distal gastric cancer has the advantages of less severe trauma, less intraoperative blood loss, more rapid postoperative recovery, and equivalent long-term efficacy compared with OS.
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Shain, Yossi. "American Jews and the Construction of Israel’s Jewish Identity." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 9, no. 2 (September 2000): 163–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.9.2.163.
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In 1999, on the eve of the Jewish New Year, members of the Reform and Conservative Jewish movements funded a public campaign on Israel’s city billboards and in the Israeli media, calling on secular Israelis to experience their religious identity afresh. In a backlash against the monopoly and coercion exercised by religious orthodoxy—which has led many Israelis to shed their religious identities to an extent that goes beyond what their socialization by secular Zionism urged—the campaign called upon Israelis to embrace religious pluralism under the slogan “there is more than one way to be a Jew.” Financed by a grant from a Jewish family foundation in San Francisco, this campaign met with a harsh and somewhat violent response from the Israeli ultra-Orthodox sector. A leading ultra-Orthodox figure stated, “Ifthis situation continues, we will have a cultural war here, the likes of which we have not seen in a hundred years” (Sontag).
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Matossian, Bedross Der. "The Armenians of Palestine 1918–48." Journal of Palestine Studies 41, no. 1 (2011): 24–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2011.xli.1.24.
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For the Armenians of Palestine, the three decades of the Mandate were probably the most momentous in their fifteen hundred-year presence in the country. The period witnessed the community's profound transformation under the double impacts of Britain's Palestine policy and waves of destitute Armenian refugees fleeing the massacres in Anatolia. The article presents, against the background of late Ottoman rule, a comprehensive overview of the community, including the complexities and role of the religious hierarchy, the initially difficult encounter between the indigenous Armenians and the new refugee majority, their politics and associations, and their remarkable economic recovery. By the early 1940s, the Armenian community was at the peak of its success, only to be dealt a mortal blow by the 1948 war, from which it never recovered.
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Mardiyan, Marine A., Armine V. Sarkisyan, Artyom A. Sahakyan, and Hasmik G. Galstyan. "Analysis of the quality of life in the population living under post-war conditions." Hygiene and sanitation 102, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-1-88-92.
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Introduction. Biomedical assessment of the quality of life (QOL) is a methodological tool that allows identifying the degree of human adaptation to changing functional states and environmental factors. For the first time we tried to analyze the population’s QOL in post-war conditions. Methods and materials. The study was managed within the framework of scientific project over 2021-2022 (a year after the end of the military events in the region), one hundred eighty Nagorno-Karabakh 16 to 60 years residents of both genders have been tested using a modified version of SF-36 questionnaire. Results. The average values of the population’s QOL indicators for the SF-36 questionnaire scales varies from 59.5 (the vital activity and mental health) to 84.2 points (physical functioning). Gender-age features of the QOL level declined the role-playing emotional functioning in females and a diminished the values of general health, vitality and social functioning by the second adulthood. Having grouped all the scales into two indicators - the physical (PH) and mental (MH) components of health, the latter turned out to be lower than the values of the separate components of these elements. In general, the entire population had a low level of MH (43.7 points), compared with PH (49.7 points). Limitations. The study has age (youthful and middle), regional (Nagorno-Karabakh) and temporary (at the present stage) limitations. Conclusion. The obtained regional population QOL standards in the post-war conditions can be designated as the phenomenon of Nagorno-Karabakh, which can serve as a scientific and practical basis for further research.
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Voza, Luann. "Winning the “Hundred Years' War”." Teaching Children Mathematics 18, no. 1 (August 2011): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/teacchilmath.18.1.0032.
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Neijmann, Daisy L. "‘Girl Interrupting’: History and Art as Clairvoyance in the Fiction of Vigdís Grímsdóttir." Scandinavian-Canadian Studies 17 (December 1, 2007): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/scancan22.
