Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hundred Year War

Academic literature on the topic 'Hundred Year War'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 31 August 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Hundred Year War"

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Sharlin, Harold Issadore, Richard Rudolph, and Scott Ridley. "Power Struggle: The Hundred-Year War over Electricity." American Historical Review 92, no. 5 (December 1987): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1868650.

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Forrest, J. S. "Power Struggle—the Hundred Year War over Electricity." Electronics and Power 33, no. 3 (1987): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1987.0127.

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Sicilia, David B., Richard Rudolph, and Scott Ridley. "Power Struggle: The Hundred-Year War over Electricity." Journal of American History 74, no. 2 (September 1987): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1900094.

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Mombauer, Annika. "Guilt or Responsibility? The Hundred-Year Debate on the Origins of World War I." Central European History 48, no. 4 (December 2015): 541–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915001144.

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Historians of the Great War found themselves in high demand in 2014. The looming anniversary naturally prompted publishers to commission titles that were designed to make a splash, cause debate, and spark public interest. The market was consequently flooded with publications that attempted to explain why war had broken out in 1914. Few could have predicted, however, the full extent of public and media interest in World War I. Nor could one have expected that the question of the origins of the war, in particular, would once again be paramount and the subject of widespread, heated debate.
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Young, Nigel. "Concepts of Peace: From 1913 to the Present." Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 2 (2013): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679413000063.

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Over the next few years much will be made of the hundred-year anniversary of the breakdown of the European peace into a thirty-one-year civil war that did not fully cease until 1945. In 2012 the European Union was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of the fact that there has been no war within its borders for the past sixty years, and today the Union stands as a model for regional peace. But the consequences of the “Great War” and the disastrously unsuccessful “peace” of 1918 are still with us. Like Andrew Carnegie, Alfred Nobel recognized that it is essential that political decision-makers and a wider public act with an awakened sense of the everyday significance of world events.
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Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. "Book review: War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures and Debt." Accounting History 21, no. 4 (July 24, 2016): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373215598196.

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Figueiredo, Carolina Ferreira de. "A presença colonial no território palestino: uma reflexão historiográfica e testemunhal sobre os séculos XX e XXI na Palestina." Revista Tempo e Argumento 13, no. 33 (August 3, 2021): e0401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5965/2175180313332021e0401.

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McDonald, Avril. "The Year in Review." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2 (December 1999): 213–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138913590000043x.

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Nineteen ninety-nine was a year of taking stock. For humanitarian lawyers, this was facilitated by the fact that it was a year of anniversaries. As well as being the final year of the decade of international law, it was also the centenary of the first Hague peace conference and the first Hague Convention and the fiftieth anniversary of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, providing ample occasion for reflection on the successes and failures of this branch of international law over the past century. The tone of the various commemorative meetings was chastened rather than celebratory. As one commentator noted: ‘At the end of a century which has seen so much of war and in which the laws of war have proven so comparatively ineffectual, it seems obvious that that law must be seen as deficient and the record of the last hundred years be adjudged one of failure rather than achievement. (…) Yet the principle conclusion is not that the world needs new law, or different law, but that the law which we have needs to be made more effective.’The major developments in international humanitarian law have closely tracked a century that has seen society and the nature and aims of warfare change dramatically. Developments in the law have been reactive rather than anticipatory and have built on a model that was designed in response to imperatives that were different than those faced today and those that will be faced in the future. The time has long since passed in many countries when the state has a monopoly on violence. Entire societies have been militarised, and in many areas war has been ‘privatised’ as ‘mercenaries, rebels, mutinous gangsters emerge to exploit the decline of the state’.
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Király, Sándor. "Arany János születésének 100. évfordulója és a háború a nagyszalontai Emlékegyesület értesítése a Debreceni m. kir. Tudományegyetemnek az ünnepség elmaradásáról." Gerundium 8, no. 4 (April 11, 2018): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2017/4/7.

