Journal articles on the topic 'Humanistic philology'

Drawing on writings of the German Romantic tradition, Werner Hamacher’s aphoristic Minima Philologica develops a philosophy of philology, one operating without the control mechanisms of instrumentalized thought but not without internal rigor. Hamacher conceives philology as an art of (slow) reading bound to the spirit of experiment and linguistic play. Versed in the conventions and operations of literature in order to do it justice, philology nevertheless speaks in another voice, one more ascetic and conjectural. Having broken with the positivism of the Alexandrian tradition of philologia, this other philology plays the trickster in humanistic disciplines. Its task today is twofold: to unmask the industrial manufacture of language, complicit as it is with hostility to the word; and, as remedy for reification, to reawaken the philia in philology by cultivating—with historically informed critical vigilance—the power of affect, the mimetic power, in language and discourse.

Form Said to Philology and Back Again The article presents the relationship between Edward W. Said’s thoughts and a specific philological tradition in the context of the reception of postcolonial theory in the area of Polish literary research. The author demonstrates that philology in the sense given by Said can support postcolonial studies as well as constitute an inspiring tradition for contemporary literary studies. In the first part of the article the author presents how the attitude of the American humanist to philology was changing. In Orientalism, Said criticizes Renan’s scientist practice, but in all his works he highly values this discipline and perceives it as an emancipatory, humanistic activity that transcends the dynamics of knowledge and power. Author of the article shows that the concepts of Giambattista Vico and Erich Auerbach are extremely important for the Palestinian-American critic. The next part of the article presents that Said uses methods characteristic of philology in his works, often in spite of the methodological declarations attributed to him (discourse theory).

The publication notes that in today's informational society the role of language and fiction is increasing. This leads to a significant increase in the future philology teachers education. Therefore, it is an urge to identify and understand these requirements. The aim of the article is to identify and analyze the basic requirements for the training of modern philology teachers in the national high school, based on the analysis of scientific literature and standard sources. To achieve this goal, a set of different research methods was used: theoretical – the analysis of standard documents and pedagogical literature, generalization, comparison of experts' conclusions on the basic requirements for the future philology teachers education; empirical - interviews, surveys of school administration representatives and experienced philology teachers to clarify their points of view. Based on the analysis of standard documents (Law on Education, National Doctrine of Education Development in Ukraine, National Strategy for the Education Development in Ukraine until 2021) and scientific works of multiple scientists (O. Zabolotskaya, I. Klak, O. Semenog and others .) it is concluded that in the process of professional future philology teachers education is necessary to ensure their formation as competent teachers who master innovative methodology of teaching the language and literature based on the usage of computer technologies, are creative personalities, holders of high moral and linguistic culture and humanistic values, who show the need for constant professional and personal self-improvement, and as a consequence - are able to successfully fulfill their professional functions and creatively perform their assigned professional tasks, in particular to form the key and subject competence of the students. These requirements should be taken into account in the educational process of the pedagogical institution of higher education. Within further scientific research it is supposed to theoretically substantiate and develop own methodology of future teachers of philological subjects education according to modern requirements.

Attention to self-development is caused by defining role in the life of the individual, the active involvement of man in the process of his own life. According to most modern scientists, the main source of development are internal contradictions, this process is, in fact, self-development (self-movement). Personal self-development is characterized by a high level of self-organization, communicativeness and the formation of a scientific “picture of the world” and a humanistically oriented attitude to themselves and others. A holistic study of the problem of preparing students of higher education institutions for self-development in a multimedia educational environment in terms of humanistic pedagogy still remains out of the attention of scientists at the theoretical and methodological level, which negatively affects the quality of training of philologists and teachers. The aim of the article is to analyze the problem of self-development of future teachers of philology in psychological and pedagogical research and to clarify the essence of the concept of “professional self-development of future teachers” as a pedagogical category. Activation of personal self-development, which we consider as a process and a phenomenon, is an integrated factor in their relationship. By “activation of personal self-development” we mean purposeful dynamics to change the internal state of the individual and the realization of their own positive movement on the path of self-development. At the same time, we consider self-control as a personal quality of a person and a mechanism of self-regulation of the success of personal and professional self-development, as well as self-education in the context of multimedia learning. The ideal condition for professional development can be ICT, multimedia (computer systems with integrated support for audio and video), virtual reality (artificial world, which in some way reflects and transforms the real world, creating a virtual environment (space) according to ideas and goals of those who build it), an automated learning system based on hypertext technology (allows to increase the assimilation of educational material, includes a set of educational and methodical materials (demonstration, theoretical, practical, control) and computer programs that control the educational process)), a powerful information resource of the World Wide Web, extensive experience in teaching multimedia technologies etc. In line with the humanistic paradigm of multimedia learning, the door to a single world cultural and educational space opens, so it is correct to consider students' self-development as a promising intellectually and morally purposeful education of themselves in new socio-cultural conditions, more precisely in multimedia learning. Taking into account the above mentioned, we are inclined to believe that Internet resources, multimedia learning systems and tools, finally, the whole educational environment are designed to become the optimal conditions for self-development of students of philology. In this case, self-development is due to the presence of personal content of educational activities (author's Internet projects, electronic textbooks).

