Journal articles on the topic 'Humidity Calibrator'
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Athavale, Vijay Anant, Abhilash Pati, A. K. M. Bellal Hossain, and Sari Luthfiyah. "INCU Analyzer for Infant Incubator Based on Android Application Using Bluetooth Communication to Improve Calibration Monitoring." Jurnal Teknokes 15, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/teknokes.v15i1.1.
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Worldwide, over 4 million babies die within a month of birth each year. Of these, 3.9 million are in developing countries. A proportion approximately 25% of these deaths are due to complications of premature birth, most commonly inadequate thermoregulation, water loss, and neonatal jaundice. An infant incubator provides stable temperature, relative humidity, and airflow values. A periodical calibration should be applied on infant incubator to monitor the functionality. The study aims to develop a calibration device that measures temperature, humidity, airflow, and noise in the baby incubator based on an Android application with Bluetooth communication to improve the calibration monitoring process. This is to achieve a better performance of the conventional INCU analyzer. The contribution of this research is that the values of the temperature, humidity, airflow, and noise can be displayed on both devices, the INCU analyzer machine, and mobile phone; thus, the user can monitor the measurement activities wirelessly. Furthermore, the statistical calculation for all measurements can be saved on a mobile phone device. The main design consists of temperature sensor LM35, humidity sensor DHT22, airflow sensor MPX5010DP, an analog signal conditioning circuit, an Arduino Mega microcontroller, Bluetooth module HC05, and Android mobile phone. The resulting design was compared to the standard or calibrator INCU analyzer machine (Fluke Biomedical INCU II). This study found that the smallest error is -1.72%°C, -0.106 % RH, -1.727% dB, and <0.1% m/s for temperature, humidity, noise, and airflow parameters, respectively. After the evaluation process, this device can be used as an INCU analyzer to calibrate the infant incubator.
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Azkiyak, Vina Nadhirotul, Syaifudin Syaifudin, and Dyah Titisari. "Incubator Analyzer Using Bluetooth Android Display (Humidity & Air Flow)." Indonesian Journal of electronics, electromedical engineering, and medical informatics 1, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v1i2.5.
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Abstract— Incubator Analyzer is a calibrator used to calibrate incubator temperature, mattress temperature, noise, humidity and airflow so that conditions in the baby incubator environment remain stable and within normal limits. The purpose of this study is to develop a system for sending data to android and data storage. "Incubator Analyzer Using Bluetooth Appear Android" has four parameters for measuring temperature, noise, humidity, and water flow. Using the Atmega328 microcontroller as a data processor, and the output results will be displayed on the LCD display and equipped with data transmission via bluetooth HC-05 displayed to Android with data storage. The moisture parameter detects humidity quite well where the biggest error is obtained at 1.28% DHT-22, the Ultrasound Sensor HC SR-04 can detect Air Flow with an error of 311.66% as measured by a comparison device. Incubator Design This analyzer is made portable to calibrate baby incubator tools.
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Birks, John W., Andrew A. Turnipseed, Peter C. Andersen, Craig J. Williford, Stanley Strunk, Brian Carpenter, and Christine A. Ennis. "Portable calibrator for NO based on the photolysis of N<sub>2</sub>O and a combined NO<sub>2</sub>∕NO∕O<sub>3</sub> source for field calibrations of air pollution monitors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 1001–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1001-2020.
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Abstract. A highly portable calibration source of nitric oxide (NO) based on the photolysis of nitrous oxide (N2O) supplied by 8 or 16 g disposable cartridges is demonstrated to serve as an accurate and reliable transfer standard for the calibration of NO monitors in the field. The instrument provides output mixing ratios in the range 0–1000 ppb with a precision and accuracy better than the greater of 3 ppb or 3 % of the target NO mixing ratio over a wide range of environmental conditions of ambient temperature (8.5–35.0 ∘C), pressure (745–1015 mbar corresponding to 2.7–0.0 km of elevation), and relative humidity (0 %–100 % RH). The combination of the NO calibration source with a previously described ozone calibration source based on the photolysis of oxygen in air provides a new instrument capable of outputting calibrated mixing ratios of NO, ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), where the NO2 is produced by the stoichiometric gas-phase reaction of NO with O3. The portable NO2/NO/O3 calibration source requires no external gas cylinders and can be used for calibrations of NO, NO2, and O3 instruments for mixing ratios up to 1000, 500, and 1000 ppb, respectively. This portable calibrator may serve as a convenient transfer standard for field calibrations of ozone and NOx air pollution monitors.
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Birks, John W., Craig J. Williford, Peter C. Andersen, Andrew A. Turnipseed, Stanley Strunk, and Christine A. Ennis. "Portable ozone calibration source independent of changes in temperature, pressure and humidity for research and regulatory applications." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 4797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4797-2018.
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Abstract. A highly portable ozone (O3) calibration source that can serve as a U.S. EPA level 4 transfer standard for the calibration of ozone analyzers is described and evaluated with respect to analytical figures of merit and effects of ambient pressure and humidity. Reproducible mixing ratios of ozone are produced by the photolysis of oxygen in O3-scrubbed ambient air by UV light at 184.9 nm light from a low-pressure mercury lamp. By maintaining a constant volumetric flow rate (thus constant residence time within the photolysis chamber), the mixing ratio produced is independent of both pressure and temperature and can be varied by varying the lamp intensity. Pulse width modulation of the lamp with feedback from a photodiode monitoring the 253.7 nm emission line is used to maintain target ozone mixing ratios in the range 30–1000 ppb. In order to provide a constant ratio of intensities at 253.7 and 184.9 nm, the photolysis chamber containing the lamp is regulated at a temperature of 40 ∘C. The resulting O3 calibrator has a response time for step changes in output ozone mixing ratio of < 30 s and precision (σp) of 0.4 % of the output mixing ratio for 10 s measurements (e.g., σp=±0.4 ppb for 100 ppb of O3). Ambient humidity was found to affect the output mixing ratio of ozone primarily by dilution of the oxygen precursor. This potential humidity interference could be up to a few percent in extreme cases but is effectively removed by varying the lamp intensity to compensate for the reduced oxygen concentration based on feedback from a humidity sensor.
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Wati, Erna Kusuma, Fitria Hidyanti, and Novi Azman. "DESIGN OF THE POLLUTION GAS CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON MICROCONTROLLER." Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.051.01.
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Carbon monoxide is a flammable gas and very toxic to humans, to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) gas requires a tool that can measure the concentration of the gas. The design of the CO gas monitoring measuring instrument in this study has dimensions of 11cm x 8.6 cm x 2.9 cm using the MQ-135 sensor, Arduino Uno microcontroller to control and process the signal, to display temperature and humidity with a 4.2 Inch LCD. Krisbow KD09-224 Carbon Monoxide Meter is a comparison tool or calibrator, against our monitoring gauges. Testing by experimenting as much as 15 times, to determine the value of the measurement uncertainty. Based on the results of the data when testing, the average amount of measurement = 103.33, with a standard deviation δ 1.29, and the uncertainty value of the measurement results is 0,33 %. Thus the system can be used as monitoring of CO gas pollution in units of ppm (parts per million).
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Novais, Jonathan Willian Zangeski, Ana Cristina Hillesheim, Naiara Cristina Fank, Louyse Siqueira Varella Oliveira, Naara Soares dos Santos Brito, Dahiane Dos Santos Oliveira Zangeski, and Bárbara Bella Pereira de Oliveira. "Técnica de Calibração de Sensores Meteorológicos de Temperatura e Umidade Relativa do ar Utilizando um Sensor de Referência." UNICIÊNCIAS 24, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-5141.2020v24n1p30-33.
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Em pesquisas ambientais é comum a utilização de mais de um sensor meteorológico para medições, principalmente, para medições espacializadas. Porém pode ocorrer erro na coleta espacializada, quando os sensores são diferentes. Nesse contexto, por meio da regressão linear se pode calibrar as medições dos sensores utilizados em função de um sensor de referência. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma técnica de calibração de sensores meteorológicos, focado nas variáveis temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar, utilizando um sensor de referência, e fazendo a aplicação posterior em campo. Os sensores foram calibrados em ambiente controlado, em que se podia controlar a temperatura do ar e a umidade relativa do ar, de forma a submeter os sensores a uma amplitude maior de variações, variando de 25 ºC a 45 ºC de temperatura do ar e de 20% a 60% de umidade relativa do ar. Os resultados das regressões lineares foram considerados satisfatórios, uma vez que todos os coeficientes angulares e lineares foram considerados significativos e o menor coeficiente de determinação (R²) foi de 0,91. Após a calibração foram feitas medidas meteorológicas no Parque das Águas, Cuiabá-MT, de modo a aplicar as regressões em dados reais. As regressões corrigiram diferenças máximas de 0,9 ºC de temperatura do ar e 8,6% de umidade relativa do ar. Conclui-se que a metodologia é válida para a calibração de sensores diferentes em relação a um sensor de referência, podendo ser uma estratégia interessante para os pesquisadores, que não possuem diversos sensores calibrados.
