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1
Mnozhynska, R. "Stanislav Orikhovsky on religious tolerance." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 30 (June 29, 2004): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2004.30.1508.
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Stanislav Orikhovsky (1513-1565) - one of the most prominent Latin-speaking Ukrainian-Polish humanists of the first half of the 16th century. For a long time he was known almost exclusively as a Polish figure. We now have every reason to include him in our culture, above all because he was a conscious Ukrainian - he invariably added the term "Ukrainian" (Ruthenus, Roxolanus, Russus) to his last name. this is frankly stated "(Ruthenum me esse et glorior et libenter profiteor). In Western Europe it was called "Ukrainian Demosthenes" and "modern Cicero." His teachers were famous figures of the time: the German humanist Melanchthon and the reformer Martin Luther - in the latter's house he even lived during his studies. Many prominent people of that time in Italy and Poland also had the honor of communicating with him.
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Pisano, Raffaele, and Paolo Bussotti. "ON POPULARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION IN ITALY BETWEEN 12TH AND 16TH CENTURY." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 57, no. 1 (December 25, 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.57.90.
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Mathematics education is also a social phenomenon because it is influenced both by the needs of the labour market and by the basic knowledge of mathematics necessary for every person to be able to face some operations indispensable in the social and economic daily life. Therefore the way in which mathematics education is framed changes according to modifications of the social environment and know–how. For example, until the end of the 20th century, in the Italian faculties of engineering the teaching of mathematical analysis was profound: there were two complex examinations in which the theory was as important as the ability in solving exercises. Now the situation is different. In some universities there is only a proof of mathematical analysis; in others there are two proves, but they are sixth–month and not annual proves. The theoretical requirements have been drastically reduced and the exercises themselves are often far easier than those proposed in the recent past. With some modifications, the situation is similar for the teaching of other modern mathematical disciplines: many operations needing of calculations and mathematical reasoning are developed by the computers or other intelligent machines and hence an engineer needs less theoretical mathematics than in the past. The problem has historical roots. In this research an analysis of the phenomenon of “scientific education” (teaching geometry, arithmetic, mathematics only) with respect the methods used from the late Middle Ages by “maestri d’abaco” to the Renaissance humanists, and with respect to mathematics education nowadays is discussed. Particularly the ways through which mathematical knowledge was spread in Italy between late Middle ages and early Modern age is shown. At that time, the term “scientific education” corresponded to “teaching of mathematics, physics”; hence something different from what nowadays is called science education, NoS, etc. Moreover, the relationships between mathematics education and civilization in Italy between the 12th and the 16th century is also popularized within the Abacus schools and Niccolò Tartaglia. These are significant cases because the events connected to them are strictly interrelated. The knowledge of such significant relationships between society, mathematics education, advanced mathematics and scientific knowledge can be useful for the scholars who are nowadays engaged in mathematics education research. Key words: Abacus schools, mathematics education, science & society, scientific education, Tartaglia
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Bellusci, David. "Gasparo Contarini: From Scholasticism to Renaissance Humanism." Études maritainiennes / Maritain Studies 26 (2010): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/maritain2010263.
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This paper examines the shift from Scholasticism to Renaissance humanism by focussing on the Italian humanist, Gasparo Contarini (1483-1542). The politico-religious climate of 15th-16th century Italy represents the arena in which Contarini developed his philosophy. His studies at the University of Padova where Padovan Aristotelianism dominated reflected the basis of his intellectual formation. The Platonic revival of Renaissance Italy also made its way into Contarini’s humanist philosophy.
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García Bueno, Carmen. "Jacobo Diasorino en Italia = Jacobus Diasorinus in Italy." ΠΗΓΗ/FONS 3, no. 1 (June 7, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/fons.2019.4551.
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Resumen: El presente artículo analiza, en la primera parte, la presencia del copista griego Jacobo Diasorino en Italia, en una primera estancia de juventud y en una posible segunda estancia hacia 1550, desde el punto de vista de las copias manuscritas que pudo haber ejecutado en esos momentos y de su contexto. En la segunda, se centra en aquellos de sus manuscritos que acabaron entrando la Real Biblioteca del monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, con especial atención al fondo del humanista italiano Francisco Patrizi.Palabras clave: Jacobo Diasorino, Francisco Patrizi, El Escorial, Italia, Henri Estienne, siglo XVI, copistas griegos.Abstract: This article analyses, in the first part, the presence of the Greek scribe Jacobos Diassorinos in Italy during his youth and possibly around 1550. Both stays are examined from the point of view and the context of the copies he could have done in such moments. In the second one, the article focusses on those of his manuscritps kept in the Real Biblioteca of the monastery of San Lorenzo de el Escorial (Spain), especially on those which belonged to the Italian humanist Francesco Patrizi.Keywords: Jacobos Diassorinos, Francesco Patrizi, El Escorial, Italy, Henri Estienne, 16th century, Greek scribes.
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Figueroa, Óscar. "La India y el Renacimiento florentino: las cartas de Filippo Sassetti." Interpretatio. Revista de Hermenéutica 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.it.2020.5.1.0009.
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Here we present the translation of two of the letters that Filippo Sassetti, the Florentine merchant and humanist of the 16th-century, sent from India to Italy with abundant and insightful observations about the religious beliefs, customs, languages, nature and social life of the subcontinent. This document ―little known and so far unpublished in Spanish (and apparently in other languages too)― is a valuable testimony of the complex process of Europe’s reception and interpretative representation of the ancient Indian culture. In this respect, Sassetti’s hermeneutic endeavours, to a large extent dependent on Florentine Renaissance humanism’s ideals, stand out. They help us understand the Indian Other beyond the stereotypes in vogue then (and now), as well as the difficulties to achieve that.
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Nowicka-Jeżowa, Alina. "Poeci polscy doby humanizmu wobec Rzymu / Polish Poets of the Age of Humanism and Rome." Ruch Literacki 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10273-012-0039-6.
