Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Humanist existentialism'

Existentialism, broadly construed, can be understood in terms of a desire to ‘return to man’. In other words, underpinning existentialist thought is a sense that modern philosophy has lost touch with the essential goal of allowing man to comprehend his own existence. And it is this aim then, of a return to man’s being as it is concretely lived and experienced, that it seeks to realise. However it will be argued in this thesis that, against familiar criticisms of such a project, this ‘return’ does not simply necessitate a return to, or acceptance of, ‘humanism’. For influenced by Heidegger’s Letter on Humanism, Marxist, structuralist and post-structuralist critics have all suggested this movement is synonymous with a naive or romantic ‘humanist’ idea of the subject. That is, they have suggested that existentialism’s ‘return to man’ amounts at best to the radicalisation of a discredited subject-entity concept. As such, against this, we will argue that existentialism and its ‘return to man’ is not simply another humanism. And we will attempt to demonstrate this point, and resolve this apparent contradiction, by exploring the idea of perversity in the work of Sartre and Nietzsche. For if man is understood as a ‘perversion’ of something other than himself then it may be possible to have a philosophy of man without appealing to the notion of an isolated subject-entity. How will we do this though? In the first half of the thesis we will look at the way in which for Nietzsche the human can be understood as a perversion of fundamental natural forces. We will attempt this first of all by looking at the genesis of the free spirit as a perversion of man’s normal, fettered state. Secondly we will look at On The Genealogy of Morality, and explore how man can be understood there as a ‘perverse animal’; as a perversion of the active force of will-to-power. Continuing, in the second half of the thesis, we will then explore the idea of man as a ‘perversion of being’ that we find in Sartre’s Being and Nothingness. We will see there how man exists, first of all, as a perverse non-being in relation to being. Next though we will look at how this ontological fact implies a secondary perverse attempt by man to conceal this reality from himself. Consequently then by exploring such a ‘perverse’ conception of man we hope to show how a non-humanist existentialism, and ‘return to man’, is possible.

This thesis examines the possibilities for feminism that arise from the work of Michel Foucault, which I explicate by comparison it with humanist existentialism. I begin with The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir's application of existentialism to women. I expose the problems that arise in Beauvoir's project. Woman's body is an obstacle to her transcendence, and further, she must abandon her feminine desires and values, and accommodate herself to masculine patterns if she is to overcome her immanence and subordination. To understand why such problems recur in The Second Sex, I turn to Sartre's Being and Nothingness. After examining the conceptions underlying his thought, I conclude that his philosophy is unable to encompass difference, and is therefore antithetical to the feminist project. ¶ Foucault's philosophy offers solutions to these problems by eliminating consciousness as universal subject of action, and by making subjectivity a product of time, through showing how subjects are formed though the changing effects of power upon bodies. His thought encompasses difference at a fundamental level, through understanding human beings as particular 'events' in time. I argue that Foucault's philosophy does not depend fundamentally, as does Sartre's, upon woman as Other. ¶ Foucault shows how our particular historical form of rationality, created within power relations, sets limits on what we can think, be and do. He shows how thought can overcome some of these limits, allowing us to become authors of our own actions. Misunderstandings are common, particularly of his conception of power and its relation to subjectivity. Many commentators demand changes that reinstate the concepts he fundamentally rejects. Others do not see the unity of his philosophy. I show its importance to women's emancipation and to a feminist ethics. ¶ Finally, I compare Foucault's thought with feminism of difference. With the help of Heidegger, I argue that Foucault offers a superior but complementary way to know who we are, through understanding the history of our making. I show how the masculine and the feminine can be reconciled through a reconceptualisation of the relation of sex to time. All told, Foucault is a philosopher of freedom and for him the practice of freedom is an ethics.

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Humanismo, uma releitura existencial de Albert Camus e de Jean-Paul Sartre é o tema da presente dissertação, que consiste no exercício filosófico de criar um mundo possível nessa vida. Acreditar no mundo e no verdadeiro humanismo é o que nos falta. Nós perdemos, completamente, o senso de valorizar, respeitar e dar condições necessárias, para que o ser humano se realize na sua plenitude e com referenciais éticos. O racional tornou-se o irracional; o humano, o inumano. Acreditar no homem significa, principalmente, suscitar acontecimentos, atitudes, ainda que corriqueiras, mas que visem a redescobrir a essência do humanismo. É necessário, pois, urgentemente, uma redefinição em nosso próprio conceito de humanismo que nos impulsione a um compromisso humanizador.A proposição básica dos filósofos, Camus e Sartre, é que: como é impossível salvar tudo, salve-se, ao menos, o corpo de cada indivíduo. Que homem algum seja vítima, carrasco e omisso perante o próprio homem. Ambos nos pedem um mundo, onde não se mate, onde
Humanism, an existential rereading of Albert Camus and Jean-.Paul Sartre, is the subject of this presentation, which consist of a philosophical pratice of creating a possible world in this life. Believing in the humanism, is what is missing for us. We have los completely, meaning that, valuing, respecting and giving the necessary conditions for the human being became inhumane. Beliving in humanity means maily rousing humanism. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to redefine our own concept of humanism which compels us to a humanising compromise.The basic propositions of the philosophers, Camus and Sartre, as it is impossible for us to save everything, unless each individual body can be saved. That the man is a victim or cruel and not neglectin before the humanity itself. Both require a world in which crimes against humanity and at least evil, terrorism, violence, social exclusion, and prejudices will be outlawed.Sartre introduces to us freedom and an absolute value. The existentialism puts the humanity befor

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Genève, 1987.
Spine title: L'Espace existentiel chez Hermann Hesse. Cover title: L'Espace existentiel dans la vie et l'œuvre de Hermann Hesse, 1877-1962. Includes bibliographical references (p. 357-388).