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ABSTRACT: The year 1980 marks a distinctive change and exciting renewal in the general development of post-war Icelandic fiction. An obsessive preoccupation with rural nostalgia and urban malaise gradually gives way to a decidedly anti-realist fiction which celebrates the wonders of everyday day life in the city. The term magical realism is often used in this context, and indeed, there can be little doubt that the Icelandic translation of Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude in 1978 constituted an important influence on writers during this period. One contemporary Icelandic author who has made striking use of magical realist strategies to dislodge the current impulses of modernity in Icelandic culture and disrupt imposed ways of perceiving reality is Vigdís Grímsdóttir. The aim of this article is to discuss the innovative ways in which Vigdís has used Icelandic story-telling and folklore traditions, preserved and passed down mostly by women, to reaffirm, from a female perspective, a localised cultural imagination within a contemporary globalised Icelandic urban context.
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Božic, Zoran. "The Topic of Mining in Secondary School Literature Textbooks from 1850 to 1950." Studies in English Language Teaching 6, no. 3 (August 29, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v6n3p233.
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<p><em>During the first century of secondary school literature textbook publishing (from the introduction of Slovenian language as a school subject after the March Revolution in the Austrian Empire to the first Five-Year Plan after World War II) over a hundred texts featuring the topic of mining and related activities were included. The first writings have a clearly affirmative attitude towards mining, perceived and presented as a way of promoting general prosperity. The first mentions of the negative aspects of mining and the deceptive folly of coveting precious mineral resources appear towards the end of the 19th century. Only during the interwar period, however, were there various texts which presented mining as an inhumane and dangerous activity. After World War II the approach was again optimistic: in central literature textbooks mining was depicted as the glorification of socialist progress. Relevant texts were published in eight series of textbooks, the first as early as in the Bleiweis series for lower secondary schools in 1850 and the last in the ethnic Slovenian Beli?i? series of textbooks in 1947. The discovery of mercury in the Idrija mine was described by Valvazor, Kastelic, Hrovat and Oblak</em><em>.</em></p>
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Raudsepp, Anu. "Kooliõpetaja Gustav Martinsoni (1888–1959) rahvuslik-kultuuriliste vaadete mõjutegurid Esimeses maailmasõjas [Abstract: Influencers of the nationalist-cultural views of the school teacher Gustav Martinson (1888–1959) in the First World War]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 1 (November 18, 2018): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2018.1.01.
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Abstract: Influencers of the nationalist-cultural views of the school teacher Gustav Martinson (1888–1959) in the First World War
The passing of a hundred years since the start of the First World War, a milestone of world history, has also in recent years actualised research in Estonia of the events of that time. One field that has remained unexplored to this day is Estonia’s school teachers as a large social group in the World War.
School teachers who participated in the war and survived later helped to defend and build up Estonian independent statehood. The main objective of this article is to elucidate the nationalist-cultural views of the school teacher Gustav Martinson, and the effect of the written word on his views under wartime conditions. Martinson had graduated from the Tartu Teachers’ Seminary, was fluent in several languages (Russian, German, French, Latvian), and taught in Sangaste rural municipality. In addition to the press of that time, the primary sources of this study are Martinson’s diaries from 1916–17 and 1917–21, and his correspondence (62 letters), all of which have been brought into academic circulation for the first time.
The exact number of Estonian school teachers who were conscripted into the First World War is not known. We know that in 1914, at least 400 teachers were already mobilised from Estonia. Prior to the World War, 2,249 teachers worked in Estonian elementary schools (excluding city schools). Thus in the first year of the war, at least 18% of school teachers were conscripted into the armed forces. Historians of education consider the calling up of Estonian school teachers for military service as one reason for the decline in the number of schools that took place during the First World War. It is quite probable that school teachers were not enthusiastic about fighting in the war and looked forward to returning to their everyday work.