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Summary Based on earlier research, and especially Tadeusz Ulewicz’s landmark study Iter Romano- -Italicum Polonorum, or the Intellectual and Cultural Links between Poland and Italy in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (1999) this article examines the influence of Rome - in its role as the Holy See and a centre of learning and the arts - on Poland’s culture in the 15th and 16th century as well as on the activities of Polish churchmen, scholars and writers who came to the Eternal City. The aim of the article is to trace the role of the emerging Humanist themes and attitudes on the shape of the cultural exchange in question. It appears that the Roman connection was a major factor in the history of Polish Humanism - its inner development, its transformations, and the ideological and artistic choices made by the successive generations of the Polish elite. In the 15th century the Roman inspirations helped to initiate the Humanist impulse in Poland, while in the 16th century they stimulated greater diversity and a search for one’s own way of development. In the post-Tridentine epoch they became a potent element of the Poland’s new cultural formation. Against the background of these generalizations, the article presents the cultural profiles of four poets, Mikołaj of Hussów, Klemens Janicjusz, Jan Kochanowski, and Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. They symbolize the four phases of the Polish Humanist tradition, which draw their distinctive identities from looking up to the Roman model
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Klecker, Elisabeth. "Italicis oris Germana in regna tulisti / Castalides." Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis 6 (May 12, 2022): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2011.06.09.
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Italicis oris Germana in regna tulisti / Castalides. The reception of humanist poetry at Vienna university in the early 16th century. In 1512 Adrian Wolfhard (1491 – 1545), a Transylvanian Saxon graduated magister in 1511, published a lengthy hexametric poem (Panegyris, Viennae: Singrenius – Vietor) in praise of Emperor Maximilian I. The eulogy of the emperor concentrates on his humanist learning and promotion of humanist studies. Echoing Conrad Celtis’ famous ode, Wolfhard praises Maximilian for having introduced Apollo and the Muses into his German speaking territories. Apart from its emphasis on humanist studies, the Panegyris assembles stock items of encomiastic poetry, it lacks concreteness and betrays the author’s unfamiliarity with Maximilian’s actual political objectives. On closer inspection, its patchwork character results from a deliberate interweaving of imitations: Wolfhard heavily relies on the first epic poem dedicated to Maximilian and his father Emperor Frederick III (Helius Quinctius Aemilianus Cimbriacus, Encomiastica, Strassburg 1512), he furthermore alludes to a congratulatory address on the occasion of Maximilian’s election to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire (Ermolao Barbaro, Oratio ad Federicum Imperatorem et Maximilianum Regem Romanorum, principes invictissimos) and possibly to Janus Pannonius, Ad imperatorem Caesarem Fridericum Tertium pro pacanda Italia. Despite the clumsiness of some of Wolfhard’s adaptations, the idea behind them is not devoid of originality: By taking over slightly modified key passages from humanist predecessors Wolfhard evidently wished to put into practice the concept of a translatio studii; the textual transpositions were meant to be recognized by a University audience and should serve to illustrate the successful transfer of humanism from Italy to Vienna.
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Combes, Liz. "16th- and 17th-Century Italy." Musical Times 136, no. 1826 (April 1995): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1004173.
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Platt, John. "University of Oxford, 12th July 1987." Moreana 41 (Number 157-, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2004.41.1-2.13.
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Dr Platt begins by examining the reformist credentials of More that he shared with other humanists, particularly Colet and Erasmus. The humanist desire to draw from the fountain-source is explored and the need for Greek scholarship is identified as a key factor in scriptural interpretation. Finally, Dr. Platt investigates the dilemmas the humanists faced as the Protestant Reformation began to emerge in early 16th century Europe.
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Thomson, Leighton. "Vicar of Chelsea Old Church, 1950-1992, July 9th, 1995." Moreana 41 (Number 157-, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2004.41.1-2.4.
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In this paper, Leighton Thomson provides the reader with an overview of early 16th century English history and he explores the achievements and reversals of the period in terms of the epoch of discovery, the Renaissance humanists and the first stirrings of the Reformation. A contrast is drawn between Thomas More and his contemporary reformers, particularly William Tyndale and Martin Luther.
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D'Elia, Anthony F. "Marriage, Sexual Pleasure, and Learned Brides in the Wedding Orations of Fifteenth-Century Italy." Renaissance Quarterly 55, no. 2 (2002): 379–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1262314.
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In the fifteenth century, Guarino Guarini, Ludovico Carbone, Francesco Filelfo, and other humanists composed and delivered Latin orations at courtly weddings in Ferrara, Naples, and Milan. In these epithalatmia, which are mostly unpublished, orators adapt a classically inspired conception of marriage to Italian court culture. They defend physical beauty and sexual pleasure, praise learned brides, and assert the importance of mutual affection, revealing a complex picture of ideal gender relations in courts. Against the ancient and Christian anti-marriage ascetic traditions, humanists offer biblical, philosophical, political, economic, and hedonistic arguments in defense of marriage.
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Lehmann, L. Th. "Underwater archaeology in 15th and 16th-century Italy." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 20, no. 1 (February 1991): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1991.tb00290.x.
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Rodari, Paola. "Education and science museums. Reflections in Italy and on Italy." Journal of Science Communication 07, no. 03 (September 19, 2008): R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.07030701.
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The educational function of science museums was born with the first naturalistic collections ever, flourished in 16th-century Italy. The pedagogic thought and the educational experimentations carried out in approximately five century of history have allowed the educational mission of museums to acquire many different facets, drawing a task having an increasingly higher and complex social value. Recent publications explore these new meanings of an old role.
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Mantyk, Tomasz Karol. "Translating Romans 5:12 in the early 16th century. Franciscus Titelmans’s polemic against humanists." Biblical Annals 11, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/biban.11297.
