Journal articles: 'Humoral immune system'

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Zwollo, Patty. "The humoral immune system of anadromous fish." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 80 (March 2018): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2016.12.008.

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Zhang, Jingjing, Hongjian Xiao, Yanwei Bi, Qiong Long, Yue Gong, Jiejie Dai, Ming Sun, and Wei Cun. "Characteristics of the tree shrew humoral immune system." Molecular Immunology 127 (November 2020): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2020.09.009.

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KRUEGER, JAMES M., and JEANNINE A. MAJDE. "Humoral Links between Sleep and the Immune System." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 992, no. 1 (May 2003): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03133.x.

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AHMAD, WASEEM, and AJIT NARAYANAN. "HUMORAL ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (HAIS) FOR SUPERVISED LEARNING." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 11, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026812500046.

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Nature over millions of years has found innovative, robust and effective methods through evolution for helping organisms deal with the challenges they face when attempting to survive in hostile and uncertain environments. Two critical natural mechanisms in this evolutionary process are variation and selection, which form the basis of "evolutionary computing" (EC). EC has proved successful when dealing with complex problems, such as classification, clustering and optimization. In recent years, as our knowledge of microbiology has deepened, researchers have turned to micro-level biology for inspiration to help solve complex problems. This paper describes a novel supervised learning algorithm inspired by the humoral mediated response triggered by the adaptive immune system. The proposed algorithm uses core immune system concepts such as memory cells, plasma cells and B-cells as well as parameters and processes inspired by our knowledge of the microbiology of immune systems, such as negative clonal selection and affinity thresholds. In particular, we show how local and global similarity based measures based on affinity threshold can help to avoid over-fitting data. The novelty of the proposed algorithm is discussed in the context of existing immune system-based supervised learning algorithms. The performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on well-known benchmarked real world datasets and the results indicate performance not worse than existing techniques in most cases and improvement over previously reported results in some. The role of memory cells is highlighted as a key feature in AIS-based supervised learning that deserves further exploration and evaluation.

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Mäki, Markku. "3 The humoral immune system in coeliac disease." Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology 9, no. 2 (June 1995): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-3528(95)90030-6.

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McNeela, Edel A., and Kingston H. G. Mills. "Manipulating the immune system: humoral versus cell-mediated immunity." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 51, no. 1-3 (September 2001): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00169-7.

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Shrestha, Badri Man. "Immune System and Kidney Transplantation." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 56, no. 208 (December 31, 2017): 482–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.3375.

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The immune system recognises a transplanted kidney as foreign body and mounts immune response through cellular and humoral mechanisms leading to acute or chronic rejection, which ultimately results in graft loss. Over the last five decades, there have been significant advances in the understanding of the immune responses to transplanted organs in both experimental and clinical transplant settings. Modulation of the immune response by using immunosuppressive agents has led to successful outcomes after kidney transplantation. The paper provides an overview of the general organisation and function of human immune system, immune response to kidney transplantation, and the current practice of immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplantation in the United Kingdom.

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Zandvoort, A., M. E. Lodewijk, P. A. Klok, and W. Timens. "Effects of multidose combination chemotherapy on the humoral immune system." Clinical Immunology 107, no. 1 (April 2003): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00005-6.

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de Luis, D. A., and R. Aller. "Prolactin and the humoral immune system, is there a relation?" Endocrinología y Nutrición 48, no. 5 (January 2001): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1575-0922(01)74380-x.

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Brandtzaeg, Per. "The human intestinal immune system: basic cellular and humoral mechanisms." Baillière's Clinical Rheumatology 10, no. 1 (February 1996): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-3579(96)80003-3.

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Naik, Amruta S., Brendan A. Palmer, Orla Crosbie, Elizabeth Kenny-Walsh, and Liam J. Fanning. "Humoral immune system targets clonotypic antibody-associated hepatitis C virus." Journal of General Virology 98, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000659.

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FARROKHI, S. "Humoral immune system role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo*1." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 113, no. 2 (February 2004): S207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.01.190.

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Подсеваткин, V. Podsevatkin, Подсеваткина, S. Podsevatkina, Кирюхина, and S. Kiryukhina. "Study of pathogenic mechanisms of the depressive disorders." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6444.