Palavras-chave: Temperatura do Ar. Umidade Relativa do Ar. Estação Meteorológica. Termohigrômetro.
Abstract
In environmental research it is common to use more than one meteorological sensor for measurements, mainly for spatialized measurements. However, there may be an error in the spatial collection when the sensors are different. In this context, through linear regression, it is possible to calibrate the measurements of the sensors used in function of a reference sensor. Thus, this work aims to present a calibration technique of meteorological sensors, focused on the variables air temperature and the air relative humidity, using a reference sensor, and making the subsequent application in the field. The sensors were calibrated in a controlled environment, in which air temperature and relative humidity could be controlled, in order to subject the sensors to a greater range of variations, ranging from 25 ºC to 45 ºC and 20% at 60% relative humidity. The linear regressions results were considered satisfactory, since all the angular and linear coefficients were considered significant and the lowest determination coefficient (R²) was 0.91. After calibration, meteorological measurements were made in Parque das Águas, Cuiabá-MT, in order to apply the regressions to real data. The regressions corrected maximum differences of 0.9ºC of air temperature and 8.6% of relative air humidity. It is concluded that the methodology is valid for the calibration of different sensors in relation to a reference sensor, which can be an interesting strategy for researchers who do not have several calibrated sensors.
Keywords: Air Temperature. Relative Humidity. Weather Station. Thermohygrometer.
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Marno, Daniel, Cheryl Ernest, Korbinian Hens, Umar Javed, Thomas Klimach, Monica Martinez, Markus Rudolf, Jos Lelieveld, and Hartwig Harder. "Calibration of an airborne HO<sub><i>x</i></sub> instrument using the All Pressure Altitude-based Calibrator for HO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Experimentation (APACHE)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 2711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-2711-2020.
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Abstract. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a widely used technique for both laboratory-based and ambient atmospheric chemistry measurements. However, LIF instruments require calibrations in order to translate instrument response into concentrations of chemical species. Calibration of LIF instruments measuring OH and HO2 (HOx) typically involves the photolysis of water vapor by 184.9 nm light, thereby producing quantitative amounts of OH and HO2. For ground-based HOx instruments, this method of calibration is done at one pressure (typically ambient pressure) at the instrument inlet. However, airborne HOx instruments can experience varying cell pressures, internal residence times, temperatures, and humidity during flight. Therefore, replication of such variances when calibrating in the lab is essential to acquire the appropriate sensitivities. This requirement resulted in the development of the APACHE (All Pressure Altitude-based Calibrator for HOx Experimentation) chamber to characterize the sensitivity of the airborne LIF-FAGE (fluorescence assay by gas expansion) HOx instrument, HORUS, which took part in an intensive airborne campaign, OMO-Asia 2015. It utilizes photolysis of water vapor but has the additional ability to alter the pressure at the nozzle of the HORUS instrument. With APACHE, the HORUS instrument sensitivity towards OH (26.1–7.8 cts s−1 pptv−1 mW−1, ±22.6 % 1σ; cts stands for counts by the detector) and HO2 (21.2–8.1 cts s−1 pptv−1 mW−1, ±22.1 % 1σ) was characterized to the external pressure range at the instrument nozzle of 227–900 mbar. Measurements supported by a computational fluid dynamics model, COMSOL Multiphysics, revealed that, for all pressures explored in this study, APACHE is capable of initializing a homogenous flow and maintaining near-uniform flow speeds across the internal cross section of the chamber. This reduces the uncertainty regarding average exposure times across the mercury (Hg) UV ring lamp. Two different actinometrical approaches characterized the APACHE UV ring lamp flux as 6.37×1014(±1.3×1014) photons cm−2 s−1. One approach used the HORUS instrument as a transfer standard in conjunction with a calibrated on-ground calibration system traceable to NIST standards, which characterized the UV ring lamp flux to be 6.9(±1.1)×1014 photons cm−2 s−1. The second approach involved measuring ozone production by the UV ring lamp using an ANSYCO O3 41 M ozone monitor, which characterized the UV ring lamp flux to be 6.11(±0.8)×1014 photons cm−2 s−1. Data presented in this study are the first direct calibrations of an airborne HOx instrument, performed in a controlled environment in the lab using APACHE.
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Milosevic, Nenad, Nenad Stepanic, and Marijana Babic. "A relative humidity calibration from 5°C to 45°C in a mixed-flow humidity generator." Thermal Science 16, no. 1 (2012): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1201193m.
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The paper presents a method used in the Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences for a reliable and traceable relative humidity calibration in the temperature range from 5?C to 45?C. Inside a controllable temperature and humidity environment, supplied by a mixed-flow humidity generator, measurements of hygrometers under calibration are compared with those of calibrated reference instruments. A traceability chain from temperature to reference relative humidity and next to the hygrometers under calibrations is provided by using a chilled-mirror dew-point temperature system and precise relative humidity probes. Corresponding calibration uncertainties are analyzed, particularly those associated to the temperature uniformity of controlled calibration environment. Two examples of relative humidity calibration with dew-point and relative humidity reference measurements in the range from 15 to 75% of RH and 5?C to 45?C are presented and discussed.
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Ladino, Karla S., Michael P. Sama, and Victoria L. Stanton. "Development and Calibration of Pressure-Temperature-Humidity (PTH) Probes for Distributed Atmospheric Monitoring Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093261.
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Small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are increasingly being used for meteorology and atmospheric monitoring. The ease of deployment makes distributed sensing of parameters such as barometric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity in the lower atmospheric boundary layer feasible. However, constraints on payload size and weight, and to a lesser extent power, limit the types of sensors that can be deployed. The objective of this work was to develop a miniature pressure-temperature-humidity (PTH) probe for UAS integration. A set of eight PTH probes were fabricated and calibrated/validated using an environmental chamber. An automated routine was developed to facilitate calibration and validation from a large set of temperature and relative humidity setpoints. Linear regression was used to apply temperature and relative humidity calibrations. Barometric pressure was calibrated using a 1-point method consisting of an offset. The resulting PTH probes were less than 4 g in mass and consumed less than 1 mA when operated from a 5 VDC source. Measurements were transmitted as a formatted string in ASCII format at 1 Hz over a 3.3 V TTL UART. Prior to calibration, measurements between individual PTH probes were significantly different. After calibration, no significant differences in temperature measurements across all PTH probes were observed, and the level of significance between PTH probes was reduced. Actual differences between calibrated PTH probes were likely to be negligible for most UAS-based applications, regardless of significance. RMSE across all calibrated PTH probes for the pressure, temperature, and relative humidity was less than 31 Pa, 0.13 °C, and 0.8% RH, respectively. The resulting calibrated PTH probes will improve the ability to quantify small variations in ambient conditions during coordinated multi-UAS flights.
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Ladino, Karla S., Michael P. Sama, and Victoria L. Stanton. "Development and Calibration of Pressure-Temperature-Humidity (PTH) Probes for Distributed Atmospheric Monitoring Using Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 24, 2022): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093261.
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Small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are increasingly being used for meteorology and atmospheric monitoring. The ease of deployment makes distributed sensing of parameters such as barometric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity in the lower atmospheric boundary layer feasible. However, constraints on payload size and weight, and to a lesser extent power, limit the types of sensors that can be deployed. The objective of this work was to develop a miniature pressure-temperature-humidity (PTH) probe for UAS integration. A set of eight PTH probes were fabricated and calibrated/validated using an environmental chamber. An automated routine was developed to facilitate calibration and validation from a large set of temperature and relative humidity setpoints. Linear regression was used to apply temperature and relative humidity calibrations. Barometric pressure was calibrated using a 1-point method consisting of an offset. The resulting PTH probes were less than 4 g in mass and consumed less than 1 mA when operated from a 5 VDC source. Measurements were transmitted as a formatted string in ASCII format at 1 Hz over a 3.3 V TTL UART. Prior to calibration, measurements between individual PTH probes were significantly different. After calibration, no significant differences in temperature measurements across all PTH probes were observed, and the level of significance between PTH probes was reduced. Actual differences between calibrated PTH probes were likely to be negligible for most UAS-based applications, regardless of significance. RMSE across all calibrated PTH probes for the pressure, temperature, and relative humidity was less than 31 Pa, 0.13 °C, and 0.8% RH, respectively. The resulting calibrated PTH probes will improve the ability to quantify small variations in ambient conditions during coordinated multi-UAS flights.
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Moss, A., R. J. Sica, E. McCullough, K. Strawbridge, K. Walker, and J. Drummond. "Calibration and validation of water vapour lidar measurements from Eureka, Nunavut using radiosondes and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment fourier transform spectrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 4 (August 17, 2012): 5665–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-5665-2012.