Magistro darbe, tema „Subjekto problema modernioje ir postmodernioje ugdymo filosofijoje“, yra mėginama išryškinti subjekto problema modernios ugdymo filosofijos kontekste. Taip pat atskleidžiama ir analizuojama perskyra tarp modernios ir klasikinės ugdymo filosofijų. Aptariama ugdymo principų ir standartų istorinė, teorinė bei mokslinė raida, akcentuojant, kokią filosofiniai principai darė įtaką tam tikrų edukologinių principų atsiradimui bei vystymuisi. Šiame darbe daug dėmesio yra skiriama vaiko objektyvizavimo problemai klasikinėje ugdymo sistemoje bei subjektyvizavimo problemai modernioje ugdymo sistemoje. Modernioje ugdymo sistemoje išryškėja patyrimo bei refleksijos svarba, sąmonės intencionalumas, kuris parodo fenomenologijos reikšmę. Šiame darbe yra aptariamos sąšaukos tarp fenomenologijos, pragmatizmo ir egzistencializmo idėjų ugdyme. Daugiausiai yra analizuojami egzistencializmo atstovo P.Freire‘o darbai. P.Freire savo ugdymo filosofijoje labiausiai akcentuoja žmogaus laisvės problemą, humanizmo ugdyme svarbą. Taip pat yra analizuojama pragmatizmo atstovo J.Dewey ugdymo sistemoje išryškinama individo patyrimo svarba, šio patyrimo refleksija bei praktinis pritaikymas. Daugiausiai yra akcentuojami demokratiškumo ir humanizmo principai, kaip pagrindiniai ugdymo principai. Šiame darbe klasikinė ugdymo sistema yra parodoma kaip dehumanizuojanti individą, išryškinami jos trūkumai. O moderni ugdymo sistema, atvirkščiai - kaip humanizuojanti, išlaisvinanti individą.
The Master's thesis "The problem of Subject in Modern and Post-modern Philosophy of Education," is an attempt to highlight the problem of the subject in the context of modern philosophy of education. The present work describes and analyzes the distinction between modern and classical education philosophies as well. The historical, theoretical, and scientific development of the principles and standards of education are also dealt with focusing on philosophical principles that influenced the emergence and development of certain educational principles. The paper pays attention to the problem of child objectivisation in the system of classical education and the problem of subjectivisation in modern education. The modern education system highlights the importance of experience and reflection, intentionality of consciousness, which show the relevance of phenomenology. This work discusses the interplay of the ideas of phenomenology, pragmatism, and existentialism in education. Mostly the works of the representative of existentialism P.Freire are analyzed. P.Freire stresses the problem of human freedom and humanistic education in his educational philosophy. The paper also analyzes the importance of individual experience, its reflection and practical application in the educational system of the representative of pragmatism J.Dewey. Mostly the principles of democracy and humanism as the basic educational principles are emphasized. This paper presents the classical education system as... [to full text]

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In Being and Nothingness, Sartre defines man as a hopelessly free being. But thus, iffreedom is our main predicate, would it be possible to think a relationship between differentfreedoms which was not limited to a mere intersubjective conflict, that is, would it be possibleto conceive a theory of the other in Sartre that was not reduced to a clash of freedoms? Theaim of the dissertation is to demonstrate that, despite intersubjectivity be presented in theessay on phenomenological ontology as essentially conflictive, it is possible, already in thisbook, glimpse the overture to think about interpersonal relations of positive reciprocity, thatis, relations able to overcome the inherent conflict of Being-for-others.
Em O ser e o nada, Sartre define o homem como um ser irremediavelmente livre.Mas, se a liberdade é nosso principal atributo, seria possível pensar a relação entre diferentesliberdades sem esgotar-se no mero conflito intersubjetivo, quer dizer, seria possível conceberuma teoria do outro em Sartre que não se resumisse a um confronto de liberdades? O objetivoda dissertação é mostrar que, apesar da intersubjetividade ser apresentada no ensaio deontologia fenomenológica como essencialmente conflituosa, é possível, já nessa obra,vislumbrar a abertura para se pensar em relações interpessoais de reciprocidade positiva, istoé, relações capazes de superar o conflito inerente ao Ser-Para-outro.

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This thesis aims to clarify the meaning of the concept of double reflection in Kierkegaard, by elaborating reflexivity in kierkegaardian philosophy and by a retrospective tracing of how this concept can be found and formulated in Fichte and in early German romanticism. The idea of a reflection on reflection, which Kierkegaard identifies with the double reflection in his work and which is used as an operative concept to explain his philosophical, literary and religious authorship, was first formulated in Fichte's critical philosophy, and from then on it was submitted to a metacritical interpretation in the Frühromantik, which directly influenced Kierkegaard's appropriation. In order to lay the foundations for an understanding of the concept of double reflection, the work should cover not only the delineation of the concept of reflection by itself in each of these authors, but also in parallel to relate it with the conception of a reflective consciousness or individuality in each author. Although it is possible to trace this sequential line formed by this concept in these three authors, the specific differences it acquires in each of them compels the confrontation with both romanticism and idealism in Kierkegaard's work, with which he seeks to dialogue in order to delimit his religious philosophy.
Esta tese pretende esclarecer o significado do conceito de dupla reflexão em Kierkegaard, a partir de uma elaboração da reflexividade na filosofia kierkegaardiana e de um traçamento retrospectivo da forma como este conceito pode ser encontrado e formulado em Fichte e no primeiro romantismo alemão. A ideia de uma reflexão da reflexão, que Kierkegaard identifica com a dupla reflexão em sua obra e dela se utiliza como conceito operativo para explicar sua autoria filosófica, literária e religiosa, foi formulada primeiramente na filosofia crítica de Fichte, e a partir daí sofreu uma interpretação metacrítica nos Frühromantik, que influenciou diretamente a apropriação de Kierkegaard. Para lançar as bases para a compreensão do conceito de dupla reflexão, o trabalho deverá percorrer não somente o delineamento do conceito reflexão por si mesmo em cada um destes autores, mas também relacioná-lo paralelamente com a concepção que cada um deles tem da ideia de uma consciência ou individualidade reflexiva. Embora seja possível traçar esta linha sequencial formada por este conceito nestes três autores, as diferenças específicas que ele adquire em cada um deles compele à confrontação tanto com o romantismo quanto com o idealismo na obra de Kierkegaard, com os quais ele busca dialogar para delimitar sua filosofia religiosa.

