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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Humanitarian actors'
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Patterson, Malcolm Hugh. "Private military actors in United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian operations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613342.
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Antoni, Angela, and Kerstin Niggl. "Preventive adaptation strategies within disaster management – how humanitarian actors address climate-related challenges." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Jönköping University, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management (CeLS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-48704.
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Background: Climate change is a significant factor shaping the planet and changing the pattern of disasters which leads to direct and indirect consequences. The result is a huge amount of affected people who rely on humanitarian aid. The satisfaction of this need is the responsibility of disaster management. Only little research about the relation of disaster management and climate change was done so far but would be of utmost importance as climate change is one main obstacle for efficient humanitarian work and disaster management design, in return, affects the resilience and vulnerability of disaster-prone areas. Purpose: This thesis paper investigates the interconnectedness of climate change and disaster management. It has the purpose to explore how humanitarian actors in the scientific and operational sector of disaster management experience the impact of climate change and which preventive adaptation strategies they identify to cope with climate-related challenges. Method: The methodology is based on a relativistic ontology and follows social constructionism as epistemology. A multiple case study within the scope of a qualitative inductive approach was conducted by contrasting scientific and operational experts’ opinions about the role of climate change in the disaster management context. Primary data were gathered in the form of semi-structured interviews by applying the typical case sampling. The selected method of data analysis is the content analysis approach. Conclusion: The results show that climate change consequences can be determined as a highly relevant factor shaping disaster management by intensifying general disaster management challenges. To adjust to this development, adaptation strategies have to be established and should follow a holistic approach. The main adaptation strategies identified are localization, forecast-based financing and superior data analysis in combination with enhanced information management showing major effects if applied within prevention and preparedness. Restricting factors in adaptation are lacking resources, coordination and communication problems and an insufficient flexibility level of systems and tools. Technology application, data analysis and forecasting, as well as lessons learnt instead can be seen as facilitating factors to overcome the challenges and barriers.
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Barbelet, Veronique. "Engaging with armed non-state actors on humanitarian issues : a step towards peace?" Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14116/.
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Mastorodimos, Konstantinos. "The accountability of armed non-state actors in international humanitarian and human rights law." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612570.
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Moll, Amanda L. "International Actors, Norms and Human Development." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/18.
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A number of international humanitarian organizations focus on human development and aim to improve the situation of children. In many developing countries, states have not been able to fulfill the educational or basic needs of its children. To fill this void, international actors have stepped in to help with human development. This thesis focuses on answering the question: How are norms diffused to local communities? Looking at the implementation of human development norms, this paper examines the norms-based actions that NGOs take to maximize the development potential of children. Programs aimed at increasing basic education as well as fighting child labor are addressed. When exploring the norm socialization process NGOs use to promote programs in education and child labor, it is clear that a different process is present than is suggested by existing literature. This is due to the locale where norms are implemented: local communities.
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Papaioannou, Andreas. "Humanitarian Values on Trial: Legal Cases relating to Humanitarian Protection at the Migration Court in Stockholm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393910.
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Purpose: The paper’s purpose is to critically discuss how a government institution, the Migration Court in Stockholm, interprets the law and how this interpretation reflects value choices and value priorities. Methodology/Design: The present paper employs qualitative research methods focusing on discursive social psychology and the interpretative repertoire of “effortfulness”. Results/Findings: This paper suggests that the definition of values as behaviour predictors helps us understand how state institutions and, in the present study, the Migration Court in Stockholm can express “other-oriented” values. Value/Originality: The paper’s socio-legal analysis of the humanitarian sector highlights the emergence of the judiciary system as a new humanitarian actor.
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Sicksch, Lynsey Charlotte. "Auguries of Innocence: Failing Failed States." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104467.
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Thesis advisor: Gerald EasterThesis advisor: Timothy Crawford
Currently there are millions of people trapped within the confines of a failed state, where each day they are met with extreme risk in order to acquire the basic human needs. While these situations are easily classified as humanitarian emergencies, more often than not, the billions of dollars sent in aid harms the very communities they are charged to help. Through the case study of the world's most failed state, Somalia, this thesis defines and deconstructs state failure, explains life on-the-ground in Somalia, while suggesting solutions for the future
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Juma, Monica Kathina. "The politics of humanitarian assistance : state, non-state actors and displacement in Kenya and Uganda (1989-1998)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365626.
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Awan, Ziyad, and Ziaur Rahman. "Supply chain designs for Humanitarian Relief." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12719.
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Due to the unpredictable nature of sudden onset disasters the humans are often caught with surprise so are the humanitarian relief organizations. In order to quickly react to the emergencies, supply chain networks are built instantly by the actors of the relief management. Parallel to this process, need assessment is started with the help of local experts which also confirm that the response cannot be lingered on due a delay in need assessment. After wards the supply chain structure needs to be changed once the right information is gathered by the passage of time. This is not all, actually the situation of the disaster prone area and people also changes by that time which always brings a challenging scenario for humanitarian relief actors to develop the supply chain design with flexibility.Primary focus of this paper is to define right supply chain designs for disaster response and post disaster phases in humanitarian relief.
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Kirschbaum, Lisa Christina. "The illegal targeting of healthcare in the Yemen armed conflict: A quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the experiences of humanitarian actors and the Yemeni population." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388911.
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The illegal targeting of healthcare in armed conflict is nothing new but its continuance and impunity at a time when the protection of it has formally never been higher, for instance through the UNSC Resolution 2286, motivated this study. Therefore, the thesis analyses how the illegal targeting of healthcare affect humanitarian actors operating in Yemen as well as the local population. How the population and humanitarian actors perceive and interpret the violent targeting of healthcare was explored as well. This study is based on a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of 11 media outlets and 25 documents provided by humanitarian actors. As a theoretical framework the humanitarian principles, international humanitarian law and the politicisation of humanitarian aid were addressed. Moreover, securitization theory was used in order to explain how humanitarian actors securitize the targeting through language. The results show that consequences of the illegal targeting for humanitarian organisations are limited access to the field as well as the closing of facilities and withdrawal of staff due to security issues. For the Yemeni population consequences are a limited access to healthcare as well as a loss of trust in the safety of medical facilities and therefore they often take the decision to not seek medical care. The analysis shows that humanitarian actors present the illegal targeting as a threat to the survival of beneficiaries and connect this to their own organisational survival and through that securitize the illegal targeting.
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Moalim, Bostio Abdulahi. "Handling an epidemic during humanitarian crisis in a civil war - The case Yemen." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-427899.
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Yemen is amid in three threats at the moment, during a civil war with a pandemic hitting them during a humanitarian crisis. The aim of this work was to understand how has the civil war in Yemen shaped and impacted their humanitarian crisis and COVID-19 response. A literature review was used in this study which helped to analyze the work. As a theoretical framework, it was used Michael E. Brown’s concept of Causes and dimensions of internal actors and Mary Kaldor’s concept of New Wars, which helped to outline and analyze the elements of this conflict and what effects internal and external Actors have in the conflict. Mason and Rychard´s conflict mapping tools were used as a method. Also, the inter-agency framework helped to analyze the structural causes and key actors in the conflict. These all helped answer the research question, how has the civil war in Yemen affected their humanitarian crisis and COVID-19 response? One of the important points that this conflict in Yemen tells us is the importance of local humanitarian workers when the conflict actors deny access to the areas. Without them, the work of international aid workers would be almost impossible, as the war continued around. The two humanitarian actors benefit from each other and this brings joint benefit to the Yemeni civilians. The main findings are as the war prolongs for a long time and externals actors intervene in it, followed by a humanitarian crisis affecting innocent civilians. Such a country will then be vulnerable to various pandemics. This has happened in the conflict in Yemen, as the situation is terrible and the COVID-19 pandemic disaster is coming to light there. One can state as a conclusion of the study that further research on the effect of COVID-19 could be helpful for the future to understand the real catastrophic effects this absurd conflict has brought.
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Köhler, de Castro Carolina. "Conflict and drought: is it a dual challenge? : A comparative case study of the challenges humanitarian reliefprogrammes in Mozambique and Zimbabwe faced during the 2016El Niño induced drought and conflict in Mozambique." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142411.
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The number of people around the world who are affected by humanitarian crises has almost doubled in the past decade. For instance, in 2016, Southern Africa experienced the worst drought in 35 years, due to the weather phenomenon El Niño, and all aspects of society were affected. The aim of this thesis is to identify and analyse different types of challenges humanitarian relief programmes face in their disaster management in two different contexts: a conflict and a non-conflict context. The thesis combines both disaster management and peace and conflict studies. Interviews have been conducted in Zimbabwe (non-conflict) and Mozambique (conflict) with INGOs, UN organisations and donors that were involved in the humanitarian relief programmes in the countries during the El Niño induced drought in 2016. The programmes experienced various challenges, and additional challenges have been found in the humanitarian relief programmes in Mozambique due to the conflict. This thesis contributes to the existing theory with one piece of the puzzle: combining the theories on disaster management and peace and conflict studies and showing that neighbouring countries to those in conflict are likely to get spillover challenges from the country in conflict, primarily due to issues with refugees.