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Abstract. The Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change and Environment Canada DIAL lidar located at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Nunavut has been upgraded to measure water vapour mixing ratio profiles at 150 m vertical resolution. The system is capable of measuring water vapour in the dry arctic atmosphere up to the tropopause region. Measurements were obtained in the February to March polar sunrise during 2007, 2008 and 2009 as part of the Canadian Arctic ACE Validation Campaign. Before such measurements can be used to address important questions in understanding dynamics and chemistry, the lidar measurements must be calibrated against an independent determination of water vapour. Here, radiosonde measurements of relative humidity have been used to calibrate the lidar measurements. It was found that the calibration varied significantly between each campaign. However, the calibration of the lidar during an individual polar sunrise campaign agrees with the local radiosonde measurements to better than 12% below 6 km altitude. To independently validate the calibration of the lidar derived from the radiosondes, comparisons are made between the calibrated lidar measurements and water vapour measurements from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment satellite-borne Fourier Transform Spectrometer. The comparisons between the lidar and satellite for both campaign averages and single overpasses show favourable agreement between the two instruments and help validate the comparison with the radiosondes.
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Dai, Guangyao, Dietrich Althausen, Julian Hofer, Ronny Engelmann, Patric Seifert, Johannes Bühl, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Songhua Wu, and Albert Ansmann. "Calibration of Raman lidar water vapor profiles by means of AERONET photometer observations and GDAS meteorological data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2018): 2735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2735-2018.
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Abstract. We present a practical method to continuously calibrate Raman lidar observations of water vapor mixing ratio profiles. The water vapor profile measured with the multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar PollyXT is calibrated by means of co-located AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sun photometer observations and Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) temperature and pressure profiles. This method is applied to lidar observations conducted during the Cyprus Cloud Aerosol and Rain Experiment (CyCARE) in Limassol, Cyprus. We use the GDAS temperature and pressure profiles to retrieve the water vapor density. In the next step, the precipitable water vapor from the lidar observations is used for the calibration of the lidar measurements with the sun photometer measurements. The retrieved calibrated water vapor mixing ratio from the lidar measurements has a relative uncertainty of 11 % in which the error is mainly caused by the error of the sun photometer measurements. During CyCARE, nine measurement cases with cloud-free and stable meteorological conditions are selected to calculate the precipitable water vapor from the lidar and the sun photometer observations. The ratio of these two precipitable water vapor values yields the water vapor calibration constant. The calibration constant for the PollyXT Raman lidar is 6.56 g kg−1 ± 0.72 g kg−1 (with a statistical uncertainty of 0.08 g kg−1 and an instrumental uncertainty of 0.72 g kg−1). To check the quality of the water vapor calibration, the water vapor mixing ratio profiles from the simultaneous nighttime observations with Raman lidar and Vaisala radiosonde sounding are compared. The correlation of the water vapor mixing ratios from these two instruments is determined by using all of the 19 simultaneous nighttime measurements during CyCARE. Excellent agreement with the slope of 1.01 and the R2 of 0.99 is found. One example is presented to demonstrate the full potential of a well-calibrated Raman lidar. The relative humidity profiles from lidar, GDAS (simulation) and radiosonde are compared, too. It is found that the combination of water vapor mixing ratio and GDAS temperature profiles allow us to derive relative humidity profiles with the relative uncertainty of 10–20 %.
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Ahumada, Sofía, Matias Tagle, Yeanice Vasquez, Rodrigo Donoso, Jenny Lindén, Fredrik Hallgren, Marta Segura, and Pedro Oyola. "Calibration of SO2 and NO2 Electrochemical Sensors via a Training and Testing Method in an Industrial Coastal Environment." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 7281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197281.
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Low-cost sensors can provide inaccurate data as temperature and humidity affect sensor accuracy. Therefore, calibration and data correction are essential to obtain reliable measurements. This article presents a training and testing method used to calibrate a sensor module assembled from SO2 and NO2 electrochemical sensors (Alphasense B4 and B43F) alongside air temperature (T) and humidity (RH) sensors. Field training and testing were conducted in the industrialized coastal area of Quintero Bay, Chile. The raw responses of the electrochemical (mV) and T-RH sensors were subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR) using three data segments, based on either voltage (SO2 sensor) or temperature (NO2). The resulting MLR equations were used to estimate the reference concentration. In the field test, calibration improved the performance of the sensors after adding T and RH in a linear model. The most robust models for NO2 were associated with data collected at T < 10 °C (R2 = 0.85), while SO2 robust models (R2 = 0.97) were associated with data segments containing higher voltages. Overall, this training and testing method reduced the bias due to T and HR in the evaluated sensors and could be replicated in similar environments to correct raw data from low-cost electrochemical sensors. A calibration method based on training and sensor testing after relocation is presented. The results show that the SO2 sensor performed better when modeled for different segments of voltage data, and the NO2 sensor model performed better when calibrated for different temperature data segments.
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Moss, A., R. J. Sica, E. McCullough, K. Strawbridge, K. Walker, and J. Drummond. "Calibration and validation of water vapour lidar measurements from Eureka, Nunavut, using radiosondes and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 3 (March 15, 2013): 741–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-741-2013.
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Abstract. The Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change and Environment Canada DIAL lidar located at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Nunavut, has been upgraded to measure water vapour mixing ratio profiles. The lidar is capable of measuring water vapour in the dry Arctic atmosphere up to the tropopause region. Measurements were obtained in the February to March polar sunrise during 2007, 2008 and 2009 as part of the Canadian Arctic ACE (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment) Validation Campaign. Before such measurements can be used to address important questions in understanding dynamics and chemistry, the lidar measurements must be calibrated against an independent determination of water vapour. Here, radiosonde measurements of relative humidity have been used to empirically calibrate the lidar measurements. It was found that the calibration varied significantly between each year's campaign. However, the calibration of the lidar during an individual polar sunrise campaign agrees on average with the local radiosonde measurements to better than 12%. To independently validate the calibration of the lidar derived from the radiosondes, comparisons are made between the calibrated lidar measurements and water vapour measurements from the ACE satellite-borne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). The comparisons between the lidar and satellite-borne spectrometer for both a campaign average and single overpasses show favourable agreement between the two instruments and help validate the lidar's calibration. The 39 nights of high-Arctic water vapour measurements obtained offer the most detailed high spatial-temporal resolution measurement set available for understanding this time of transition from the long polar night to polar day.
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Othman, Karam Mazin Zeki, and Abdulkreem M. Salih. "Scaled conjugate gradient ANN for industrial sensors calibration." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 680–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2738.
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In this paper, artificial neural network is used to calibrate sensors that are commonly used in industry. Usually, such sensors have nonlinear input output characteristic that makes their calibration process rather inaccurate and unsatisfied. Artificial neural network is utilized in an inverse model learning mode to precisely calibrate such sensors. The scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) algorithm is used in the learning process. Three types of industrial sensors which are gas concentration sensor, force sensors and humidity sensors are considered in this work. It is found that the proposed calibration technique gives fast, robust and satisfactory results.
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Sakhaee, Farhad. "Hydrological Simulation of Silver Creek Watershed using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)." Research International Journal of Energy & Environmental Sciences 02, no. 01 (2021): 001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37179/rijees.000006.
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Silver Creek Watershed has a basin of 1213.11 km2, located in Southern part of Illinois State (U.S.A), including highland silver lake and its east fork tributary. This research employs (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to analyze the watershed as a function of land use parameters. Diff erent parameters have been considered in sensitivity analysis to determine the most sensitive parameters for fl ow rate calibration within diff erent hydrological response units (HRUs). Inputs parameters include precipitations and meteorological data such as solar radiation, wind speed and direction, temperature, and relative humidity. Model was calibrated with measured daily data for Troy gage station. The main objective was to simulate and calibrate the fl ow rate with SWAT model. Uncertainty analysis has been performed with SUFI-2 (Sequential Uncertainty Fitting Version-2) which is interfaced with SWAT applying iSWAT (generic coupling format program). Correlation between several stations within the domain has been calculated which showed a good range of Correlation (R2) values which means the pattern of meteorological data was evenly distributed. Finally based on the root mean of squares error (RMSE), (R2), NSE, and P-BIAS values, the accuracy of the calibration has been determined
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Gurski, Bruno César, Daniela Jerszurki, and Jorge Luiz Moretti de Souza. "Alternative Methods of Reference Evapotranspiration for Brazilian Climate Types." Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia 33, no. 3 (September 2018): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-7786333015.