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The ludic therapy in a Phenomenological-Existential perspective is conceived as a psychotherapeutic process in which, the listening and talking, mediated by playing activities, allow the child to deal with their grief/suffering. This study is based on the need to broaden the understanding of this modality of clinical intervention by emphasizing the speech of the protagonists in the process: children in therapy. The objective was to understand the ludic therapy from the children s perspective, knowing the meanings assigned to the therapeutic process, to the psychologist and to the involvement of the children in clinical consultations. The main ideas that underlie this research are presented in three theoretical chapters covering, respectively, the suffering of children and the demand for psychotherapy, the Phenomenological-Existential clinical psychology, and the psychotherapy for children, in Brazil, under this theoretical-methodological approach. The study was qualitative, on a phenomenological basis, and included six children as participants, aged between six and ten years, undergoing ludic therapy for at least six months, and referred by their own therapists. In the research s corpus construction, individual meetings were held and mediated by tools to support expressiveness (ludic and pictures/figures boxes), added by the storytelling of an incomplete story about a child s visit to the therapy session, and the request for the elaboration of a message to be passed to a child who will go to see a psychologist. The analysis of the data was based on a variant of the phenomenological method proposed by Amedeo Giorgi. The results reveal a lack of knowledge by the children about the psychologist s activities. Thus, the children develop fantasies about this intervention modality because of lack of information. These observations are consistent with the historical meanings assigned to clinical psychology, involving ideas of normality and guilt. The meanings associated with the motives for a referral to a psychologist highlight the conflict "be a problem versus having a problem" and an elitist conception of clinical psychology. Children understand the characteristics of the therapeutic process, such as the specifics of the therapist-client relationship and the notion of freedom. They also demonstrate remarkable pleasure in the therapeutic process. Finally, it was concluded that the meanings attributed to the ludic therapy by the children are consistent with that proposed in the literature about the children s psychotherapy process in the Phenomenological-Existential perspective. Moreover, the relevance of both the children s experience in the therapeutic setting and the meanings of these proceedings understood by the children are highlighted by the listening to the protagonists in the ludic therapeutic process. The comprehension of these aspects and their transference from the clients experience to the reflective field, promote advances in the understanding of child psychotherapy and indicate the need for further studies with children using this approach.
A Ludoterapia, em uma perspectiva Fenomenol?gico-Existencial, ? concebida como um processo psicoterap?utico em que a escuta e a fala, mediadas pelo brincar, possibilitam ? crian?a lidar com o seu sofrimento. Este estudo surge diante da necessidade de ampliar a compreens?o acerca desta modalidade de interven??o cl?nica, enfatizando, para tal, a fala das protagonistas do processo: crian?as em terapia. Objetiva-se compreender a Ludoterapia a partir da perspectiva infantil, conhecendo os significados atribu?dos ao processo terap?utico, ao psic?logo e ? participa??o das crian?as nos atendimentos cl?nicos. As principais ideias que fundamentam a pesquisa s?o apresentadas em tr?s cap?tulos te?ricos que abordam, respectivamente, o sofrimento infantil e a demanda por psicoterapia, a psicologia cl?nica Fenomenol?gico-Existencial, e a psicoterapia para crian?as, no Brasil, no ?mbito desta abordagem te?ricometodol?gica. O estudo ? qualitativo, de base fenomenol?gica, e tem como participantes seis crian?as na faixa et?ria entre seis e dez anos, em atendimento ludoter?pico h? no m?nimo seis meses, indicadas pelas pr?prias terapeutas. Na constru??o do corpus da pesquisa foram realizados encontros individuais com media??o de suportes expressivos (caixa l?dica e mala de figuras), utilizada uma hist?ria incompleta sobre a ida de uma crian?a ? terapia e solicitada a elabora??o de um recado a ser transmitido a uma crian?a que ir? ao psic?logo. A an?lise dos dados foi pautada na variante do m?todo fenomenol?gico proposta por Amedeo Giorgi. Os resultados revelam um desconhecimento pr?vio da atividade do psic?logo por parte de crian?as encaminhadas ? Ludoterapia, as quais, frente ? falta de informa??es, desenvolvem fantasias acerca desta modalidade de interven??o. Tais conte?dos mostram-se condizentes com os significados historicamente atribu?dos ? psicologia cl?nica, envolvendo ideias de normalidade e culpabilidade. Os significados associados aos motivos para um encaminhamento ao psic?logo evidenciam o conflito ser um problema versus ter um problema , e uma concep??o de psicologia cl?nica elitizada. As caracter?sticas do processo terap?utico, como as especificidades da rela??o cliente-terapeuta e a no??o de liberdade, s?o compreendidas pelas crian?as. Elas demonstram, ainda, not?vel prazer no processo terap?utico. Por fim, conclui-se que os significados que as crian?as conferem ? Ludoterapia mostram-se coerentes com o proposto na literatura sobre o processo psicoterap?utico infantil na perspectiva Fenomenol?gico-Existencial. Outrossim, ao ouvir as protagonistas do processo ludoter?pico, evidencia-se a relev?ncia tanto da experi?ncia vivida pelas crian?as no setting terap?utico, quanto dos significados atribu?dos por estas ao processo que, transpostos da viv?ncia como clientes para o campo reflexivo, propiciam avan?os no tocante ? compreens?o da psicoterapia infantil e apontam a necessidade de novos estudos com crian?as sobre tal tem?tica.

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This paper seeks to elucidate the Sartrean existentialism from an ethical perspective, therefore using literature as an irreverent way relationship between the writer and the reader. There are several ways to explore the ethical aspect in the thinking of Jean-Paul Sartre, but in this work we see a more informative way to clarify it through literature. Since it already suggests a call between human freedoms through generous relationship between writer and reader, both require a compromise of freedom of each other and establish a trust between themselves. The responsibility and engagement between the writer and the reader are identified, and the role of the same plays to change a receptive world look for a transformer look, agent of practical actions and significant in the environment in which they are released, as Sartre puts. In order to talk on literature and freedom of speech, you must first resume some placements of Husserl on the design of intentionality, ie, "all consciousness is consciousness of something" and as near as the philosopher discusses the concept of meaning. While the significance is marked up while donor acts direction made by means of a language and therefore use of words, display objects in the world, men aiding in understanding the same. Soon after this resumption of phenomenology, shows the Sartrean reading of intentionality and later how Sartre addresses the issue of significance. Note that although some approaches of Husserlian theses in the Sartrean existentialism, the philosophy of Sartre, there is a change of perspective intend and mean a logical and epistemological aspect of Husserl, a world unveiling aspect in existential sense. In the latter, the main concern is about the human being, what it means to exist in the world, to be released along with others and how to carry the weight of an unconditional release, as well as a responsibility that is not only for their actions, but for all mankind. In addition to the issue of liability evidenced by Sartre in order to establish a dialogue and reflection on the subject, presents some placements to Levinas on the responsibility and the encounter with the Other. This is done because both philosophers were contemporaries within the phenomenology, and despite their differences of thoughts, both deal with themes that revolve around common issues that underlie the objective of this dissertation.
Esta dissertação busca elucidar o existencialismo sartreano sob uma perspectiva ética, para tanto se utiliza a literatura enquanto uma maneira irreverente de relação entre o escritor e o leitor. Existem vários meios de explorar o aspecto ético no pensamento de Jean-Paul Sartre, mas nesta dissertação observamos uma forma mais elucidativa de explicitá-lo por meio da literatura. Uma vez que a mesma já sugere um apelo entre as liberdades humanas por meio da relação generosa entre o escritor e o leitor, ambos exigem um comprometimento da liberdade um do outro e estabelecem uma confiança entre si. A responsabilidade e o engajamento entre o escritor e o leitor são evidenciados, o protagonismo dos mesmos desempenha a mudança de um olhar receptivo do mundo para um olhar transformador, agente de ações práticas e significativas no ambiente em que estão lançados, como coloca Sartre. Para que se fale em literatura e da liberdade de palavra, é necessário antes retomar algumas colocações de Husserl quanto à concepção de intencionalidade, isto é, toda consciência é consciência de algo e de que maneira o filósofo aborda o conceito de significação. Enquanto a significação caracteriza-se enquanto atos doadores de sentido feitos por meio de uma linguagem e, portanto do uso das palavras, indicam os objetos no mundo, auxiliando os homens no conhecimento dos mesmos. Logo após dessa retomada da fenomenologia, apresenta-se a leitura sartreana da intencionalidade e posteriormente de como Sartre aborda a questão da significação. Nota-se que apesar de algumas aproximações das teses husserlianas no existencialismo sartreano, com a filosofia de Sartre, há uma mudança de perspectiva do intencionar e significar de um aspecto lógico e epistemológico de Husserl, a um aspecto de desvendamento do mundo em sentido existencial. Nesse último, a preocupação maior é sobre o ser humano, do que significa existir no mundo, de estar lançado junto aos outros indivíduos e de como carregar o peso de uma liberdade incondicional, assim como de uma responsabilidade que não é só por suas ações, e sim por toda a humanidade. Para complementar a questão da responsabilidade evidenciada por Sartre, a fim de estabelecer um diálogo e reflexão sobre o tema, apresenta-se algumas colocações de Levinas sobre a responsabilidade e o encontro com o Outro. Faz-se isso devido ambos os filósofos serem contemporâneos dentro da fenomenologia, e apesar de suas diferenças de pensamentos, os dois tratam de temas que giram em torno de questões comuns que perpassam o objetivo desta dissertação.