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Shankar, Ram Anand. "Analyzing health initiatives as bridges towards peace during complex humanitarian emergencies and the roles of actors and economic aid in making these bridges sustainable." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36528.pdf.
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Self, Jonathan. "Impacts of COVID-19 on the Relationships Between Local and International Humanitarian Actors: The Case of Lebanon and the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Explosions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445120.
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This thesis analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on relationships between international and local humanitarian actors responding to the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Explosion. The concepts of “the local”, localization, inequality, and remote management provide a theoretical framework for this analysis. Data collection for this case study research includes a review of published and grey literature, and five video interviews with staff of local and international humanitarian organizations in Beirut. Empirical findings show that local-international inequalities—in the forms of limited access, recognition,and control—have been observed in Beirut and Lebanon for decades, and persisted during the port explosion response. This research further suggests that COVID-19 has contributed to an increase in inequality, most notably by reducing the participation of local actors in humanitarian coordination meetings, and disproportionately transferring risk from international to local actors due to a reliance on remote management. Findings also show that the port explosion caused an influx of funding that was disproportionately directed to international actors, and the economic crisis created a currency devaluation that has exacerbated local-international wage disparities and threatened to limit the reach of local NGO activities. Despite the strength of the civil society—shaped by a strong education system, decades of working through crisis, and government inaction—local actors have often been excluded from humanitarian practice in Beirut and Lebanon. At the same time, findings highlight increases in equality: some local actors adapted more quickly than international actors to COVID-19 and were able to leverage their strengths to receive more funding and greater leadership in the port explosion response. These movements demonstrate adaptability in humanitarian practice that would be critically required in any future reform. This thesis concludes with two recommendations: (1) the use of remote management due to COVID-19 is likely problematic and requires further research to identify best practices; and (2) critical localization provides a useful framework to analyze and mitigate the persistence of local-international inequalities infuture humanitarian responses, and helps to find a meaningful way forward.
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Munoz, Alonso Pedro. "Unpacking critical masculinities and intersectionality to inform Sexual and Gender-Based Violence programmes : Envisioning an enhanced men-inclusive approach (the men's lens) through humanitarian actors in the current Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Genus, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148940.
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Sexual and Gender-Based Violence constitutes one of the major protection concerns in displacement settings, being the current Syrian crisis in Lebanon no exception. This has led international and Lebanese humanitarian actors to design and implement prevention and response programmes country-wide to ensure the protection of persons of concern. Yet, gender-related programmes seem to maintain a traditional approach which focuses disproportionately on women and girls. As for SGBV programmes, while women and girls do constitute the bulk of SGBV survivors, such traditional approach overlooks the need of other groups concerned by any gender and SGBV-related interventions. This holds especially true to men and boys, whose engagement in SGBV programming is still conceived in silos, usually included in prevention programmes in their role as perpetrators. Working with men and boys survivors is not widespread and there is no consistent attempt to involve men across all stages in programmes. With no aim to compromise the much needed interventions with women and girls, this Master’s thesis aims at exploring an enhanced men-inclusive approach to SGBV programmes through the exploration of a tool called the men’s lens. By analyzing how Syrian refugee men’s own masculinities and manhood and their linkages to their social positioning influence the emergence of SGBV, this Master’s thesis explores the feasibility of such approach through interviews and a set of recommendations to humanitarian actors in Lebanon. As such, the thesis contributes to bringing together academia and the humanitarian realm, contextualising the men’s lens to the reality on the ground. This includes the adoption of a practical focus on the intertwinement between SGBV, masculinities and intersectionality among Syrian refugees in Lebanon, with the ultimate goal of contributing to improving current SGBV programmes in the Syria crisis.
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Asgari, Alireza. "Covid-19 pandemic, Swedish Crisis Management and The Shopping Needs of Home-quarantined : Measures taken by authorities, the interaction between State, Humanitarian Actors and Communities; and the Neo-liberal Paradigm." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446857.
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The focus of this research is upon the measures that Swedish Crisis Management System carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic toward the shopping needs (i.e., food/groceries, medicines) of home-quarantined individuals (those who should stay at home according to the authorities’ recommendations because they were either elderly or regardless their ages, were in risk groups or had symptoms of disease). The research identifies the immediate responsible authority concerning this need and examines how this actor behaved and what measures took to address the shopping needs of home-quarantined. The interaction between this responsible actor and other social parties (e.g., humanitarian actors/civil society, and/or Local Communities), explored to illustrate whether the responsible actor had carried out its immediate duty or not. The outcomes of various operations that different social actors performed are analyzed and compared. For assessing the Swedish Crisis Management System and the measures carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic, five case studies conducted; the action of the municipalities in four cities (Örebro, Staffanstorp, Uppsala and Umeå) and one Community Initiative in Örebro (named Coronahjälpen, which launched and operated via a Facebook group) examined and compared. Additionally, the pattern exercised in more than a hundred cities explored. The relationship/interaction between state agents (mainly municipalities) from one side and Civil Society organizations or Community Initiatives is illustrated by applying one practical categorization of the relationship between state and Civil Society and one politico-economic categorization. For the latter, the Neo-liberal paradigm applied for such an analysis toward the relationships. Based on the primary and secondary data and the discussion upon them, the failure or success of the Swedish Crisis Management System during the Covid-19 pandemic regarding shopping needs of home-quarantined individuals was examined. In the conclusion part of the paper, a recommendation for such a system is provided.
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Leclerc-Gagné, Elise. "The construction of the humanitarian worker as inviolate actor." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/48447.
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“How is it that there is such a concern for the security of humanitarian workers?” A glance at the legal, policy, humanitarian, academic and business spheres reveals a widespread and strong commitment to the security of humanitarian workers. While it may appear obvious that these actors should not be victims of security incidents, upon scrutiny, the prominence of this notion – which I term the “norm of humanitarian security” – is surprising. Concern for the security of humanitarian workers is startling considering the enduring ambiguity of what or who humanitarian workers are, and the fact that these actors perform work that has, for years, faced serious critiques.
In view of this state of affairs, this dissertation asks: “how is it that humanitarian workers came to be perceived as inviolate actors?” I attend to this question by tracing a genealogy of the norm of humanitarian security. After outlining the emergence of the humanitarian worker as actor, I show how the norm of humanitarian security developed and gained prominence in the 1990s. I argue that this development was greatly informed by states’ commitment to the delivery of humanitarian assistance to which the security of humanitarian workers was perceived as central. States’ changing paradigm of engagement in humanitarian affairs in the post-2001 period contributed to the norm of humanitarian security becoming a stand-alone norm. This occasioned a shift in which violations of the norm went from being portrayed as problematic owing to their impact on the delivery of humanitarian assistance, to being perceived as problematic in and of themselves.
This research makes an important contribution to the literature on norms – by providing the first study of the norm of humanitarian security; the literature on humanitarianism – by shedding light on the evolution of the notion of humanitarian worker and showing the interplay between the evolution of the humanitarian sphere and the humanitarian worker; and to the literature on the security of humanitarian workers – by providing a historically situated account of its object of study.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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McRae, Peter. "Unaccountable Soldiers: Private Military Companies and the Law of Armed Conflict." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20580.
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The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.
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Kimbembe-Lemba, Aymar. "Le statut des salariés des sociétés militaires privés participant aux conflits armés." Thesis, Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT3012.