Literate Estonians in the First World War found comfort in the printed word in Estonian, of which the most readily available were newspapers, especially Postimees (Postman) and Sakala. It emerges from several sources that school teachers were active newspaper subscribers since the start of the war. From among the Estonian press, the school teacher Gustav Martinson read the newspapers Postimees and Sotsiaaldemokraat (Social Democrat), and the periodicals Eesti Kirjandus (Estonian Literature) and Vaba Sõna (Free Word). He also had the opportunity to read books sent from home or brought along from when he was on leave, and also books acquired from where he was stationed. Despite of the horrors of war, he was able to think about values that have a constructive effect on life, including the importance of education. Regarding Estonian literature, he held the works of Gustav Suits, Juhan Liiv, Friedebert Tuglas, Ernst Enno and Henrik Visnapuu in particularly high esteem. Optimistic and positive reflections on the future of Estonian culture and the Estonian nationality, inspired by the media and by the books he had read, are the most prominent feature in Gustav Martinson’s diaries. As a great booklover, he drew support in the war from the written word, which was also the primary influence on his national self-identity. As a school teacher, he understood the importance of education and erudition for the process of building independent statehood.
Unlike Western Europe, no so-called lost generation emerged in Estonia after the experiences endured in the First World War. Estonian intellectuals, including Gustav Martinson, continued their professional work after they returned from the war and assured the continuity of Estonian cultural traditions in independent Estonia.
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Mostyn, Nicholas. "MAGNA CARTA AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN FAMILY PROCEEDINGS." Denning Law Journal 27 (November 16, 2015): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v27i0.1107.
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We had a surprise in January 2012 when a practising QC was parachuted straight into the Supreme Court (as the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords became in 2009). But if there were expressions of discontent they were definitely sub rosa since the man in question, Jonathan Sumption QC, was then, and has since proved himself to be, pre-eminently qualified for the position. He is one of our foremost medieval historians, a Fellow of Magdalen College who taught History, before leaving to pursue a career at the Bar, where he rose to dizzy heights. His as yet uncompleted history of the Hundred Years’ War has received the highest praise. So it perhaps was not surprising that in this octocentenial year he should have been asked by the Friends of the British Library (an audience I warrant as challenging as this) to speak to them about Magna Carta on 9 March 2015. If I may say so, his address ‘Magna Carta then and now’ is a masterpiece. It completes the destruction of the hermeneutical myth originated by Sir Edward Coke which had been commenced by William McKechnie in his landmark essay published in 1905.
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Коlyadenko, К. V., and O. E. Fedorenko. "Brief outline of the history of world epidemics-pandemics. Part III. The half forgotten viral debut." Ukrainian Journal of Dermatology, Venerology, Cosmetology, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30978/ujdvk2021-2-85.
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A little more than a hundred years ago, the humanity plunged into the second wave of «the Spanish flu» just like in the spring of 2021 it plunged into the second wave of coronavirus. Despite the significant biological and virological differences between COVID-19 coronavirus and the Spanish flu, already known to us in the second year of the pandemic, the obvious significant similarity in the dynamics of the epidemiological scenarios of both pandemics is striking.It is officially believed that the epidemic in Europe began in the last months of the deadly First World War (1914—1918). Its development and the next catastrophic spread were caused by: unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition, overcrowding in trenches and refugee camps, the demobilization and the return of soldiers home, as also the rapid development of vehicles at the beginning of the 20th century (trains, cars, high-speed ships). The Spanish flu, caused by the H1N1 virus, had several «waves». It is difficult to estimate the exact number of those who had the Spanish flu, but presumably, this is 500—550 million people. About 25 million people died (some studies indicate a figure of 50 or even 100 million). Unfortunately, the mankind quickly forgot about this viral pandemic and consequently was objectively compelled, after a hundred years, to unexpectedly make the same mistake again and introduce quarantine as the only way to limit the further spread of the next viral pandemic of mankind. The Spanish flu significantly influenced all the further development of medicine. While before the deadly pandemic the private medical practice was widespread, in the process of its overcoming, the formation of the modern international health care system took place. In 1919, the International Bureau for Epidemic Control was founded in Vienna.
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Mulligan, Rikk, L. J. Andrew Villalon, and Donald J. Kagay. "Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus." Sixteenth Century Journal 37, no. 3 (October 1, 2006): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20478009.
