Academic literature on the topic 'Humoural Immunology and Immunochemistry'

Innate immune activation is thought to play a central role in IBD pathogenesis because genetic polymorphisms in NOD2 and NLRP3, cytosolic innate immune receptors belonging to the NLR family, have been associated with IBD susceptibility. However, the mechanisms through which NLR mutations predispose to IBD remain unclear. The aim of this project was to dissect the functional roles of different NLRs in intestinal inflammation. Using the well-established DSS-induced colitis model as well as experimental models of IBD based on infection with Helicobacter hepaticus, we found that Nod2 expression was significantly increased at the peak of intestinal inflammation, and remained elevated throughout the resolution process. This observation suggests a possible role for Nod2 in the resolution of inflammation. Conversely, upon infection with the acute intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, Nlrp3-/- mice suffered from increased bacterial colonization as early as 3 days post infection, resulting in exacerbated intestinal inflammation and severe weight loss. Analysis of irradiation bone marrow chimeras showed that the protection required Nlrp3 activation in the non-haematopoietic compartment. Furthermore, this protective mechanism was independent of the inflammasome-associated cytokines IL-1β or IL-18. Therefore, this study implicates Nlrp3 activation in intestinal tissue cells as having a crucial role in controlling pathogenic bacterial colonization, providing a potential mechanism by which NLRP3 polymorphisms could lead to increased susceptibility to IBD.

The C-type lectin CD161 is expressed by a large number of T lymphocytes, with approximately a quarter of both T cell receptor (TCR)αβ+ and TCRγδ+ T cells expressing this marker. Within CD8+ T cells, a large proportion of these are comprised of Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel innate-like lymphocyte subset characterised by expression of a semi-invariant TCR together with high levels of CD161 (CD161++). These cells display a phenotype reflective of type 17 CD4+ helper T cells (Th17), which are also hallmarked by CD161 expression. Both MAIT and Th17 cells arise from preprogrammed progenitors, identifiable within umbilical cord blood by expression of CD161. Thus, CD161 appears to identify cells of a pre-determined and distinct phenotype. Whether this reflects a common transcriptional programme, developmentally induced within these cells, and further whether this extends to other CD161 positive T cells, was examined here by mRNA microarray analysis. This analysis identified a shared transcriptional signature and common innate-like function of all CD161 expressing T lymphocytes, and independent of TCR expression or lineage. Furthermore, a population of CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing lower levels of CD161 which overlap phenotypically with CD161++CD8+ MAIT cells was identified by both mRNA microarray analysis and mass cytometry (CyTOF); the CD161+CD8+ T cell population. TCR repertoire analysis, flow cytometry and cell culture experiments were utilised to investigate the origin of this subset, and its phenotype and function in both health and disease investigated in depth. This revealed a pre-programmed, tissue-resident memory population with potent effector functions. Both CD161++ MAIT and CD161+CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of the drug efflux pump MDR1, previously described to confer drug resistance to certain malignant cells. The significance of expression of this pump was hence investigated to determine its potential affect on the success of a variety of clinical therapies.

The normal physiological activation of naive T cells requires the engagement of both the T cell receptor (TCR) and the co-stimulatory molecule, CD28. However, a group of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been identified that are able to activate T cells in vitro and in vivo via CD28 engagement alone. Two defining characteristics found in all CD28 superagonist mAbs are their membrane proximal CD28 epitopes and the requirement for mAb immobilisation. To investigate whether agonistic mAbs to similar cell molecules could be identified based on epitope position alone, mAbs to the inhibitory receptor PD-1 were generated and characterised. Using a drastic mutation-based epitope mapping technique, one mAb was identified with a membrane proximal epitope along with two other mAbs with membrane distal epitopes. These mAbs were tested for triggering activity in a hybridoma stimulation assay. mAb stimulation was observed with all three mAbs but only in cells expressing a PD-1 chimera that associated with the TCR and the strength of activation was dependent on epitope location. Cross-linking of a monomeric PD-1/CD28 chimera with a pair of anti-PD-1 mAbs resulted in signalling in this system, however, suggesting a role for ligand aggregation in addition to epitope position in mAb signalling. To further investigate the role of epitope position in CD28 superagonism, a cell line expressing a chimeric form of CD28 was created wherein the superagonistic mAb epitope was moved to a membrane distal position. When stimulated with a CD28 superagonist mAb signalling was no longer observed. However stimulation with another mAb that had an epitope to a membrane proximal location on the chimera resulted in superagonistic effect. These results show that epitope location is the dominant cause of T cell stimulation observed by CD28 superagonist mAbs and that epitope dependent mAb signalling is possible in other T cell surface molecules. The work described in this thesis has implications for both the development of immune modulating mAb therapeutics and for the general mechanism of triggering of cell surface receptors dependent on extrinsic tyrosine kinases.