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Abstract The choice of consistent alternative methods is essential for the improvement of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation for different climatic regions. Due to a critical gap in knowledge concerning the most adequate alternative ETo methods for the climatic conditions in Paraná, Brazil, this study aimed to test and to evaluate the main estimation alternative methods (Thornthwaite - EToTH; Camargo - EToC; Hargreaves and Samani - EToHS; Linacre - EToL; and, Budyko - EToB) for the subtropical (Cfb) and semi-arid (Bsh) climate types in Brazil. We compared our results with standard EToPM (Penman-Monteith) estimated between 1970 and 2015, using the minimum and maximum air temperature (T), sunshine hours (n), relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (U2). Least square regression analysis of ETo estimated by alternative methods vs EToPM were used to calibrate the methods for each analyzed climate type. The performance of calibrated and noncalibrated methods was evaluated by index of agreement “d” and performance “c”, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean error (ME). Our results showed the importance of calibration process of alternative methods for the improvement of ETo estimations in Brazil. The Hargreaves and Samani and Linacre calibrated methods showed better performance in the subtropical and semi-arid climates, respectively. Also, the Linacre and Budyko calibrated methods were particularly robust in subtropical and semi-arid climates, outlining the importance of continuous measurements of T used in the EToL and EToB modeling effort. The results presented here showed the importance to calibrate the alternative methods on ETo estimations and outlined the need for improvement and proposition of new ETo methods based on a limited number of climatic variables commonly available in subtropical and semi-arid climates in Brazil.
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Vajs, Ivan, Dejan Drajic, and Zoran Cica. "Data-Driven Machine Learning Calibration Propagation in A Hybrid Sensor Network for Air Quality Monitoring." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 4, 2023): 2815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052815.
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Public air quality monitoring relies on expensive monitoring stations which are highly reliable and accurate but require significant maintenance and cannot be used to form a high spatial resolution measurement grid. Recent technological advances have enabled air quality monitoring that uses low-cost sensors. Being inexpensive and mobile, with wireless transfer support, such devices represent a very promising solution for hybrid sensor networks comprising public monitoring stations supported by many low-cost devices for complementary measurements. However, low-cost sensors can be influenced by weather and degradation, and considering that a spatially dense network would include them in large numbers, logistically adept solutions for low-cost device calibration are essential. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of a data-driven machine learning calibration propagation in a hybrid sensor network consisting of One public monitoring station and ten low-cost devices equipped with NO2, PM10, relative humidity, and temperature sensors. Our proposed solution relies on calibration propagation through a network of low-cost devices where a calibrated low-cost device is used to calibrate an uncalibrated device. This method has shown an improvement of up to 0.35/0.14 for the Pearson correlation coefficient and a reduction of 6.82 µg/m3/20.56 µg/m3 for the RMSE, for NO2 and PM10, respectively, showing promise for efficient and inexpensive hybrid sensor air quality monitoring deployments.
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Bailey, A., D. Noone, M. Berkelhammer, H. C. Steen-Larsen, and P. Sato. "The stability and calibration of water vapor isotope ratio measurements during long-term deployments." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 5 (May 28, 2015): 5425–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-5425-2015.
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Abstract. With the recent advent of commercial laser absorption spectrometers, field studies measuring stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen in water vapor have proliferated. These pioneering analyses have provided invaluable feedback about best strategies for optimizing instrumental accuracy, yet questions still remain about instrument performance and calibration approaches for multi-year field deployments. With clear scientific potential for using these instruments to carry out long-term monitoring of the hydrological cycle, this study examines the long-term stability of the isotopic biases associated with three cavity-enhanced laser absorption spectrometers – calibrated with different systems and approaches – at two remote field sites: Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, USA, and Greenland Environmental Observatory, Summit, Greenland. The analysis pays particular attention to the stability of measurement dependencies on water vapor concentration and also evaluates whether these so-called concentration-dependences are sensitive to statistical curve-fitting choices or measurement hysteresis. The results suggest evidence of monthly-to-seasonal concentration-dependence variability – which likely stems from low signal-to-noise at the humidity-range extremes – but no long-term directional drift. At Mauna Loa, where the isotopic analyzer is calibrated by injection of liquid water standards into a vaporizer, the largest source of inaccuracy in characterizing the concentration-dependence stems from an insufficient density of calibration points at low humidity. In comparison, at Greenland, the largest source of inaccuracy is measurement hysteresis associated with interactions between the reference vapor, generated by a custom dew point generator (DPG), and the sample tubing. Nevertheless, prediction errors associated with correcting the concentration-dependence are small compared to total measurement uncertainty. At both sites, a dominant source of uncertainty is instrumental precision at low humidity, which cannot be reduced by improving calibration strategies. Challenges in monitoring long-term isotopic drift are also discussed in light of the different calibration systems evaluated.
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Tuğcu, M. Barış, and Erol Feyzullahoğlu. "The investigation of effects of humidity and temperature on torque transducers calibration." tm - Technisches Messen 88, no. 3 (January 8, 2021): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2020-0077.
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Abstract Torque transducer is mechanical device that converts an energy form to another energy form. Torque transducers are calibrated by using machines such as dead weight calibration machines and reference torque transducer systems. Torque transducers are at risk of being affected by various environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, and deviating from expected measurement results due to strain gauges on them. These factors should be kept under control, if this is not possible, contribution of ambient temperature and air humidity effects on measurement results should be taken into consideration. In this study, measurements were made according to DIN 51309 directive, and effect of other parameter changes on measurement uncertainty, while temperature and humidity kept constant in turn, was investigated. In this study, the goal was to reduce measurement uncertainty of calibration by determining the optimum temperature and humidity values in test environment. As a result of this study, the optimum values are obtained. The lowest measurement uncertainty was found at 21 °C and 50 % RH in this experimental study. In a test environment where optimum environmental conditions are obtained as a result of this study, the torque transducers will have the opportunity to work with maximum precision.
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Freitas, Letícia C. da S. R., Ilda de F. F. Tinôco, Richard S. Gates, Matteo Barbari, Márcia G. L. Cândido, and João V. Toledo. "Development and validation of a data logger for thermal characterization in laying hen facilities." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 10 (October 2019): 787–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n10p787-793.
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ABSTRACT The environmental monitoring in animal facilities that includes collected data storage in a robust, practical and feasible way is a constant challenge. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable data logger for monitoring the air temperature and air relative humidity of aviaries and to assess the adequacy of the design using commercially available reference standard instruments. The experimental data logger was installed together with a commercial data logger, a mercury thermometer and a calibrated Vaisala HMP110 air relative humidity probe in a meteorological shelter. Linear regression analysis was performed with the collected air temperature and air relative humidity to develop calibration equations. The Nash-Sutcliffe Index and the relative error were calculated to validate the experimental data logger. The air temperature and the air relative humidity calibration equations presented Nash-Sutcliffe of 0.993 and -0.281 for the commercial data logger, and 0.913 and 0.932 for the experimental data. The mean relative error of the air temperature readings was 3 and 1% and for air relative humidity 5 and 20%, for the experimental and commercial logger, respectively. The experimental data logger reliably stored all collected data without error to the micro-SD card. The experimental data logger can be considered low-cost and sufficiently accurate for monitoring air temperature and air relative humidity in aviaries, presenting field performance very close to the commercial data logger for air temperature measurement, and better performance than the commercial data logger for the measurement of air relative humidity.
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Li, Qing, Ming Wei, Zhenhui Wang, and Yanli Chu. "Evaluation and Improvement of the Quality of Ground-Based Microwave Radiometer Clear-Sky Data." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (March 28, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040435.
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To assess the quality of the retrieved products from ground-based microwave radiometers, the “clear-sky” Level-2 data (LV2) products (profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity) filtered through a radiometer in Beijing during the 24 months from January 2010 to December 2011 were compared with radiosonde data. Evident differences were revealed. Therefore, this paper investigated an approach to calibrate the observed brightness temperatures by using the model-simulated brightness temperatures as a reference under clear-sky conditions. The simulation was completed with a radiative transfer model and National Centers for Environmental Prediction final analysis (NCEP FNL) data that are independent of the radiometer system. Then, the least-squares method was used to invert the calibrated brightness temperatures to the atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. A comparison between the retrievals and radiosonde data showed that the calibration of the brightness temperature observations is necessary, and can improve the inversion of temperature and humidity profiles compared with the original LV2 products. Specifically, the consistency with radiosonde was clearly improved: the correlation coefficients are increased, especially, the correlation coefficient for water vapor density increased from 0.2 to 0.9 around the 3 km height; the bias decreased to nearly zero at each height; the RMSE (root of mean squared error) for temperature profile was decreased by more than 1 degree at most heights; the RMSE for water vapor density was decreased from greater than 4 g/m3 to less than 1.5 g/m3 at 1 km height; and the decrease at all other heights were also noticeable. In this paper, the evolution of a temperature inversion process is given as an example, using the high-temporal-resolution brightness temperature after quality control to obtain a temperature and humidity profile every two minutes. Therefore, the characteristics of temperature inversion that cannot be seen by conventional radiosonde data (twice daily) were obtained by radiometer. This greatly compensates for the limited temporal coverage of radiosonde data. The approach presented by this paper is a valuable reference for the reprocessing of the historical observations, which have been accumulated for years by less-calibrated radiometers.