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the Centenary of the Birth of János Arany and the War. The Message of the Memorial Society from Nagyszalonta to the University of Debrecen about the Cancellation of the Ceremony. One hundred years ago and one hundred years after the birth of Arany the memorial society prepared for a nationwide celebration in Nagyszalonta. They sent their official invitation to every literary and scholarly society, with the University of Debrecen among them. Nándor Láng, who was the Rector of the university in the 1916/17. academic year gave the mandate to Károly Pap to attend the ceremony and represent the university. Károly Pap, who was the dean of the faculty of arts, accepted this with pleasure because he was a researcher of the poetry of Arany. But the ceremony was postponed because the train service became unreliable due to the war. The nationwide ceremony had to be cancelled because of the bad traffic conditions and it was never held in Nagyszalonta in 1917. This printed media sources inform us about this and the effect of the Great War on the centenary of the birth of János Arany.
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Atherstone, Andrew. "Rescued from the Brink: the Collapse and Resurgence of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford." Studies in Church History 44 (2008): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400003715.

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The twenty-five theological colleges of the Church of England entered the 1960s in buoyant mood. Rooms were full, finances were steadily improving, expansion seemed inevitable. For four years in succession, from 1961 to 1964, ordinations exceeded six hundred a year, for the first time since before the First World War, and the peak was expected to rise still higher. In a famously misleading report, the sociologist Leslie Paul predicted that at a ‘conservative estimate’ there would be more than eight hundred ordinations a year by the 1970s. In fact, the opposite occurred. The boom was followed by bust, and the early 1970s saw ordinations dip below four hundred. The dramatic plunge in the number of candidates offering themselves for Anglican ministry devastated the theological colleges. Many began running at a loss and faced imminent bankruptcy. In desperation the central Church authorities set about closing or merging colleges, but even their ruthless cutbacks could not keep pace with the fall in ordinands.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hundred Year War"

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Bell, Adrian R. "Anatomy of an army : the campaigns of 1387-1388." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252199.

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Ambühl, Rémy. "Prisoners of war in the Hundred Years War : the golden age of private ransoms /." St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/757.

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Ambuhl, Rémy. "Prisoners of war in the Hundred Years War : the golden age of private ransoms." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/757.

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If the issue of prisoners of war has given rise to numerous studies in recent years, nevertheless, this topic is far from exhausted. Built on a large corpus of archival sources, this study fuels the debate on ransoms and prisoners with new material. Its originality lies in its broad chronological framework, i.e. the duration of the Hundred Years War, as well as its perspective – that of lower ranking as well as higher-ranking prisoners on both side of the Channel. What does it mean for those men to live in the once coined ‘golden age of private ransoms’? My investigations hinge around three different themes: the status of prisoners of war, the ransoming process and the networks of assistance. I argue that the widespread practice of ransoming becomes increasingly systematic in the late Middle Ages. More importantly, I show how this evolution comes ‘from below’; from the individual masters and prisoners who faced the multiple obstacles raised by the lack of official structure. Indeed, the ransoming of prisoners remained the preserve of private individuals throughout the war and no sovereign could afford that this became otherwise. It is specifically the non-interventionism of the crown and the large freedom of action of individuals which shaped the ransom system.
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Bellis, Joanna Ruth. "Language, literature, and the Hundred Years War, 1337-1600." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609852.

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Whetham, David Glenn. "Unorthodox warfare in the Age of Chivalry : surprise and deception in the Hundred Years War." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/unorthodox-warfare-in-the-age-of-chivalry--surprise-and-deception-in-the-hundred-years-war(8393808c-543f-4941-a498-64df63aa074a).html.

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Nall, Catherine R. "The production and reception of military texts in the aftermath of the Hundred Years War." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10956/.

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Gribit, Nicholas Adam. "Henry de Lancaster's army in Aquitaine, 1345 : recruitment, service and reward during the hundred years' war." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.644349.

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Pang, Lai-kei, and 彭麗姬. "History as a form of narrative dreaming from war and peace to one hundred years of solitude." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951090.

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Pang, Lai-kei. "History as a form of narrative dreaming from war and peace to one hundred years of solitude." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13787317.

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Turgeon, Christopher D. "Bacchus and Bellum: The Anglo-Gascon Wine Trade and the Hundred Years War (987 to 1453 A.D)." W&M ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626260.

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Books on the topic "Hundred Year War"

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Scott, Ridley, ed. Power struggle: The hundred-year war over electricity. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

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War and gold: A five-hundred-year history of empires, adventures and debt. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.