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Il existe une distinction entre les civils et les membres des forces armées. Cette distinction est implicitement la question de fond de cette étude sur la détermination du statut juridique des salariés des sociétés militaires privées (SMP) participant aux conflits armés. Par ailleurs, la défense et la sécurité de l'État sont assurées par divers acteurs de statuts différents qui ont des rôles bien définis par un cadre juridique : les civils et les membres des forces armées. La distinction sus-évoquée ne se limite pas là, mais elle concerne aussi les seuls membres des forces armées car il existe une distinction interne et une autre externe. Tous les membres des forces armées n'ont pas droit au statut de combattant. En revanche, la négation du statut de combattant à certains militaires n'est que relative et elle n'influence pas leur droit au statut de prisonnier de guerre. Ces militaires sont différents des personnes employées en dehors des forces armées et mandatées par leur employeur pour fournir des prestations auprès des armées sur un théâtre d'opérations. Cette utilisation soulève plusieurs questions en DIH. Les SMP fournissent des prestations qui vont de la logistique à la participation directe aux hostilités. Cette participation directe ou indirecte aux hostilités débouche sur une « hémorragie de langage » pour qualifier les salariés des SMP de mercenaires, de nouveaux mercenaires, de « security contractors », des soldats à vendre, des combattants irréguliers, etc. Ainsi, les salariés de ces sociétés exercent-ils une activité de mercenariat ? Leurs sociétés-employeurs constituent-elles des sociétés de secours ?A distinction is made between civilians and military personnel. This distinction is implicit in the substantive issue of this study on determining the legal status of employees of private military companies (PMCs) involved in armed conflicts. Moreover, the defense and State security are provided by various actors of different statuses that have defined roles for a legal framework. Civilians and members of the armed forces are indeed links in this chain. The distinction mentioned over is not confined there, but it is also about the only members of the armed forces because there is a distinction between internal and one external. All members of the armed forces are not entitled to combatant status. However, the denial of combatant status to certain military is only relative and does not affect their right to prisoner of war status. These soldiers are different from those employed outside the armed forces and mandated by their employer to provide benefits to the armies in a theater of operations. This use raises several issues in IHL. PMCs provide services that go from logistics to direct participation in hostilities. This direct or indirect participation in hostilities leads to a “hemorrhage of language” to describe employees of PMCs as mercenaries, new mercenaries, defense and security contractors, soldiers for sale, irregular combatants, etc. Thus, the employees of these companies undertake specific activities of mercenaries? Their companies-employers do they constitute relief societies ? Are they combatants, noncombatants or irregular combatants ? This is so prompt questions that this thesis attempts to answer
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Pihl, Andreas, and Mónica Colleros. "A proposal of Reverse Logistics applied in Humanitarian Relief Actions : Donations Identification and Reallocation – A Humanitarian Logistics View." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18808.
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The application of innovative methods to diminish the amount of human creation called “waste” should be applied not only under commercial terms, but also under the humanitarian concept. Negative results of focusing only on the fastest relief of human suffer without attending the consequences of the flow of items left on the disaster zones, could bring in the medium term, critical environmental consequences, due to the creation of new waste. This research analyzes relevant approaches of the Humanitarian Relief of Aid under a Humanitarian Logistics point of view. It aims to find if those approaches have already a Reverse Logistic phase of the items provided by donors. The results demonstrate the absence of a Reverse Logistics Phase for items brought to disaster zones. Thus, some proposals were suggested for a new Reverse Logistic Phase in any humanitarian relief of aid. NGOs, donors participation, coordination among players on the scene, managing inventories, last mile distribution, performance measurement, relief of aid models, and reverse logistics concepts applied to the humanitarian field would be only some of the themes revised on this research. These aim to enrich the readers’ knowledge on the topic as well as to provide an open panorama of the humanitarian actions employed in each Natural Disaster. The reader would acquire sufficient understanding to determine how feasible and reachable are the alternatives proposed by the authors. The relevance of this theme reveals a critical and not yet researched niche in Reverse Logistics under Humanitarian Logistics. It encourages more readers to research on it, explore and apply in future natural disasters. This research used a qualitative approach employing a semi-structured interview made to small and large humanitarian organizations.
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WEBER, RENATA. "METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURE AND DISASTER RESPONSE ACTIONS IN HUMANITARIAN LOGISTICS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24579@1.
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O aumento da ocorrência de desastres naturais no Brasil e a carência de ferramentas de gerenciamentos logísticos eficazes têm demonstrado a necessidade de estruturação e a importância no aprofundamento dos estudos na Logística Humanitária, área ainda recente e com muito a aprimorar. Este trabalho objetiva maximizar o atendimento de ajuda humanitária, minimizando os desperdícios de tempo e recursos na movimentação, entrega e demais atividades de planejamento e resposta ao desastre. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi elaborada uma metodologia de mensuração de desastres a partir da avaliação do cenário afetado na fase inicial de resposta ao desastre e, assim, estabelecida ações padronizadas para permitir a diminuição do improviso e uma maior eficiência na utilização de recursos e proposição de atividades. Neste sentido, esta dissertação procura relacionar as similaridades entre a logística empresarial e a logística humanitária, abordando os aspectos relevantes da primeira que podem ser utilizados para desenvolvimento de ferramentas da segunda. Por fim, exemplifica-se o método proposto através de sua aplicação no município de Bom Jardim, local afetado pelas enxurradas bruscas e inundações em janeiro de 2011 na região serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia proposta sugere, para os afetados, ações de resposta delineadas através da análise de indicadores que refletem o cenário local e suas necessidades prioritárias. Desta forma, foram percebidas as vantagens reais na utilização da metodologia como ferramenta de gerenciamento de processos para mensuração, proposição de ações de resposta e atendimento de ajuda humanitária.The increase on occurrence of natural disasters in Brazil and the lack of effective logistics management tools have demonstrated the need for structure and importance in deepening the studies in Humanitarian Logistics, a very recent area which has a lot to be improved. This paper aims to maximize the service in the humanitarian relief, minimizing waste of time and resources in handling, delivery, and other activities on planning and responding to a disaster. To achieve this goal, it was developed a disaster measure methodology that associate the information collected in the initial phase of the disaster response and established standard actions to reduce the improvisation and to allow a more efficient use of resources and proposed activities. Thus, this paper seeks to relate the similarities between the business logistics and humanitarian logistics, addressing the relevant aspects of the first one that can be used to develop tools on the second one. Finally, the proposed method is exemplified through its application in Bom Jardim, a city in the highlands of the state of Rio de Janeiro, affected by sudden floods in January 2011. The proposed methodology suggests, as disaster response, standard actions, by analyzing indicators that reflect the local scene and their priority needs. Finally, the application shows the benefits in the use of this methodology as a process management tool to measure, propose response actions, and provide humanitarian aid.
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Land, Anthony Christopher. "Towards enhancing responsibility and accountability in humanitarian action : understanding the subjective factors that influence evaluation of humanitarian actions and the implementation of the recommendations made." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/18133/.
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When specialists in the evaluation of humanitarian action meet they often complain that “evaluations tell us nothing new”. Can this complaint be justified and, if so, can any additional insights into the reasons be discovered? An analysis and comparison is made of the recommendations arising from the evaluations of the humanitarian response to two major forced displacements and two natural disasters. The comparison is used to identify the extent to which recommendations made in the evaluation of the earlier of each pair were repeated in the subsequent evaluations. An analysis of the subjective influences reported as impinging upon nine of the earliest evaluations of humanitarian actions is made. A series of 22 elite interviews with staff of humanitarian organisations and independent consultants directly involved in the evaluation of humanitarian action reveals the continuing influence of these ‘subjective’ factors and indicates of a lack of confidence in the evaluation process as a tool for institutional learning. The roles of agency and structure in the subjective influences impinging on the evaluation of humanitarian action are analysed and recommendations made for the improvement of the evaluation/learning cycle.
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Sutton, Rebecca. "The international humanitarian actor as 'civilian plus' : the circulation of the idea of distinction in international law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3803/.
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This socio-legal study reconceptualizes the principle of distinction in international humanitarian law (IHL). Moving away from the dominant vision of fixed civilian and combatant entities separated by a bright line, it introduces an alternative vision of how distinction works in different places and at different times, or what we might think of as ‘a new law of distinction’. This account is grounded in the practices of international actors across a number of global sites: from Geneva and The Hague to civil–military training programmes in Europe and the operational context of South Sudan. The main character of interest is the international humanitarian actor, who is situated alongside other international actors, such as NATO soldiers, UN peacekeepers and UN civilian actors. As is shown, the everyday interactions of these actors are shaped by contests over distinction. In the law of distinction that is distilled from these practices, qualities of ‘civilianness’ and ‘combatantness’ float around in the air, able to attach to any individual at any given moment, depending upon their self-presentation, behaviour and context. Three new figures emerge around these qualities: the ‘civilian plus’, the ‘mere civilian’ and the ‘civilian minus’. The ‘civilian plus’, this study proposes, represents a special status that international humanitarian actors disseminate on a daily basis. This special status relies upon a concept of civilianness that is relative, contingent and aligned with an alreadyfragmented civilian category in IHL. The distinction practices of humanitarian actors also have an important performance component, designed to influence the perceptions of an omnipresent observer – the ‘phantom local’. The overarching aim of this inquiry is to uncover and contend with distinction’s perpetually disrupted nature. The study dismantles the idea of distinction as we know it, enabling us to recognize distinction in strange and unfamiliar forms.
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MENDONCA, BIANCA GOMES SOARES GONCALVES DE. "LOGISTIC EXPERIENCE OF THE BRAZILIAN NAVY IN HUMANITARIAN ACTIONS: EARTHQUAKES IN HAITI AND CHILE IN 2010." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31459@1.