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A presente tese tem por objetivo mostrar a amplitude e as derivações do conceito de liberdade em O Ser e o Nada de Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). Nessa perspectiva, trata-se de uma análise que visa investigar as condições de possibilidade do conceito de liberdade sartreana como fundamento para um compromisso ético-moral que se traduza em responsabilidade para com a sociedade. Essa abordagem se justifica na medida em que o conceito de liberdade em Sartre é contestado pela tradição filosófica como um conceito destituído de qualquer compromisso ou implicação moral,sendo assim, a liberdade sartreana passou a ser tomada como sinônimo de liberdade total ou absoluta. Assim, para alcançar o objetivo, investigou-se a ideia de liberdade em Sartre. A questão central que norteia esse estudo apresenta-se na obra O Ser e o Nada, na qual o autor constrói argumentos para o estudo fenomenológico do ser e do aparecer do ser, a consciência da qual se pode esperar uma perspectiva ética. A pergunta que orienta a pesquisa está assim formulada: é possível deduzir um compromisso ético-moral de uma obra cuja intenção principal é realizar um tratado sobre a ontologia fenomenológica? Demonstra-se que, para Sartre, a liberdade é a condição própria do homem e que, se o autor tivesse o propósito de construir uma Filosofia Moral, conclui-se que essa teria por base a atitude de engajamento. Depois analisam-seas implicações éticas da filosofia sartreana, que se tornam mais evidentes à medida que o homem se dá conta de suas limitações e, sobretudo, de sua situação existencial, que é marcada por um estado de angústia, acrescido pelas dificuldades geradas no convívio humano, no qual aparece a má-fé.O último capítulo, no qual é apresentado o argumento maior da tese, identifica a ideia de liberdade em Sartre associada à ideia de responsabilidade, que é igualmente radical na condição humana. Nesse sentido, o existencialismo sartreano está afastado de qualquer relativismo. A partir de O Ser e o Nada,fundamenta-se e redimensiona-se uma ética que, de forma absoluta, realiza-secomo liberdade. Assim, nessa conclusão, mostra-se que os conceitos liberdade-responsabilidade, na compreensão sartreana, são indissociáveis e permitem inferir uma ética humanista.
The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the breadth and the derivations of the concept of freedom in Being and Nothingness of Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). This is an examination designed to investigate the conditions of possibility of Sartre's concept of freedom as the foundation for an ethical-moral commitment, which expresses itself in responsibility towards the society. This approach is justified as far as the concept of freedom in Sartre is contradicted by the philosophical tradition as a concept devoid of any commitment or moral implication. Thus, the Sartrean freedom came to be as synonymous with complete or absolute freedom. To achieve the aim, we investigated the idea of freedom in Sartre. The central question guiding this study is presented in the book Being and Nothingness, in which the author constructs arguments for the phenomenological study of being or appearing to be, the conscience of that can be expected an ethical perspective. The question that guides the search is thus formulated: it is possible to deduce an ethical-moral commitment to a work whose main intention is undertake a treatise on phenomenological ontology? We demonstrate that, for Sartre, freedom is the very condition of men and if the author had intended to build a Moral Philosophy, this would be based on the attitude of engagement. In the following chapter we deal with the ethical implications of Sartre's philosophy, which become more apparent as the men realizes his limitations and, above all, his existential situation, which is marked by a state of anguish, increased by the difficulties generated in human society, in which the bad faith appears. The final chapter, where we present the main argument of the thesis identifies the idea of freedom in Sartre associated with the idea of responsibility, which is also radical in the human condition. The Sartrean existentialism is away from relativism. From Being and Nothingness is rooted in and resizes an ethic that, in absolute terms, as freedom is realized. In our conclusion, we show that the concepts freedom-responsibility in Sartre's understanding are inseparable and allows us to infer a humanistic ethics.

Not always so remarkable but still most important. Every day. The beautiful, small, horrible and often insignificant experiences that makes us who we are, fascinates me. You see, choose and become with no interruption. The constant change inspires me.  This is a text circulating around an artistic practice, it´s an illustration of a why how what. Or, maybe more an attempt to put words onto a wish to see for tracing, where an aim is being become became. Be

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Basé sur le referenciel théorique du personnalisme chrétien d Emmanuel Mounier, ce travail la prétention de montrer l aspect étique et politique et les conséquences favorables de cette pensée pour la personne entendue comme corp et esprit. Le pensé mounièriene est une réaction a toutes formes de totalitarisme. Elle fait critique au capitalisme, au fascisme et au marxisme, des structures politiques que ne promeuvent pas les réelles valeurs constitutives de la personne humaine, jusqu a la dépersonnalisations et la perte de son existence spirituelle. La personne doit être, au dessus de n importe quelle institution humaine. Autant que la personne est corp et esprit, la personne ne peut pas être prise comme en objet qu on regarde du dehors. Comme chrétien, Mounier fait la critique d un forme de christianisme que se ligue avec le totalitarisme, quel qu il soit. Il propose la fin de la christianité, mais il croit au christianisme authentique. Il décèle des lacunes et limitations dans l existentialisme de Sartre; mais l existentialisme présent un aspect positif lorsqu il amène la philosophie du monde des idées à l existence réelle. Entre la démocratie participative et la représentative, Mounier choisit la première, vu que celle-là attribue aux citoyens lés responsabilités publique de l État. D après Mounier, l individu devient personne qu à partir du moment ou orient sont être celui de l autre, en attitude de dialogue, créant la communion. La personne-communauté est, dans personnalisme, l élément qui procure aux êtres humains une vie plus humaine.
Este trabalho apresenta o personalismo cristão de Emmanuel Mounier, contemplando o aspecto ético-político e seus desdobramentos em favor do valor integral da pessoa: corpo e espírito. O pensamento mounieriano é uma reação contra toda forma de totalitarismo, faz críticas ao capitalismo, ao fascismo e ao marxismo, propostas políticas que não promovem os reais valores constitutivos da pessoa humana, levando à despersonalização e à perda da existência espiritual da pessoa. A pessoa deve estar acima de toda e qualquer instituição humana. Enquanto corpo e espírito, ela não pode ser vista como objeto que se olha de fora. Sendo cristão, Mounier critica o cristianismo que se coliga com governos totalitaristas. Ele prega o fim dessa cristandade, mas acredita no cristianismo autêntico. Mounier detecta as falhas e limitações no existencialismo de Sartre; mas reconhece o aspecto positivo do existencialismo quando traz a filosofia do mundo das idéias para a existência real. Dentre a democracia representativa e a participativa, Mounier opta pela participativa porque amplia a todos os cidadãos a participação sobre as decisões de seu Estado. Para Mounier, o indivíduo só se torna pessoa a partir do momento em que direciona o seu ser ao outro numa atitude dialógica, engendrando assim, a comunhão. A pessoa-comunidade é o elemento no personalismo que proporciona uma vida mais humana.