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Translating the Bible has never been an easy task, least of all at the times of theological controversy. A New Latin translation by Erasmus of Rotterdam, executed on the eve of the Reformation, met much criticism on philological and theological level. Franciscus Titelmans, a young, Franciscan scholar from Leuven, addressed in his Collationes quinque numerous issued regarding the translation of the Epistle to the Romans. This article focuses on Romans 5:12. Titelmans claimed that Erasmus’s translation of this verse threatened the dogma of original sin and promoted the resurgence of Pelagianism. The article analyses his arguments showing that although he was not entirely alien to philology, he relied more on the Church Fathers and the authority of the Church in his translation. Philological and logical arguments served only as auxiliary proofs for the meaning that had been established by patristic commentaries. Consequently, this debate mirrors diverse attitudes of both scholars. The Humanist opted for sound philology, even if it resulted in questionable theological statements, the Franciscan for sound theology, even if it led to imperfect philological choices. Although specific arguments of this debate are outdated and hardly relevant to modern-day biblical studies, divergent attitudes of its protagonists are well reflected in current debates, making it worth
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Wynne, Louis. "The Missing Theory II: Further Musings on the Development of a New Zeitgeist for Clinical Psychology." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 9, no. 2 (August 2007): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/152315007782021187.
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Clinical adult psychology can be rejuvenated and liberated from its dependence on psychiatry by pursuing a new zeitgeist free of operationist thinking and the hypothetico-deductive analysis of its data. Such a new zeitgeist would emphasize the paramount importance of language in human behavior, as well as the cogency of an existential-theatrical approach that has its roots in the works of the 16th-century humanists rather than, as now, in the works of Newton and Descartes 100 years later.
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Borghese, A. "THE LIPIZZANER IN ITALY." Animal Genetic Resources Information 10 (April 1992): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900003308.
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SUMMARYThe Lipizzaner is one of Europe's most ancient breeds; its history goes back to the early 16th century The original stock came from the North of Italy and Spain; six male lines introduced in the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century, from Naples, the Austro-Hungarian empire, Denmark and Arabia upgraded the breed to its actual standard. The Italian national stud of Montemaggiore is perpetrating the Lipizzaner tradition. The horses are kept under extensive grazing conditions and all six “families” (Napolitano,Conversaro, Favory, Pluto, Maestoso and Siglavy) are present.
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Limanskaya, Lyudmila Yu. "ПРАКТИКИ ВОСПРИЯТИЯ И ОПИСАНИЯ АНТИЧНОСТИ ИТАЛЬЯНСКИМИ ГУМАНИСТАМИ В XIV - НАЧАЛЕ XVI В." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series, no. 7 (2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-7249-2022-7-10-20.
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In the Renaissance, in connection with the increased public interest in ancient culture, the activities of Italian scientists-antiquarians intensified. Interest in antiquity was shared by philologists, artists and architects. This was clearly manifested in the study of the history of languages, the history of literature, the history of art and architecture. Associations of scientists – humanists were created around archaeological work. The difficulties in the formation of artistic terminology in the Renaissance were associated with the transition from church Latin to ancient, interest in the possibilities of using the Italian language and ancient Latin. Archaeological research and archaeological measurements were accompanied by philological research and attribution descriptions. The article deals with the works of F. Petrarch, L.B. Alberti, F. Biondo and other Italian humanists of the 14th – early 16th century, which contain ideas about the relationship between ancient Roman culture and the culture of the Renaissance.
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Rizzo, Mario. "The hub of the system. Discussions and perceptions regarding the geopolitical role of Milan in the 16th century." Pedralbes. Revista d'Història Moderna 41 (December 21, 2021): 39–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/pedralbes2021.41.2.
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The article studies the geopolitical role of the State of Milan during the 16th century, as it was perceived and discussed by both members of the Habsburg ruling class as well as Italian writers, politicians and diplomats who did not belong to those circles nor were under their influences. The analysis starts with the early years of the century and subsequently covers the period of the Wars of Italy and then the second half of the century, when the new international context created by the peace of Cateau Cambrésis gave rise to a complex interplay between continuity and change.
Keywords: geopolitics, 16th-century Italy, Milan, Habsburg Empire.
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Mnozhynska, Ruslana. "UKRAINIAN HUMANISTS ON THE ROLE OF MAN IN SOCIETY (1st HALF OF THE 16th CENTURY)." Visnyk of the Lviv University, no. 31 (2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/pps.2020.31.8.
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Limanskaya, Lyudmila Yu. "Raphael and Pirro Ligorio — Historical and Philological Descriptions and Archaeological Studies of the Architecture of Ancient Rome in the 16th century." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 2 (2022): 364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.207.
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The difficulty of comprehending artistic terminology in the Renaissance was associated with the activities of humanist philologists and scholarly antiquarians. Interest in antiquity was inherent in artists and architects. Around the archaeological work of Raphael, Ligorio, associations of learned humanists were organized, which accompanied their archaeological research with philological clarifications. The functions of archeology were combined with the need to check the terms, with the help of a visual, graphically reconstructed monument, which, as a rule, came down with losses. In this regard, scientists had to use their erudition and ingenuity to display the ruined monument in its entirety. An example of such a field of activity is printed graphics, which allows depicting monuments graphically and accompanying illustrations with albums of antiquities, replicating images of individual works of art. Such was the direction of the printing workshop of comrade Rafael Marcantonio Raimondi. A number of works by Marcantonio, as well as engravings by Agostino Veneziano and Marco Dente, were made from drawings by Raphael. Some of the drawings were related to Raphael’s archaeological interests, such as the engraving of the Laocoön group (1519) by Marco Dente. Among philologists, after the publication of P. Bembo’s treatise “Discourses in Prose on the Folk Language” (1525), where in the second part of the treatise the author proposed to strictly follow the style of Petrarch and Boccaccio, a controversy flared up about the literary language, as the humanists held different points of view, to the term “volgare” (“folk”). Discussions on this topic were reflected in the association of humanists “Accademia degli Sdegnati” (1541–1545), which was joined by P. Ligorio, who, like Raphael, accompanied his studies with etymological clarifications, graphic representations and archaeological maps.