AbstractThis article, originally presented as the presidential address at the 2021 SNTS meeting, held virtually via Leuven due to Covid-19 conditions, investigates the nature of Pauline interpretation, past and present. It brings into the scholarly conversation a neglected ancient source, John Chrysostom's occasional homily on 1 Cor 7.2–4 (Hom. 1 Cor. 7–4 (CPG 4377)), and provides an analysis of key passages showing how the late antique orator-bishop seeks to turn Paul's words from the fifties to Corinth into a magical incantation, and, as inscribed on various materials, a talisman against the evils associated with porneia. The article concludes with defence of the category ‘Christian love magic’ and an argument that New Testament studies constitutes a unified field which should unite (rather than separate out) the work of philology, historical contextualisation, literary criticism, humanistic commitments and hermeneutical sophistication as we trace and analyse the ways human agents construct meanings with New Testament texts, then and now.

The article's scientific novelty lies in the authors' disclosure of the third-year students' average degree of communicative competence (CC) development. Of all the CC components, the cognitive and emotional components are the most prevalent (it can be observed among students of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Arts). The students of the Faculty of Foreign Philology and the Faculty of Arts and Graphics are more prepared for the behavioral component of the CC. Both students at the Faculty of Arts and Graphics and the Faculty of Physical Education exhibit a high degree of communicative tolerance. Additionally, the two factors that affect CC were identified: the external factors (organization of students' subject-related leisure; professional-oriented educational work with students; content of education at institutions of higher pedagogical education: specialty of the chosen profession; increased cycle of humanities; active pedagogical practice of students; age of students to work with; different categories of children and adults to work with); and the internal factors (students’ attitude towards self-development, self-education, students’ life and social experience, motivation for acquiring a specialty and CC, humanistic orientation of future teacher’s personality, persona's orientation to “person to person” profession).

We persistently fail to appreciate the very status of cancionero poetry as an innovative art form, as literature worthy of serious analysis, and as an intellectual and humanistic pursuit. The villancico ‘Por una gentil floresta’, attributed to both the Marqués de Santillana and Suero de Ribera, is a case in point, a composition that is very well known but grossly underappreciated as a work of art, a cultural commentary, or for its social significance. It exists in multiple incarnations, in both the manuscript and early printed traditions of the cancioneros, attesting to its ample circulation and popularity. While the object of intense philological enquiry regarding issues of authorship, transmission, and possible influence, the numerous studies dedicated to this villancico do not foreclose further discussion of it to achieve greater appreciation of its artistic and human complexity. Close reading illustrates the abundant literary, thematic and cultural possibilities it offers, and allows us to articulate the wealth, intricacy, human understanding and artistic significance of fifteenth-century Castilian courtly verse; possibilities that reach well beyond philology and textual criticism and prove it a rich source for fruitful interpretation that exemplifies the kind of poetry and hermeneutical potential that can be found in the cancioneros.

The scientific novelty of the article is that the authors have revealed the average level of the state of formation of communicative competence (CC) of the third-year students. The cognitive and emotional components dominate among all CC components (it can be observed among students of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Arts). The behavioral component of the CC is better formed among students of the Faculty of Foreign Philology and the Faculty of Arts and Graphics. The communicative tolerance prevails among students of the Faculty of Physical Education as well as the Faculty of Arts and Graphics. Moreover, the two factors influencing CC were revealed: the external factors (organization of students’ subject leisure; professional-oriented educational work with students; content of education at institutions of higher pedagogical education: specialty of the chosen profession, increased cycle of humanities and psychological and pedagogical disciplines, active pedagogical practice of students; age of students to work with, different categories of children and adults to communicate with, pedagogical skills and CC of teachers); the internal factors (students’ attitude towards self-development, self-education, students’ life and social experience, motivation for acquiring a specialty and CC, humanistic orientation of future teacher’s personality, persona’s orientation to “person to person” profession)

Resumen: La reflexión examina los presupuestos de la educación universitaria en su modalidad virtual, en relación con los de la educación universitaria en su modalidad presencial, en el área de la enseñanza del español para estudiantes chinos en la carrera de Filología Hispánica, a partir del brote del COVID-19. La disertación se sustenta en una experiencia docente en la enseñanza del español en los niveles Medio Superior y Superior del sistema educativo mexicano. La propuesta de mejoramiento de la educación virtual para los estudiantes chinos se propone asimismo como válida para la educación de los estudiantes mexicanos. La mejoría encuentra sus causas en una comprensión humanística de la enseñanza. Palabras clave: China, Soochow University, Universidad Veracruzana, COVID-19, Humanismo. Abstract: The reflection examines the presuppositions of college education in its virtual modality, in contrast to college education in its face-to-face modality, in the area of Spanish teaching for Chinese students enrolled in the bachelor's degree in Hispanic Philology, since the outbreak of COVID-19. The dissertation is based upon a particular Spanish teaching experience at secondary and tertiary education levels of the Mexican educational system. The proposal on strengthening of virtual learning for enhancing the Chinese students' education is therefore here proposed to be valid for Mexican students' education likewise. The strengthening being sourced from a humanistic learning perspective. Keywords: China, Mexico, Soochow University, Universidad Veracruzana, COVID-19, Humanism.