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Moratiel, Rubén, Raquel Bravo, Antonio Saa, Ana M. Tarquis, and Javier Almorox. "Estimation of evapotranspiration by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Penman–Monteith temperature (PMT) and Hargreaves–Samani (HS) models under temporal and spatial criteria – a case study in Duero basin (Spain)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 3 (March 27, 2020): 859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-859-2020.
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Abstract. The evapotranspiration-based scheduling method is the most common method for irrigation programming in agriculture. There is no doubt that the estimation of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is a key factor in irrigated agriculture. However, the high cost and maintenance of agrometeorological stations and high number of sensors required to estimate it make it non-plausible, especially in rural areas. For this reason, the estimation of ETo using air temperature, in places where wind speed, solar radiation and air humidity data are not readily available, is particularly attractive. A daily data record of 49 stations distributed over Duero basin (Spain), for the period 2000–2018, was used for estimation of ETo based on seven models against Penman–Monteith (PM) FAO 56 (FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations) from a temporal (annual or seasonal) and spatial perspective. Two Hargreaves–Samani (HS) models, with and without calibration, and five Penman–Monteith temperature (PMT) models were used in this study. The results show that the models' performance changes considerably, depending on whether the scale is annual or seasonal. The performance of the seven models was acceptable from an annual perspective (R2>0.91, NSE > 0.88, MAE < 0.52 and RMSE < 0.69 mm d−1; NSE – Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency; MAE – mean absolute error; RMSE – root-mean-square error). For winter, no model showed good performance. In the rest of the seasons, the models with the best performance were the following three models: PMTCUH (Penman–Monteith temperature with calibration of Hargreaves empirical coefficient – kRS, average monthly value of wind speed, and average monthly value of maximum and minimum relative humidity), HSC (Hargreaves–Samani with calibration of kRS) and PMTOUH (Penman–Monteith temperature without calibration of kRS, average monthly value of wind speed and average monthly value of maximum and minimum relative humidity). The HSC model presents a calibration of the Hargreaves empirical coefficient (kRS). In the PMTCUH model, kRS was calibrated and average monthly values were used for wind speed and maximum and minimum relative humidity. Finally, the PMTOUH model is like the PMTCUH model except that kRS was not calibrated. These results are very useful for adopting appropriate measures for efficient water management, especially in the intensive agriculture in semi-arid zones, under the limitation of agrometeorological data.
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Inamdar, Anand K., Lei Shi, Hai-Tien Lee, Darren L. Jackson, and Jessica L. Matthews. "Extending the HIRS Data Record with IASI Measurements." Remote Sensing 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15030717.
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The High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) on the NOAA and the MetOp satellite series have provided global sounding measurements since the late 1970s, spanning over 40 years. These measurements have been useful in climate change detection, numerical weather prediction, and development of long-term climate data records of profiles of atmospheric temperature and humidity, cloud climatology, upper tropospheric water vapor, outgoing longwave radiation, etc. However, the HIRS instrument is being replaced by the new generation of sounders such as the hyperspectral Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on recently launched satellites. In order to continue and extend the HIRS record, we use IASI measurements to simulate and derive HIRS-like data for the 12 HIRS longwave channels. The MetOp satellite operated by EUMETSAT carries both the HIRS and the hyper-spectral IASI instrument with accurate spectral and radiometric calibration, providing a great opportunity to consistently calibrate the measurements. The IASI radiances are convolved with the HIRS spectral response functions to produce IASI-simulated HIRS (IHIRS) for the longwave channels. In the present work, IHIRS data are collocated and compared with HIRS observed radiances on the same satellite to develop a calibration table for each of the ascending/descending orbits and cloudy and clear categories. The resulting inter-instrument calibrated IHIRS data was found to agree with HIRS brightness temperatures within 0.05 K for all longwave channels.
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Malpica Gutierrez, Johan S., Ismael A. Fernández Peña, and Fernando Martínez Santa. "Design, construction and implementation of relative humidity and temperature climatic chamber for metrology laboratory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2135, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2135/1/012003.
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Abstract For the calibration of thermohygrometers it is necessary to have a means of generating temperature and relative humidity for this reason in this development we will build a climatic chamber which will generate and control these two magnitudes. For the generation of temperature a thermoresistance was used and the decrease of relative humidity was done through a silica gel trap through which the air inside the chamber is recirculated with the use of a vacuum pump. On the other hand, an ultrasonic humidity generator also known as fogger was used to increase the relative humidity. For the construction of the chamber, acrylic was used as the main material, since it is translucent and facilitates the visualization of the thermohygrometers’ indications. For the control of the process variables such as temperature and relative humidity, an Arduino card was used, which through PWM pulse width modulation, the control was performed achieving a variation of 0.3 °C and 2 %RH, which will be evaluated by an accredited laboratory in the characterization of isothermal media certified by ONAC, since it is in this way that the inhomogeneity, stability and thermal load of the medium, components that affect the uncertainty of the instruments under calibration, are evaluated. It should be remembered that this development was carried out in order to create an air medium with which temperature and relative humidity measuring instruments can be calibrated in the metrology laboratory VALIDACIONES Y METROLOGIA LM S.A.S., since it is in the process of growth and one of its main objectives is to be accredited in the magnitudes of temperature and relative humidity before the accreditation body in Colombia (ONAC), which is the entity that will finally give the technical approval to release the chamber and put it into operation.
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Colard, S., W. Trinkies, G. Cholet, B. Camm, M. Austin, and R. Gualandris. "Compensation for the Effects of Ambient Conditions on the Calibration of Multi-Capillary Pressure Drop Standards." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0777.
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AbstractCigarette draw resistance and filter pressure drop (PD) are both major physical parameters for the tobacco industry. Therefore these parameters must be measured reliably. For these measurements, specific equipment calibrated with PD transfer standards is used. Each transfer standard must have a known and stable PD value, such standards usually being composed of several capillary tubes associated in parallel. However, PD values are modified by ambient conditions during calibration of such standards, i.e. by temperature and relative humidity (RH) of air, and atmospheric pressure. In order to reduce the influence of these ambient factors, a simplified model was developed for compensating the effects of ambient conditions on the calibration of multi-capillary PD standards.
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Navas-Guzmán, F., J. Fernández-Gálvez, M. J. Granados-Muñoz, J. L. Guerrero-Rascado, J. A. Bravo-Aranda, and L. Alados-Arboledas. "Tropospheric water vapour and relative humidity profiles from lidar and microwave radiometry." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 5 (May 9, 2014): 1201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1201-2014.
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Abstract. In this paper, we outline an iterative method to calibrate the water vapour mixing ratio profiles retrieved from Raman lidar measurements. Simultaneous and co-located radiosonde data are used for this purpose and the calibration results obtained during a radiosonde campaign in summer and autumn 2011 are presented. The water vapour profiles measured during night-time by the Raman lidar and radiosondes are compared and the differences between the methodologies are discussed. Then, a new approach to obtain relative humidity profiles by combination of simultaneous profiles of temperature (retrieved from a microwave radiometer) and water vapour mixing ratio (from a Raman lidar) is addressed. In the last part of this work, a statistical analysis of water vapour mixing ratio and relative humidity profiles obtained during 1 year of simultaneous measurements is presented.
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Navas-Guzmán, F., J. Fernández-Gálvez, M. J. Granados-Muñoz, J. L. Guerrero-Rascado, J. A. Bravo-Aranda, and L. Alados-Arboledas. "Tropospheric water vapour and relative humidity profiles from lidar and microwave radiometry." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 6 (December 5, 2013): 10481–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-10481-2013.
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Abstract. In this paper, we outline an iterative method to calibrate the water vapour mixing ratio profiles retrieved from Raman lidar measurements. Simultaneous and co-located radiosonde data are used for this purpose and the calibration results obtained during a radiosonde campaign performed in Summer and Autumn 2011 are presented. The water vapour profiles measured during nighttime by the Raman lidar and radiosondes are compared and the differences between the methodologies are discussed. Moreover, a new approach to obtain relative humidity profiles by combination of simultaneous profiles of temperature (retrieved from a microwave radiometer) and water vapour mixing ratio (from a Raman lidar) is addressed. In the last part of this work, a statistical analysis of water vapour mixing ratio and relative humidity profiles obtained during one year of simultaneous measurements is presented.
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Syarifatul Ainiyah, Dwi Herry Andayani, Andjar Pundji, and M. Shaib. "Development of Incubator Analyzer Based on Computer with Temperature And Humidity Parameters." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 2, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v2i2.3.