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Augelli, Francesco, Valentina Nicola, Floriana Petracco, and Letizia Clementina Ronchi. "The Structural Concept of the 16th Century Floors of the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta (Mantua, Italy)." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.857.
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Baruchson, Shifra Z. "Jewish Libraries: Culture and Reading Interests in 16th Century Italy." Library History 10, no. 1 (January 1994): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lib.1994.10.1.19.
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Baldini, Riccardo M., Giovanni Cristofolini, and Carlos Aedo. "The extant herbaria from the Sixteenth Century: a synopsis." Webbia 77, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jopt-13038.
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A synthetic synopsis of the herbaria of the 16th century is provided. The list is in chronological order and resumes the general information on the earliest herbaria from the XVI century facilitating the access by the scientific community to this important source of historical information. Fifteen herbaria are listed, of which the oldest date back to the first half of the 16th century. Nine originated in Italy, three in Switzerland, two in Germany and one in France. For each herbarium, data are provided on chronology, geographical origin, format and extent, current place of conservation, and information on cataloguing and digital accessibility when available.
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Bernstein, J. A. "Publish or perish? Palestrina and print culture in 16th-century Italy." Early Music 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cam028.
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Lehner, Peter, and Annemarie Julen. "A man's bones with 16th-century weapons and coins in a glacier near Zermatt, Switzerland." Antiquity 65, no. 247 (June 1991): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00079722.
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Mann, Vivian, and Daniel Chazin. "Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa." IMAGES 1, no. 1 (2007): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187180007782347557.
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Abstract"Printing, Patronage and Prayer: Art Historical Issues in Three Responsa" presents texts from 16th-century Italy, 17th-century Bohemia, and 20th-century Russia that explore the following issues: the impact of the new technology of printing on Jewish ceremonial art and limits to the dedication and use of art in the synagogue.
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Mehl, James V. "Hermann von dem Busche's Vallum humanitatis (1518): A German Defense of the Renaissance Studia Humanitatis*." Renaissance Quarterly 42, no. 3 (1989): 480–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2862080.
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Hermann von dem Busche typifies the younger, more aggressive generation of humanists who became embroiled in the literary feuds and controversies of pre-Reformation Germany.' While Peter Luder and Conrad Celtis had preceded him as "apostles of humanism" in Germany, Busche carried the tradition of the "wandering poet" into the early sixteenth century. His major prose work, the Vallum humanitatis, exemplifies an important literary genre of the humanists, the "defense of poetry," usually approached as a defense of humanistic learning against scholastic opponents. Several recent studies need to be taken into account when assessing the literary and historical significance of Busche's Vallum humanitatis. Concetta Greenfield's analysis of Italian "defenses of poetry" between 1250 and 1500 lends further credence to Kristeller's wellknown thesis regarding the simultaneous development of scholasticism and humanism in Renaissance Italy.
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Borzacconi, Angela. "Technological Aspects of 16th Century Ceramics Production in Castelnovo del Friuli, Italy." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24, no. 9 (July 24, 2009): 1041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910902987390.
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Cacciotti, Riccardo, Veronika Petráňová, and Dita Frankeová. "Understanding the 16th century coastal watchtowers: Material characterisation of Torre Gregoriana (Italy)." Construction and Building Materials 93 (September 2015): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.013.
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Giuffra, V., R. Bianucci, M. Milanese, and G. Fornaciari. "A probable case of non-syndromic brachycephaly from 16th century Sardinia (Italy)." International Journal of Paleopathology 3, no. 2 (June 2013): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2013.05.005.
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Медведь, А. Н. "WOOD AND EARTH FORTIFICATIONS IN 16th-CENTURY ITALY -ESTABLISHMENT OF THE TRADITION)." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 267 (October 4, 2022): 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.267.396-409.
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Статья посвящена истории развития древо-земляной фортификации в Европе второй половины XVI в. Рассматриваются два трактата, посвященные созданию древо-земляных укреплений, - Дж. Лантьери «Duo libri del modo di fare le fortificazioni di terra» (1550-е гг.) и Г. Галилея «Breve Instruzione all’architettura militare» (1590-е гг.). Анализируются особенности создания укреплений, изложенные в этих трактатах, сравниваются технологические приемы, описанные авторами. Проводится сравнение с более ранними итальянскими произведениями на аналогичную тематику. Делается вывод о том, что во второй половине XVI в. в Италии сформировалась и получила свое дальнейшее развитие технологическая традиция создания земляных фортификаций. The article is devoted to the history of the development of wooden and earth fortification in Europe in the 2nd half of the 16th century. We consider two treatises devoted to the creation of wooden and earth fortifications - G. Lantieri «Duo libri del modo di fare le fortificazioni di terra» (1550s) and G. Galileo «Breve Instruzione all’architettura militare» (1590s). We analyze the peculiarities of building fortifications described in these treatises and compare the technological methods described by the authors. A comparison is made with earlier Italian works on the same subject. The conclusion is made that in the second half of the 16th century in Italy was formed and further developed the technological tradition of building earth fortifications.
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Barbarzak, Dawid. "The Humanist at the Table." Tabula, no. 17 (November 16, 2020): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/tab.17.2020.1.