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
From the consciousness that comes across the objectification of the other s gaze in Being and nothingness, to the social life practical reciprocities of Critique of the dialectical reason, Sartre s thought is increasingly taken by a deepened reflection about the otherness. In fact, over the years, sartrean theory is gradually characterized by the challenge of explaining the nuances of intersubjectivity, permanently supported in the major axis of his work: freedom. However, this movement will never be ease the dialog with Marx, for instance, being the climax of this tension. That s why its investigation becomes a prime key to understand the entirety and the depth of his work which also means to point its potential explanatory limits and its intrinsic contradictions. In this sense, the goal of the thesis is critically inquire the conceptual nexus of Sartre s philosophy, its force lines and its weaknesses, from the point of view of the otherness. In doing so, we intend to reveal the impasses caused by the problem of the other in the sartrean thought, which is concentrated in the essential, never changed conception of the original experience of the otherness as alienation. In other words, our proposal is to discuss the assimilation between otherness and alienation throughout sartrean s work.
Da consciência que se depara com a objetivação do olhar alheio em O ser e o nada, de 1943, às reciprocidades práticas da vida social esboçadas na Crítica da razão dialética, de 1960, o pensamento de Sartre será crescentemente tomado por uma reflexão aprofundada a respeito da alteridade. Com efeito, a teoria sartriana será progressivamente marcada, ao longo dos anos, pelo desafio de explicar as nuances da intersubjetividade, permanentemente apoiada naquele que é o eixo maior de sua obra: a liberdade. Todavia, esse movimento jamais será pacífico o diálogo com Marx, por exemplo, será o cume dessa tensão. Exatamente por isso, seu exame se torna uma chave privilegiada para a compreensão do conjunto e da profundidade de sua obra o que significa, igualmente, indicar seus eventuais limites explicativos e suas contradições intrínsecas. Nesse sentido, a proposta da tese é examinar criticamente, a partir da perspectiva da alteridade, os nexos conceituais da filosofia de Sartre, suas linhas de força e suas debilidades. Com isso, pretendemos revelar os impasses provocados pelo problema do outro no pensamento sartriano, concentrados na concepção fundamental, jamais modificada ao longo de seu itinerário filosófico, da experiência originária da alteridade como alienação. Dito de outro modo: problematizar a assimilação entre alteridade e alienação, ao longo da obra filosófica de Sartre, é o objetivo deste trabalho.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The modern man was betrayed by mathematical reason, in which he had deposited all his faith after turning his back on God and myths. This subject dominated nature and subjugated it to his wills and techniques, but lost in the middle of symbols and theorems, could not find answers to his anguishes and felt increasingly alone (although surrounded by all the other subjects of the world). Faced with this helplessness, emerged the Existentialist Philosophy of which the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre constitutes the main disseminator. Giving to each man total freedom of action – as well as all sorts of consequences to each of his acts –, the primary objective of the Sartrean existentialism was to comfort this subject, putting he back in the center of himself. In this context (with the end of the two world wars, when the whole planet was trying to rise from the deeper abysses), Ernesto Sabato – who had dedicated himself to Physics for many years – found a chord to his afflictions in Literature, because he realized that only art possess a concrete language (which gives account of the concrete subject, a combination of reason and emotion, of light and shadows, past and present; the subject of History, for excellence). Sabato found in writing his way of action; using his intrinsic freedom, produced his literature as a mean of resisting the dehumanization of humanity. Therefore, we intend in this work (by Hermeneutical Philosophy as the method), to understand how the literature of Ernesto Sabato – his essays and novels – was constituted, and how it was inserted in his historical context.
O homem moderno viu-se traído pela razão matemática, na qual havia depositado toda sua fé após virar as costas a Deus e aos mitos. Este sujeito dominou a natureza e a subjugou às suas vontades e técnicas, porém, perdido em meio aos símbolos e teoremas, não conseguiu encontrar respostas para suas angústias e sentiu-se cada vez mais só (ainda que cercado por todos os outros sujeitos do mundo). Frente a este desamparo, emergiu a Filosofia Existencialista da qual o filósofo Jean-Paul Sartre constitui o principal divulgador. Atribuindo a cada homem total liberdade de ação – bem como toda sorte de consequências a cada um de seus atos –, o objetivo primordial do existencialismo sartreano foi o de confortar esse sujeito, recolocando-o ao centro de si mesmo. Neste contexto (findadas as duas grandes guerras mundiais, quando todo o planeta tentava se reerguer dos abismos mais profundos), Ernesto Sábato – que havia se dedicado à Física por muitos anos – encontrou acalanto para suas aflições na Literatura, pois percebeu ser a arte a única possuidora de uma linguagem concreta (que dá conta do sujeito concreto, mescla de razão e emoção, de luz e sombras, de passado e presente; o sujeito da História, por excelência). Sábato encontrou na escrita o seu meio de ação; utilizando-se de sua liberdade intrínseca, produziu sua literatura como um meio de resistir à desumanização da humanidade. Assim sendo, intencionamos neste trabalho (tendo por método a Filosofia Hermenêutica), perceber de que maneira a literatura de Ernesto Sábato – seus ensaios e romances – foi constituída, e como inseriu-se em seu contexto histórico.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral compreender a experiência de psicólogos que adotam a perspectiva fenomenológica existencial em sua ação clínica, e tem como objetivos específicos: descrever como se deu o percurso acadêmico - profissional até a escolha da linha fenomenológica existencial; apreender os pressupostos fenomenológicos existenciais que norteiam a ação clínica desses psicólogos e compreender como os psicólogos que adotam essa perspectiva percebem suas possibilidades e limites. A metodologia tem um enfoque qualitativo numa perspectiva clínico interventiva. O instrumento será o depoimento (com pergunta disparadora) dos psicólogos (sujeitos colaboradores). As narrativas consequentes, fundamentadas como possibilidade de elaboração da experiência vivida, a partir de Benjamin e Schmidt, serão submetidas posteriormente à analítica do sentido proposta por Critelli, como procedimento de investigação e análise fenomenológica. Os resultados apontaram que todos os entrevistados partiram de uma insatisfação do que lhes era oferecido, para, de maneira tranquila ou mais intensa, lenta ou subitamente, sentirem-se profundamente tomados pela perspectiva que escolheram. A sensação de um encontro vivido com profunda emoção marcou a cada um dos narradores, que, apesar da passagem do tempo, traziam com muita jovialidade e frescor esse momento de suas vidas. Vidas, existências que se sentiram em harmonia, integridade, coerência, comumente comentando a união de seus pontos de vista, visão de homem, como frisaram insistentemente com a perspectiva de ação clínica da fenomenologia existencial. A todos movia a exigência de uma escolha profissional profundamente entrelaçada com a historicidade de cada um. Em nossa região, a concepção fenomenológica existencial foi introduzida pelas psicologias contemporâneas que incorporam o ideário humanista existencial. Entre nossos entrevistados todos se identificam com essa perspectiva. Temáticas muito caras a esse movimento foram frequentemente citadas como fundamentais à ação clínica de nossos sujeitos colaboradores: liberdade-responsabilidade, singularidade-multiplicidade, escuta clínica-empática, sentido, significado, abertura ao novo, angústia e morte. Entretanto, exceto em um de nossos entrevistados, que se sente em transição, e em função desse momento particular, expõe criticamente as concepções dos diversos autores e movimentos que transitam no campo, os demais associam livremente conceitos do humanismo existencial, com analítica da existência. A certeza da escolha correta, a satisfação no trabalho clínico matizou o grupo de entrevistados. Certamente é com esse estado de humor que avaliaram os limites de sua própria ação clínica. De maneira unânime, acreditam que as dificuldades estão relacionadas a insuficiências dos próprios profissionais, sejam ligadas a sua própria história, ao exame de si mesmo ou de apreenderem com mais profundidade as concepções que a fenomenologia existencial propõe
This research intends to comprehend the experience of psychologists who develop the existential phenomenological perspective in their clinical activity and holds up specific objectives as describing the trajectory of the academic and professional process until the choice of existential phenomenological approach. It also tries apprehend the existential phenomenological assumptions that lead the clinical activity of these psychologists and understand how psychologists who take this view realize their possibilities and limits. The methodology is focused on a clinical intervention with a qualitative approach. The instrument of the research will be held through psychologists testimonials (collaborators characters). The narratives, based on Benjamin and Schmidt as a possibility of life experience, are undergone subject to further to analytical sense proposed by Critelli as a procedure investigation and phenomenological analysis. The results showed that all interviewed based on a dissatisfaction of what was offered to them, in a quiet or more intense way, slowly or suddenly, they felt themselves more deeply taken by the prospect of their choice. The sensation of a meeting, lived through great emotion, marked each one of the narrators that despite the passage of time brought with great liveliness and freshness the lived moment from their lives. Lives, existences that have felt in harmony, integrity, coherency, speaking about their points of views, mans view, as they strongly emphasized at the prospect of clinical activity of existential phenomenology. The requirement for a professional choice is deeply intertwined with the history of each one, that was really the fact of their motivation. In our region, the existential phenomenological conception was introduced by contemporary psychologies that promoted existential humanist ideals. All of the interviewed identified themselves with this perspective. Themes to this movement were often cited as essential during the action of our collaborators characters: freedom-responsibility, singularity, multiplicity, clinical and empathy listening , sense, meaning, openness to new, anguish and death. However, except for one of our interviewed, who considering himself into the transition process, and due this particular moment, shows critically the conceptions of several authors and movements of the highlighted field. The other ones openly associate existential concepts of humanism with the analytical existence. The certainly of the correct choice, and the satisfaction with the clinical effort offered different ways to the interviewed group. Certainly, it is through this mood that they assessed the limits of their own clinical activity. So, in a general way, they believe that the difficulties are related to inadequacy of the professionals, that is, the difficulties may be linked to their own history, to the examination of themselves or to the deep learning of the concepts proposed by existential phenomenology