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Opening and closing an infant incubator during calibration can cause temperature leaks such as a decrease in the incubator temperature. The purpose of this study is to make the tool "Development Incubator Analyzer appear PC and Non-PC with Temperature and Humidity parameters" with Bluetooth HC05 delivery for Personal Computer display in the form of numbers and temperature graphs. Whereas for non-PCs displayed on a 20x4 LCD with SD Card storage. The contribution of this research is to be able to calibrate baby incubators without a decrease in temperature and monitoring data collection at a maximum distance of 10 meters. To avoid a decrease in temperature, the module is displayed on the Personal Computer and storage on the SD Card. Incubator Analyzer is designed to simplify and facilitate calibration with temperature parameters at 5 points using a DS18B20 sensor, mat temperature using a K type thermocouple and humidity using a DHT22 sensor. In the temperature setting of 34 C and 36 C, the average error result is -4.87% for DS18B20, -7.39% error for mattress temperature, and -24.80% for humidity sensor. Data generated from comparisons using the INCU II test conclude that the measurement results between modules and standard devices have large differences in values. The results of this study can be implemented on baby incubators to increase the appropriateness of the device.
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Kadhim, Ali Kareem. "Calibration of ionization chamber survey meter." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 14, no. 29 (February 3, 2019): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v14i29.236.
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Radiation measuring devices need to process calibration whichlose their sensitivity and the extent of the response and the amount ofstability under a changing conditions from time to time and thisperiod depends on the nature and use of field in which used devices.A comparison study was done to a (451P) (ionization chambersurvey meter) and this showed the variation of calibration factor infive different years. This study also displayed the concept ofradiation instrument calibration and necessity of every yearcalibration of them.In this project we used the five years calibration data for ionizationchamber survey meter model Inspector (451P) to get that the valuesof Calibration Factor (CF) and Response (1/CF). The value deviation(Δ%) of CFs for four years of calibration in comparison of CF for theyear 2007 are very high and the device under research is not good touse in field and reliable because the ionization chamber is verysensitive to humidity and must calibrate a year or less, or duringevery two years and must maintain carefully to reduce the discardedeffects to the measurements.
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Log, Torgrim. "Consumer Grade Weather Stations for Wooden Structure Fire Risk Assessment." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103244.
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During January 2014, Norway experienced unusually cold and dry weather conditions leading to very low indoor relative humidity (RH) in inhabited (heated) wooden homes. The resulting dry wood played an important role in the two most severe accidental fires in Norway recorded since 1923. The present work describes testing of low cost consumer grade weather stations for recording temperature and relative humidity as a proxy for dry wood structural fire risk assessment. Calibration of the weather stations relative humidity (RH) sensors was done in an atmosphere stabilized by water saturated LiCl, MgCl2 and NaCl solutions, i.e., in the range 11% RH to 75% RH. When calibrated, the weather station results were well within ±3% RH. During the winter 2015/2016 weather stations were placed in the living room in eight wooden buildings. A period of significantly increased fire risk was identified in January 2016. The results from the outdoor sensors compared favorably with the readings from a local meteorological station, and showed some interesting details, such as higher ambient relative humidity for a home close to a large and comparably warmer sea surface. It was also revealed that a forecast predicting low humidity content gave results close to the observed outdoor weather station data, at least for the first 48 h forecast.
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Lazik, de Rooij, Lazik, and Meissner. "A New Principle for Measuring the Average Relative Humidity in Large Volumes of Non-Homogenous Gas." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235073.
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Due to the current extent of arid regions, the pressure on available water resources is increasing. A suitable measure for water availability and dynamics in dry soil is the relative humidity of the soil air. Due to the heterogeneity of soil, water inputs, and root water uptake, the humidity of soil air will vary in space. Therefore, area-representative measurement methods are needed to find a representative measure of the soil water status. Existing sensors for the direct determination of relative humidity only represent a single location with a spatial extent of up to several cm. We introduce a new measuring principle that averages over a spatially heterogeneously distributed relative humidity. It is based on the selective diffusion of water vapor pressure through a tubular semipermeable membrane to/from a closed measurement chamber. A measured pressure change is sensitive to the water vapor pressure and enables, without any external calibration, to estimate an average of the relative humidity. The comparison of our first laboratory prototype of the new sensor with calibrated reference sensors for relative humidity in a range of approx. 4 to 100% proves the linearity of the measuring method and its high accuracy. For further optimization improved reference measurement techniques are necessary. A potential application is the improvement of water use efficiency in irrigated agriculture.
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Maschwitz, G., U. Löhnert, S. Crewell, T. Rose, and D. D. Turner. "Investigation of ground-based microwave radiometer calibration techniques at 530 hPa." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 10 (October 15, 2013): 2641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2641-2013.
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Abstract. Ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) are becoming more and more common for remotely sensing the atmospheric temperature and humidity profile as well as path-integrated cloud liquid water content. The calibration accuracy of the state-of-the-art MWR HATPRO-G2 (Humidity And Temperature Profiler – Generation 2) was investigated during the second phase of the Radiative Heating in Underexplored Bands Campaign (RHUBC-II) in northern Chile (5320 m above mean sea level, 530 hPa) conducted by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program conducted between August and October 2009. This study assesses the quality of the two frequently used liquid nitrogen and tipping curve calibrations by performing a detailed error propagation study, which exploits the unique atmospheric conditions of RHUBC-II. Both methods are known to have open issues concerning systematic offsets and calibration repeatability. For the tipping curve calibration an uncertainty of ±0.1 to ±0.2 K (K-band) and ±0.6 to ±0.7 K (V-band) is found. The uncertainty in the tipping curve calibration is mainly due to atmospheric inhomogeneities and the assumed air mass correction for the Earth curvature. For the liquid nitrogen calibration the estimated uncertainty of ±0.3 to ±1.6 K is dominated by the uncertainty of the reflectivity of the liquid nitrogen target. A direct comparison between the two calibration techniques shows that for six of the nine channels that can be calibrated with both methods, they agree within the assessed uncertainties. For the other three channels the unexplained discrepancy is below 0.5 K. Systematic offsets, which may cause the disagreement of both methods within their estimated uncertainties, are discussed.
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Utomo, Bedjo, I. Dewa Gede Hariwisana, and Shubhrojit Misra. "Design a Low-Cost Digital Pressure Meter Equipped with Temperature and Humidity Parameters." Indonesian Journal of electronics, electromedical engineering, and medical informatics 3, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v3i2.4.
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Calibration is a technical activity which consists of determining one or more properties and characteristics of a product, process or service according to a predetermined special procedure. The purpose of calibration is to ensure measurement results comply with national and international standards. The purpose of this study is to design two mode digital pressure meter (DPM) device equipped with a thermo-hygrometer and pressure in which the design is completed with a selection mode to determine the positive and negative pressure (vacuum) using MPX 5050GP sensor as a positive pressure sensor. In this design DHT 22 sensors is used to measure the humidity and temperature. To test the leak test this device is also equipped with timer. This design uses a 2.4 inch Nextion TFT LCD screen to display data. Data analysis was performed by comparing modul with standard tools. In the measurement process, Mercury tensimeter was carried out 6 times the data and the smallest results were 0 mmHg on the module and 0 mmHg on the standard tool and the largest was 298.0 mmHg on the module and 300 mmHg on the standard tool. Data were collected in a room with a temperature of 31̊C and humidity of 87%. Finally, this design is applicable for daily used for electromedical engineer to calibrate the sphygmomanometer in the hospitals
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Tátrai, D., Z. Bozóki, H. Smit, C. Rolf, N. Spelten, M. Krämer, A. Filges, C. Gerbig, G. Gulyás, and G. Szabó. "Dual channel photoacoustic hygrometer for airborne measurements: background, calibration, laboratory and in-flight inter-comparison tests." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 6 (June 26, 2014): 6359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-6359-2014.
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Abstract. This paper describes a tunable diode laser based dual channel photoacoustic (PA) humidity measuring system called WaSul-Hygro primarily designed for aircraft based environment research. It is calibrated for total pressures and water vapor (WV) volume mixing ratios (VMRs) possible during airborne applications. WV VMR is calculated by using pressure dependent calibration curves and a cubic spline interpolation method. Coverage of the entire atmospheric humidity concentration range which might be encountered during airborne measurements is facilitated by applying an automated sensitivity mode switching algorithm. The calibrated PA system was validated through laboratory and airborne inter-comparisons, which proved that the repeatability, the estimated accuracy and the response time of the system is 0.5 ppmV or 0.5% of the actual reading (whichever value is the greater), 5% of the actual reading within the VMR range of 1–12 000 ppmV and 2 s, respectively. The upper detection limit of the system is about 85 000 ppmV, limited only by condensation of water vapor on the walls of the 318 K heated PA cells and inlet lines. The unique advantage of the presented system is its applicability for simultaneous water vapor and total water volume mixing ratio measurements.
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Wijeratne, Lakitha O. H., Daniel R. Kiv, Adam R. Aker, Shawhin Talebi, and David J. Lary. "Using Machine Learning for the Calibration of Airborne Particulate Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010099.
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Airborne particulates are of particular significance for their human health impacts and their roles in both atmospheric radiative transfer and atmospheric chemistry. Observations of airborne particulates are typically made by environmental agencies using rather expensive instruments. Due to the expense of the instruments usually used by environment agencies, the number of sensors that can be deployed is limited. In this study we show that machine learning can be used to effectively calibrate lower cost optical particle counters. For this calibration it is critical that measurements of the atmospheric pressure, humidity, and temperature are also made.