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Edgerton, Robert B. The fall of the Asante Empire: The hundred-year war for Africa's Gold Coast. New York: The Free Press, 1995.

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Kluger, Richard. Ashes to ashes: America's hundred-year cigarette war, the public health, and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.

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Ashes to ashes: America's hundred-year cigarette war, the public health, and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.

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Ashes to ashes: America's hundred-year cigarette war, the public health, and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris. New York: Vintage Books, 1997.

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Neillands, Robin. The Hundred Years War. London: Routledge, 1990.

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Hundred years war. London ; Boston: Faber and Faber, 1999.

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Hundred Years' War. San Diego, Calif: Lucent Books, 1994.

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Appropriations, United States Congress Senate Committee on. The president's fiscal year 2009 war supplemental request: Hearing before the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session : special hearing, April 30, 2009, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hundred Year War"

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Autin, Louis. "Juggling “a Hundred Balls in the Air”: Reflections of the Year of the Four Emperors in the War of the Five Kings." In Game of Thrones - A View from the Humanities Vol. 2, 115–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15493-5_6.

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Curry, Anne. "Introduction." In The Hundred Years War, 1–5. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22711-2_1.

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Curry, Anne. "The Hundred Years War and Historians." In The Hundred Years War, 6–31. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22711-2_2.

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Curry, Anne. "Origins and Objectives: Anglo-French Conflict in the Fourteenth Century." In The Hundred Years War, 32–88. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22711-2_3.

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Curry, Anne. "New Wars or Old? Anglo-French Conflict in the Fifteenth Century." In The Hundred Years War, 89–121. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22711-2_4.

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Curry, Anne. "The Wider Context." In The Hundred Years War, 122–50. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22711-2_5.

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Curry, Anne. "Conclusion." In The Hundred Years War, 151–55. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22711-2_6.

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Curry, Anne. "Introduction." In The Hundred Years War, 1–4. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-62969-1_1.

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Curry, Anne. "The Hundred Years War and Historians." In The Hundred Years War, 5–27. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-62969-1_2.

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Curry, Anne. "Origins and Objectives: Anglo-French Conflict in the Fourteenth Century." In The Hundred Years War, 28–76. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-62969-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hundred Year War"

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Zhao, Xuan. "Márquez’s Concept of War in One Hundred Years of Solitude." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Mental Health, Education and Human Development (MHEHD 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220704.082.

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Бессилин, Николай. "THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR (1337–1453) AND THE FORMATION OF FRENCH IDENTITY." In HISTORICAL EVENTS AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY: a collection of materials of the seminar held within the framework of the All-Russian Youth Scientific School-Conference. Baskir State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/iskffei-2022-03-17.1.

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""After Two Hundred Years of Estimating Evaporation, It Is Still a Mystery"." In "SP-338: Ward R. Malisch Concrete Construction Symposium (ACI Concrete Convention, October 15-19, 2017, Anaheim, California, USA)". American Concrete Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51724723.

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Trajcevska, Daniela. "UNMANNED AIRCRAFT: CIVIL USE AND THREATS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.5.21.p11.

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In the last decade we have been witnessing the expansive development of the Unmanned Aircraft (UNR) in the world also known as “drones”. Initially, they were developed in the military sector during the World War II, but today they have a mass application for military and civilian goals. The Governments in the World usually use drones for reconnaissance, surveillance, or combined target acquisition and precision strikes, and they also carry out a wider range of tasks for commercial uses including transport in delivery of goods, agriculture, civil infrastructure inspection, search and rescue, aerial images and videos, wireless covering, for leisure use by private individuals, etc. In the Republic of North Macedonia about 1000 UNR are used by civilian personnel and companies;1 only 84 UNR were registered in the Civil Aviation Agency of the Republic of North Macedonia (CAA)2 during the last year. Most of the flights with UNR on the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia are carried out more in urban areas than in rural, and 40% of the flights were made in Skopje from June to December 2018. In the upcoming years, following the world trends, the development of the UNR technology, the relatively low price (from few tens up to a hundred thousand of euros) and the big accessibility, will cause a rapid proliferation in the civil use of UARs in the country. Of course, the large diffusion of UARs raises a series of discussions about the security and privacy of the people and their property and risks to other airspace user. In this paper we will present an overview of UAVs applicability and potential threats in the civil sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. The main source of data are statistical data from CAA. Various contents (study papers, newspaper articles, interviews, guides, regulations, etc.) related to the civil use of UAVs and the threats of it, will be analyzed. Keywords: Unmanned Aircraft (UNR), drone, civil use of UNR, threat
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Patel, C. K. N. "Twenty-five years of uninterrupted fun." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.wa1.