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Lukács, Norbert Csaba. "The Founding and First Years of Activity of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club Football Team 1910 – 1914." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 66, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.66(4).37.
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"The year 2020 marks one hundred and ten years since the founding of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club (in Romanian: Clubul Atletic Oradea), which in matter of football was one of the reference sports groups in the city of Nagyvárad in the first half of the 20th century. Due to this anniversary, we set out to present the history of this team, from the moment when it was founded up to the outbreak of World War I. Through its contents, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the past of this sports team and, in the same time, it represents an acclaim of its founders, leaders and players. The first part of this paper presents the founding of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club team, its first years of activity, its attendance to competitions, international matches, its contribution to shaping iconic players for local football and for the national teams of Hungary and Romania, and then it presents the headquarters, playing fields, coaches and main leaders of the team. Through its contents, this paper is of interest, not only for those who just want to expand their general knowledge, but also for people who study Nagyvárad’s football history. Keywords: Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club, Clubul Atletic Oradea, football "
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Rogers, Clifford, and Jonathan Sumption. "The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle; The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire." Journal of Military History 64, no. 3 (July 2000): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120873.
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Ostrowska-Tryzno, Anna, and Anna Pawlikowska-Piechotka. "Multicultural heritage as a basis for sustainable development of urban tourism in Warsaw – COVID-19 pandemic time." MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne Special Edition, Special Edition (2021): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21858/msr.se.2021.01.
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Introduction: The importance of multiculturalism for the development of tourism, consistently emphasized in the literature, shows the long history and rich tradition of this form of tourism. Poland has historically been a land of transition between East and West, a land where different cultures have existed side by side: German, Jewish, Polish, and Russian. For centuries Poland was a meeting place of different religions and cultures and today’s landscape still shows evidence of this. The catastrophe of World War II brought the annihilation of a multicultural society and created a homogeneity, unprecedented in our history. Jewish heritage and urban cultural tourism: In their almost 2000-year diaspora, Jews have been present in Poland for eight hundred years: from the early middle ages until the Holocaust, the annihilation during World War II. The Jews were distinguished from other community groups by their religion, language, customs, art and architecture. In the interwar period of the 20th century, Poland was home to the largest Jewish community in Europe, distinguished by its enormous cultural and intellectual vitality. Pandemic time: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the tourism sector hard, and travel restrictions still apply to us. Therefore, it is necessary to verify the forecasts and prepare new recommendations for cultural tourism destinations during and after the pandemic. Conclusions: Recently there has been a revival of interests in Jewish heritage and many tourists (both domestic and foreign) want to explore Jewish culture and remaining monuments of the past. Despite pandemic time restrictions it is also possible, however new actions and policy are required to secure sanitary recommendations and rebuild consumer confidence.
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Shumov, Vladislav. "Analysis of the function of victory based on experience of strategic operations of the Great Patriotic War." Вопросы безопасности, no. 3 (March 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2020.3.33092.
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The object of research is the combat and military operations. The subject is the dynamic models of combat operations and functions of victory in the conflict. The first combat model was developed by M. P. Osipov in 1915 based on the analysis of military battles for the hundred-year period. He was first to formulate the principles of combat operations modelling. In recent decades, the economists also joined the analysis of conflicts (contests and auctions). The goal of this work lies in analysis and unification of the two indicated approaches, and provision military leadership with quantitative grounds for decision-making in preparing to the combat operations. Leaning on the statistical analysis of offensive and defensive strategic operations during the Great Patriotic War (forces and means of the parties by the beginning of operation and its outcome), the author verifies the original expansion of conflict model – the function of victory in combat operations and assesses the parameters of the form of model. The scientific novelty of consists in establishing a close connection and dependence between the two approaches to combat operations modeling: based on dynamics of the averages (classical approach) and modeling with the use of conflict functions (econometric approach). The advanced function of victory in combat operations is easy to use and complies with the provisions of military science and the theory of combat potentials.