Resumen: La reflexión examina los presupuestos de la educación universitaria en su modalidad virtual, en relación con los de la educación universitaria en su modalidad presencial, en el área de la enseñanza del español para estudiantes chinos en la carrera de Filología Hispánica, a partir del brote del COVID-19. La disertación se sustenta en una experiencia docente en la enseñanza del español en los niveles Medio Superior y Superior del sistema educativo mexicano. La propuesta de mejoramiento de la educación virtual para los estudiantes chinos se propone asimismo como válida para la educación de los estudiantes mexicanos. La mejoría encuentra sus causas en una comprensión humanística de la enseñanza. Palabras clave: China, Soochow University, Universidad Veracruzana, COVID-19, Humanismo. Abstract: The reflection examines the presuppositions of college education in its virtual modality, in contrast to college education in its face-to-face modality, in the area of Spanish teaching for Chinese students enrolled in the bachelor's degree in Hispanic Philology, since the outbreak of COVID-19. The dissertation is based upon a particular Spanish teaching experience at secondary and tertiary education levels of the Mexican educational system. The proposal on strengthening of virtual learning for enhancing the Chinese students' education is therefore here proposed to be valid for Mexican students' education likewise. The strengthening being sourced from a humanistic learning perspective. Keywords: China, Mexico, Soochow University, Universidad Veracruzana, COVID-19, Humanism.

The article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of humanization and humanization of domestic higher education in the late twentieth - early twenty-first century. Based on a comprehensive historical and pedagogical analysis, the research identifies and characterizes the essence of humanization transformations of higher education in Ukraine. The research hypothesis is based on the thesis that special value-oriented pedagogical conditions in the process of professional training are a prerequisite for the acquisition of values and sense experience of future specialists in foreign philology, which creates important prerequisites for the formation of axiological competencies. The proposed study is aimed at determining the level of formation of values and sense experience among future specialists in foreign philology at the initial and final stages of the experiment. The paper analyzes the key concepts, the essence of humanization and humanitarianization and its established features. The main periods are singled out: the first (1985-1990) - directive humanization and humanitarianization of higher education in Ukraine; the second (1990-1995) - humanization and humanitarianization in the process of higher education reform; the third (1995-2004) - normative-legal institutionalization of the process of humanization and humanitarianization of higher education; fourth (2005-2012) - international integration of higher education in Ukraine in the process of humanization and humanitarianization with their inherent trends. The article has comprehensively researched tendencies, ways, innovative technologies of humanization and humanitarianization of higher education of Ukraine, the possibilities of the improvement taking into account the European educational standards, accumulated positive experience, national traditions and modern tendencies in the organization of higher education in the conditions of Ukraine’s integration into the European educational space. The course of scientific research has proved that the axiological approach to humanization and humanitarianization of the process of training future specialists in higher education is to focus the learning process on personal growth of the student, ensuring his/her comprehensive, cultural, socio-moral and professional development. The teaching of professional and methodological disciplines does not act as a transfer of information, but as activation and stimulation of the process of independent search for one’s own value position in relation to the world, formation of worldview, development of youth perception, ensuring students’ understanding of human values and harmony of human relations. The results of the study have confirmed the effectiveness of the author’s approach to the formation of the humanistic orientation of future professionals in the higher education system of Ukraine during the study period. The research on the humanization and humanitarianization of higher education in Ukraine in the late twentieth - early twenty-first centuries made it possible to involve in scientific circulation a wide range of materials that are representative in nature and reproduce certain aspects of the studied problem, and therefore need to be generalized. Various principles, methods and techniques of modern methodology used in the process of the research have allowed avoiding subjective and biased assessments, ensuring the scientific validity of the results obtained during the research, confirming a sufficiently representative character of the identified sources.

The emancipation of Australian women in particular journalists and writers, who dedicated their lives to the development of culture of the fifth continent has been detected in this article. The goal of the article is to analyse the arrival of women – journalists, editors, publishers - in the print media and to determine their role in the formation and development of democracy and culture of the young state. As a result of the interdisciplinary research (combination of history, sociology, philology, culturology) new data on the role of women were obtained in the formation of democracy in Australia. This gives reason to affirm that this is the first study of this problem in Ukraine. New names of such outstanding Australian men – journalists, editors, publishers, writers as E.S. Hall, S. Bennet, H. Parks, G. Mott, C. Feilberg, W. Winn and women – L. Lawson, F. Baverstock, N. Palmer were introduced into scientific circulation. Significantly expanded and supplemented historical and cultural information about such outstanding women writers and journalists as M. Gilmore, E.F. Richardson, M. Franklin, K.S. Prichard, C. Stead, C. McCullough. Their life is investigated in the context of socio-historical development of Australia and world events that were reflected in their work. Great is their contribution to the antifascist struggle, to the defence of freedom and democratic values in Australia. The artistic value of the work of each of them is determined. The humanistic and realistic approach in creating their characters is clarified. It reflects the historical and socio-cultural development of Australia since the mid-XIX century to the 70-s of the XX century. It is proved that the history of periodicals and the development of literature on the fifth continent is the story of extraordinary talented women, in whose destinies the history of the development of the fourth power and the literature of Australia is reflected. The stages of The Bulletin magazine’s existence, the reasons for its closure and its influence on formation of Australian national literature are analysed. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that it brings new data to academic courses such as “The History of Australia”, “The Print Media of Australia”, “The Literature of Australia”. It is proved than women writers and journalists of Australia enriched Australian literature with bright original works and also made a significant contribution to its culture and democracy.

Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 1. 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The issue opens with the article "Al Noor Island - a Place Where Art and Culture Meet Nature" by J. Smolenkova. It is devoted to modern architecture and touches upon the philosophy of architecture ecology as a new concept of contemporary construction. On the example of a unique project implemented on the island of Al Noor in the UAE, the author considers examples of pavilions and sculptural installations, united by the theme of new aesthetics and humanistic mutual influence of nature and architecture as new realities of modern society. In her article "Glasstress: a Transparent Border Between Mimicry and Mimesis", M. Burganova analyses the modern artistic process that began in the middle of the 20th century as part of the craft + art concept using the example of "Glasstress. Window to the Future” exhibition, held in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg. The Stalinist Empire style, a unique phenomenon in the architecture of the Soviet period, is analysed by V. Slepukhin in the article "Soviet Architecture of the 1930-1950s". The author determines its place among such architectural styles and trends as Art Nouveau, Rationalism and Constructivism and gives a detailed description. In the article “Palladian Architecture of Denmark in the 17th-18th Centuries”, O. Tsvetkova considers the evolution of architecture in Denmark in the 17th-18th centuries, explores the influence of French classicism and Dutch Palladianism on national manifestations of style. On the example of specific buildings, the chronology of the classical architectural tradition development is traced. The creative continuity of architectural dynasties is studied in the context of the pan-European architectural trends of the time; the history of the Danish architecture development is traced. I. Pavlova continues the theme of dialogues in art in the article “The Role of the ‘English’ Theme in One of the Episodes of L. Tolstoy’s Novel, Anna Karenina". The author expresses the opinion that the development of the "English" theme in the episodes of the races and preparations for them serves to dispell false values, the ephemeral virtues of Tolstoy's contemporary society, pride and arrogance. The author believes that the main role of the "English" theme lies in the development and implementation of the moralistic setting of the novel, the expansion of the content space of the work and depiction of the dramatic image of the era. In the article "V. Borovikovsky’s Sketch ‘God the Father Contemplating Dead Christ’ As a Synthesis of Western European and Orthodox Traditions”, V. Makhonina considers iconographic interpretations of the plot and conducts a stylistic analysis of the work. The article "The Concept - Text - Interpretation Triad in Piano Music of the Second Half of the 20th - 21st Centuries" by O. Krasnogorova is devoted to the problems of the performing arts of modern times in the context of the general system of humanitarian thinking. The concept of interpretation from the standpoint of conceptual metaphors and research in the field of musical semiology are considered by the author. In the article, the broad interpretation of a musical text goes beyond the actual musical text into the area of ??signs, metaphors and metonyms. In the article "Instrumental Performance on Wind and Percussion Instruments in the Context of Traditional Rituals Accompanying Work in China", Huang Shuai analyses traditional Chinese wind and percussion instruments; he considers such issues as instrumental combinations and musicians. The author applies the historical research method, source study and musicological analysis of audio and video materials. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.

Translating the Bible has never been an easy task, least of all at the times of theological controversy. A New Latin translation by Erasmus of Rotterdam, executed on the eve of the Reformation, met much criticism on philological and theological level. Franciscus Titelmans, a young, Franciscan scholar from Leuven, addressed in his Collationes quinque numerous issued regarding the translation of the Epistle to the Romans. This article focuses on Romans 5:12. Titelmans claimed that Erasmus’s translation of this verse threatened the dogma of original sin and promoted the resurgence of Pelagianism. The article analyses his arguments showing that although he was not entirely alien to philology, he relied more on the Church Fathers and the authority of the Church in his translation. Philological and logical arguments served only as auxiliary proofs for the meaning that had been established by patristic commentaries. Consequently, this debate mirrors diverse attitudes of both scholars. The Humanist opted for sound philology, even if it resulted in questionable theological statements, the Franciscan for sound theology, even if it led to imperfect philological choices. Although specific arguments of this debate are outdated and hardly relevant to modern-day biblical studies, divergent attitudes of its protagonists are well reflected in current debates, making it worth