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Bareta, Bintara Putra Candra, Alex Harijanto, and Maryani Maryani. "RANCANG BANGUN ALAT UKUR SISTEM MONITORING pH, TEMPERATUR, DAN KELEMBAPAN AKUARIUM IKAN HIAS BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jpf.v10i1.21900.
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Water quality in the process of ornamental fish cultivation plays an important role in creating an environment of life that is in accordance with the needs of ornamental fish. Acidity (pH) and water temperature are one of the important factors of ornamental fish growth. The purpose of this study is to describe how the design system builds arduino-based humidity and pH temperature measuring instruments. Review the validity of moisture temperature and water pH. Monitor the humidity temperature and pH of ornamental fish aquarium water to know the results of the same data with liturgy. This research is a research and development research, conducted in the Laboratory of Physics Education Study FKIP Jember University. The research time was carried out for four months. The samples used in this study were ornamental carp. Based on the analysis of data obtained, it can be concluded that, (1) The work of pH, temperature, and spouting systems based on Arduino Uno is made with sen0161-V2, DS18B20 and DHT-11 sensors and data appearance media namely LCD. (2) Rakaian system is then calibrated to state that the system can be used properly. Calibration includes Arduino-based pH, temperature and Humidity sensor calibration as well as LCD testing. (3) The data that has been found by the researcher and the data in the literature has a match.
Keywords: water quality, Acidity (pH), water temperature, arduino-based.
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Chen, Rui Qiong, Ya Liu, and Xiao Hui Li. "Analysis of Tropospheric Correction Models in Navigation Satellite System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 2553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.2553.
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In order to obtain high-precision navigation satellite system time, the errors of navigation satellite system signal need to be calibrated during its transmission, among which, troposphere delay is one of the major errors of navigation satellite system precision positioning. The calibration of troposphere delay has been compared and studied on the basis of model function theory. The troposphere models described include Marini model, Hopfield model, Saastamoinen model, Black model, and the impact extent of meteorological parameters like temperature, pressure, humidity and geographic information of observation station have been analysed quantitatively, which have been systematically analysed the characteristic of troposphere delay and the accuracy of error calibration model. Moreover, by using the data collected by IGS tracking stations to validate the analysis results of models, which has shown that Black model is better than other models when it comes to the extent of meteorological influence and also superior to the troposphere delay generated by the internal calibration model in GPS receiver.
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Yang, Hu, and Martin Burgdorf. "A Calibrated Lunar Microwave Radiative Transfer Model Based on Satellite Observations." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 5501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215501.
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As a potential external calibration reference for spaceborne microwave sounding instruments, accurate and reliable information of lunar disk-averaged radiance at millimeter band are important and fundamental. Based on study for 2-D lunar scans of the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on board the NOAA-20 satellite, the lunar radiance spectrum from 23 to 183 GHz at full moon phase has been reported in our previous work. In this study, the performance of a lunar microwave radiative transfer model (RTM) developed by Keihm was investigated (cited as Keihm model in this paper) . By taking the ATMS observations as the reference truth, the surface emissivity in the lunar RTM can be calibrated. The calibrated RTM model was then evaluated by independent satellite observation data sets from AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit) and MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder) instruments on several NOAA satellites. Results show that with the calibrated model, significant improvement can be made to reduce the uncertainties in the lunar microwave RTM simulations at millimeter wavelengths.
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Hans, Imke, Martin Burgdorf, Stefan Buehler, Marc Prange, Theresa Lang, and Viju John. "An Uncertainty Quantified Fundamental Climate Data Record for Microwave Humidity Sounders." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050548.
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To date, there is no long-term, stable, and uncertainty-quantified dataset of upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) that can be used for climate research. As intermediate step towards the overall goal of constructing such a climate data record (CDR) of UTH, we produced a new fundamental climate data record (FCDR) on the level of brightness temperature for microwave humidity sounders that will serve as basis for the CDR of UTH. Based on metrological principles, we constructed and implemented the measurement equation and the uncertainty propagation in the processing chain for the microwave humidity sounders. We reprocessed the level 1b data to obtain newly calibrated uncertainty quantified level 1c data in brightness temperature. Three aspects set apart this FCDR from previous attempts: (1) the data come in a ready-to-use NetCDF format; (2) the dataset provides extensive uncertainty information taking into account the different correlation behaviour of the underlying errors; and (3) inter-satellite biases have been understood and reduced by an improved calibration. Providing a detailed uncertainty budget on these data, this new FCDR provides valuable information for a climate scientist and also for the construction of the CDR.
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Lorek, Andreas, and Jacek Majewski. "Humidity Measurement in Carbon Dioxide with Capacitive Humidity Sensors at Low Temperature and Pressure." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082615.
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In experimental chambers for simulating the atmospheric near-surface conditions of Mars, or in situ measurements on Mars, the measurement of the humidity in carbon dioxide gas at low temperature and under low pressure is needed. For this purpose, polymer-based capacitive humidity sensors are used; however, these sensors are designed for measuring the humidity in the air on the Earth. The manufacturers provide only the generic calibration equation for standard environmental conditions in air, and temperature corrections of humidity signal. Because of the lack of freely available information regarding the behavior of the sensors in CO2, the range of reliable results is limited. For these reasons, capacitive humidity sensors (Sensirion SHT75) were tested at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in its Martian Simulation Facility (MSF). The sensors were investigated in cells with a continuously humidified carbon dioxide flow, for temperatures between −70 °C and 10 °C, and pressures between 10 hPa and 1000 hPa. For 28 temperature–pressure combinations, the sensor calibration equations were calculated together with temperature–dependent formulas for the coefficients of the equations. The characteristic curves obtained from the tests in CO2 and in air were compared for selected temperature–pressure combinations. The results document a strong cross-sensitivity of the sensors to CO2 and, compared with air, a strong pressure sensitivity as well. The reason could be an interaction of the molecules of CO2 with the adsorption sites on the thin polymeric sensing layer. In these circumstances, an individual calibration for each pressure with respect to temperature is required. The performed experiments have shown that this kind of sensor can be a suitable, lightweight, and relatively inexpensive choice for applications in harsh environments such as on Mars.
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Miech, Jason, Levi Stanton, Meiling Gao, Paolo Micalizzi, Joshua Uebelherr, Pierre Herckes, and Matthew Fraser. "Calibration of Low-Cost NO2 Sensors through Environmental Factor Correction." Toxics 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110281.
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Low-cost air quality sensors (LCSs) have become more widespread due to their low cost and increased capabilities; however, to supplement more traditional air quality networks, the performance of these LCSs needs to be validated. This study focused on NO2 measurements from eight Clarity Node-S sensors and used various environmental factors to calibrate the LCSs. To validate the calibration performance, we calculated the root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), R2, and slope compared to reference measurements. Raw results from six of these sensors were comparable to those reported for other NO2 LCSs; however, two of the evaluated LCSs had RMSE values ~20 ppb higher than the other six LCSs. By applying a sensor-specific calibration that corrects for relative humidity, temperature, and ozone, this discrepancy was mitigated. In addition, this calibration improved the RMSE, MAE, R2, and slope of all eight LCS compared to the raw data. It should be noted that relatively stable environmental conditions over the course of the LCS deployment period benefited calibration performance over time. These results demonstrate the importance of developing LCS calibration models for individual sensors that consider pertinent environmental factors.
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Tátrai, D., Z. Bozóki, H. Smit, C. Rolf, N. Spelten, M. Krämer, A. Filges, C. Gerbig, G. Gulyás, and G. Szabó. "Dual-channel photoacoustic hygrometer for airborne measurements: background, calibration, laboratory and in-flight intercomparison tests." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-33-2015.
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Abstract. This paper describes a tunable diode laser-based dual-channel photoacoustic (PA) humidity measuring system primarily designed for aircraft-based environment research. It is calibrated for total pressure and water vapor (WV) volume mixing ratios (VMRs) possible during airborne applications. WV VMR is calculated by using pressure-dependent calibration curves and a cubic spline interpolation method. Coverage of the entire atmospheric humidity concentration range that might be encountered during airborne measurements is facilitated by applying an automated sensitivity mode switching algorithm. The calibrated PA system was validated through laboratory and airborne intercomparisons, which proved that the repeatability, the estimated accuracy and the response time of the system are 0.5 ppmV or 0.5% of the actual reading (whichever value is the greater), 5% of the actual reading within the VMR range of 1–12 000 ppmV and 2 s, respectively. The upper detection limit of the system is theoretically about 85 000 ppmV, limited only by condensation of water vapor on the walls of the 318 K heated PA cells and inlet lines, and was experimentally verified up to 20 000 ppmV. The unique advantage of the presented system is its applicability for simultaneous water vapor and total water volume mixing ratio measurements.