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The purpose of this research was to study the peculiarities of psychopathological symptoms, humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with depressive disorders and neurotic psychotic levels. Simple, randomized comparative study in parallel groups involving 157 patients suffering from neurotic and reactive depression was carried out. The control group consisted of 50 healthy donors. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the modified cards Avrutskaya-Zaitsev and Hamilton scale. The study of cellular and humoral immune reactions was made by conventional methods. Patients with depressive disorders were observed with the criteria of the signs of depression HAM medium and high severity and unidirectional, but depending on the severity of the disease of varying severity changes in the immune system: inhibition of the oxygen - dependent systems neutrophils, hypo-immune globulinemia of G class, raising a total complement activity of serum, while with reactive depression immune dis-orders wore maladaptive nature, which manifested imbalance in systemic immunity – the load index and leuco – T – index. The study of the immune profile of patients showed that dysfunctional disorders of cellular and humoral immunity depends on the depth of psychopathological disorders. The role of the immune system in the pathogenic mechanisms of depressive disorders was shown. It is necessary in the scheme of the survey include the study of their immune status.

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Haeger, Magnus, and Anders Bengtsson. "Humoral immunology in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 6, no. 2 (May 1994): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539500001029.

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The main function of the immune system is to protect the host from both pathogenic (ie. viruses, bacteria and foreign material) and neoplastic invasion. It is composed of both humoral and cellular factors. The humoral factors comprise the antibodies and the complement system, while the cellular factors comprise the lymphocytes and the phagocytes. These immunological factors remain in a relatively inactive state until activated by foreign molecules. Activation of the immune system under normal circumstances is beneficial to the host. In septic, multiply traumatized, critically ill surgical patients or severe preclamptic women, the host response to stress is more extensive and, as a result, extensive activation of immunological factors could create complications in the host like the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multisystem organ failure (MOF) or the syndrome of haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) in preeclamptic women. In order to appreciate the later parts of this article regarding immunology and pregnancy, an understanding of the normal immune system is essential.

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Bollo, E., T. Cannizzo, M. Dacasto, M. Cantiello, and P. Lingua. "36. Effects of dexamethasone on the bovine immune system: cellular and humoral immune responses." Research in Veterinary Science 74 (2003): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-5288(03)90035-x.

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Makhneva, Natalie V. "Cellular and humoral components of the immune system of the skin." Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 19, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9588-2016-19-1-12-17.

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Along with mucous membranes the skin as the main barrier to the outside world creates a system of protection against any influences of the world. It is not only the place of realization of immunological processes, but it also actively participates in them due to the existence of its own elements of the immune system which are able to actively participate in the development of inflammatory reactions and neoplastic processes. Skin cells interact with cells of the immune system by setting a direct contact or by secreting a number of soluble factors, called cytokines, and other protein components such as proteins of the complement system. The general concept of skin-associated lymphoid tissue and skin’s immune system with immunocompetent cells in the epidermis and dermis, for cooperation of which in various stages of the immune response requires identity concerning anti-genes of HLA system, is presented in the review. Thus, specific immunological reaction with antibody formation promote the release of antigen from the body of both exogenous and endogenous origin. However, at violation of any element of immunological protection there is a delay of antigen elimination process, that results in own tissue structural damage. Interaction with foreign antigens (physical, chemical, infectious, etc.), denaturation of its own proteins or disclosure of tissue structures (antigens), that did not contact with immunocompetent cells, promote the formation of autoantigens and the production of autoantibodies against them. Thus, skin is a highly organized structure with a network of immunocompetent cells and soluble mediators. Introduction of molecular and biological methods as a knowledge tool is continually expanding the information about the skin as an organ of the immune system. The gained knowledge will definitely promote the development of new therapeutic approaches to skin diseases.

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Müller, Norbert, Michael Riedel, Manfred Ackenheil, and Markus J. Schwarz. "Cellular and Humoral Immune System in Schizophrenia: A Conceptual Re-Evaluation." World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 1, no. 4 (January 2000): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15622970009150588.

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Monji, Mikio, Satoru Senju, Tetsuya Nakatsura, Kazuhiro Yamada, Motohiro Sawatsubashi, Akira Inokuchi, and Yasuharu Nishimura. "Head and neck cancer antigens recognized by the humoral immune system." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 294, no. 3 (June 2002): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00543-0.