The article concerns the influence of humanist scholarship on sixteenth-century etymological practices, testified in the Neo-Latin reference works and special treatises on linguistics and history. Being an important part of historical research, which relied mostly on Greek and Latin literary sources, etymology could not but adopt some important principles and instruments of contemporary philological work, notably on the source criticism. The foremost rule was to study the sources in their original language, form, and eliminate any corrupted data as well as any information not attested in written sources. This presumed that every text had its own written history, which tended to be a gradual deterioration of its state, represented in the manuscript tradition that was subject to scribal errors and misinterpretations. This view on the textual history was strikingly consonant with that on the history of languages, which was treated by the humanists as permanent corruption and inevitable degeneration from the noble and perfect state of their ancient ancestors. In an effort to restore the original text, philology used emendation as a cure for scribal abuse and textual losses; likewise, language historians had their own tool, namely etymology, to reconstruct and explain the original form of words (including the nomenclature of various sciences). The intersection of both procedures is taken into account in the article and it demonstrates how textual conjectures, manuscript collation, and graphical interpretation of misreadings were employed by the sixteenth-century scholars to corroborate their etymological speculations, which established themselves as one of the ways of the reception and criticism of classical scholarly heritage.

Введение. Научное наследие русского философа и культуролога М. М. Бахтина является значимым и самостоятельным объектом интерпретации в современной гуманитаристике. Интересным видится рассмотрение смыслов, заложенных в трудах ученого, в аспекте выявления специфики их рецепции со стороны носителей конкретной национальной картины мира. В современном Китае наблюдается расширение интереса к изучению творческого дискурса М. М. Бахтина, что делает необходимой попытку систематизации наработанного исследовательского опыта.Цель – систематизировать представление о ключевых положениях в интерпретации смыслов в учении о символах и теории диалога М. М. Бахтина, содержащихся в трудах китайских филологов с учетом специфики национальной научной картины мира и универсальных, существующих в сознании представителей мирового сообщества вариантов толкования. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования послужили тексты М. М. Бахтина как первоисточник для авторской интерпретации, а также научные источники, представляющие осмысление научного наследия М. М. Бахтина в китайской гуманитаристике. Методы исследования – текстовый, сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ, систематизация, категоризация и обобщение научной информации, интроспекция.Результаты и обсуждение. Обобщение результатов интерпретации научных текстов М. М. Бахтина, имеющихся в китайской гуманитаристике сегодня, позволяет выделить определенную модель толкования. В ее основе ‒ ядро универсальных смыслов, выявляемых в контексте функционирования разнообразных и многочисленных трактовок учения Бахтина в современной мировой науке. К разряду ключевых универсальных смыслов в области интерпретации бахтинского учения о знаках-символах можно отнести толкование знака в соотнесенности с пониманием его значения в контексте конкретной коммуникативно-речевой ситуации. В теории диалога большинством мировых ученых признается положение о диалоге как форме развертывания коммуникации любого типа, средстве межкультурного взаимодействия и формирования чувства самоидентификации. Специфика осмысления концепции М. М. Бахтина в китайской филологии состоит прежде всего в стремлении объединить варианты толкования, существующие в русле как западной, так и европейской науки. Стержнем и сущностью академической мысли Бахтина, по мнению большинства исследователей из Китая, является теория диалога, основная цель которой состоит в том, чтобы подчеркнуть позитивный гуманистический дух, отстаивающий индивидуальность и ориентированный на равноправное участие.Заключение. Результаты обобщения опыта исследования идей М. М. Бахтина китайскими учеными демонстрируют наличие глубинной рецепции в аудитории китайских филологов по отношению к дискурсу великого русского мыслителя. Introduction. The scientific heritage of the Russian philosopher and culturologist M. M. Bakhtin is a significant and independent object of interpretation in modern humanities. It seems interesting to consider the meanings embedded in the works of the scientist in the aspect of identifying the specifics of their reception on the part of the carriers of a specific national picture of the world. In modern China, there is an expansion of interest in the study of the creative discourse of M. M. Bakhtin, which makes it necessary to try to systematize the accumulated research experience. Aim and objectives. The purpose of the article is to systematize the idea of the key provisions in the interpretation of meanings in the doctrine of symbols and the theory of dialogue by M.M. Bakhtin, contained in the works of Chinese philologists, taking into account the specifics of the national scientific picture of the world and the universal interpretation options that exist in the minds of representatives of the world community.Material and methods. The material of the study was the texts of M.M. Bakhtin as a primary source for the author’s interpretation, as well as scientific sources representing the understanding of the scientific heritage of M. M. Bakhtin in Chinese Humanities. The research methods are textual, comparative analysis, systematization, categorization and generalization of scientific information, introspection. Results and discussion. Generalization of the results of the interpretation of scientific texts by M. M. Bakhtin, available in Chinese humanities today, allows us to identify a certain model of interpretation. It is based on the core of universal meanings that are revealed in the context of the functioning of various and numerous interpretations of Bakhtin’s teachings in modern world science. The category of key universal meanings in the field of interpretation of Bakhtin’s doctrine of signs-symbols includes the interpretation of a sign in relation to the understanding of its meaning in the context of a specific communicative-speech situation. In the theory of dialogue, the majority of world scientists recognize the position of dialogue as a form of deployment of communication of any type, a means of intercultural interaction and the formation of a sense of self-identification. The specifics of understanding the concept of M. M. Bakhtin in Chinese philology consists, first of all, in the desire to combine interpretation options that exist in line with both Western and European science. The core and essence of Bakhtin’s academic thought, according to most researchers from China, is the theory of dialogue, the main goal of which is to emphasize a positive humanistic spirit that upholds individuality and is oriented towards equal participation.Conclusion. The core and essence of Bakhtin’s academic thought, according to most researchers from China, is the theory of dialogue, the main goal of which is to emphasize a positive humanistic spirit that upholds individuality and is oriented towards equal participation. Dialogical thought passes through his linguistic and semiotic thinking. The results of the generalization of the experience of studying the ideas of M. M. Bakhtin by Chinese scientists demonstrate the presence of deep reception in the audience of Chinese philologists in relation to the discourse of the great Russian thinker.