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A assistência humanitária em casos de desastres vem desempenhando papel significativo nos estudos da logística atualmente. Neste cenário, onde a participação de militares brasileiros prestando este tipo de assistência tem sido cada vez mais marcante, cabe às instituições que compõem as Forças Armadas brasileiras revisar, documentar e analisar continuamente os processos e métodos quando atuando em assistência humanitária. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os obstáculos que a Marinha do Brasil encontrou e como foi sua atuação no campo logístico quando participou de ações humanitárias nos terremotos ocorridos no Haiti e no Chile, ambos no ano de 2010. A contribuição desta pesquisa é principalmente servir de fonte documental retratando como foi o apoio prestado pelos militares na época que os eventos ocorreram e a sistemática de abastecimento atualmente empregada pela Força, visando melhorar as decisões a serem tomadas na Marinha do Brasil, quando esta se deparar com casos semelhantes aos que aqui foram tratados. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi de abordagem qualitativa, com objetivo exploratório e descritivo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica em conceitos presentes no ramo da logística e em doutrinas legais que regem a logística militar. O estudo de caso pautou-se em apresentar dois eventos e analisar a atuação da Marinha em cada um deles. A revisão e análise dos casos aqui tratados resulta no apoio a novos estudos que visem o aperfeiçoamento de processos e o melhor gerenciamento de cadeias logísticas que sejam capazes de aliviar o sofrimento humano por meio de operações humanitárias.Humanitarian assistance for disaster events has been playing a significant role in logistics studies nowadays. In this scenario, where the participation of Brazilian military personnel proving this type of assistance has been increasingly important, it is duty of the institutions that compose the Brazilian Armed Forces to continuously review, document and analyze the processes and methods when acting in humanitarian assistance. This dissertation aims to present the obstacles that the Brazilian Navy encountered and how it performed in the logistic field when it participated in humanitarian actions after the earthquakes in Haiti and Chile, both in the year of 2010. The contribution of this research is mainly to serve as a documentary source, depicting the support provided by the military at the time the events occurred and the supply system currently employed by the Force, aiming to improve the decisions to be taken in the Brazilian Navy, when it faces similar cases in the future. The research methodology used was a qualitative approach, with an exploratory and descriptive objective, through a bibliographical research on concepts present in the logistics sector and in legal doctrines that govern the military logistics. The case study consisted in presenting two events and analyzing the Brazilian Navy s performance in each of them. The review and analysis of the cases discussed here results in support for further studies that aim the improvement of processes and the better managing of logistics chains that are capable of alleviating human suffering through humanitarian operations.
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Schlagheck, Heidi Michelle. "The Importance of International Law in Counter-Terrorism: The Need for New Guidelines in International Law to Assist States Responding to Terrorist Attacks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36371.
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Terrorism, in one way or another, touches everyone's lives. Its affect could be as small as watching media stories on the nightly news and waiting longer in a security line at the airport or as significant as losing a loved one in an attack. As individuals come to grips with living with increased terrorist violence, individual nation-states and the international community have to prepare themselves to prevent, react to, and counter terrorism. This thesis examines whether international law provides an adequate framework for states victimized by terrorism to respond within the law. It highlights how international law currently addresses terrorism and the benefits and disadvantages of applying national and transnational criminal law and international human rights law compared with international humanitarian law to terrorism. Three case studies, the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States, the 5 September 1972 attack against Israeli athletes in Munich, Germany, and the 11 March 2004 bombings of the train system in Madrid, Spain, investigate how international law has been used in actual terrorist incidents, lending insight into how international law has been interpreted and used in the face of terrorism. They also allow analysis of other factors besides international law that impact a victim-state's response. Finally, this thesis proposes criteria that can be weighed by victim-states and the international community in order to develop an appropriate response to terrorist incidents and recommendations for modifications to international law that will maintain international law's relevance as the international community fights terrorism.Master of Arts
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Ravatua-Smith, William Samuel. "The Art of Binding Communications : From Face to Face to Computer Mediated Communication in the Domain of Humanitarian Actions." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0017/document.
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Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans le champ de la communication engageante. Un certain nombre de travaux antérieurs se sont intéressés à la pratique de la communication engageante dans un contexte de face à face. La contribution de ce travail porte sur l’étude de la communication engageante dans un contexte de communication médiatisée par ordinateur. Véritable travail interdisciplinaire, il se situe au creuset de la psychologie sociale, des sciences de l’information et de la communication et de l’informatique. La question de recherche consiste à s’interroger sur la transposition des conditions et techniques de l’engagement dans des environnements numériques. Pour répondre à cette question, un travail de terrain a été réalisé sur le thème de l’humanitaire sur le web. Les stratégies de communications en ligne des organisations humanitaires ont été étudiées de façon approfondie. Par la suite un travail de terrain a été articulé autour de plusieurs expérimentations conduites en face à face puis en ligne dans un contexte humanitaire. Le choix a été fait de privilégier la production expérimentale dans des conditions naturelles. Si l’efficacité de la communication engageante est incontestable dans le cadre de la communication en face à face, les résultats sont moins probants dans le cadre des expérimentations conduites dans les environnements numériques. S’amorce alors une analyse critique permettant de mieux comprendre les raisons de ces résultatsThis research is in the field of binding communications. A number of previous studies have focused on the practice of binding communications in the face-to-face setting. This research provides a contribution to the field with novel experiments of binding communication in the context of computer mediated communications. It is a true interdisciplinary research with foundations in social psychology, information communication sciences and information communication technology. The research question is to examine the implementation of binding communication techniques in the computer mediated setting. To answer this question, fieldwork was carried out on the theme of humanitarianism on the Web. The online communication strategies of popular humanitarian organizations have been extensively studied. Subsequently, fieldwork was structured around several experiments conducted in the face-to-face and online settings in a humanitarian context. The choice was made to focus our experimental studies in real world conditions as opposed to developing laboratory setting tests. If the effectiveness of binding communication strategies is undeniable in the face-to-face setting, the results are less convincing in our experiments conducted in the computer mediated environment. This research paves the way for future critical analyses needed in order to better understand the results obtained from our experimentations
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Kjerrman, Asta Marie. "Civilians as a direct target of violence : How modern warfare challenges International Humanitarian Law." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44106.
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This study aims to examine how the emergence of modern warfare are challenging International Humanitarian Law when it comes to the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Thereby gaining a better understanding of how modern warfare is putting civilians at risk and how International Humanitarian Law is being challenged by the development of warfare. This study is a multidisciplinary study of Peace and Conflict Studies and International Law, which gives a rare perspective on civilian’s position in modern warfare. Thereby this study is not only showing the legal challenges in armed conflict but also bringing in the perspective of civilian’s position in modern warfare. This study will make use of three case studies: urban warfare, non-state actors and the use of drones in armed conflict. This study concludes that the challenges which International Humanitarian Law meets in modern warfare, is related to the need of clarifications but also a need for a greater enforcement and respect of the law by all parties of the conflict, both state and non-state actors. Lastly, there is a need for strengthening the inclusion of non-state actors in international law and strengthen International Humanitarian Law to meet the challenges of modern warfare to protect the civilians.
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Rajan, Suresh G. "Analysis and design of systems utilizing blockchain technology to accelerate the humanitarian actions in the event of natural disasters." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118526.
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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 56-58).
This paper focuses on designing novel ways to alleviate human and economic impacts caused by weather and climate disasters such as droughts and cyclones. Natural disasters are becoming apparent and continue to grow in number, intensity, and impact. Authorities, organizations and community groups who focus on rebuilding and relief efforts are constantly facing challenges in redevelopment effort, environmental hazards, health care and funding support to help communities become recover and be more resilient. When dealing with aftermath due to natural disaster the communities do have heightened sense awareness and come together to provide the necessities of rebuilding infrastructure. There are short-term actions, such as an evacuation based on the weather forecasting. Can a system that properly communicates with all affected stakeholders to be prepared for the natural disaster. The implemented system takes the appropriate actions thereby by reducing the human and economic impacts. This precious window of opportunity time between the forecast and actual natural disasters is regularly overlooked which affects the recovery and resilience process. This thesis explains how to design a holistic system that can lessen the risk of natural disaster with a system for forecasting, automatic trigger responses and disburse required funding when certain threshold conditions are met prior to natural disasters. The proposed framework takes into consideration of blockchain technologies that are at the relatively early stage of development. The objectives are to develop novel early funding mechanism and explained using conceptual architecture with private blockchain and smart contracts that can be designed to automatically execute early funding mechanism when the natural hazard thresholds are reached.
by Suresh G. Rajan.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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Garompolo, Devidal Mélinda. "Droit international public et action humanitaire : deux "acteurs" de la protection des droits de l'enfant." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOD002/document.