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Twenty-five years ago, in 1964, I published the first paper on laser action on the vibrational-rotational transitions of carbon dioxide. Participating in the early development of carbon dioxide lasers where the power output increased from milliwatts to hundreds of watts was exhilarating. Progress in increasing the power output from the molecular vibrational-rotational lasers from hundreds of watts to megawatts has been astounding to watch. Applications of carbon dioxide lasers to science, industry, medicine, and remote sensing have been very rapid. I take the audience on a guided tour of relics and skeletons in the closets of the early history of carbon dioxide lasers and their applications.
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"The Three-Hundred-Year Demographic History of Ekaterinburg: Sources and Historiography." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-1-12.

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The paper presents the results of the historical study of the population formation in Ekaterinburg over a 300-year period. Historical sources and the process of accumulating knowledge about the number of city residents were examined. Analysis of population data revealed that the process of collecting demographic information on Russia (and, accordingly, on Ekaterinburg) took a century and a half (from the 18th century until almost the 1870s). The role of the head of the Ekaterinburg mining plants, academician I. F. Herman, in the development of population tables is shown. Since 1873, when the first one-day census of the city’s population was conducted, and then 1887, statistical and demographic information has become representative. The main source for examining the population formation of the city were the censuses of 1897, 1920, 1923, 1926, 1931, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1979, 1989, 2002, 2010, as well as the current population records. A brief review of historical literature showed that the study of the population of Ekaterinburg is in its infancy.
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Levitskaia, Tatiana. "THE FORGOTTEN WAR: WORKS BY N. A. LUKHMANOVA ABOUT MANCHURIA." In 9th International Conference ISSUES OF FAR EASTERN LITERATURES. St. Petersburg State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288062049.28.

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Nadezhda Lukhmanova (1841–1907) was a novelist, playwright, publicist, lecturer. Today her name is almost forgotten, but at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries she was well-known throughout Russia: her artistic and dramatic works were widely in demand, she gave lectures in the capital and abroad, worked as a journalist in the leading St. Petersburg newspapers. At the age of 62, she took part in the Russian-Japanese war as a nurse of the Red Cross and war correspondent (Peterburgskaia gazeta, Yuzhniy Krai). During her stay in the war and later in Japan, Lukhmanova wrote not only travel notes and articles for newspapers, but also short plays, stories based on real events (Shaman, Black stripe, Tree in the Palace of Chizakuin, Li-Tun-Chi), stylization of Chinese and Japanese fairy tales (The Only Language Clear for a Woman, Human Soul, Typhoon, Golden Fox). The writer raised a variety of topics: the place and role of women in the war, the organization of hospitals, unjustified victims of war and the problem of moral choice, as well as ethnographic sketches devoted to the traditions and mode of life of Manchuria and Japan. And if its early records resemble ethnographic sketches, filled with wariness towards the local population and a lack of understanding of Chinese customs, then later, in fairy tales and diary sketches, the sense of guilt before the Chinese people for the bloody slaughter taking place on their land becomes more clearly apparent. The works of the writer were undeservedly forgotten for more than a hundred years and are just beginning their return to literary memory.
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Hendricks, Genevieve. "Le Corbusier’s Postwar Painterly Mythologies." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.828.