Collections of antiquities on Danish manorsBefore the establishment of the public museum system and during its first phase after 1807, important activity concerning the relics of antiquity was managed by the estates (fig. 3). This resulted in the creation of collections with varied contents, including Danish antiquities. These were either bought or found within the estate district as was the case with the pieces of ”danefæ”, which the peasants found and brought to the manor (according to a decree from 1737, all treasures found in the Danish soil must be handed over to the king or – later – the state. Such finds are called” danefæ”). It is notable that the collection of danefæ took place according to a decentralised structure, as described in King Frederik V’s public notice from 1752, which also stated that a reward is given in return. According to this, the king delegated his right to collect danefæ to counts and barons, who could then again pass it on and cash the reward. The danefæ became the nucleus in many collections (fig. 4). This category of landowners kept their central position to archaeological work for a long time. Their right to collect danefæ lasted until 1853, and the practice of delivering antiquities found on the estate at the manor went on until modern times.The early museum collections, the kunstkammers and collections of curios of the 17th and 18th centuries, are well described in the literature on museum history. However, only little attention has been paid to the collections of the 19th and early 20th centuries. For instance, the collections of Broholm on Fyn (fig. 9), of Nr. Vosbjerg in Western Jutland, of Brattingsborg on Samsø, and of Valbygaard (fig. 1) and Lerchenborg on Sjælland have all been thoroughly described, but only individually (note 5), not as a phenomenon. This article is based on information from a few selected archives supplemented by spot tests involving a number of manors and several museums in areas with many estates (note 14). ln spite of the limitations induced by the source material it is the aim of the article to throw light on as many collections as possible to reach a general view. The article focuses on the manor collections as a phenomenon and on the museum development and museum traditions to which these collections belong , with the emphasis on the 19th and early 20th centuries.The article is based on two archives,Victor Hermansen’s papers in the Royal Library, indicated in the lists I-V with the signature of ”gl. Bib. VH” and the part of the report archive in the National Museum / Danish Prehistory, listed as ”NM, Oldtiden”, which contains the private collections. The material has been described using five time references: Before 1807 (list I); 1807-1848 (list II); 1848-1892 (list III); and finally 1892-1919 and 1919- the present time (both in list IV) (fig. 2). The time divisions were the result of an overall evaluation of the material, the type of collections and the intellectual, mental and social motives behind the collecting activity. Although the types of collections from different periods overlap and late examples of early collection types do occur, it is still obvious that the ideal for collector’s activity changed in the course of time.The review begins with the period 1807-1848, at the start of which the ”Royal Commission to the Safe keeping of Antiquities” was to become the foundation stone of the public museum system.1807-1848: landowners and others put much work into the issue, which the ”Commission” had been appointed to safeguarding. Danish artefacts were collected as never before. A flow of artefacts arrived at the collection in the capital from several landowners on Fyn and elsewhere. As in the beginning of the previous period, the landowners were also taking part in excavations, in protecting relics of antiquity and in publishing archaeological treatises.1848-1892:The public museum services were established. The new keeper of the Danish antiquities, the archaeologist J.J.A. Worsaae travelled the country to collect information, and he specifically contacted the landowners, knowing that these were key figures within archaeological research (fig. 5 and 10). Consequently, the landowners changed the way they dealt with archaeology in line with the development of the profession as initiated by Worsaae, who went in the direction of a more scholarly method and a dissociation of philosophy and history, which had been closely connected to archaeology. King Frederik VII’s (1848-1863) personal interest in archaeology had a positive influence on the development of the profession and contributed to its growing popularity among the landowners and the public.1892-1919: This period began with the Old Nordic Museum changing its name into the National Museum, and Sophus Müller becoming its curator. The landowners continued their archaeological activity, especially on those estates, which had a tradition for this (fig. 6). However, in the correlation between these archaeologically interested and active landowners, the National Museum gained more authority due to its growing expertise. Not only did the museum engage itself in the landowners’ investigations, it also took over the work and continued it on its own terms. But at the same time the museum staff showed appropriate consideration to the landowners, who according to the constitution had the right of owners hip to extensive areas with artefacts and relics of the past. Cooperation was necessary for the growth of the profession. The landowners had unlimited rights to those finds of artefacts and structures that were not danefæ or listed relics. However, the registers of the National Museum from this time show that after the excavation, the landowner often