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En faisant un tour d’horizon des diverses règles de Droit International Public en vigueur, ce travail tentera de faire comprendre à son lecteur l’importance de la protection des droits de l’enfant dans le monde entier. Aujourd’hui encore trop d’enfants meurent chaque jour à cause de conflits, de maladies, de malnutrition…, beaucoup trop sont exploités et n’ont pas la possibilité de suivre des cours dans une école, voyant ainsi leur avenir leur échapper tous les jours un peu plus. C’est contre tous ces problèmes, trop récurrents, que les Etats se doivent d’intervenir en exerçant leur rôle de législateur, tant sur le plan international que sur le plan national. Mais ils doivent aussi assumer celui de sujet de droit en respectant les conventions internationales qu’ils se sont engagés à respecter de leur plein gré. Ce respect les oblige à protéger les enfants afin de leur offrir la possibilité de bénéficier des programmes d’aide mis en place sur le terrain par de nombreuses organisations humanitaires clamant haut et fort que tout le monde doit agir, d’une manière ou d’une autre, pour permettre le développement d’actions de plus en plus variées et de plus en plus efficaces malgré les difficultésBy making a survey of the several rules of current public international law, this dissertation will try to make the reader undestand the importance of the protection of children's rights all over the world. Nowadays, children die every minute because of conflicts, diseases, malnutrition..., a lot of them are exploited and have no possibilities of going to school, seeing their future escaping them every day a little more. It is against all these too recurring problems that States have to intervene by exercising their legislator's role, both on the international level and on the national level. But they also have to take their role of subject of law by respecting the international conventions which they made a commitment to respect of their own free will. This respect requires them to protect the children by offering them the possibility of enjoying humanitarian aid set up by many organizations loudly proclaiming that everybody has to act, in one way or another, to allow the development of many and various actions in spite of difficulties
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Lhoni, Murielle. "Humanitaires et Journalistes : des acteurs de terrain non négligeables en droit international, de par leurs missions en zones de conflit armé." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMD005.
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Les Humanitaires et les Journalistes sont des acteurs de terrain qui se mobilisent à chaque fois que des conflits armés éclatent et que des populations sont, malheureusement, livrées à elles-mêmes. Leurs missions respectives consistent, d'une part, à venir en aide aux victimes touchées soit par la maladie, soit par la famine ou encore par les blessures de guerre ; d'autre part, à informer sur la situation conflictuelle en cours, parfois à en dénoncer les dérives et violations du droit de la guerre. Cependant, le danger n'est jamais très loin de ces deux acteurs de terrain, car ils sont exposés aux effets directs et indirects du conflit armé que peuvent être : les enlèvements voire les rétentions arbitraires, les assassinats, les viols, etc. La particularité de leurs missions et la dangerosité des zones dans lesquelles ils exercent, leur ont fait gagner en importance en droit international. C’est en ce sens qu’un cadre de protection juridique des Humanitaires et des Journalistes a été élaboré par le droit international, notamment via deux de ses branches que sont le droit international humanitaire et le droit pénal international. Il en résulte donc à la fois une protection par les textes contraignants de droit international humanitaire, ainsi qu’une protection par la répression judiciaire des violations desdits textes grâce aux règles de droit pénal international. Un équilibre parfait sur le papier que les juridictions compétentes tardent à appliquer, principalement en raison d’une négligence, voire d’un désintérêt, pour la problématique de la protection juridique des Humanitaires et des JournalistesHumanitarian workers and journalists are actors on the ground who mobilize every time armed conflicts erupt and populations are unfortunately left to their own devices. Their respective missions consist, on the one hand, in helping the victims affected either by illness, famine or war wounds ; on the other hand, to inform about the current conflict situation, sometimes to denounce its abuses and violations of the law of war. However, the danger is never very far from these two actors on the ground, because they are exposed to the direct and indirect effects of the armed conflict that can be : kidnappings or even arbitrary retention, assassinations, rape, etc. The particularity of their missions and the dangerousness of the areas in which they exercise, has increased their importance in international law. It is in this sense that a legal protection framework for humanitarians and journalists has been developed by international law, in particular through two branches of : international humanitarian law and international criminal law. The result is both protection by binding texts of international humanitarian law, as well as protection by judicial repression of violations of these texts thanks to the rules of international criminal law. A perfect balance on paper that the competent jurisdictions are slow to apply, mainly because of negligence or even lack of interest in the legal protection of humanitarians and journalists
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Alzarouni, Fahad. "Le régime juridique de l'action internationale des Émirats Arabes Unis en faveur des réfugiés." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR001/document.
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Les aides humanitaires aux réfugiés occupent de plus en plus une place importante dans l’action extérieure du gouvernement des Émirats Arabes Unis au cours de ces dernières années, compte tenu du nombre croissant de crises humanitaires dans l’ensemble des régions du monde et en particulier au Moyen-Orient. Or, il faut préciser ici que l’action extérieure du gouvernement des Émirats en matière d’aide humanitaire se conforme à l’action de l’ensemble des États du Golfe du fait de la coordination des politiques étrangères effectuées par le Conseil de coopération des États du Golfe (CCG). Celui-ci entretient des rapports très étroits avec les agences humanitaires des Nations Unies (notamment le Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (ci-après « HCR ») et le Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge en tentant de développer un dialogue politique plus pousséHumanitarian aid to refugees has become an increasingly important part of the United Arab Emirates government’s external action in recent years, given the increasing number of humanitarian crises in all regions of the world, and in particular in the Middle-East. However, it should be noted here that the UAE’s external action in the field of humanitarian aid is in link with the action of all the Gulf States because of the coordination of foreign policies carried out by the Cooperation Council of the United Gulf States (GCC). The latter has very close relations with the United Nations humanitarian agencies (in particular the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (hereinafter “UNHCR”) and the international Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, attempting to develop a deeper political dialogue
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Leal, Valtecino Eufrásio. "DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL À ALIMENTAÇÃO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2011. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/3453.
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This study intends to examine the humanitarian situation of violation of the right food. Its development occurs in five chapters. In Chapter I, I present the theoretical basis for the primary and secondary research, which was marked by the literature, emphasizing the importance of the human right of food. In Chapter II, do an analysis of social rights and hunger, demonstrating that the indignity in a history in question is not something new. In this chapter, seeking specifics about the international and national legal framework surrounding the issue. In Chapter III dedicate the notions of development and environment, tying together these issues in food law. In chapter IV, I wonder about the biofuel and the broader socio-economic policies in the area for feeding. In Chapter V, I try to trace the idea of interference with the right food, defending the theoretical point of view, the importance of case law, the need for coherent policies and the participation of civil society in mitigating the framework of world hunger.
O presente trabalho pretende examinar a situação da violação humanitária ao direito alimentar. O seu desenvolvimento ocorre em cinco capítulos. No capítulo I, apresento o embasamento teórico principal e secundário para a pesquisa, que teve como marco o levantamento bibliográfico, enfatizando a importância do direito humano alimentar. No capítulo II, faço uma análise dos direitos sociais e da fome, demonstrando em histórico que a indignidade em questão não é assunto recente. Em tal capítulo, procuro especificidades sobre o quadro normativo internacional e nacional que envolve a matéria. Dedico o capítulo III a noções de desenvolvimento e meio-ambiente, enfeixando tais temas no direito alimentar. No capítulo IV, discorro sobre o agrocombustível e as implicações sócio-econômicas das políticas na área, para a alimentação. No capítulo V, procuro traçar a ideia de violação ao direito alimentar, defendendo do ponto de vista teórico, a importância da jurisprudência, a necessidade de políticas públicas coesas e da participação da sociedade civil organizada na atenuação do quadro de fome mundial.
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Ahipeaud, Evelyne. "Terrorisme et droit international humanitaire : les règles du droit international humanitaire à l'épreuve des actes de terrorisme." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA111017.