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Italian humanists’ discoveries of ancient texts and printed editions of such ancient works as Lucretius’ De rerum natura, Plato’s Symposium or Apicius’ De re coquinaria strongly influenced the renewal of the Epicurean category of pleasure (voluptas) and created a new approach to eating. Many Italian humanists began emphasizing bodily needs and stressed their importance. We can find these ideas in the works of Lorenzo Valla (De voluptate, 1431), Marsilio Ficino (De voluptate, 1457) or Bartolomeo Platina (the author of the first printed cookbook De honesta voluptate et valetudine, ca. 1465-68) who recognized that food could be also consumed for pleasure. The phenomenon of the philosophical and literary banquet became common practice among Italian, and later also Polish, humanists. Such associations as the Roman Academy, Florentine Academy, or Polish Sodalitas litteraria Vistulana were the place of humanistic discussion, which was valued more than luxurious food. It is reflected in 16th-century Polish poetry (Filippo Buonaccorsi „Callimachus”, Conrad Celtis; Paweł z Krosna; Jan Dantyszek „Dantiscus” and others) and philosophical treaties such as Mikołaj Rej’s Wizerunek własny, 1558, inspired by Palingenius’ Zodiacus vitae, or Łukasz Górnicki’s Dworzanin polski, 1566, inspired by Baldassare Castiglione’s Il corteggiano. The quoted authors recommend moderation in drinking and criticize Polish and German drunkenness. Dining with friends could also serve as remedy for vanitas or all kinds of sorrow, according to the tradition of Anacreontic and Horatian poetry. We can see it clearly in Foricoenia of Jan Kochanowski (1584), where the joy of drinking wine and singing at the table interweaves with reflection on the human condition and vanishing.
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Quint, David. "Humanism and Modernity: A Reconsideration of Bruni's Dialogues." Renaissance Quarterly 38, no. 3 (1985): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2861078.
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The spread of humanism in fifteenth-century Italy was extraordinarily rapid and complete, so much so that it could instill an uncritical complacency in its adherents and practitioners. By midcentury, humanist Latin had become the language of the Roman Curia, and it soon became the language of peninsular diplomacy. Humanists filled positions in the bureaucracies of princely courts and city-republics, and they took jobs as teachers and secretaries in the houses of the powerful. While humanists kept alive the bogeyman of the unlettered scholastic, whose barbarous Latin threatened a return to an age of gothic ignorance, there were, in fact, few obstacles which might slow down their cultural and professional advancement. The way to a career in the clerisy now began in the grammarian's classroom, and the successful humanist rarely cared to question the assumptions of the literary and educational movement to which he owed his livelihood.
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VAITKEVIČIŪTĖ, VIKTORIJA. "LIETUVOS NACIONALINĖS MARTYNO MAŽVYDO BIBLIOTEKOS RETŲ KNYGŲ IR RANKRAŠČIŲ SKYRIAUS PALEOTIPŲ RINKINYS." Knygotyra 56 (January 1, 2011): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kn.v56i0.1507.
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Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekaGedimino pr. 51, LT-01504 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: viktorija.vait@gmail.comStraipsnyje nagrinėjami Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos Retų knygų ir rankraščių skyriaus paleotipai: jų leidimo vieta, spaustuvininkai, tematika bei proveniencijos, dėmesį telkiant į retesnius, Lietuvos knygos kultūrai svarbesnius leidinius. Iš šiame skyriuje saugomų daugiau kaip 800 paleotipų analizuojama tik dalis jų, nes daugiau negu 200 knygų teturi kortelinį bibliografinį aprašą ir išsamiai juos ištirti šiuo metu neįmanoma. Dalies šių paleotipų analizė papildo jau esamus tyrimus, praplečia senosios knygos kultūros vaizdą.Reikšminiai žodžiai: knygotyra, paleotipai, retos knygos, spaustuvininkai, proveniencijos.THE COLLECTION OF POST-INCUNABULA IN THE MARTYNAS MAŽVYDAS NATIONAL LIBRARY OF LITHUANIAViktorija VAITKEVIČIŪTĖ AbstractPost-incunabula or the books printed in the first half of the 16th century (from January 1, 1501 to January 1, 1551), along with incunabula, are considered to be the oldest and most valuable publications in the world. Due to their likeness to incunabula and publishing specifics, post-incunabula are considered to be historical treasures and monuments of culture. The Rare Book and Manuscript Department of the National Library of Lithuania has in its holdings more than 800 post-incunabula, not including the ones kept at the Department of the National Archival Fund of Published Documents. The exact number is still unknown, since not all the books have been included into the electronic catalogue: more than 200 of them have only a card catalogue description and are awaiting a more detailed study. This article analyses specific features of part of the post-incunabula collection in the NLL Rare Book and Manuscript Department: their place of publication, publishers, thematics and provenances. Principal attention is accorded to the books that are rarer, more interesting and more important for Lithuania’s culture and book culture in general.The most of the post-incunabula kept in the Rare Book and Manuscript Department were published in Germany, many in Switzerland, France and Italy. There also is a small number of post-incunabula published in Poland (Cracow). Of the publications produced by Cracow’s printers, the article discusses those by Jan Haller (ca. 1467–1525), Hieronim Wietor (ca. 1480–1546) and Florian Ungler (d. 1536). It is necessary to mention Aldines – the publications by one of themost famous European printers, Aldo Manuzio (Lat. Aldus Manutius; ca. 1450–1515) and by his descendants. The article also touches upon the work of such acclaimed French publishers as Henri Estienne (lat. Henricus Stephanus, ca. 1460–1520), founder of the famous dinasty of printers, and the Lyonese printer Sébastien Gryphius (ca. 1493–1556). The Rare Book and Manuscript Department also keeps quite a few post-incunabula published by Johannes Frobenof Basel (1460–1537).As to the content aspect, the collection of post-incunabula in the department is versatile. For the most part, it is made up by religious literature: sermons, bibles, theological treatises, Church Fathers’ writings. There are many works by and commentaries on classical authors, of whom Cicero, at the time of the Renaissance viewed as the greatest authority on rhetoric, is the most famous one. The post-incunabula collection illuminates the emergence of the Reformations and the related spread of new ideas in the first half of the XVIth century. The Rare Book and Manuscript Department boasts a number of works by the founder of Protestantism, Martin Luther (1483–1546) and by the most acclaimed humanist of the times, Desiderius Erasmus (1469–1536).The provenances in the post-incunabula (manuscript inscriptions, stamps, bookplates) provide much interesting information. Most often found are ownership marks of the establishments that since the olden times had been preserving books: various monasteries, churches and priest seminaries,. The notable representative of the post-incunabulum culture is the Bernardine Order. According to the electronic catalogue, the Rare Book and Manuscript Departmenthas in its holdings 21 post-incunabula formerly kept by the library of the Tytuvėnai Bernardine Monastery. Most provenance inscriptions are from Kaunas Priest Seminary, the library of the Samogitian Priest Seminary, the library of the Vilnius Seminary and Kražiai College. Of the XIXth century personal libraries,particularly noteworthy are the collections of Jonas Krizostomas Gintila (1788–1857), XIXth-century bibliophile, hebraist and administrator of the Samogitian Diocese, and of Friedrich August Gotthold (1778–1858), educator and music theorist. A separate, rather abundant group of provenance inscriptions consists of the books that formerly belonged to Königsberg University. An in-depth study of all the post-incunabula kept in the NLL would significantly add to the existing research and broaden the understanding of old book culture.