gave the finds to the museum.This period also saw conflicts between the provincial museums and the National Museum, caused by Sophus Müller’s policy of a centralised museum structure, which gave the provincial museums little liberty of action (note 7). We lack a coherent description of the private artefact collectors’ part in this game. A closer examination of some of them, such as Beck on Valbygaard, the private collectors associated with the museum in Odense, and Collet on Lundbygaard suggests that they were sometimes on one, sometimes on the other front in this controversy (note 9 and 47).After 1919: In 1919, the privileges and special duties of the nobility were cancelled, a development parallelled in the rest of Central, East and Northern Europe. The advanced position in the government previously held by this social class had ended to be replaced by the public sector of the democratic society of which the modern museum system forms a part. However, some estates carried on the tradition of building up collections of artefacts even in this period, and a few landowners opened museums on their estates (fig. 7). These are late activities in the long tradition of archaeological activity on the manors. Both in this periods and the previous one, the interest in collecting artefacts spread down the hierarchy of the manors to the employees and to the farmers on the small holdings. Today almost every family holding owns a collection of artefacts found on the property.To throw light on the changing intellectual context of which the artefact collections on the manors formed part, from the collections of the late Renaissance until the present, the article includes the collections of curios and minerals from the 17th and 18th centuries (list I). Most royal and princely courts in Europe had a kunstkammer with a wideranging content. The archive information used for this article has shown that in Denmark in the 19th century, these collections were not exclusively connected to the nobility or the manors. It is a common trait that the collector was a learned person, an academic or a high official or a well- educated nobleman with or without property. To agree with this, both in Denmark and internationally, a well-equipped library was attached to the collection as a fixed element (fig. 8). Some kunstkammers were attached to grammar schools, orphanages and student hostels. Through purchase and sale parts of the collections changed owner and location from time to time, as for instance the collection of Jesper Friis, which can be followed in written so urces from the 17th century through the following centuries and for a couple of items even into the antique collection of the National Museum.Around 1800, the Romantic Movement and the national currents increased the interest in Danish arte facts and relics of the past. Via folk high school education, which was inspired by the Nordic mythology and attached importance to the prehistory and early history of the nation, this interest spread into the population. As opposed to the earlier collections, which formed part of a learned environment characterised by a classical, humanistic education, the many manor collections, which had their prime in the period of c. 1860-1919, formed part of a practical agronomy universe, where demanding farming techniques were pushed into effect and where hunting and outdoor life was an important part of life. At the same time the landowners put much strength into renovating buildings and erecting fine manor complexes, a natural consequence of the wealth that originated from the corn sales. In an era where natural sciences and practical trades were given pride of place, the turn of archaeology away from the old humanistic method and tradition within philology and history towards the exact sciences will have contributed to the populariry of the profession.The private collections of artefacts have a larger professional and intellectual value than what is usually attributed to them. They were made at a time when the creation of rype collections of artefacts, suites, were in fashion. Information on find conditions and contexts are therefore rare. In the 20th century, professional archaeologists valued these collections according to the presence of find information, and so many of them were split through exchange. The fact that many of these artefacts were from the time before the parish accounts (a registering of relics of the past initiated by the National Museum) and thus – when it comes to the local artefacts – told of the relics of the past that had been situated on the estate earlier, but had been demolished in the early, active farming years of the first half of the 19th century. Also, the ethnological value of these collections has been disregarded.The article ends with considerations as to the public / the private. Nowadays these two notions create two separate rooms. ICOM’s ethical rules for museums have a clear definition, stating that a professional museum activiry is in compatible with private collecting activity.The history of the private collections of arte facts throws light on the development from the time before the public sector, when landowners and other private persons were supporting archaeology and the public museum initiative economically, politically and professionally. The profession developed from here and in a continued interaction between the professionals and the private collectors. Even when today there is a clear distinction between public and private, there are some interesting reminiscences left. Without the contribution and support of the public, archaeology would have difficult conditions.Karen Løkkegaard PoulsenMariboTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