With the continued need for drug discovery and the quest to understand disease and treatment, there remains a requirement for improved methods to study protein-protein interactions and to identify potential drug leads for protein targets. We sought to develop a new approach to directly link genotype and phenotype to use as a probe for the identification of binding partners of proteins. The method creates millions of water-in-oil emulsions, each of which functions as a micro-environment for the amplification of a library of random peptide-encoding DNA molecules, which covalently bind to a bead. Subsequently the emulsions are broken and the bead-DNA complexes are recovered, which subsequently form another emulsion with in vitro transcription and translation components and incubated under suitable protein synthesis conditions. The synthetic peptide is designed with tags that link to the same bead which it is translated from. In chapter 3, the detailed design and optimisation of the method will be discussed. Cross-clade neutralising antibodies specific to HIV-1 are rare, partly because glycosylation restricts access to conserved backbone residues of gp120. In chapter 4, we hypothesized that peptides may have greater access than relatively large antibody structures, and so used our method to display random peptides on beads using a protein domain scaffold. Using a single round of selection, we identified 22 gp120-binding peptides, 4 of which were able to inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro. One of the inhibitory peptides was found to bind the CCR5/CXCR4-binding site of gp120 and was able to inhibit clade B and C CCR5-tropic isolates of HIV-1. We have identified HIV-1 cross-clade neutralising peptides using a novel in vitro bead display library. Comprehensive antigenic characterization of a T cell population of unknown specificity is challenging. Existing MHC class I expression systems are limited by the practical difficulty of probing cell populations with an MHC class I peptide library and the cross-reactivity of T cells that are able to recognise many variants of an index peptide. We reasoned that a bead-based display high-throughput approach may overcome these challenges. Using emulsion PCR and emulsion in vitro transcription/translation of a random library of peptides conjugated to β-2-microglobulin on beads, we refolded with exogenous wild-type HLA-A*0201 or CD8-null A*0201 (domains 1 and 2 of HLA-A*0201 and domain 3 of Kb with mutated residues 226A/227L). The HLA bead libraries were used to probe HLA-A*0201-restricted T cells with specificity for influenza, CMV and EBV. High-throughput sequencing was used to rank sequences of identified peptides. Compared to pre-selection sequences, we observed significant enrichment for sequences containing HLA-A2 anchors and correct viral fragments for all T cell populations. HLA bead display provides a novel approach to identify the specificity of T cells. In summary, we combine the convenient handling of beads, the homogeneity of micro-environment in emulsion, and next-generation sequencing to create an attractive alternative to identify ligands of protein targets and antigenic peptides.