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Present work initiates with the understanding that a literary work establishes itself as cultural practice. It is constituted by incorporating textual layers and discourses of more varied origins, captured from the socio-cultural environment, engendering more complex texture from which multiple inter-discursive, interdisciplinary and inter-textual relations can be perceived. It considers literature as an ambient for discursive possibilities, complex multiple meanings and as a mean through which different forms of human existence are manifested. It also presents some readings of the literary work of Clarice Lispector, emphasizing the hermeneutic richness of vivid human beings. Finally, it makes a theological analysis of her work Maça no escuro . Extracts from the first chapter of Genesis are used along with the textual parts from Lispector s work to construct the dialogue. Bakhitin theory of conception, Maingueneau s discursivity, hermeneutic of Ricoeur and the existentialism of Kierkegaard are used as the theoretical base to discuss the construction of fictional man in the character Martin and his process of self reflection. Following the thematic course, which offers innocence to the fall and then from the fall the liberation this study concludes that in Lispector s work the concept of fall as decadence of human being is transformed, dialectically, in a leap, into the self consciousness, and liberation.
Este trabalho parte da compreensão de que a obra literária se estabelece como prática cultural e que se constitui incorporando estratos textuais e discursivos das mais variadas procedências, captados do ambiente sociocultural, engendrando complexo tecido a partir do qual se podem perspectivar múltiplas relações intertextuais, interdiscursivas e interdisciplinares. Apresenta a literatura como um âmbito de possibilidades discursivas, complexo plurissignificativo e como lugar através do qual se manifestam diferentes formas de existência humana. Apresenta também algumas possibilidades de leitura já produzidas da obra de Lispector, ressaltando nelas a riqueza hermenêutica do vivido humano. Finalmente, apresenta uma análise teológica da obra A Maçã no Escuro de Clarice Lispector. Estratos de textos dos primeiros capítulos do livro de Gênesis são colocados em diálogo com estratos textuais da obra de Lispector. Apoiando-se em concepções de Bakhitin e Maingueneau sobre discursividade, na hermenêutica de Ricoeur e na teologia existencial de Kierkegaard, o trabalho apresenta discussão sobre a construção do humano ficcionalizado no personagem Martim e seu processo de reflexão, seguindo percurso temático que vai Da inocência à queda e Da queda à libertação. O estudo conclui que na obra de Lispector o conceito de queda como decadência do ser transmuda-se, dialeticamente, em salto, consciência de si, libertação.