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Kinoshita, K., S. Ishizaka, and T. Tsujii. "In vivo stimulation of humoral immune system in mice by alcohol." International Journal of Immunopharmacology 10 (January 1988): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0192-0561(88)90168-3.

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Celet, B., G. Akman-Demir, B. Tasci, J. van Noort, M. Eraksoy, and G. Saruhan-Direskeneli. "Humoral immune response to α-B-crystallin in nervous system diseases." Journal of Neuroimmunology 90, no. 1 (September 1998): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5728(98)91398-4.

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21

Marasco, WA. "Intrabodies: turning the humoral immune system outside in for intracellular immunization." Gene Therapy 4, no. 1 (January 1997): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3300346.

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Pink, J. R. L. "Five questions on the ontogeny of the chicken humoral immune system." Research in Immunology 144, no. 6-7 (January 1993): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(93)80134-k.

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McCormack, W. T., and C. B. Thompson. "Special features of the development of the chicken humoral immune system." Research in Immunology 144, no. 6-7 (January 1993): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(93)80141-k.

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Lemus, Jesús A., and Guillermo Blanco. "Cellular and humoral immunodepression in vultures feeding upon medicated livestock carrion." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1665 (March 18, 2009): 2307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0071.

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Veterinary pharmaceuticals contained in dead livestock may be ingested by avian scavengers and negatively affect their health and consequently their population dynamics and conservation. We evaluated the potential role of antibiotics as immunodepressors using multiple parameters measuring the condition of the cellular and humoral immune system in griffon ( Gyps fulvus ), cinereous ( Aegypius monachus ) and Egyptian vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ). We confirmed the presence of circulating antimicrobial residues, especially quinolones, in nestlings of the three vulture species breeding in central Spain. Individuals ingesting antibiotics showed clearly depressed cellular and humoral immune systems compared with nestlings from the control areas, which did not ingest antibiotics. Within central Spain, we found that individuals with circulating antibiotics showed depressed cellular (especially CD4 + and CD8 + T-lymphocyte subsets) and humoral (especially acellular APV complement and IL8-like) immune systems compared with nestlings without circulating antibiotics. This suggests that ingestion of antibiotics together with food may depress the immune system of developing nestlings, temporarily reducing their resistance to opportunistic pathogens, which require experimental confirmation. Medicated livestock carrion should be considered inadequate food for vultures due to their detrimental consequences on health derived from the ingestion and potential effects of the veterinary drugs contained in them and for this reason rejected as a management tool in conservation programmes.

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Khariv, I., B. Gutyj, V. Hunchak, N. Slobodyuk, A. Vynyarska, A. Sobolta, V. Todoriuk, and R. Seniv. "Вплив бровітакокциду сукупно з плодами розторопші плямистої на стан імунної системи індиків за еймеріозної інвазії." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 73 (January 10, 2017): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7334.

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The immune system provides resistance of the organism against bacterial and viral infections in the body of the poultry. In the intestinal mucosa of eymeria it was secrete metabolic products, that are toxic to various systems and tissues of turkeys. Eymeria, parasitizing in the gut, inhibit specific phase of immunity presented by antibodies (humoral type), reduce the activity of sensitized cells (cell type), slow down nonspecific phase of immunity, represented by various immune cells. The rapid and complete recovery of functional state of the immune system in turkeys, affected by eymeriozic invasion it was found if brovitatoxide was given if the aggregate of the fruits of milk thistle. Fruits contain group of flavius lignans named «Sylimaryn», acting immune stimulatory for the development of secondary immuno deficiencies state of body.

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Nkiliza, Aurore, Utsav Joshi, James E. Evans, Ghania Ait-Ghezala, Megan Parks, Fiona Crawford, Michael Mullan, and Laila Abdullah. "Adaptive Immune Responses Associated with the Central Nervous System Pathology of Gulf War Illness." Neuroscience Insights 16 (January 2021): 263310552110184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26331055211018458.

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Gulf War Illness is a multisymptomatic condition which affects 30% of veterans from the 1991 Gulf War. While there is evidence for a role of peripheral cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses in Gulf War Illness, a potential role of the adaptive immune system in the central nervous system pathology of this condition remains unknown. Furthermore, many of the clinical features of Gulf War Illness resembles those of autoimmune diseases, but the biological processes are likely different as the etiology of Gulf War Illness is linked to hazardous chemical exposures specific to the Gulf War theatre. This review discusses Gulf War chemical–induced maladaptive immune responses and a potential role of cellular and humoral immune responses that may be relevant to the central nervous system symptoms and pathology of Gulf War Illness. The discussion may stimulate investigations into adaptive immunity for developing novel therapies for Gulf War Illness.