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La question du terrorisme international retient l’attention constante des juristes et de la communauté internationale de manière plus grande encore depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. A cette occasion, la doctrine de la « guerre contre le terrorisme » a prévalu. Cette doctrine tend à effacer la distinction entre l’état de guerre au sens du droit des conflits armés et le terrorisme régi traditionnellement par les règles du droit de la paix. Cette doctrine symbolise l’entrée de la lutte contre le terrorisme dans une ère nouvelle, celle du droit de la guerre qui conduirait à l’adoption de nouvelles règles du droit international humanitaire destinées à remplacer le droit existant, qui serait aujourd’hui dépassé. L’objet de cette thèse est de vérifier l’hypothèse d’une telle rupture et d’évaluer ce possible changement de paradigme sur les règles du droit international humanitaire. Dans cette perspective, la question de l’applicabilité du droit international humanitaire à la lutte contre le terrorisme ainsi que sa mise en œuvre dans la lutte contre le terrorisme seront étudiées. Pour chaque question, il sera nécessaire de faire le point sur le droit international humanitaire existant pour se demander si, et dans quelle mesure, la lutte contre le terrorisme met à l’épreuve ce corpus jurisThe question of international terrorism continually catches the attention of jurists and the international community since the attacks of September 11th, 2001. On this occasion, the doctrine of “war on terror” prevailed. This doctrine strives to remove the distinction between state of war in the sense of law of armed conflict and terrorism traditionally governed by the rules of law of peace. This doctrine symbolizes the entry of the fight against terrorism in a new era, that of the law of war which will bring to the adoption of new rules of international humanitarian law intended to replace existing law, that is said to be out-of-date. The purpose of this research is to check the assumption of such a break and evaluate this possible change of paradigm in the rules of international humanitarian law. From this perspective, the question of the applicability of international humanitarian law to the fight against terrorism as well as its implementation in the fight against terrorism will be examined. For each question, it will be necessary to study the international humanitarian law available to find out if, and to what extent, the fight against terrorism puts this corpus juris to the test
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Triplet, Anne-Charlotte. "Éducation et post-conflit : l’intervention des acteurs de l’aide humanitaire et du développement en Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB136/document.
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Les crises politiques qui ont secoué la Côte d'Ivoire depuis la mort d'Houphouët-Boigny n'ont pas manqué d'impliquer directement l'éducation, et ce à plusieurs niveaux. Dans le même temps, l'éducation fut un enjeu politique direct et un lieu d'affrontement. Cette thèse s'intéresse à la perception qu'ont les acteurs de la demande et de l'offre en éducation sur le rôle de l'éducation et de l'intervention de l'aide internationale et locale dans le secteur. La démarche empirique adoptée repose sur la méthode de la triangulation qui combine l'analyse secondaire de données, les entretiens et les questionnaires récoltés entre avril 2013 et octobre 2014 à Abidjan, au centre et à l'ouest du pays. Les résultats de ces enquêtes montrent que les acteurs ayant été les plus affectés dans leur scolarité envisagent davantage l'École comme espace de socialisation et participent ainsi au processus de résilience. Par ailleurs, la présence des organisations internationales légitime les actions du gouvernement actuel. Ainsi, l'aide internationale est le plus souvent recherchée et même valorisée. La reconstruction du système éducatif, son développement et sa transformation se font donc sous influence internationale, sans que celle-ci soit perçue comme de l'ingérence par les acteurs de la demande et de l'offre en éducationThe political crisis that disrupted the country since Houphouët Boigny's death directly involved education on a number of levels. At the same time, Education also became a major political issue, opposing rival factions, and a collateral target of the actors of the conflict. This thesis focuses on the supply and demand education stakeholders'perception on the role of education as well as their representations on the international and local assistance in this domain. The chosen empirical approach uses the triangulation method which combines interviews, questionnaires and existing databases. All these elements were collected from April 2013 and October 2014 in Abidjan and in central and western Côte d'Ivoire. The results of this analysis show that the stakeholders who were the most affected through their schooling are considering School more like a socialisation space and thus participate to the process of resilience. Results also reveal how the presence of international organizations legitimizes the current government's actions. International aid is frequently sought out and highly valued. The education system has been rebuilt, developed and transformed under the influence of international organizations. The public authorities do not perceive this as a form of interference, and nor do demand and offer education actors
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Diawara, Moise. "Contribution des organisations non gouvernementales au développement social et économique du Mali : période 1960-2012." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2084.
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On ne peut combattre sérieusement les difficultés économiques que connaît le Mali sans une prise en compte des paramètres socioculturels des bénéficiaires des différents projets de développement car ceux-ci ont en eux des acquis qui peuvent être des facteurs déclencheurs ou des freins à tout processus de développement local. L’humanitaire est à la croisée de la générosité de ses membres et de l’insuffisance de l’action politique dans un pays. Le Mali ne saurait être à la marge et se trouver dans une situation socioéconomique et politique qui requiert des appuis extérieurs pour résoudre ses différents problèmes existentiels et conjoncturels. Dans ce contexte, les ONG sont devenues les opérateurs du développement, quasiment à la place de l’Etat au Mali. Les résultats de cette situation paraissent mitigés ; d’où le sentiment d’une grande dépense d'énergie pour des maigres résultats ? Pourquoi, nous Maliens avons du mal à nous approprier la notion de développement (économique et social) ?Dans la situation actuelle, nous sommes face à des difficultés pour comprendre les questions de développement, pendant que les ONG et leurs partenaires étrangers agissent, et définissent leurs actions à partir de points de vue stéréotypés. Le Mali a subi des influences extérieures depuis la colonisation (colonialisme sous influence française, socialisme sous influence chinoise, libéralisme sous influence de la Banque mondiale et des institutions internationales comme le FMI) qui l’ont empêché de concevoir un modèle de développement propre à lui, adapté à son cadre de références culturelles. Ces facteurs évoqués ci-dessus ajoutés à ceux environnemental et climatique entretiennent les populations dans un état de pauvreté et classe le Mali selon l’indice de développement humain des nations unies 2012 au 175ème rang sur 182, au niveau mondial, malgré les ressources dont il dispose. Les données de la banque mondiale indiquent que le revenu brut national par habitant est de 649 us $ soit 616 euros. La pauvreté se mesure par deux dimensions : pauvreté matérielle et pauvreté en termes de relations sociales. Autrefois comme aujourd’hui (cf. rapport du PNUD du 3 au 4 juin 1999) tous les observateurs extérieurs sont frappés par la richesse des relations sociales entre personnes au Mali. Cette situation favorise l’intervention des ONG et leur permet de réaliser des actions concrètes (infrastructures, appui conseil) qui manquent cruellement aux populations. Cependant, dans leur intervention, elles ne prennent pas assez en compte la complexité des schémas socioculturels, leur incidence et surtout la question de l’appropriation des réalisations par les habitants et de leur cadre social ; elles finissent souvent par être rejetées car étant en contradiction avec ce cadre. Ainsi, le processus de développement au Mali peut être freiné par le poids important de la culture. Au Mali, la socialisation des enfants se déroule en 3 étapes de 0 à 16 ans. Son contenu réfère à une vision de l’homme dans la culture malienne qui diffère en partie selon les spécificités des différents groupes d’appartenance. Elle tend à produire in fine un individu en partie libre, en partie inscrit dans un corps social où il doit jouer le rôle qui lui a été assigné. Devenir adulte, c’est prendre sa place dans la famille rapprochée, dans sa famille élargie, dans son village, son peuple d’appartenance, selon des critères culturels complexes et précis. Ces paramètres constituent des cadres qui s’imposent à l’individu malien lorsqu’il participe à des initiatives de développement. S’il tente d’élever son niveau scolaire, d’améliorer sa situation économique, c’est pour mieux jouer son rôle dans un cadre « traditionnel », entre contrainte et liberté. Or souvent, quand les ONG interviennent dans le champ de l’éducation ou du développement local, elles n’ont pas en tête les subtilités de la socialisation des enfants et ses interactions possibles avec le parcours scolaireThe economic difficulties faced by Mali can't be seriously combatted without taking into account socio-cultural parameters of beneficiaries of development projects because they have achievements that can be triggering factors or obstacles to any process of local development.Humanitarian aid is at the crossroads of the generosity of its members and the lack of political action in a country. Mali can't be at the margin and find itself in a socio-economic and political situation that requires outside support to resolve its various existential and economic issues.In this context, NGOs have become the operators of development, almost instead of the State in Mali.The results of this situation seem mixed; hence the feeling of a great deal of energy for poor results? Why do Malians have difficulties in taking over the concept of development (economic and social)?In the current situation, we are facing difficulties to understand development issues, while NGOs and their foreign partners act and define their actions from stereotyped views.Mali has been influenced externally since colonialism (colonialism under French influence, socialism under Chinese influence, liberalism under the influence of the World Bank and international institutions such as the IMF), which prevented it from conceiving a specific development model according to its cultural references.These factors, combined with environmental and climatic factors, keep populations in a state of poverty and classify Mali according to the United Nations Human Development Index 2012 to 175th out of 182 world levels, despite the available resources. According to the same source, data from the World Bank indicate that the national gross income per capita is US $ 649 or 616 euros. Poverty is defined by two dimensions: material poverty and poverty in terms of social relations. Formerly as today (see UNDP report from 3 to 4 June 1999), all external observers are struck by the rich social relationships between people in Mali.This fertile ground encourages the intervention of NGOs and allows them to carry out concrete actions (infrastructures, advisory support) badly needed by the populations. However, in their intervention, they do not often take into account the complexity of socio-cultural models, their impact and, above all, the appropriation of achievements by the inhabitants which are often rejected because they don't stick with their social context.Thus, the development process in Mali may be hampered by the heavy weight of the culture.The socialization of children takes place in 3 steps from 0 to 16 years. Its content refers to the vision of a human in the Malian culture, but differs in part according to the specificities of the group of belonging. It ultimately produces an individual who is partly free, partly enrolled in a social body in which he must play the role assigned to him. Becoming an adult means taking his place in the close family, in his extended family, in his village, his people of belonging, according to complex and precise cultural criteria.These are the parameters that make up the models imposed on the Malian individual while participating in development initiatives. If he tries to improve his educational level, to improve his economic situation, the goal is to play a better role in a "traditional" setting, between determinism and freedom.But often, when NGOs intervene in education or local development, they do not have in mind the subtleties of socialization of children and the possible interactions with the school course.In other words, when they promote economic projects, they remain unrelated to the questions regarding who is locally in charge of these projects (depending on the place of each other in the social and family order).The Malian individual himself is not in a position to overcome this context, to stand back to analyze it and modify it
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Maier-Knapp, Naila. "EU Actorness with and within Southeast Asia in light of Non-traditional Security Challenges." Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8015.