El trabajo analiza la obra poética de Basilio Fernández, un autor creacionista, discípulo de Gerardo Diego, que, tras publicar algunos poemas en revistas de vanguardia de los años 20 y 30 en España e Italia, se sume, hasta su muerte, en un ejercicio secreto de la poesía. Basilio Fernández aunó el vanguardismo de su juventud y el existencialismo de su madurez, y alumbró una poesía en la que la metáfora, la aliteración y la fantasía se conciertan para expresar su dolor por haber renunciado a su destino –a su condición de escritor– y, por ende, a los ideales de juventud: la libertad, el amor y la literatura. La tesis incorpora una biografía del poeta, cuya principal fuente de información son los trabajos publicados por su sobrino Emiliano Fernández. Atiende, en particular, a los hechos de su juventud y primera madurez, hasta principios de los años 40, esenciales para configurar su fibra moral, su sensibilidad estética y su proyecto literario, como su relación con Gerardo Diego, profesor suyo en el Instituto Jovellanos de Gijón, y con Luis Álvarez Piñer, compañero de estudios y alumno, asimismo, de Diego. La tesis fija, asimismo, el corpus poético de Basilio Fernández, integrado por unos 140 poemas. Ni las dos ediciones de su poesía completa, de 1991 y 1992, ni las dos antologías de su obra, de 2007 y 2009, incluyen todos los poemas que escribió, algunos de los cuales permanecen inéditos en el archivo personal de Gerardo Diego. La tesis analiza la obra de Basilio Fernández, creacionista, existencial, órfica y biográfica. En tanto que poesía creacionista, esgrime el poder alumbrador de la metáfora y de la imaginación errabunda. La libertad asociativa del surrealismo, que le acompañará indeclinablemente, es objeto de un examen pormenorizado. El carácter existencial de su obra, de inspiración barroca y romántica, pero exacerbado por el nihilismo contemporáneo, se refleja en la evocación del pasado, la preocupación por el paso del tiempo, el canto a lo perdido, el tedio de los días y el sinsentido de la vida, plasmados en algunos motivos recurrentes: el ubi sunt, el agua estancada, el río que pasa, y la caída, desdoblada, a su vez, en la hoja seca y la torre inclinada. El sentido existencial se proyecta también en la sociedad, que el poeta considera corrompida y fútil. Frente a los oprobios de la vida, sus únicos consuelos son el amor y Dios, aunque el primero es solo un recuerdo que se diluye en el caminar inexorable hacia la muerte. Únicamente el amor a Dios le ofrece la esperanza de una existencia sin sufrimiento. La poesía de Basilio Fernández es órfica, porque cree en la naturaleza vivificadora de la palabra y canaliza el descenso a los infiernos de su intimidad, que revela su insatisfacción y su dolor. Finalmente, es también biográfica, por cuanto los hechos y decisiones de la vida del poeta determinan el tono y el propósito de su obra, y porque sus circunstancias personales se transparentan en un amplio abanico de símbolos, analogías y opciones léxicas. El trabajo analiza el aparato simbólico, los mecanismos constructivos, los recursos estilísticos –anáfora, similicadencia, paradoja, aliteración, personificación y metáfora– y el cuerpo de pensamiento que integran la poesía de Basilio Fernández. También, algunas claves de su formación, visibles en el recurso a la métrica y la en intertextualidad. Se presta una atención singular a todos aquellos motivos o expresiones que den cuenta del conflicto existencial, y se subraya su dimensión vitalista, que opone al sentido de la declinación y la muerte una palabra sensorial y luminosa, una permanente celebración de la materia.
ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS "BASILIO FERNÁNDEZ’S POETRY: SPLENDOR AND BITTERNESS", BY EDUARDO MOGA The thesis analyzes Basilio Fernández’s poetic work. As a disciple of Gerardo Diego, he was a creationist author, who, after publishing several poems in avantgarde magazines in the 1920’s and early 30’s in Spain and Italy, went into silence for the rest of his life, although he never quitted writing poetry, secretly. Basilio Fernández combined the avantgarde spirit of his youth and the existentialism of his adulthood, and brought about a poetry in which metaphor, alliteration and fantasy joined in order to express his pain for having given up his destiny –becoming a writer– and, hence, having forsaken his purest ideals and wishes: freedom, love and literature. The thesis includes a biography of the poet, which focuses on his youth, until the early 1940’s, which is essential to understand his moral attitudes, his aesthetic sensitivity and his literary project: mainly, his relationship with Gerardo Diego, who was his teacher and mentor in Gijón, and with Luis Álvarez Piñer, his classmate and friend, and also a Diego’s disciple. The thesis also determines Basilio Fernández’s poetic corpus, with around 140 poems, some of which have never been published yet. Basilio Fernández’s poetry is creationist, existential, orphic and biographic. He believes in the creative power of image. The freedom of association, inspired by surrealism, has a significant presence in it. As a existentialist writer, he is overwhelmed by the passage of time, the memory of the past, the lost world of his youth and the spleen of his current life. Some motives reflect all these concerns: the ubi sunt, the stagnant waters, the flowing river and the notion of falling –i. e., the dry leaf and the leaning tower. Human society is also corrupt. His only reliefs are love and God, although love is just a vanishing memory. God alone offers hope and consolation. Basilio Fernández’s work is orphic, since it believes in the power of language to bring what is dead back to life and to carry out a true descensus ad inferos, which reveals the poet’s unsatisfaction and suffering. It is also biographic, for the facts of the poet’s life determine the substance and purpose of his poetry.

This essay uses existential ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre to provide a philosophy of college piano performance teaching which includes awareness of freedom, abandonment and responsibility as a prerequisite for student-teacher interaction. To set the stage for the interaction the study uses Sartre's philosophy, illustrated with concrete examples from the world of piano teaching and performing, to describe what it means to be human. The author applies Sartre's writings about literature to support the idea of an engaged performance, relating it to existential psychoanalysis, making the performer and audience member realize freedom through choice, while addressing ideas of abandonment and performance anxiety. Sartre's philosophy is used to identify the roles both teachers and students play in the college environment as people and as performers. The study with the help of existentialism, describes the interaction between the different elements: teacher, student, performer, and human being, and provides a better understanding of the complexity of the pupil/professor relationship in the college piano performance program.

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The theme of repetition crosses the entire psychoanalytic theory, having become one of its fundamental concepts. Freud developed the concept of repetition from his clinical experience and Lacan placed the order of the Real. In the field of Philosophy, repetition was defined by the philosopher Kierkegaard, a Danish thinker of the nineteenth century. The psychoanalytic concept of repetition is distinct from philosophy; however, they are intertwined in some points. The psychoanalytic clinic is presented as a place of repetition and speech; therein, according to the articulation we made, the subject is also thought from the existence, according to Kierkegaard's conception. This research is of theoretical nature and uses clinical fragments; has as main objective to analyze the concept of repetition in psychoanalysis, with the contribution of Kierkegaardian concept of repetition, highlighting the clinical implications at the interface of the two concepts. The specific objectives are: to investigate the concept of repetition in Freud and Lacan; study the concept of repetition in Kierkegaard; situate the psychoanalytic clinic as a place of repetition and speech; highlight the creativity in the clinical process, considering the positivity of repetition from the point of view of Kierkegaard articulated with the Psychoanalysis. As theoretical reference we use the theories of Freud, Lacan and Kierkegaard. The text is presented in three chapters: in the first chapter, we work with the concept of repetition from the theoretical elaborations of Freud and Lacan's theoretical contribution; in the second chapter, we present the concept of repetition in Kierkegaard; in the third chapter, we situate the clinical implications of the psychoanalytic concept of repetition in the interface with the Kierkegaardian concept, considering the demand of the suffering in the subject‟s present context. In conclusion, we present a reflection on the subject as capable of developing an affective experience of trauma and all the excitement received as inheritance, to build something that belongs to him. We hope that the approach between psychoanalysis and Kierkegaard's philosophy contributes to a better understanding of the concept of repetition and, above all, enriches the clinical work.
O tema da repetição atravessa toda a teoria psicanalítica, tendo se constituído um dos seus conceitos fundamentais. Freud elaborou o conceito de repetição a partir de sua experiência clínica e Lacan o situou na ordem do Real. No campo da Filosofia, a repetição foi conceituada pelo filósofo Kierkegaard, pensador dinamarquês do Século XIX. O conceito psicanalítico de repetição é distinto do da Filosofia, no entanto, eles se entrelaçam em alguns pontos. A clínica psicanalítica se apresenta como lugar da repetição e da fala; nela, conforme a articulação que fazemos, o sujeito é pensado, também, a partir da existência, segundo a concepção kierkegaardiana. Esta pesquisa é de natureza teórica e utiliza alguns fragmentos clínicos; tem como objetivo geral analisar o conceito de repetição na Psicanálise, com o aporte do conceito kierkegaardiano de repetição, ressaltando as repercussões clínicas na interface dos dois conceitos. Os objetivos específicos são: investigar o conceito de repetição em Freud e Lacan; estudar o conceito de repetição em Kierkegaard; situar a clínica psicanalítica como lugar da repetição e da fala; destacar a criatividade no processo clínico, considerando a positividade da repetição segundo o ponto de vista de Kierkegaard articulado ao da Psicanálise. Como referencial teórico, utilizaremos as teorias de Freud, Lacan e Kierkegaard. O texto é apresentado em três capítulos: no primeiro, trabalhamos o conceito de repetição a partir das elaborações teóricas de Freud e a contribuição teórica de Lacan; no segundo capítulo, apresentamos o conceito de repetição em Kierkegaard; no terceiro capítulo, situamos as repercussões clínicas do conceito psicanalítico de repetição na interface com o conceito kierkegaardiano, considerando a demanda do sofrimento no contexto do sujeito na atualidade. Como conclusão, apresentamos uma reflexão a respeito do sujeito enquanto capaz de elaborar a experiência afetiva do trauma e toda a excitação recebida como herança, no sentido de construir algo que lhe pertença. Esperamos que a aproximação entre a Psicanálise e a Filosofia kierkegaardiana contribua para uma melhor compreensão do conceito de repetição e, sobretudo, para enriquecer o trabalho clínico.