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Huang, Zhiyi, Yu Liu, Guangying Qi, David Brand, and Song Zheng. "Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7090258.

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Vitamin A (VitA) is a micronutrient that is crucial for maintaining vision, promoting growth and development, and protecting epithelium and mucus integrity in the body. VitA is known as an anti-inflammation vitamin because of its critical role in enhancing immune function. VitA is involved in the development of the immune system and plays regulatory roles in cellular immune responses and humoral immune processes. VitA has demonstrated a therapeutic effect in the treatment of various infectious diseases. To better understand the relationship between nutrition and the immune system, the authors review recent literature about VitA in immunity research and briefly introduce the clinical application of VitA in the treatment of several infectious diseases.

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Potyomkina, Ye Ye, D. S. Rafibekov, Ye Ye Fomina, N. V. Pesheva, and A. P. Kalinin. "Humoral and cellular immune factors in autoimmune thyroiditis." Problems of Endocrinology 41, no. 1 (February 15, 1995): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11324.

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Special immunological methods of investigation were used in the examinations of 102 patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Group 1 were 43 patients with euthyrosis, group 2 18 subjects with compensated, and group 3 41 patients with decompensated hypothyrosis. Humoral, cell-mediated, and phagocytic factors of the immunity were assessed by 16 parameters, and the findings interpreted in correlation with the findings of similar examinations of 35 donors. Marked changes in the T-cellular and humoral components of the immunity system were revealed, which depended on the function of the thyroid. These changes were the most expressed in decompensated hypothyrosis. Individual analysis showed that euthyrosis and compensated hypothyrosis are more often associated with increased immunologic reaction. The absence of E- receptor hyperreactivity in compensated hypothyrosis and a sharp reduction of T-gamma lymphocyte subpopulation may be explained by the development of adaptation mechanisms. The authors necessitate simultaneous use of the cytotoxic test and E-RFC test for the assesstment of T-cell populations. They emphasize the importance of immunologic monitoring over the course of treatment of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.

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Mitra, Roshni, Sarvjeet Singh, and Ashok Khar. "Antitumour immune responses." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 5, no. 3 (January 13, 2003): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399403005623.

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The role of the immune system in combating tumour progression has been studied extensively. The two branches of the immune response – humoral and cell-mediated – act both independently and in concert to combat tumour progression, the success of which depends on the immunogenicity of the tumour cells. The immune system discriminates between transformed cells and normal cells by virtue of the presence of unique antigens on tumour cells. Despite this, the immune system is not always able to detect and kill cancerous cells because neoplasms have also evolved various strategies to escape immune surveillance. Attempts are being made to trigger the immune system into an early and efficient response against malignant cells, and various therapeutic modalities are being developed to enhance the strength of the immune response against tumours. This review aims to elucidate the tumouricidal role of various components of the immune system, including macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells and complement.

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Agafonova, E. V., T. G. Malanicheva, and B. A. Shamov. "Formation of humoral immune response in atopic dermatitis in children." Kazan medical journal 79, no. 5 (September 14, 1998): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj64542.

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The examination results of the humoral immune response in children with allergodermatosis and in healthy children of various age groups are presented. The following immune diagnosis methods are used: the determination of the basic class immunoglobulins content, complement activity and general Ig E level. The markers for the immune status estimation and atopic type response prediction taking into account the immune system ontogenesis are proposed.

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Auernhammer, Christoph J., and Christian J. Strasburger. "Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on the immune system." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 6 (December 1995): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330635.