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Nearly four decades of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-European Union (EU) relationship have witnessed the importance of ideas and identity alongside the economic interests in shaping the behaviour of the two sides. The study takes interest in understanding the EU’s actorness and the EU as a normative actor with and within Southeast Asia through a reflectivist lens. The thesis is an attempt to provide a new perspective on a relationship commonly assessed from an economic angle. It outlines the opportunity of non-traditional security (NTS) challenges to enhance EU actorness and normative influence in Southeast Asia.
Against this backdrop, the study explores the dialogue and cooperative initiatives of two regions, which attach relatively little salience to each other. The study employs a NTS lens and draws upon the case of the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-98, the haze in relation to forest governance, the Bali bombings of 2002 and the political conflict in Aceh. The study assumes that these NTS issues can stimulate processes of threat convergence as well as threat ‘othering’. It argues that these processes enhance European engagement in Southeast Asia and contribute to shaping regional stability in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, NTS crises present situations, where norms can become unstable, contested and substituted. This allows us to better examine the EU as a normative actor.
To establish an understanding of the EU’s actorness and the EU as a normative actor, the empirical evidence will focus on the threat perceptions, motivations of action and activities of the EU and its member states. For the purpose of differentiating the EU as a normative actor, the study will also include the discussion of the normative objectives and behaviours of the EU and its member states and apply a reflectivist theoretical framework.
Hypothetically, NTS crises trigger external assistance and normative influence and thus, they offer an opportunity to establish a more nuanced picture of the EU in the region. At the same time, the study acknowledges that there are a variety of constraints and variables that complicate the EU’s actorness. The thesis seeks to identify and discuss these. So far, scholarly publications have failed to apply the NTS perspective systematically. This thesis provides the first monograph-length treatment of the EU in Southeast Asia through a NTS and reflectivist lens.
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Khor, Lena Lay Suan. "Human rights discourses on a global network: rhetorical acts and network actors from humanitarian NGOs, conflict sites, and the fiction market." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-05-18.
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As the language and ideology of human rights globalizes, some scholars have revisited pressing questions about the universality and cultural relativity of human rights as theory, discourse, and practice in philosophy, law, and culture. While some view the globalization of human rights negatively as Western cultural imperialism, others see it positively as a means to empower the oppressed. These arguments often reach an impasse because they presume human rights as a fixed entity.
This project reconsiders this assumption in the debate about the globalization of human rights by attending to the discursive (and thus changeable and changing) nature of this language and ideology, and the networked system through which it globalizes. By modeling a global discourse network, it examines how a globalizing discourse of human rights might be affected by and be affecting its subjects, especially their individual identity and agency. Thereafter, it tests this model on three actors speaking from different subject positions and through different textual genres – a humanitarian NGO and a speech; a genocide survivor and an autobiography; and a global author and a novel.
These case studies suggest that groups and individuals speaking from traditionally less-than-powerful subject positions (like the NGO and crisis survivor) in a typical human rights framework can benefit from the discourse and its network. They gain global presence and influence through the network’s amplifying effects on identity, influence, and conventions, which offer its users the chance of appearing as agents. But there are also instances (as with the author and novel) where the universalist rhetoric of the discourse and the global reach of its network (their power) cannot overcome the force of other more divisive discourses and networks oriented around markers of difference like nationality, ethnicity, class, or religion.
This project thus outlines some possibilities and limits of speaking globally through a purportedly universalist discourse in a network situation, and identifies consistent problems of representing human rights crisis and causes as globalized speech acts and from postnational speaking positions, in a still nation-centered world.text
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Molin, Jenny. "Preventing Gender-Based Violence Post Disasters : Building the capacity of humanitarian actors in the Philippines to engage with men and boys to reduce the risks of perpetration of violence." Thesis, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-345618.
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Gender based violence (GBV) is a global public health issue and a major feature in humanitarian emergencies. However, the phenomenon is not inevitable and can be predicted and prevented. In a context such as the Philippines, where GBV is widespread and there is a constant threat of natural hazards, strengthening the capacity of humanitarian responders to reduce the risks of GBV post disasters can contribute to preventing unnecessary suffering of affected populations. Yet, no previous research has looked at factors associated with the perpetration of GBV and strategies used by humanitarian actors to engage with men and boys to prevent these types of violence post disasters in the Philippines. The aim of this study is to enhance this knowledge and investigate; how can humanitarian actors in the Philippines work with men and boys to prevent the perpetration of GBV post disasters? The study adopts a qualitative research approach and based on a literature review and 18 key-informant interviews with humanitarian actors in the Philippines, it explores the current knowledge and practice on the topic. The material was analysed in relation to gender and feminist theory, the Ecological Model of risk factors of GBV, a primary prevention approach and the Spectrum of Violence Prevention. The study identifies a number of aggravating factors that seem to be associated with an increased risk of perpetration of GBV post disasters, such as men’s loss of a livelihood and lack of coping mechanisms. However, these factors are not the causes of GBV but these violent acts are deeply rooted in gendered power imbalances and rigid gender roles in the Philippines society. Ultimately, the study concludes that to effectively prevent the perpetration of GBV post disasters, long-term and effective multi-sectoral efforts between a wide range of actors are needed. In this work, humanitarian actors can play a key role to initiate change. The study suggests that humanitarian actors, within their existing activities, should seek to increase men’s access to safe spaces, peer support networks and mental health services, and support men to develop more elastic gender roles and non-violent coping mechanisms. Programmes should simultaneously increase women’s empowerment, the broader community’s support for social change and allow for dialogue to take place between women and men to synchronise their social transformations. Finally, the study notices that a rather heteronormative and binary understanding of gender seem to be present in the shared initiatives to prevent GBV post disasters. Hence, the study suggests that humanitarian actors should strengthen the capacity of their staff to apply a gender and norm-critical analysis in their work by incorporating these aspects in internal trainings.
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Mokgola, Mashilo Sipho. "The role of external actors in resolving the 2013 political crisis in the newly independent state of South Sudan: From 2013 to 2015.:." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1504.
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MA (Political Science)Department of Development Studies
This study focuses on the politics of conflict resolution, paying special attention to the role of the international community in resolving the political crisis in South Sudan. The current political crisis in South Sudan has historical connections that date back to the time when Sudan was granted independence by the British government in 1956.These historical antecedents paved the way for the current political crisis which started on December 2013. The study is guided by the International Society Theory or the English School of Thought. The wisdom of the International Society Theory affirms international obligations bestowed on the members of the international community. According to this theory response to crisis of humanitarian nature such as the South Sudanese political crisis is part of the broader debate. Qualitative methods were used in this study because the researcher because they enabled the researcher to gain deeper insights on the research problem. All guidelines regarding ethical considerations were followed in order to avoid being biased and misinterpretation of information. Data were obtained from primary and secondary sources what sources. The study concludes that despite the involvement of many external actors, the conflict is still raging on due to a numbers of reasons such as, mistrust between the conflicting parties and lack of political will to resolve the conflict. Key words: Humanitarian intervention, Conflict, Nation-Building, Coup d’état, Conflict resolution, Horn of Africa, State formation, Responsibility to protect (R2P)
NRF
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Kandolo, On'ufuku wa Kandolo Pierre Félix. "Réparations en droits de la personne et en droit international humanitaire : problèmes et perspectives pour les victimes en République démocratique du Congo." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19983.
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Greene, Brooke. "Watching the Watchers: Non-State Actor Monitoring of State Compliance with International Humanitarian Law." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8X9292W.
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This dissertation examines monitoring of state compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL) conducted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). In subjecting this particular monitoring regime to systematic analysis, the dissertation sheds light on the more general question of the effects of international law on state behavior.