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Vaillancourt, Pierre-Louis. "La noblesse hors d’elle-même." Renaissance and Reformation 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2000): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v36i4.8666.
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In sixteenth-century France, the nobility held an unchallenged and unanimous view concerning its own superior status and quality. A more critical assessment had been expressed in Italy by several Quattrocento and Cinquecento humanists, namely Poggio, Machiavelli, Nenna, Guazzo and Tasso. The arguments against the superiority of the nobility were often simply based on some ironical survey of a handful of European aristocratic groups. But, when attacking the claims to excellence of some national aristocracy, more reasoned arguments could rely on Aristotle’s Politics and its notion of arete.
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Israel, Uwe. "Defensio oder Die Kunst des Invektierens im Oberrheinischen Humanismus." Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung: Volume 46, Issue 3 46, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 408–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/zhf.46.3.407.
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Summary Defensio or The Art of Disparagement in the Upper-Rhenish Humanism In the first years of the 16th century two scholars from the Alsatian province, secular priest Jakob Wimpfeling and Franciscan Thomas Murner, the latter one generation younger than the former, started a quarrel in Strasbourg. Quickly, their friends and students, then the city council, and finally even King Maximilian I got drawn into the polemical debate. At first sight the controversial topic was only a highly charged issue in politically troubled times: Had the Alsace region and its capital always belonged to Germany or had they been part of France at some time in the past? But it was also a quarrel about the educational sovereignty. This was an issue important to humanists. Secular ond ordinary priests hotly debated the topic not only in Strasbourg, but also elsewhere. The literary feud involved not only arguments, but also sharp personal attacks, offences and defamations. Several publications included disparaging letters, poems, treatises and pictures which often hardly bore any reference to the issue in question. The question arises why humanists, who are generally thought to be concerned with language and education, resorted to such drastic and defamatory means in their personal conflicts. The paper addresses this question with the help of the theories and methods currently employed by the Collaborative Research Centre Dresden with the title „Invectivity“. It analyzes the constellations of the controversy, examines the dynamics and escalations of their process, and traces the emotions of those involved. This will deepen our understanding about the operations of social demarcation and the mechanisms of group formation among humanists and concomitantly the fundamental social potential for conflict.
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Медведь, А. Н. "GIOVAN BATTISTA BELLUZZI AND HIS «TREATISE ON FORTIFICATIONS OF EARTH»." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.376-387.
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Статья посвящена «Трактату о земляных укреплениях» (1554 г.) итальянского фортификатора XVI в. Джамбаттисты Белуцци. Описываются разделы трактата, отмечаются особенности создания земляных укреплений в Италии XVI в. Высказывается гипотеза о связи технологий создания итальянских земляных укреплений и подобных крепостей в Московском великом княжестве. The article is devoted to the «Treatise on earth Fortifications» (1554) written by the military architect of the 16th century Giovan Battista Belluzzi. It describes sections of the treatise, and highlights distinctive features of earthwork fortifications in Italy in the 16th century. According to the hypothesis presented in the paper, there is a link between the technology of building Italian earth fortifications and that of similar fortresses in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
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Benigni, Elisabetta. "Dante and the Construction of a Mediterranean Literary Space." Philological Encounters 2, no. 1-2 (January 9, 2017): 111–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-00000017.
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This article examines the ideological implications of the literary debate about the Arab-Islamic influences on Dante’sDivina Commediaand the emergence of the idea of Mediterranean literature. It traces the question of “influences” back to 16th century Italy, casts the modern controversy about Dante and the Arabs in the broader context of borders, and questions the definition of European and Romance literatures in relation to Arabic literature. It then focuses on the 20th century debate about the Arabic roots of theCommediain Italy, Spain and the Arab world in order to account for the reception and translation of theCommediainto Arabic.
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Bobay, Orsolya. "Az archaikus költészet szerepe Ioachimus Vadianus költészetelméletében." Antikvitás & Reneszánsz, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/antikren.2018.2.167-178.
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The aim of my study is the analysis of the views on the archaic Latin literature in the early modern works based on the theory and practice of poetry, especially in the Swiss humanist’s, Joachim von Watt’s work (De poetica et carminis ratione). The concepts of poeta vates, poeta theologus, and poeta eruditus are commonly used by the Italian authors – who knew the most important authors of the early Roman literature regarding this period ‒ in order to emphasize the moralistic and social morals of the archaic poetry’s lecture. Some of the authors – for example Pietro Crinito ‒ following Suetonius emphasized the historical analysis of the ancient literature in a particular way. The innovation of Joachim von Watt’s work was the adaptation of this view of the Italian authors, and it is not present in the works of other Viennese humanists on poetry in the first half of the 16th century.
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Kristóf, Ilona. "Umanisti del capitolo di Várad con esperienza di studio in Italia (1440–1526)." Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis 6 (May 12, 2022): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/spmnnv.2011.06.08.