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Auernhammer CJ, Strasburger CJ. Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on the immune system. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:635–45. ISSN 0804–4643 Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are synthesized and secreted by various immunocompetent cells. In addition, GHRH, GH, PRL and IGF-I receptors are expressed on immune cells. Growth hormone, PRL and IGF-I stimulate the proliferation of immunocompetent cells and modulate humoral and cellular immune functions, i.e. immunoglobuline secretion of B cells, thymulin secretion of thymic epithelial cells, natural killer cell activity, phagocytosis, oxidative burst and killing capacity of neutrophils and macrophages. No clinically significant cellular or humoral immunodeficiency has been found in GH-deficient patients. However, several immunological parameters and functions are altered in GH-deficient patients when compared to normal controls. The data available to date indicate that endocrine and pleiotropic para- and autocrine mechanisms of action are involved in a neuropeptide immune network, including GH PRL and IGF-I as modulators of immune function. Christian J Strasburger, Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt der LMU, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336 Munich, Germany

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Ehteshamfar, Seyed Morteza, Jalil Tavakkol Afshari, Mohammad-Hadi S. Modaghegh, Mahmoud Mahmoudi, Gholam Hosein Kazemzadeh, and Fatemeh Sadeghipour Kermani. "Humoral and cellular immune response to Buerger’s disease." Vascular 28, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538120910055.

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Objective Thromboangiitis obliterans is a nonatherosclerotic occlusive disease, affecting small to moderate sized arteries of the upper and lower extremities, leading to progressive inflammation and clot formation. However, the role of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in the development of this disease has not been clearly identified. The present study was intended to investigate the humoral and cellular immune response in patients with Buerger’s disease with different disease severity. Methods In an observational study, 80 male patients with Buerger’s disease were included and categorized into three groups (mild, moderate, and severe) based on clinical manifestations. After blood sampling, cellular phenotypes were determined, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, immunoglobulins (Ig) A, M, G, and E, as well as C3 and C4 components of the complement system and complement hemolytic activity (CH50) were measured. Results The mean age of the patient was 42.85 ± 8.39 years. Pulse abnormality, cold intolerance, and claudication were the most common symptoms. Eleven (13.75%), 46 (57.50%), and 23 (28.75%) patients had mild, moderate, and severe symptoms. Regression analyses showed that the presence of severe symptoms was significantly associated with elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C4 levels ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Buerger’s disease in severe cases was associated with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and abnormal C4 levels. The alterations in these inflammatory biomarkers might be due to a secondary inflammatory response to the presence of ulcer or gangrene and the inflammatory process in patients with severe symptoms.

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Yang, Zishan, Miaomiao Xu, Zhenghu Jia, Yuting Zhang, Li Wang, Hongru Zhang, Jingya Wang, et al. "A novel antigen delivery system induces strong humoral and CTL immune responses." Biomaterials 134 (July 2017): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.035.

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Ernerudh, J., T. Olsson, F. Lindström, and T. Skogh. "Humoral immune phenomena in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system dysfunction." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 69, S98 (January 29, 2009): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1984.tb02511.x.

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De Santis, Maria, Alberto Mantovani, and Carlo Selmi. "The other side of the innate immune system: humoral arms favoring cancer." Cellular & Molecular Immunology 17, no. 10 (July 29, 2020): 1024–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0512-x.

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Crane, M. A., C. Raman, and K. L. Knight. "An expanded view of the ontogeny of the rabbit humoral immune system." Research in Immunology 144, no. 6-7 (January 1993): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-2494(93)80149-s.

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Sandberg-Wollheim, Magnhild, Burton Zweiman, Arnold I. Levinson, and Robert P. Lisak. "Humoral immune responses within the human central nervous system following systemic immunization." Journal of Neuroimmunology 11, no. 3 (May 1986): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(86)90004-4.

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Ader, Robert, and Nicholas Cohen. "CNS–immune system interactions: Conditioning phenomena." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8, no. 3 (September 1985): 379–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00000765.

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AbstractConverging data from different disciplines indicate that central nervous system processes are capable of influencing immune responses. This paper concentrates on recent studies documenting behaviorally conditioned suppression and enhancement of immunity. Exposing rats or mice to a conditioned stimulus previously paired with an immunomodulating agent results in alterations in humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to antigenic stimuli, and unreinforced reexposures to the conditioned stimuli result in extinction of the conditioned response. Although the magnitude of such conditioning effects has not been large, the phenomenon has been independently verified under a variety of experimental conditions. The biological impact of conditioned alterations in immune function is illustrated by studies in which conditioning operations were applied in the pharmacotherapy of autoimmune disease in New Zealand mice. In conditioned animals, substituting conditioned stimuli for active drugs delays the onset of autoimmune disease relative to nonconditioned animals using a dose of immunosuppressive drug that, by itself, is ineffective in modifying the progression of disease. The hypothesis that such conditioning effects are mediated by elevations in adrenocortical steroid levels receives no support from available data. Despite its capacity for self-regulation, it appears that the immune system is integrated with other psychophysiological processes and subject to modulation by the brain.