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Matuszkiewicz, Gabriela. "Nauczyciele i uczniowie Publicznej Szkoły Dokształcającej Zawodowej w Koninie w latach 1945-50 w świetle protokołów Rady Pedagogicznej." Polonia Maior Orientalis 7 (2020): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.20.008.15494.
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We wrześniu 1945 r. naprzeciw ponad stuosobowej grupy uczniów stanęło 3 nauczycieli, którzy podjęli pracę w uruchamianej, po kilkuletniej wojennej przerwie, szkole zawodowej. Wkrótce grono nauczycielskie powiększyło się, w kolejnych latach wzrastała również liczba uczniów. Nauczyciele tej szkoły, podobnie jak w okresie przedwojennym, pracowali w konińskich szkołach powszechnych, a uczniowie – pracowali w warsztatach rzemieślniczych (jeszcze istniejących) i powoli uruchamianych niewielkich zakładach produkcyjnych. W pierwszych miesiącach wszystko wydawało się być tak jak przed wojną. Ale zmiany już się zarysowywały. Te pierwsze pięć powojennych lat to wiele zmian: począwszy od programów nauczania, a na nazwie szkoły kończąc, zmieniały się pomysły na kształceniez awodowe. Grono pedagogiczne niewątpliwie zmęczone trudną powojenną sytuacją gospodarczą i społeczną, z optymizmem i entuzjazmem podjęło pracę. Z czasem na nauczycielach spoczęły dodatkowe obowiązki, mianowicie – czyny społeczne, akcje i czuwanie nad rozwojem organizacji młodzieżowych. Zmienił się charakter i sposób oddziaływania organizacji młodzieżowych, takich jak: Służba Polsce i Związek Młodzieży Polskiej. Stały się one jednym z głównych czynników kształtujących życie szkoły i nadających ton pracy wychowawczej. Nowym koncepcjom kształcenia zawodowego musiała podołać nie tylko kadra ale przede wszystkim młodzież, obarczona wtórnym analfabetyzmem, zdemoralizowana brutalnością wojny ale zdaje się - łaknąca szkoły. Zaświadcza o tym choćby fakt, iż w pierwszym roku w najstarszych klasach uczyli się młodzi ludzie mający ponad 20 lat. Te kilka powojennych lat w blisko 100-letnim okresie funkcjonowania szkolnictwa zawodowego w Koninie jest niemal tak przełomowym okresem jak pierwsze lata istnienia tego rodzaju szkolnictwa w mieście. Zauważamy co prawda pewną ciągłość uosabianą choćby przez nauczycieli i miejsce, ale poza tym wiele się zmieniło. Na korytarzach szkoły nie spotykali się już chłopcy i dziewczęta różnych narodowości i kultur, terminujący u miejscowych kupców, rzemieślników… za to pojawiły się czerwone krawaty i pewnie mniej liczne – mundury hufców Służby Polsce. Teachers and students of the Public Vocational Training School in Konin in 1945-50 accord-ing to pedagogical council protocols In September 1945, 3 teachers stood in front of a group of over a hundred students, who started to learn in a vocational school, which was reopened after several years of war break. Soon the the group of teachers and students increased. The teachers of this school, as in the pre-war period, worked in elementary schools in Konin, and the students - worked in crafttsmen’s workshops and small factories. In the early months, all seemed to be the same as before the war. But changes were already visible. The first post-war years are marked by many changes: the name of the school was changed (several times), the curriculum was changed (also several times) The teaching staff started working with optimism and enthusiasm, despite the difficulties arising 154 from the post-war social and economic situation. Soon, new responsibilities felt on teachers – social activities, political action and work with youth organisations. The nature and manner of youth organizations, such as Służba Polsce and the Polish Youth Union, changed. They have gained an huge impact on school life and were an important part of the education. The new concepts of education had to be handled not only by the staff, but above all by the youth, burdened with secondary illiteracy, demoralized by the brutality of the war, but – seeking education. This is evidenced by the fact that in the first year, in the oldest class - studied young people over 20. These few post-war years in the 100-year history of vocational education in Konin is almost as breakthrough as the first years of the existence of this area of education in the city. We do notice a certain continuity, embodied by teachers and place, but otherwise a lot has changed. Girls, boys speaking different languages and coming from different cultures and nations disappeared from the school corridors, but red ties and unifroms of ZMP and SP appeared.