A Escherichia coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) é um dos principais agentes etiológicos da diarréia infecciosa tanto em crianças no primeiro ano de vida, como em adultos. As infecções por EPEC são prevalentes nos países em desenvolvimento, principalmente nas populações de baixo nível sócio-econômico, como as encontradas no Brasil. A resposta imune na infecção por EPEC permanece pobremente caracterizada. O uso das novas tecnologias no desenvolvimento de vacinas vem reforçar à importância de se levar em consideração a via natural de infecção do patógeno e utilizá-la como tema de estudo, quando se pretende estudar a resposta imune a um determinado agente infeccioso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar o estudo da resposta imune em animais inoculados com bactérias vivas ou mortas, por meio de diferentes vias de imunização. As bactérias em estudo foram: a cepa de E. coli O86:H34 e a cepa protótipo de E. coli O127:H6. A cepa de E. coli pertencente ao sorotipo O86:H34 foi isolada de fezes de crianças com diarréia. Foram empregadas as cepas : E2348/69, DH5α e as mutantes E2348/69 flic-, E2348/69 Δtir, E2348/69 EscN-, CVD 206 ΔeaeA, UMD 872 ΔEspA, UMD 864 ΔEspB, UMD 870 ΔEspD. No presente estudo os camundongos BALB/c foram inoculados pela via intragástrica com a cepa de E. coli O86:H34 viva ou cepas O86:H34 e O127:H6 mortas por formol, que foram utilizadas nas imunizações pela via intragástrica e pela via intramuscular. Por meio de ELISA foram determinados os níveis de anticorpos específicos dos isotipos IgG, IgA e IgM, assim como o direcionamento da resposta imune para importantes antígenos que participam do mecanismo de patogenicidade da bactéria. De acordo com o perfil de reatividade no Immunoblot foi avaliada a especificidade dos anticorpos presentes nos soros imunes obtidos, frente aos antígenos de \"whole cells\" ou complexo de membrana externa bacteriana, empregados na técnica de \"immunoblotting\". A resposta imune a proteínas, como EspA, EspB, Tir, intimina, flagelos e BFP observada em camundongos, tem um importante papel no esclarecimento da infecção por este patógeno .Pela primeira vez foi realizado um estudo utilizando diferentes vias de imunização por EPEC em camundongos. Este estudo permitiu a análise de antígenos de E. coli reconhecidos pelos anticorpos produzidos pelas inoculações de bactérias vivas ou mortas por meio de vias intragástrica e intramuscular em camundongos, em comparação com aqueles reconhecidos na infecção natural ou experimental humana. Por conseguinte, os dados obtidos poderão auxiliar no esclarecimento desse complexo mecanismo de patogenicidade e orientar na seleção de peptídeos a serem utilizados no preparo de produtos vacinais específicos.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is one of the major ethiologic agent that causes infectious diarrhoea in both infants and adults individuals. EPEC infections are prevalent in developing countries, mainly in low social-economic populations, as those found in Brazil. The immune response of this infection is still insufficiently known. Use of new technologies in the development of vaccines has been reinforced the importance of taking in account the natural route of infeccion of pathogens and use of it in investigation on immune response to be elicited against a certain to infectious agent. The aim of the present investigation was to study the immune response in mice inoculated with dead or alive bacteria, by means of diverse immunization routes. E. coli O86:H34 strain and E. coli O127:H6 prototype were employed for immunization. E. coli strain belonging to O86:H34 serotype was isolated from faeces from infants with diarrhoea. The strains: E2348/69, DH5 α and the mutants strains E2348/69 flic-, E2348/69 Δtir, E2348/69 EscN-, CVD 206 ΔeaeA, UMD 872 ΔEspA, UMD 874 ΔEspB, UMD 870 ΔEspD were employed. BALB/c mice were inoculated by intragastric route with alive E. coli O86:H34 strain or formalin-killed O86:H34 and O127:H6 strains intragastric and intramuscular immunization routes. The specific antibodies of isotypes IgA, IgG and IgM were determinated by means of ELISA and the course of the immune response for important antigens that participate in the patogenicity mechanism of bacteria could be analysed. By means of reactivity profile on immunobloting, the specificity of antibodies present in obtained sera against whole cells or the outer membrane complex of the bacteria were analysed. Immune response to proteins like EspA, EspB, Tir, intimin, flagelin and BFP in immunized mice may have an important meaning for elucidation of infection in this pathogen At the first time a research using different routes of immunization with EPEC strains in mice has been conducted. This study allowed to compare antigens from E. coli recognized in natural or experimental human infection, and consequentently these data may help in the elucidation of this complex mechanism of pathogenicity, and also to orientate the selection of peptides to be used in preparation of specific vaccines.