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Berkos, A. S., and G. V. Nikolaev. "The mechanism of humoral immune response to allogeneic organ transplantation." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 19, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2017-2-139-151.

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The problem of antibody-mediated rejection of donor organ remains extremely relevant. The main targets of the antibodies are mainly donor HLA-antigens (Human Leucocyte Antigens), expressed, in particular, by the cells of graft vascular endothelium. This review describes the mechanisms of the development of humoral alloimmunity which are based on B-cell recognition of epitopes of donor HLA-molecules and affinity maturation of B-cell receptors in the germinal centers of peripheral lymphatic system. Monitoring of epitope load and cross-reactivity indicators to evaluate HLA-compatibility of donor and recipient plays an important role in the prevention of allograft humoral rejection.

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Delgiudice-Asch, Gina, and Eric Hollander. "Altered Immune Function In Autism." CNS Spectrums 2, no. 5 (May 1997): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900004909.

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AbstractRecent studies of the pathogenesis of autism have suggested that this disorder may have an autoimmune basis in some patients. Observations have been made regarding cellular and humoral immune dysfunction, abnormalities associated with the complement system and major histocompatibility complex gene expression, differences in soluble mediators of the immune response, and the presence of antibrain and antimyelin autoantibodies. In this article, we review these experimental and clinical observations, and examine preliminary efforts using immunomodulatory therapies to treat autism.

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Moalli, Federica, Sebastien Jaillon, Antonio Inforzato, Marina Sironi, Barbara Bottazzi, Alberto Mantovani, and Cecilia Garlanda. "Pathogen Recognition by the Long Pentraxin PTX3." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/830421.

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Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a nonredundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the cross-road between innate immunity, inflammation, and female fertility. Here, we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition and cross-talk with other components of the innate immune system.

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Laman, J. D., K. Gerritse, M. Fasbender, W. J. Boersma, N. van Rooijen, and E. Claassen. "Double immunocytochemical staining for in vivo detection of epitope specificity and isotype of antibody-forming cells against synthetic peptides homologous to human immunodeficiency virus-1." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 38, no. 4 (April 1990): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/38.4.1690764.

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Many infections evoke a strong humoral immune response. Some (e.g., HIV-1, EBV, CMV) also lead to disorders of the B-cell system. Data concerning cell dysfunction are largely derived from in vitro studies, which necessarily exclude all microenvironmental influences. The aim of this study was to develop a tool for the investigation of epitope specific humoral immune responses in vivo. Mice were immunized with one of two synthetic peptides, both 21 amino acids long and homologous to regions of the HIV-1 gp160. Cryostat sections of spleen and lymph nodes were incubated with the corresponding peptide coupled to alkaline phosphatase and simultaneously incubated with peroxidase-conjugated rabbit antisera specific for mouse immunoglobulin isotypes. We were able to show simultaneous detection of epitope specificity, isotype, and localization of antibody-forming cells and immune complexes in tissue sections. It should prove useful for in vivo investigation of the development of specific (e.g., anti-HIV-1) humoral immune response, the determination of B-cell specificity in lymph node infiltrates, and the role of immune complexes in lymph node pathology.

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von Mensdorff-Pouilly, S., F. G. M. Snijdewint, A. A. Verstraeten, R. H. M. Verheijen, and P. Kenemans. "Human MUC1 Mucin: A Multifaceted Glycoprotein." International Journal of Biological Markers 15, no. 4 (October 2000): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080001500413.

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Human MUC1 mucin, a membrane-bound glycoprotein, is a major component of the ductal cell surface of normal glandular cells. MUC1 is overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in carcinoma cells. The role MUC1 plays in cancer progression represents two sides of one coin: on the one hand, loss of polarity and overexpression of MUC1 in cancer cells interferes with cell adhesion and shields the tumor cell from immune recognition by the cellular arm of the immune system, thus favoring metastases; on the other hand, MUC1, in essence a self-antigen, is displaced and altered in malignancy and induces immune responses. Tumor-associated MUC1 has short carbohydrate sidechains and exposed epitopes on its peptide core; it gains access to the circulation and comes into contact with the immune system provoking humoral and cellular immune responses. Natural antibodies to MUC1 present in the circulation of cancer patients may be beneficial to the patient by restricting tumor growth and dissemination: early stage breast cancer patients with a humoral response to MUC1 have a better disease-specific survival. Several MUC1 peptide vaccines, differing in vectors, carrier proteins and adjuvants, have been tested in phase I clinical trials. They are capable of inducing predominantly humoral responses to the antigen, but evidence that these immune responses may be effective against the tumor in humans is still scarce.