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Romero-Trigueros, Cristina, Marta Doval Miñarro, Esther González Duperón, and Enrique González Ferradás. "Influence of sample temperature and environmental humidity on measurements of benzene in ambient air by transportable GC-PID." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 10 (October 27, 2017): 4013–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-4013-2017.
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Abstract. Calibration of in situ analysers of air pollutants is usually done with dry standards. In this paper, the influence of sample temperature and environmental humidity on benzene measurements by gas chromatography coupled with a photoionisation detector (GC-PID) is studied. Two reference gas mixtures (40 and 5 µg m−3 nominal concentration benzene in air) were subjected to two temperature cycles (20/5/20 °C and 20/35/20 °C) and measured with two identical GC-PIDs. The change in sample temperature did not produce any significant change in readings. Regarding ambient humidity, the chromatographs were calibrated for benzene with dry gases and subjected to measure reference standards with humidity (20 and 80 % at 20 °C). When measuring a concentration of 0.5 µg m−3 benzene in air, the levels of humidity tested did not produce any significant interference in measurements taken with any of the analysers. However, when measuring a concentration of 40 µg m−3, biases in measurements of 18 and 21 % for each respective analyser were obtained when the relative humidity of the sample was 80 % at 20 °C. Further tests were carried out to study the nature of this interference. Results show that humidity interference depends on both the amount fractions of water vapour and benzene. If benzene concentrations in an area are close to its annual limit value (5 µg m−3), biases of 2.2 % can be expected when the absolute humidity is 8.6 g cm−3 – corresponding to a relative humidity of 50 % at 20 °C. This can be accounted for in the uncertainty budget of measurements with no need for corrections. If benzene concentrations are above the annual limit value, biases become higher. Thus, in these cases, actions should be taken to reduce the humidity interference, as an underestimation of benzene concentrations may cause a mismanagement of air quality in these situations.
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Laily Nurrohmah, Dwi Herry Andayani, and Andjar Pudji. "Development of Incubator Analyzer Using Personal Computer Equiped With Measurement Certificate." Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics 2, no. 2 (July 23, 2020): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v2i2.6.
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Baby incubators are used for premature babies where babies are born prematurely. To ensure the accuracy of medical devices, periodic tests and controls need to be carried out aimed at reducing the risk of measurement. The baby incubator can be tested with a calibration device which is a device to calibrate temperature, noise, humidity, and airflow so that conditions remain stable and within normal limits. The purpose of this study was the development of a PC (Personal Computer) performing Incubator Analyzer with noise and airflow parameters. This type of research uses after only design. The standard incubator analyzer is not equipped with a PC and data processing via Excel, so the researchers created an Incubator Analyzer device that has four parameters to measure temperature, noise, humidity, and airflow. Using the Atmega328 Microcontroller as a data processor, equipped with sending data via Bluetooth HC-05 with data storage and output results will be displayed on a PC. Noise parameters using the Analog Sound Sensor V2 sensor and have the biggest error at 37oC setting temperature that is equal to 0.17%. While the airflow parameter uses an airflow sensor with type D6F-V3A01 and has the biggest error that is 0.5% at a temperature setting of 36oC and 37oC. The use of displays on personal computers and data processing using Excel, allows users to monitor calibration and data processing. The feasibility of this device is proven. Therefire, this design can be used for baby incubator calibration.
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Khaled, K. M., and G. M. Mahmoud. "An investigation on the effect of humidity on the zero signal of a strain gauge measuring system." Universitas Scientiarum 23, no. 1 (May 11, 2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc23-1.aint.
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Humidity is one of the most important ambient factors influencing torque calibration readings. The present study addresses the effect of relative humidity on the readings of reference torque transduction and amplification devices. The results revealed a linear effect of increasing humidity on the readings of a DMP40 torque amplifier and a torque transducer at four different temperatures. Furthermore, humidity effects were smaller on the DMP40 amplifier than on the torque transducer across all four temperatures. The results also showed that the summed effects of humidity on amplifier and transducer calibration readings were larger when each device was operated under different humidity and temperature conditions (<em>i.e.</em> torque amplifier placed inside a controlled climate chamber and transducer outside, and vice-versa); as opposed to smaller summed effects, observed when both devices were operated under the same ambient conditions (<em>i.e.</em> both inside the chamber). Therefore, it is recommended to test the effect of humidity in setups where the two devices are under common humidity conditions. This is likely to lower the uncertainty parameter of obtained torque calibration readings and is a useful consideration for inter-laboratory comparisons and performance testing.
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Serapião, R. V., L. S. de Almeida Camargo, A. de Almeida Ramos, I. de Moura Folhadella, J. Polisseni, E. Lopes, J. H. Moreira Viana, et al. "280 EXPRESSION OF HSP70.1 GENE IN IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS CULTURED IN CR2 MEDIUM SUPPLEMENTED WITH KNOCKOUT™SR." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab280.
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The exposure of embryos to serum during in vitro culture can affect morphology, metabolism, tolerance to cryopreservation, and expression of specific transcripts. On the other hand, serum-free medium seems to avoid some of those serum effects. KnockoutTMSR (GIBCO Laboratories, Grand Island, NY, USA) is a serum replacer optimized to support embryonic stem cells in culture and can also be used to replace serum during culture of in vitro-fertilized bovine embryos. The expression of genes associated with stress response, such as heat shock proteins (HSP), can be affected by in vitro culture conditions, being easily induced by a variety of stress agents, including culture medium components. This study aimed to determine whether KnockoutSR or serum in culture medium alters the relative abundance of HSP70.1 transcripts in in vitro-fertilized bovine embryos. Cumulus–oocyte complexes obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured and feritlized in vitro. Presumptive zygotes were randomly cultured with their own cumulus cells in CR2aa medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (GIBCO-BRL, Paisley, UK; FCS group), 10% KnockoutSR (GIBCO-BRL; KSR group), or 3 mg mL-1 of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA group). All steps were performed at 38.5�C, under 5% CO2 in air and 95% humidity. Blastocysts on Day 8 post-fertilization were rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently thawed for RNA extraction (3 replicates for each group). Total RNA extraction was performed using an Rneasy� Micro kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA), and the first strand was synthesized using SuperscriptTM III First Strand Synthesis kit (Invitrogen, Chicago, IL, USA). Relative quantification was performed in duplicate using real-time PCR (ABI Prism� 7000 Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA); reactions consisted of a mixture of iTaqTM SYBR� Green Supermix with ROX (Bio-Rad, Waltham, MA, USA) with cDNA equivalent to 0.8 embryos and gene-specific primers. Expression of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene was used as endogenous reference. Calculations of relative quantification were performed by comparative Ct method, using the value found in the PVA group as calibrator. Expression levels for the FCS and KSR groups were 1.2 � 0.06- and 1.4 � 0.08-fold differences relative to the PVA group without differences (P > 0.05). These data show that bovine embryos cultured in medium supplemented with KSR have the same HSP70-1 expression pattern as those in medium with added FCS, suggesting that embryos in both groups are under the same stress conditions. This work was supported by FAPEMIG, MG, Brazil, and CNPq, DF, Brazil. Thanks to Agrogenetica, Vi�osa, Brazil, for the real-time PCR machine.
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Barbero-Álvarez, Miguel Antonio, José Manuel Menéndez, Juan Antonio Rodrigo, Blanca Ramírez-Barat, and Emilio Cano. "Assessment of the Robustness of a Color Monitoring Chart Calibration Method for Crowdsourcing-Based Preventive Conservation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 10067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110067.
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Monitoring environmental factors such as pollutants, relative humidity, light, etc. is needed to ensure a proper preventive conservation of cultural heritage. Since existing systems are expensive and difficult to maintain, we propose as a sustainable alternative the use crowdsourced photographs taken by visitors using their cell phones. These images of a tailor made panel, including sensitive materials and a calibration color chart, are calibrated and colorimetric information extracted from them. The aim of this paper is assessing the robustness of the color chart and the calibration method used, and evaluating how the ageing of the materials of the chart can affect the accuracy of the calibration process. A choice is made between four candidate materials and a set of industrial inks. Several tests have been performed and mathematical metrics extracted, so the most suitable material is adequately selected. It has been checked how the image calibration process, employed for homogenizing information from the crowdsourced pictures, performs with real-life materials and colors to assess the possible degradation that may happen. This work is a part of a bigger project with the aim of building a crowdsourcing-based monitoring system for preventive conservation of cultural heritage.
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Hübert, Thomas, Carlo Tiebe, Marc Detjens, and Jacek Majewski. "On-site calibration system for trace humidity sensors." Measurement 91 (September 2016): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.05.013.
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Qiu, Y. Y., C. Azeredo-Leme, L. R. Alcácer, and J. E. Franca. "A CMOS humidity sensor with on-chip calibration." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 92, no. 1-3 (August 2001): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(01)00543-x.
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