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Kloes, Andrew. "Dissembling Orthodoxy in the Age of the Enlightenment: Frederick the Great and his Confession of Faith." Harvard Theological Review 109, no. 1 (January 2016): 102–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816015000504.
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The name of Friedrich II and his nearly half-century reign from 1740 to 1786 are virtually synonymous with the advent and advance of the Enlightenment in Prussia. In his famous 1784 answer to the question posed by the Berlinische Monatsschrift, “What is enlightenment?” Immanuel Kant asserted that enlightenment could be partially conceptualized as a temporal epoch, one whose salient characteristics, especially in regards to religion, were manifested in the personal opinions and public policies of his royal Prussian sovereign. “We do not live in an enlightened age, but in an age of enlightenment – the century of Friedrich.” In a similar spirit, a generation after Kant wrote, Friedrich Schleiermacher delivered a paean to Friedrich II's memory in a January 24, 1817 address to the Prussian Academy of Sciences on what would have been Friedrich II's one-hundred-and-fifth birthday. Schleiermacher heralded Friedrich II as “a friend of the muses,” who doubtlessly conversed with Plato in the afterlife, the legacy of whose domestic initiatives had been to transform Prussia into a more cultured society, while his “heroic” and “glorious” victories secured for the Prussian Army its vaunted reputation for military prowess. As the 29-year-old king himself wrote in a February 24, 1741 battlefield letter from the frontlines of the First Silesian War, “I love war for its glory, but if I were not a ruler, I would be nothing but a philosopher.”
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Hendrickson, David C. "International Peace: One Hundred Years On." Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 2 (2013): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089267941300004x.
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The bequest for the Church Peace Union—the predecessor of today's Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs (and the publisher of this journal)—was given by Andrew Carnegie in February 1914. The Church Peace Union subsequently sponsored the first worldwide gathering of religious leaders, which was held in Constance, Germany, on August 2, 1914. Convened under the shadow of an impending war, not all delegates made it to the gathering. Six months previously, Carnegie had stipulated that the Church Peace Union devote its funds to the deserving poor “after the arbitration of international disputes is established and war abolished, as it certainly will be some day.” This could happen, he noted, “sooner than expected, probably by the Teutonic nations, Germany, Britain, and the United States first deciding to act in unison, the others joining later.” The outbreak of war was a catastrophic blow to such hopes, as the very nations expected to be at the core of this civilized project descended into an orgy of destruction the likes of which the world had never seen.
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Horowitz, Michael C. "Long Time Going: Religion and the Duration of Crusading." International Security 34, no. 2 (October 2009): 162–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.162.
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Scholars have argued for centuries about the relative importance of religion in determining behavior. Do actors with genuine religious beliefs, both leaders and foot soldiers, actually fight wars and commit atrocities in the name of religion and religious institutions? Or is religion a proxy for materialist variables such as land grabs or wealth creation? A case study of the Catholic Crusading movement and an evaluation of Crusading as an institution demonstrate that religiously motivated military campaigns, when decisive conclusions are not possible, may last longer than other campaigns because of the nonmaterial reasons for continuing to fight. Despite spectacular failures and rising costs, Crusading continued for centuries. The evidence shows that it is impossible to comprehend the persistence of Crusading over a several-hundred-year period without understanding the religious devotion at the heart of this institution. This research contributes to growing work in international relations on the importance of identity attributes and helps to explain how factors such as religion can influence processes such as crisis bargaining and war termination.
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Madison, Kenneth G., and Jonathan Sumption. "The Hundred Years War: Trial by Battle." American Historical Review 99, no. 1 (February 1994): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166207.
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