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Kravitz, Melva. "Immune Consequences of Burn Injury." AACN Advanced Critical Care 4, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1993-2017.

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The purpose of the immune system is to protect cells from invasion by microorganisms. The body has three equally important interactive immune defense systems, all of which are profoundly disrupted with major burn injury. The immune response to burn injury is immediate, prolonged, and severe. The end result in individuals surviving burn shock is immunosuppression, with increased susceptibility to potentially fatal systemic burn wound or pulmonary sepsis. Nursing actions to support the humoral and cell-mediated immune system of the burned patient include providing nutritional support to maintain serum protein levels at optimal levels; measures to decrease edema and promote angiogenesis in areas of partial-thickness injury; meticulous treatment of the wound to prevent infection and promote healing; monitoring of antibiotic use; conservative use of invasive techniques, including intubation and vascular access devices; maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance and body temperature; and energy conservation measures

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Lanzilli, G., R. Falchetti, M. Tricarico, D. Ungheri, and M. P. Fuggetta. "In Vitro Effects of an Immunostimulating Bacterial Lysate on Human Lymphocyte Function." International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 18, no. 2 (April 2005): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200501800207.

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MLBL is an oral immunostimulating vaccine consisting of bacterial standardized lysates obtained by mechanical lysis of different strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that can cause acute and chronic infections of the respiratory tract. Previous studies suggested a stimulating effect of MLBL both on humoral and cellular immune responses. In the present study, the in vitro effects of MLBL on human lymphocyte effector functions and its mechanisms of action were evaluated. The results show that the most remarkable effects of MLBL on the immune system are: i) activation of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2Rα) on different lymphocyte subsets (B, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells) involved both in humoral and cellular immune responses; ii) induction of cytokine synthesis (IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IFNγ) in the immune competent cells that induce and regulate immune responses; iii) generation of CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells. Overall, these results suggest that the therapeutic effect of MLBL on acute and recurrent infections of the respiratory tract is related to its ability to activate the responses of different subsets of immune competent cells both for humoral and cellular immunity. Moreover, these effects can be induced either by direct immune cell activation or through the generation and activation of immune effector cells.

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Hejazi, Rayan, and Mohammed Hasosah. "Tuberculosis, onychomycosis and immune deficiency in complicated Crohn’s disease." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 8 (August 2019): e228986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228986.

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The immune system is composed of innate humoral defence and adaptive immunity. One of the key mechanisms of the innate humoral defence is through complement activation. Mutations of certain enzyme may affect the complement activation and result in decreased defence against microorganisms. Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (MASP-2) mutation was associated with recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases. Tuberculosis (TB) has been linked with mannose-binding lectin and MASP-2 gene polymorphism. We report a case of a paediatric patient with MASP-2 deficiency with classical and atypical features associated with Crohn’s, onychomycosis and severe cutaneous infections including TB. We also report the presence of a new mutation variant in MASP-2 reported in whole exome sequencing of our patient.

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Voloshin, O. M., Yu V. Marushko, and K. M. Dontsova. "RECURRENT RESPIRATORY DISEASES AND HUMORAL IMMUNE STATUS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 4 (2020): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(4):393-401.

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Currently, acute respiratory infections (ARI) are obviously considered to be the most topical issue of pediatric practice. It is worth noted that the age peculiarities of immune system in preschool children stipulated their higher vulnerability to infections and less differentiated response against infection process compared to older children and adults. Research aim consisted in finding out significant factors which are closely associated with serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels in preschool children against the background of recurrent ARI.

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Liu, Zhaoqun, Zhi Zhou, Qiufen Jiang, Lingling Wang, Qilin Yi, Limei Qiu, and Linsheng Song. "The neuroendocrine immunomodulatory axis-like pathway mediated by circulating haemocytes in pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas." Open Biology 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 160289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.160289.