This essay, a version of which was presented as the 2022 Society for Textual Scholarship Presidential Address, considers the state of textual scholarship in light of converging disasters of our moment — human-induced climate change, resurgent xenophobia, religious fundamentalism, territorial warfare, violent racism, and a humanistic academy under attack from both without and within. After surveying important recent textual scholarly work in queer studies, African American literature, Native American studies, and archival studies, the essay gestures to emerging domains of theoretical and practical work on which textual scholars might draw to encourage the development of survival-oriented philology in the present.

The Humanities at a Crossroads: Challenges and Prospects in the (Post-)COVID-19 WorldThe widespread social and political changes at the end of the 20th century influenced and reshaped higher education and, consequently, research in and the position of the humanities at universities around the world. This paper examines the much-debated crisis in the humanities and poses questions on its course in the light of the global COVID-19 pandemic. It argues that the COVID-19 pandemic might be an opportunity for reflections that may lead to changes in higher education that aim to revive humanistic research, which provides people with tools such as critical thinking, which has proved to be crucial in times of crisis, like pandemics. We consider the example of the Faculty of Philology at the University of Belgrade, the most prominent place for language, culture and literature research in Serbia, as this is an institution that faces many challenges, primarily a decline in enrolment in certain programmes. Finally, we analyse this Faculty’s strategies to cope with both internal and external problems and to revitalize the interest of prospective students in philological studies.Nauki humanistyczne na rozdrożu – wyzwania i perspektywy w świecie po pandemii COVID-19Szeroko zakrojone zmiany społeczne i polityczne pod koniec XX wieku przekształciły szkolnictwo wyższe, a co za tym idzie, badania i pozycję nauk humanistycznych na uniwersytetach na całym świecie. W niniejszym artykule analizie poddany został szeroko dyskutowany kryzys w humanistyce oraz postawiono pytania o jego przebieg w świetle globalnej pandemii COVID-19. Autorka przekonuje, że pandemia COVID-19 może być okazją do refleksji prowadzącej do zmian w szkolnictwie wyższym, które mają na celu ożywienie badań humanistycznych, dostarczających ludziom narzędzi, takich jak krytyczne myślenie, będące kluczowym w czasach kryzysu (np. pandemii). Analizie poddany został przykład Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu w Belgradzie, najwybitniejszego miejsca badań nad językiem, kulturą i literaturą w Serbii. Wybór ten został podyktowany faktem, iż jest to instytucja, która stoi przed wieloma wyzwaniami, przede wszystkim związanymi ze spadkiem liczby zapisów na niektóre kierunki. Na koniec analizuję strategie tego Wydziału w zakresie radzenia sobie zarówno z problemami wewnętrznymi, jak i zewnętrznymi oraz ożywienia zainteresowania przyszłych studentów studiami filologicznymi.

All scientific endeavours require researchers to develop an understanding of the available methodological tools to perform the needed studies. These tools can be applied depending on the field, purpose and context of the study. This article outlines and argues for ways to construct methodological framework appropriate for an in-depth interdisciplinary analysis of a literary text. The purpose of this study is to build the interdisciplinary methodological framework for literary text analysis using approaches of two humanities sciences – pedagogy and philology (linguistics and literature). The material for the research is a contemporary fairy tale Bunny Non-Hopper and His Brave Mommy by Oksana Drachkovska, Ukrainian writer and journalist. Relevance, innovation, importance and complexity of the author’s fairy tale theme, which appears both in the field of modern pedagogy and current philological interpretations justified our choice. Among the methods applied in the paper are literary studies interpretation that outlines a place of the fairy tale in the context of similar Ukrainian and foreign literature and reveals features of the its gender constructions; linguistic analysis based on communicative-pragmatic and conceptual approaches that focus on the text-discursive level along with pedagogical approaches that enable the representation of the text’s educational potential. The suggested framework consists of two levels – general scientific and specific scientific. On the general scientific level, it deploys systematic, synergetic, and paradigmatic approaches, whereas on the specific scientific level – linguistic approaches (communicative pragmatic and conceptual), literary studies approaches (intertextual and gender), and pedagogical approaches (integrated, inclusive, humanistic, empowerment), thus employing knowledge and specifics of each science. Besides a system-building function aimed to obtain comprehensive information about the object of the study, the proposed methodological framework for the interdisciplinary literary text analysis embraces an anthropocentric paradigm centred on children with special educational needs.

In this paper I consider how Edward Said elaborates his concept of exile—as both a physical displacement and as a hermeneutical situation or mode of critical activity—in a transhistorical dialogue with Erich Auerbach. In his efforts to delineate the interrelation between cultural discourses and historical ‘regimes of knowledge,’ Said shows intellectual exile (which gives rise to secular criticism) to be the preliminary step in a concrete act of cultural recuperation: namely the re-appropriation and mobilization of texts, through an exilic will to interpretation and synthesis. Through a close examination of Auerbach’s ‘Philology and Weltliteratur’ and Said’s ‘Secular Criticism’ I compare the writers’ consciousness of their worldly socio-political situations, their humanistic goals, and their readings of cultural history—which they evaluate in the form of literary representations and interpretations of reality. Said locates agency in the exile’s liminal situation, his ‘unhomely’ un-belonging, which affords him a unique perspective and a certain mobility of critical thought. He believes that Auerbach, in his cultural alienation as a Jew exiled to Istanbul during World War II, adopted such a threshold position and could thus exercise precisely this exilic will to criticism as he wrote his magisterial Mimesis. Through a ‘worldly self-situating’ between inside and outside and a refusal of all binding filiations or affiliations that would limit his ability to move freely between the two spaces, the secular critic following the model of Auerbach, can mediate contrapuntally between dominant and minority culture, challenge authority, and indeed, redistribute cultural capital to produce ‘non-coercive knowledge in the interests of human freedom.’ Exilic readings thus become a tool and weapon of resistance, which simultaneously enable a critical recovery of one’s lost world and a reconstitution of the cultural mythos of ‘home,’ to impart historical, or at least aesthetic, coherence to the traumatic experience of loss.