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Evidence shows that 32% of the 130 canons of the Chapter of Várad had studied at university in the researched period. According to the findings the scholary activities of the members of the Chapter of Várad were very similar to those in Transdanubian chapters in the discussed period (Pozsony, Győr, Fehérvár, Buda, Pécs). Though there is a difference in their preferences, higher ratio of canons of Várad studied at university (65%) went to the Italian universities and received a degree, than their Transdanubian fellow canons. In the analyse we have to highlight two periods – bishopric of János Vitéz in the mid-15th century, and the beginning of the 16th century. János Vitéz as a bishop did not only take great care of his nephews’ education, but he also made other young talented men possible to study abroad. Besides organizing humanist circles in his court as bishop and archbishop, he also managed to create a sense of co-operation in the future generation of intellectual elite. In the second part of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century the number of canons studying increased. Perhaps it was due to the impact of György Szatmári humanist bishop’s court. In spite of the uncertainties, some conclusions can be reached comparing the canons from the two given periods and the humanist circles in Várad in the 15th and 16th centuries. In both cases the role of a patron – Vitéz and Szatmári – was of utmost importance. They meant guarantee in person for the cooperation of scholarly communities Vitéz’s circle consisted primarily of foreigners, who brought the new ideas to Hungary, and his alumni only spent a short time in Várad as ordinary canons, because this position in Várad provided a perfect opportunity for talented young men to rise to higher positions. But the humanists in Várad in the early 16th century were mostly Hungarians and served in Várad as canons for a long period. The collection and edition of the works of Janus Pannonius who was almost admired as an idol became more important. It could be even more important under bishops Szatmári, Thurzó and Perényi, considering Janus’s and his uncle’s connections with Várad. Besides the individuals’ personal qualities and the “tradition” which created by Vitéz, proper financial conditions also contributed to the flourishing of humanism in Várad.
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Collins, Mary. "Fabritio Caroso’s Balletti: “The dancer’s own language?”." Revista Música 15, no. 1 (April 26, 2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/rm.v15i1.114701.
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In the 16th Century, ladies and gentlemen of noble birth were taught from an early age the art of dancing, necessary to survive in the hierarchical world of the court. A Neo-Platonic perspective on dancing was at the core of Renaissance thinking (Humanism) and persisted throughout the 17th Century. In dance circles the principles of harmony and order in the cosmos, harking back to the classical world of Plato and Quintilian, were already well established in Italy by the end of the 15th Century. The balli were structures consisting of many different rhythmic sections throughout which a playful narrative of love, courtship and drama unfolded. By the second half of the 16th Century, two notable dancing masters, Fabritio Caroso and Cesare Negri, were beginning to record their teaching and advice in manuals, which serve as the first known comprehensive and detailed treatises on court dance. By the late 16th Century, the balletto still involved the theatricality of narrative and contrasting or varying emotions. It was still a performance or game for the spectators as well as for the dancers themselves, despite being performed in a social context. In this article, we take a closer look at two balli presented by Caroso: Ardente Sole and Laura Soave, showing that their structure was inspired by rhetorical principles.
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Shevchuk, Liliana. "UKRAINIAN NATIONAL REVOLUTION OF THE 17TH CENTURY IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT: IDEOLOGICAL ORIGINS." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 72, no. 72 (June 20, 2021): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.72.035.
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Throughout the course of the 16th – 17th centuries, a new epoch begins in the history of European civilization – the epoch of the New Age. A revolutionary formation and, subsequently, the establishment of a new state system based on political democracy, legal freedom and civil equality are taking place. As in other European countries, significant socio-political transformations in Ukraine were also due to the national revolution of 1648–1676. Analyzing the events in Ukraine in the mid-seventeenth century as a component of the pan-European revolutionary movement, the author considers the attitudinal and ideological origins of the Ukrainian revolution. Their common European features, as well as specific features are clarified and characterized. In general, the change in the worldview system in Ukraine is associated with the renaissance-humanist and reformation ideas that began to spread in the Ukrainian lands without losing its original meaning, but acquiring here a kind of national color, aimed at understanding the urgent problems of Ukrainian society. In the field of political and legal doctrine, the assertion of the legal worldview takes place, replacing the theological. Its classic embodiment became the theory of natural law with its concept of inalienable natural human rights as well as the concept of social contract. These ideas became, to a greater or lesser extent, the basis of the Ukrainian revolution of the seventeenth century. Their embodiment can be found in the works of Ukrainian «Renaissance humanists» of the 16th – early 17th centuries: S. Orikhovsky, J. Vereshchynsky, I. Dombrovsky, S. Klenovych, S. Pekalid, J. Shchasny-Herburt, K. Sakovych. It is found that in the seventeenth century, the works of such prominent political thinkers, theorists of natural law as J. Lipsius, G. Grotius, later B. Spinoza, T. Hobbes, S. Pufendorf were becoming widespread in Ukraine. They found a favorable ground in Ukraine and directly influenced the Ukrainian revolution, as the state and legal ideas of these thinkers became especially popular not only among the intellectual elite, but also among the Cossacks – the main driving force of the revolution. A number of Ukrainian thinkers, despite the fact that until 1649 Ukraine did not have its own state, were considering the future path of its political development. Specific plans of forming own state are embodied, in particular, in the works of J. Vereshchynsky, P. Mohyla, Y. Nemyrych, and others. They became a logical continuation and development of the state approaches of Ukrainian Renaissance humanists and reflected the tendency to combine the understanding of the history of their own state-building tradition with the study of Western experience. The analysis of political and legal ideas of Ukrainian authors, real historical events of the seventeenth century testify to the emergence among the Ukrainian population of clear tendencies to build their own state. Since then, the idea of the Ukrainian nation-state became fundamental to the Cossack state-building and leading in the liberation struggles of the Ukrainian people of all subsequent centuries.