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The neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) regulatory network is a complex system, which plays an indispensable role in the immunity of host. In this study, a neuroendocrine immunomodulatory axis (NIA)-like pathway mediated by the nervous system and haemocytes was characterized in the oyster Crassostrea gigas . Once invaded pathogen was recognized by the host, the nervous system would temporally release neurotransmitters to modulate the immune response. Instead of acting passively, oyster haemocytes were able to mediate neuronal immunomodulation promptly by controlling the expression of specific neurotransmitter receptors on cell surface and modulating their binding sensitivities, thus regulating intracellular concentration of Ca 2+ . This neural immunomodulation mediated by the nervous system and haemocytes could influence cellular immunity in oyster by affecting mRNA expression level of TNF genes, and humoral immunity by affecting the activities of key immune-related enzymes. In summary, though simple in structure, the ‘nervous-haemocyte’ NIA-like pathway regulates both cellular and humoral immunity in oyster, meaning a world to the effective immune regulation of the NEI network.

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Filippova, Aleksandra. "Imbalance of the Humoral Component of the Immune System as a Basis for the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Obesity and Concomitant Biliary Tract Pathology." Archive of Clinical Medicine 22, no. 2 (December 24, 2016): 201629. http://dx.doi.org/10.21802/acm.2016.2.9.

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The objective of the research was to study the features of the indicators of the humoral component of the immune system depending on the body mass index in patients with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, concomitant obesity and biliary tract pathology.Material and methods. 200 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, concomitant obesity and biliary tract pathology including 100 patients with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and 100 with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis were examined. 70 out of 100 patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis had the minimum level of alanine transaminase activity and 30 patients had a moderate alanine transaminase activity. The control group included 30 apparently healthy persons. The body mass index was determined using the Quetelet formula. All the patients with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis were divided into three groups depending on the increase in the body mass index and the presence of biliary tract pathology. The humoral immune system state was evaluated by the levels of immunoglobulins A, M and G and the content of circulating immune complexes. Results. In patients with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, concomitant obesity and biliary tract pathology, there were observed abnormalities in the humoral component of the immune system with possible increase in the levels of major immunoglobulin classes as well as in the content of circulating immune complexes being more pronounced in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis compared to patients with non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis (p<0.05) and apparently healthy persons (p<0.001). The increase in the body mass index led to a significant increase in the levels of Ig A, M, G and the activation of circulating immune complexes.More significant changes in humoral indices were observed in patients with chronic non-calculous and calculous cholecystitis in the presence of inflammatory biliary tract changes during the exacerbation of the pathology compared to patients who underwent cholecystectomy on the background of the aggravation of postcholecystectomy syndrome.Conclusions. The obtained data indicated that one of the elements in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with concomitant obesity and biliary tract pathology is a significant change in the indicators of humoral immunity, namely the increase in the levels of Ig (A, M, G) and circulating immune complexes which depend on the clinical form (non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), increase in the body mass index and the presence of biliary tract comorbidity.

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D’Amico, V. L., M. G. Palacios, and M. Bertellotti. "Antihelminthic treatment alters cellular but not humoral immune components in Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) chicks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 5 (May 2018): 447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0147.

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We evaluate whether helminth parasites affect both cellular and humoral components of the immune system of Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus (J.R. Forster, 1781)) chicks. We measured immune components after the administration of an antihelminthic drug to remove parasites. Cellular immune components included the complete white blood cell (WBC) count and the in vivo skin-swelling response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Humoral aspects assessed were the ability of plasma to agglutinate foreign particles and the bactericidal capacity of plasma. Antihelminthic treatment resulted in lower total WBC counts supporting the role of circulating leukocytes in fighting macroparasites. Deparasitized chicks showed a reduction in all types of leukocytes. Contrary to our expectation, deparasitized Magellanic Penguin chicks showed lower response to PHA injection than control chicks. The swelling response was positively correlated with body condition and with total WBC in circulation. We hypothesize that the specific helminth community naturally occurring in Magellanic Penguin chicks might have an overall immunostimulatory effect on the PHA response. Antihelminthic treatment did not alter the innate humoral immune parameters measured. Our results support the prediction that, given their relatively low costs of use and maintenance, innate humoral components would not be as affected by antihelminthic treatment as more costly cellular responses.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Humoral immune system'

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