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Abstract: Le Corbusier’s graphic output was prolific, consisting of hundreds of paintings, thousands of drawings and watercolors, and scores of collages, lithographs, and murals throughout his career. By the late 1940s his double-nature as artist-architect emerged as a key component to his work, as he highlighted the correlations and correspondences that informed his creative endeavors. His post-war works, specifically his series of Taureaux paintings, reveal the development of such themes as well as the transformation of earlier works as he turned to a mythologically-inspired vocabulary of totemic figures and animals, developing a private cosmology of sun and moon, male and female, the machine and Mediterraneità. Keywords: Le Corbusier, Visual Arts, Painting, Taureaux. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.828
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Mazzara, Bill, and Yuanbo Guo. "Cybersecurity by Agile Design." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0035.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">ISO/SAE 21434 [1] Final International Standard was released September 2021 to great fanfare and is the most prominent standard in Automotive Cybersecurity. As members of the Joint Working Group (JWG) the authors spent 5 years developing the 84 pages of precise wording acceptable to hundreds of contributors. At the same time the auto industry had been undergoing a metamorphosis probably unmatched in its hundred-year history. A centerpiece of the metamorphosis is the adoption of the Agile development method to meet market demands for time-to-market and flexibility of design. Unfortunately, a strategic decision was made by the JWG to focus ISO/SAE 21434 on the V-Model method.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Agile does not break ISO/SAE 21434. Agile is a framework that can be adapted to suit any process. In the end the goals are the same regardless of development method; security by design must be achieved. This paper will outline the work products of ISO/SAE 21434 and discuss how the work products required by the standard can be achieved using Agile. The application to Agile may require interpreting the standard from another angle, which could involve reordering the sequence of activities and work products, breaking down the acceptable criteria of some work products to allow rapid iterations, and verifications of meta data or intermediate work products. In cybersecurity engineering, Agile has its unique strength compared to the V-model method, as its cyclical nature is better aligned with best practices for Cybersecurity Frameworks.</div></div>
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Yuan, K., Y. Yu, X. Lu, X. Ji, and B. Zhu. "A New Technology for Spraying Advanced Low-Temperature (300 ~ 600 °C) Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ITSC2017, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. DVS Media GmbH, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2017p0132.

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Abstract Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been developed for a hundred year and met a great challenge on material design and marketing. In recent years, new SOFC materials are dug up to achieve high energy-output performance at lower working temperature (300~600 °C), namely low-temperature SOFC (LTSOFC). In this study, Ni-Co-Al-Li oxide (NCAL) was used for making dense, thin and uniform coatings on grooved bipolar electrode substrate for LTSOFC. Low-pressure plasma spray (LPPS) technology was applied to manufacture the NCAL coatings. The performance of a fuel cell package using the coated bipolars was tested between 350 and 600 °C, showing 6~8 W power output with 4 single fuel cells (active area of 25 cm2). The LPPS technology is believed to be one of the ultimate ways for manufacturing the thin film/coatings for SOFC applications in future.
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Reports on the topic "Hundred Year War"

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Smith, Adam, and Megan Tooker. Character-defining features of the Buffalo south mole (south pier), NY. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46743.

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The US Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA), the nation’s most effective cultural resources legislation to date, mostly through establishing the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The NHPA requires federal agencies to address their cultural resources, which are defined as any prehistoric or historic district, site, building, structure, or object. The precursor to the Corps of Engineers erected the mole (a.k.a., the south pier) in the early 1820s at the entrance to the Buffalo harbor. The area on top of and surrounding the mole was modified through the past two hundred years, many of the character-defining features remain including the stone retaining walls, talus, stairs, and lighthouse identified in plans and drawings from the period of construction. Notably lost is the stone tow path, or banquette, and the stone incline on the south side of the mole is no longer visible. The researchers recommend a period of significance of c. 1820 through 1972 (50 years) since the mole has continued its original use of keeping the entrance to the Buffalo River open for freight and recreational boating traffic through the present day.
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.

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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.
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Weller, Joel I., Harris A. Lewin, and Micha Ron. Determination of Allele Frequencies for Quantitative Trait Loci in Commercial Animal Populations. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586473.bard.