The project first places the de facto monitoring regime that governs IHL in the broader context of other monitoring regimes in international politics. Here the decentralized nature of the monitoring regime that governs IHL is highlighted. The central role played by a non state actor, the ICRC, in both the initial codification of the law and its monitoring is partial indication of the tepid interest of states in securing compliance with the law. This chapter likewise examines variation in the IHL monitoring regime across time to explain how exogenous changes in the nature of war in the post-World War II period led to the obsolescence of the institution of the protecting power and its replacement by an ad hoc monitoring system with the ICRC at its center. The informality of this institutional arrangement proved an asset, as it was not hamstrung by the same considerations that bedeviled its competitors, the protecting power and the International Humanitarian Fact Finding Commission (IHFFC).
The dissertation proceeds to introduce an original dataset and to test via statistical analysis a set of hypotheses about the conditions under which states grant access to the ICRC as a monitor of IHL compliance. Though both regime type variables and variables related to the military-strategic context prove significant, there is substantial evidence that states make strategic use of monitor access, for instance offering partial but incomplete access as a way to accrue at minimum cost the benefits of signaling compliance. There is further evidence that, while some indicators of military urgency decrease monitor access as realists would predict, other such indicators have the opposite effect. I read this as indication that offering a degree of access holds some political value to warring states and thus is an incentive for states to offer partial access even absent full commitment to the law. This intermediate level of access that appears so attractive to states is thus a potential moral hazard.
The next chapter examines the strategic decisions, not of states, but of the ICRC itself, probing in particular the circumstances under which it is most likely to break its confidentiality policy and "go public." Examining the full universe of ICRC press releases from 1995 to 2005, I find evidence that the organization is particularly likely to choose a policy of silence in situations in which states refuse it access. This decision may sometimes be problematic. As in the case of the Algerian civil war, the organization may hold its tongue during a civil war in which IHL violation is rampant only to happily announce that it has been welcomed back into the state once the opposition has been routed. This chapter also finds evidence for the relevance of a cultural variable. Because ICRC neutrality is particularly suspect in contexts in which a politicized strand of Islam is a salient conflict dimension, the ICRC tends toward a general policy of silence in such conflicts. A notable exception, nevertheless consistent with the general logic explicated here, is the Israeli Palestinian conflict, in which the ICRC has been unusually critical of Israel in an attempt, I argue, to demonstrate the organization's credibility to Arab and Muslim audiences.
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Oulee, Chi-kang, and 歐李啟綱. "The study of actions of military humanitarian-- the cases of South Asia- tsunami and Iraq-Freedom." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14966827986880293103.
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碩士南華大學
非營利事業管理研究所
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Review of Major Recent Inrternational Disasters.International conflicts occur frequently. Political situations change rapidly with countries forming alliances that come and go, with war and massacre occurring often. People of the third world countries are particularly affected but also. America by the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the related anthrax attacks. The war of American and Iraq has led to an endless stream of cruel and ferocious incidents. Moreover the global greenhouse effect has led to an increase in natural disasters, for example: drought , flood , cyclones , landslides and mudflows, in addition to earthquakes etc, all of which wreak great havoc in many parts of the world. The number of global dead and wounded grows with each passing day These threats to global security and of various countries are becoming more changeable and complicated. Traffic in illegal weapons, illegal immigration and narcotics smuggling are run as a commercial enterprise. The chaos caused by war, famine, refugee''s going into exile, disease, lack of social security and effects on economic activity, etc. lead to a vicious cycle with no limit. Given the cruel and turbulent international situation , if there is to be any hope of real peace in the world, international humanitarian organizations must step in. to render assistance. Mounting a humanitarian rescue and relief operation in a disaster area is dangerous and difficult. Demarcation of national boundaries and ethnic groups can hinder the race against time and preventing deaths. Frequent trips to the disaster area can in themselves be dangerous. If we can set up high-efficiency use of manpower and resources in providing disaster relief we can reduce the time to make an assessment of the disaster and make the rescue work get twice the result with half the effort, and can combine various different kinds of resources , such as the strength of military affairs '' Military operation other than war ''. In the face of the complicated and changeable international situation, various kinds of rescue mechanisms and organizations with different attitudes lead to the concept '' Military operation other than war '', which is to take the leading role and combine through an effective and strong Unit, the aim of which is to avoid the losses of personnel, goods and materials, and to complement other groups. The Army executes this difficult task sincerely and with " selfless characteristic ". This research discusses the role and function of the military unit in taking humanitarian action and outlines it’s operational limiting factors according to the present situation, and puts forward suggestions for change and improvement.
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Ravatua-Smith, William samuel. "The Art of Binding Communications : From Face to Face to Computer Mediated Communication in the Domain of Humanitarian Actions." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844743.
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This research is in the field of binding communications. A number of previous studies have focused on the practice of binding communications in the face-to-face setting. This research provides a contribution to the field with novel experiments of binding communication in the context of computer mediated communications. It is a true interdisciplinary research with foundations in social psychology, information communication sciences and information communication technology. The research question is to examine the implementation of binding communication techniques in the computer mediated setting. To answer this question, fieldwork was carried out on the theme of humanitarianism on the Web. The online communication strategies of popular humanitarian organizations have been extensively studied. Subsequently, fieldwork was structured around several experiments conducted in the face-to-face and online settings in a humanitarian context. The choice was made to focus our experimental studies in real world conditions as opposed to developing laboratory setting tests. If the effectiveness of binding communication strategies is undeniable in the face-to-face setting, the results are less convincing in our experiments conducted in the computer mediated environment. This research paves the way for future critical analyses needed in order to better understand the results obtained from our experimentations.
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Bregaj, Anjeza. "Les motivations des acteurs étatiques dans les interventions humanitaires : les États-Unis face aux cas du Rwanda (1994), du Kosovo (1999) et du Darfour (2003 à 2008)." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6101.
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Ce mémoire vise à comprendre les motivations des États à intervenir militairement dans un autre État pour mettre fin aux violations graves des droits de l’homme tel que le nettoyage ethnique et le génocide. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à comprendre pourquoi il y a eu une variation dans la position américaine face aux cas de génocide au Rwanda en 1994, au Kosovo en 1999 et au Darfour de 2003 à 2008. À partir d’une approche réaliste en Relations Internationales qui met l’accent sur l’intérêt national égoïste comme facteur principal explicatif du comportement des États, nous procédons à l’étude des cas de la position américaine lors de trois crises humanitaires. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à comprendre la non intervention des États-Unis lors du génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda en 1994, l’intervention américaine au Kosovo en 1999, et enfin la non intervention américaine au Darfour de 2003 à 2008.
En somme, nos études de cas démontrent que c’est l’intérêt national qui motive les États d’intervenir ou de ne pas intervenir lors des cas de nettoyage ethnique ou de génocide. D’une part, lors du génocide des Tutsis au Rwanda en 1994, les États-Unis ne sont pas intervenus car l’intérêt national interprété comme le repli sur les affaires internes américaines ne serait pas maximisé par l’intervention militaire. Ensuite, l’intervention des États-Unis et de l’OTAN au Kosovo en 1999 est expliquée par l’intérêt national américain dans un contexte de l’après guerre froide d’approfondir son engagement sécuritaire en Europe et de préserver sa position hégémonique et son prestige sur la scène internationale, d’assurer la stabilité régionale et de préserver la crédibilité de l’OTAN. Finalement, l’intérêt national défini en termes de sécurité dans un contexte de la guerre au terrorisme explique la non intervention américaine au Darfour de 2003 à 2008.This master’s thesis seeks to analyze what motivates a state’s military intervention in another state in order to stop mass human rights violations such as ethnic cleansing and genocide. Particularly, it tries to explain the United States inconsistent behavior towards genocide and ethnic cleansing during the Rwanda 1994, the Kosovo 1999, and the Darfur 2003 to 2008 humanitarian crisis. Using arguments of the realist approach in International Relations, whose main explanatory factor for state behavior is egoistic national self- interest, this paper examines the United States position during these three human rights crisis. Specifically, we seek to understand the United States non intervention during the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda in 1994, the United States intervention in Kosovo in 1999, and finally the United States non intervention during the mass killings in Darfur in 2003 to 2008. These case studies demonstrate that shifting definitions of the national self-interest motivate states to intervene or not intervene in ethnic cleansing and genocide crisis. First, during the 1994 Tutsi genocide in Rwanda, the United States chose to not intervene because the national interest, defined as the concentration on domestic affairs, would not be maximized by a military intervention. Secondly, the United States and NATO military intervention during the Kosovo crisis in 1999 can be explained by the pursuit of national self-interest maximization: in the post cold war context, the United States seek to strengthen their security engagements in Europe, to preserve their position and prestige in the international arena, to ensure regional stability as well as the NATO credibility. Finally, it will be argued that the national security self-interests motivated the United States non intervention in Darfur 2003 to 2008.