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Giuffra, V., A. Montella, M. Milanese, E. Tognotti, D. Caramella, and P. Bandiera. "Atlas occipitalisation associated with other anomalies in a 16th century skeleton from Sardinia (Italy)." Folia Morphologica 76, no. 1 (March 3, 2017): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.a2016.0039.
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Morucci, Valerio. "Music, patronage and reform in 16th-century Italy: new light on Cardinal Carlo Borromeo." Early Music 47, no. 4 (November 2019): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/caz071.
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Abstract Music historians are certainly familiar with the figure of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo. Important research has illuminated his association with the composer Vincenzo Ruffo, his reform of female convents, and, more generally, his influence over the musical life of Milan, including local churches and confraternities; more recently, Borromeo’s relationship with the musician Tomás Luis de Victoria has been closely examined. However, our knowledge of his role as a promoter of the so-called ‘Counter-Reformation’ in music is fragmentary. In particular, a comprehensive investigation of Borromeo’s private correspondence is lacking. In order to fill this lacuna, this article uses newly discovered letters (housed in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) to illuminate several interrelated aspects of Borromeo’s activity as a patron and reformer in the aftermath of the Council of Trent: firstly, his support for musicians and the much discussed issue of textual intelligibility, and secondly, the prohibition of musical instruments in church and his directives against public musical entertainments.
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Drzewiecka, Ewelina. "The Readership of Zodiacus vitae in Early Modern Poland, Pomerania and Silesia." Terminus 24, no. 2 (63) (July 27, 2022): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843844te.22.007.15665.
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Zodiacus vitae, an influential philosophical poem by Marcello Palingenio Stellato, enjoyed popularity in Early Modern Europe, as evidenced by over sixty foreign editions, several translations and a 16th-century Polish-language paraphrase. Despite the latter being a testimony to Palingenius’work being read by the most prominent Renaissance humanists in Poland, the poem’s readership in Old Polish literature has remained largely unknown. The goal of this article is, therefore, to outline a new map of its readership in Early Modern Poland, Pomerania and Silesia, citing its presence in book inventories, public libraries, book collections and monastery libraries. Zodiacus circulated for instance in the 16th and 17th centuries among booksellers and bookstore owners in the most important printing centre in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth − Lviv (Piotr of Poznań, Baltazar Hybner) and Cracow (Helena Unglerowa, Franciszek Jakub Mercenich). It was no less popular in the private book collections of the townspeople, physicians, noblemen and aristocracy. Among the owners of the poem can be found for example: famous scholar and professor Jan Brożek, historian at the court of King Stephen Bathory –Giovanni Michele Bruto, poet Jan Gawiński, reformer of education and the mayor of Toruń−Henryk Stroband. Some light on the problem of the Zodiacus’popularity is also shed by an analysis of copious amounts of marginal notes in over seventy extant copies of Palingenius’work preserved in Polish libraries.
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OLMI, GIUSEPPE. "MOLTI AMICI IN VARIJ LUOGHI: STUDIO DELLA NATURA E RAPPORTI EPISTOLARI NEL SECOLO XVI." Nuncius 6, no. 1 (1991): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539191x00010.
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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title During the 16th century research in natural history developed also because of the strong spirit of collaboration animating various scholars. They continuously exchanged scientific informations, specimens and depictions of the three kingdoms of nature. Thus the great obstacle represented by geographic distance was at least partially overcome: whatever a scholar did not manage to see directly, could become known to him with the help of his collegues. Correspondence is with no doubt one of the main sources to help focus on and study these collaborations. In this paper a group of letters preserved in the Trew legacy of the University Library at Erlangen is examined. The major part of the letters were addressed to the German physician Joachim Camerarius, whereas the addressors were four of the most famous naturalists working in Italy during the second half of the 16th century: Francesco Calzolari, Ulisse Aldrovandi, Giuseppe Casabona (Joseph Goedenhuyze) and Ferrante Imperato. Apart from providing abundant information on the activities and on the particular interests of these scientists, these letters also give direct evidence of the intense scientific ties between Italy and Germany at that time.
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Augelli, Francesco, Arianna Bordina, and Jessica Migliavacca. "Diagnosis for the Conservation of Wooden Ceilings inside the Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta (Mantua, Italy)." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.849.
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The Ducal Palace in Sabbioneta, commissioned by Vespasiano Gonzaga in the end of 16th century, keeps four precious wooden ceilings inside. Rough wooden planks nailed to a skeleton structure creates the support for fine wood decorative elements. The requirement of a conservation work has prompted a diagnosis phase about the ceilings as a whole. This was carried out by closed up observations, drilling tests and laboratory analysis.
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Ferrucci, Margherita, and Fabio Peron. "Detailed comfort analysis of the cooling system in the 16th century Villa Aeolia (Costozza, Italy)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 609 (October 23, 2019): 032024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/609/3/032024.
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Giuffra, V., A. Montella, R. Bianucci, M. Milanese, E. Tognotti, D. Caramella, G. Fornaciari, and P. Bandiera. "Sclerosing Bone Dysplasia from 16th Century Sardinia (Italy): A Possible Case of Camurati-Engelmann Disease." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26, no. 5 (September 2016): 830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2484.
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Eamon, William. "Cannibalism and Contagion: Framing Syphilis in Counter-Reformation Italy*." Early Science and Medicine 3, no. 1 (1998): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338298x00013.
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AbstractThe outbreak of syphilis in Europe elicited a variety of responses concerning the disease's origins and cure. In this essay, I examine the theory of the origins of syphilis advanced by the 16th-century Italian surgeon Leonardo Fioravanti. According to Fioravanti, syphilis was not new but had always existed, although it was unknown to the ancients. The syphilis epidemic, he argued, was caused by cannibalism among the French and Italian armies during the siege of Naples in 1494. Fioravanti's strange and novel theory is connected with his view of disease as corruption of the body caused by eating improper foods. His theory of bodily pollution, a metaphor for the corruption of society, coincided with Counter-Reformation concepts about sin and the social order.