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Individual loci affecting economic traits in dairy cattle (ETL) have been detected via linkage to genetic markers by application of the granddaughter design in the US population and the daughter design in the Israeli population. From these analyses it is not possible to determine allelic frequencies in the population at large, or whether the same alleles are segregating in different families. We proposed to answer this question by application of the "modified granddaughter design", in which granddaughters with a common maternal grandsire are both genotyped and analyzed for the economic traits. The objectives of the proposal were: 1) to fine map three segregating ETL previously detected by a daughter design analysis of the Israeli dairy cattle population; 2) to determine the effects of ETL alleles in different families relative to the population mean; 3) for each ETL, to determine the number of alleles and allele frequencies. The ETL on Bostaurusautosome (BT A) 6 chiefly affecting protein concentration was localized to a 4 cM chromosomal segment centered on the microsatellite BM143 by the daughter design. The modified granddaughter design was applied to a single family. The frequency of the allele increasing protein percent was estimated at 0.63+0.06. The hypothesis of equal allelic frequencies was rejected at p<0.05. Segregation of this ETL in the Israeli population was confirmed. The genes IBSP, SPP1, and LAP3 located adjacent to BM143 in the whole genome cattle- human comparative map were used as anchors for the human genome sequence and bovine BAC clones. Fifteen genes within 2 cM upstream of BM143 were located in the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4q22 and HSA4p15. Only a single gene, SLIT2, was located within 2 cM downstream of BM143 in the orthologous HSA4p15 region. The order of these genes, as derived from physical mapping of BAC end sequences, was identical to the order within the orthologous syntenic groups on HSA4: FAM13A1, HERC3. CEB1, FLJ20637, PP2C-like, ABCG2, PKD2. SPP, MEP, IBSP, LAP3, EG1. KIAA1276, HCAPG, MLR1, BM143, and SLIT2. Four hundred and twenty AI bulls with genetic evaluations were genotyped for 12 SNPs identified in 10 of these genes, and for BM143. Seven SNPs displayed highly significant linkage disequilibrium effects on protein percentage (P<0.000l) with the greatest effect for SPP1. None of SNP genotypes for two sires heterozygous for the ETL, and six sires homozygous for the ETL completely corresponded to the causative mutation. The expression of SPP 1 and ABCG2 in the mammary gland corresponded to the lactation curve, as determined by microarray and QPCR assays, but not in the liver. Anti-sense SPP1 transgenic mice displayed abnormal mammary gland differentiation and milk secretion. Thus SPP 1 is a prime candidate gene for this ETL. We confirmed that DGAT1 is the ETL segregating on BTA 14 that chiefly effects fat concentration, and that the polymorphism is due to a missense mutation in an exon. Four hundred Israeli Holstein bulls were genotyped for this polymorphism, and the change in allelic frequency over the last 20 years was monitored.
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Christensen, Martin-Brehm, Christian Hallum, Alex Maitland, Quentin Parrinello, Chiara Putaturo, Dana Abed, Carlos Brown, Anthony Kamande, Max Lawson, and Susana Ruiz. Survival of the Richest: How we must tax the super-rich now to fight inequality. Oxfam, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2023.621477.

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We are living through an unprecedented moment of multiple crises. Tens of millions more people are facing hunger. Hundreds of millions more face impossible rises in the cost of basic goods or heating their homes. Poverty has increased for the first time in 25 years. At the same time, these multiple crises all have winners. The very richest have become dramatically richer and corporate profits have hit record highs, driving an explosion of inequality. This report focuses on how taxing the rich is vital to addressing this unprecedented polycrisis and skyrocketing inequality. The report explores how, in recent history, taxation of the richest was far higher; how talk of taxing the rich and making billionaires pay their fair share is hugely popular; and how taxing the rich claws back elite power and reduces not just economic inequality, but racial, gender and colonial inequalities, too. The report lays out how much tax the richest should pay, and the practical, tried and tested ways in which governments can raise such taxation. It shows us how taxing the rich can set us clearly on a path to a more equal, sustainable world free from poverty.
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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290019.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. The first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including 52 plots on Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), was 2019. Twelve vegetation plots were established at Cape Hatteras NS in July and August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2019. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands, Maritime Nontidal Wetlands, Maritime Open Uplands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and four land parcels (Bodie Island, Buxton, Hatteras Island, and Ocracoke Island). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 265 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 52 vegetation plots, including 13 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens), swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre), and marsh fimbry (Fimbristylis castanea) Maritime Nontidal Wetlands: common wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), saltmeadow cordgrass, eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and saw greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox) Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), dune camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), and seabeach evening-primrose (Oenothera humifusa) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: : loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), common wax-myrtle, and live oak (Quercus virginiana). Five invasive species identified as either a Severe Threat (Rank 1) or Significant Threat (Rank 2) to native plants by the North Carolina Native Plant Society (Buchanan 2010) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; 2%), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 10%), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum; 2%), European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%), and common chickweed (Stellaria media; 2%). Eighteen rare species tracked by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Robinson 2018) were found during this monitoring effort, including two species—cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium caerulescens) and Gulf Coast spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa)—listed as State Endangered by the Plant Conservation Program of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCPCP 2010). Southern/eastern red cedar was a dominant species within the tree stratum of both Maritime Nontidal Wetland and Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Other dominant tree species within CAHA forests included loblolly pine, live oak, and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica). One hundred percent of the live swamp bay (Persea palustris) trees measured in these plots were experiencing declining vigor and observed with symptoms like those caused by laurel wilt......less
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Prysyazhnyi, Mykhaylo. UNIQUE, BUT UNCOMPLETED PROJECTS (FROM HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN EMIGRANT PRESS). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11093.

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In the article investigational three magazines which went out after Second World war in Germany and Austria in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants, is «Theater» (edition of association of artists of the Ukrainian stage), «Student flag» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Young friends» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth). The thematic structure of magazines, which is inferior the association of different on age, is considered, by vital experience and professional orientation of people in the conditions of the forced emigration, paid regard to graphic registration of magazines, which, without regard to absence of the proper publisher-polydiene bases, marked structuralness and expressiveness. A repertoire of periodicals of Ukrainian migration is in the American, English and French areas of occupation of Germany and Austria after Second world war, which consists of 200 names, strikes the tipologichnoy vseokhopnistyu and testifies to the high intellectual level of the moved persons, desire of yaknaynovishe, to realize the considerable potential in new terms with hope on transference of the purchased experience to Ukraine. On ruins of Europe for two-three years the network of the press, which could be proud of the European state is separately taken, is created. Different was a period of their appearance: from odnogo-dvokh there are to a few hundred numbers, that it is related to intensive migration of Ukrainians to the USA, Canada, countries of South America, Australia. But indisputable is a fact of forming of conceptions of newspapers and magazines, which it follows to study, doslidzhuvati and adjust them to present Ukrainian realities. Here not superfluous will be an example of a few editions on the thematic range of which the names – «Plastun» specify, «Skob», «Mali druzi», «Sonechko», «Yunackiy shliah», «Iyzhak», «Lys Mykyta» (satire, humour), «Literaturna gazeta», «Ukraina і svit», «Ridne slovo», «Hrystyianskyi shliah», «Golos derzhavnyka», «Ukrainskyi samostiynyk», «Gart», «Zmag» (sport), «Litopys politviaznia», «Ukrains’ka shkola», «Torgivlia i promysel», «Gospodars’ko-kooperatyvne zhyttia», «Ukrainskyi gospodar», «Ukrainskyi esperantist», «Radiotehnik», «Politviazen’», «Ukrainskyi selianyn» Considering three riznovektorni magazines «Teatr» (edition of Association Mistciv the Ukrainian Stage), «Studentskyi prapor» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Yuni druzi» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth) assert that maintenance all three magazines directed on creation of different on age and by the professional orientation of national associations for achievement of the unique purpose – cherishing and maintainance of environments of ukrainstva, identity, in the conditions of strange land. Without regard to unfavorable publisher-polydiene possibilities, absence of financial support and proper encouragement, release, followed the intensive necessity of concentration of efforts for achievement of primary purpose – receipt and re-erecting of the Ukrainian State.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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8

Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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9

Closing the Gap: Strategies and scale needed to secure rights and save forests. Rights and Resources Initiative, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/isaj4965.

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The annual review of the state of rights and resources, 2015-2016. Ten years ago, it was a struggle to make indigenous and community rights part of global discussions on forest conservation and climate change. By the close of 2015, it was clear that the case had been made. There is still much further to go, with millions of Indigenous Peoples and local communities lacking legal rights to the vast majority of their customary lands, putting at risk their livelihoods and the sustainability of hundreds of millions of hectares of forest.
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