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École Normale Supérieure
In the French scenery of the 1960s and 1970s decades, Foucault is one of the most expressive persons to criticize the philosophical modernity . Since his complementary thesis on Kant´s Anthropology (1961), sustained mainly on the reinstatement of the Nietzschean démarche, the author will consider urgent the task of putting a full stop to the proliferation of the questions about the man . Jean-Paul Sartre in his turn seems to represent at that time the antithesis of the Foucaultian project: his Critique of Dialectical Reason inaugurates the 1960s decade with an effort to reinstate the dialecticity of the subject itself, considering it as an irreducible element to the intelligibility of history. Thus, acknowledging dialectics as the living logic of action , Sartre intends that the man and his action be rediscovered in the core of marxism itself and the Sartrean ontology which started with Being and Nothingness (1943) is submitted to the need of establishing the foundations of an anthropology in the field of the individual´s practical historialization . Starting from the antagonism represented by the concurrent projects of Jean-Paul Sartre and Michel Foucault in the context of the sixties , this work intends to revisit the trajectory of both authors in order to outline the choices and dilemmas (political and theoretical) of two different generations of French contemporary philosophy. To the resolute Sartrean humanism with its indelible centrality of subject will correspond Foucault´s attitude of equal resolute antihumanism . Thus, Sartre´s existentialism translated by Foucault as a methaphysics of subjectiveness will find its most incisive challenge in the Foucaultian theme of the death of man place of convergence of a generation which could be called (not without mistakes) of post-existentialist
No panorama francês das décadas de 1960 e 1970, Foucault é um das figuras mais representativas da crítica à modernidade filosófica . Desde sua tese complementar sobre a Antropologia de Kant (1961), apoiando-se sobretudo na recuperação da démarche nietzschiana, o autor há de considerar urgente a tarefa de colocar um ponto final na proliferação da interrogação sobre o homem . Jean-Paul Sartre, por seu turno, parece representar à época a antítese do projeto foucaultiano: sua Crítica da razão dialética inaugura a década de 1960 com um esforço de recuperação da dialeticidade do próprio sujeito , tomando-o como elemento irredutível para a inteligibilidade da história. Assim, reconhecendo a dialética como a lógica viva da ação , Sartre pretende que o homem e seu agir sejam redescobertos no próprio cerne do marxismo e a ontologia sartriana, cuja base remonta a O ser e o nada (1943), se vê remetida à necessidade de fundamentação de uma antropologia no âmbito da historialização prática do indivíduo. Partindo do antagonismo representado pelos projetos concorrentes de Jean-Paul Sartre e Michel Foucault no horizonte dos sixties , este trabalho pretende revisitar a trajetória dos dois autores a fim de delinear as opções e os dilemas (teóricos e políticos) de duas gerações distintas da filosofia contemporânea francesa. Ao decido humanismo sartriano com sua indelével centralidade do sujeito corresponderá uma atitude de não menos decidido anti-humanismo por parte de Foucault. Nesta medida, o existencialismo de Sartre, traduzido por Foucault em termos de uma metafísica da subjetividade , encontrará seu desafio mais incisivo no tema foucaultiano da morte do homem lugar de convergência de uma geração que se poderia chamar (não sem equívocos) de pós-existencialista

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo incrementar saídas diante da crise de sentido na atual pós-modernidade, assim como a formação de uma identidade ecumênica nos alunos adolescentes por meio do Ensino Religioso cristão, tendo como exemplo a ética do Rabino e profeta Jesus de Nazaré, conduzindo o adolescente hodierno inserido nesta realidade desafiadora do mundo atual, para abertura com o diferente e uma vida com propósito. Sendo um trabalho de cunho eminentemente bibliográfico, que visou a sistematizar as ideias e a prática do E. R. ecumênico na aprendizagem dos adolescentes. Estimou-se por este trabalho, contribuir na busca do diálogo, respeito e tolerância inter-religiosa para a convivência harmônica entre as pessoas e a edificação de uma sã cidadania no adolescente hodierno.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The thesis seeks to examine the adult-child relationship according to the precepts the philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty expounded in his Sorbonne lectures on child psychology and pedagogy. The thesis s author discusses in detail the concepts of otherness, corporeality, linguisticity, temporality, spaciality, mundaneity, and culpability in childhood and presents a register of the process of production of meaning in early childhood (from birth to six years of age). The author offers a drawn image which she calls The flower of life, in which the existentials appear as petals and mundaneity as the stem. The purpose is to show a conception of childhood in which the child s manner of being in the world is always holistic and understood as the child s coexistence with her body, with other people, with the time and space in which she lives, with her mother tongue, and with culpability. The author proposes a hermeneutics of childhood based on her work with children as theater teacher and psychotherapist. She concludes that the existencials ought to be carefully cultivated by adults, so that young children may acquire self-knowledge, knowledge of the other and of human culture. In this manner, under the guiding light of linguisticity, children from the earliest age on may acquire the capacity to express the meaning of their life experiences
Esta tese procura perscrutar as relações adulto-criança do modo como proposto pelo filósofo Maurice Merleau-Ponty em seus cursos na Sorbonne sobre pedagogia e psicologia da criança. Discute minuciosamente os existenciais outridade, corporalidade, lingüisticidade, temporalidade, espacialidade, mundaneidade e culpabilidade na infância e registra o processo da autora de produção de sentidos para a pequena infância (a criança de zero a seis anos de idade), na forma de relato de experiência. A autora cria uma imagem em desenho que denomina A flor da vida : imagem onde os existenciais aparecem como pétalas, e a mundandeidade como cabo da flor; seu objetivo é mostrar uma visão da infância onde o modo de ser e estar no mundo da criança pequena é sempre totalizado e compreendido na coexistência com seu corpo, com os outros, com o tempo e com o espaço vividos, com sua língua mãe e a culpabilidade. A autora propõe uma hermenêutica da infância a partir de seu trabalho junto a crianças como professora de teatro, psicoterapeuta e estudiosa de Fenomenologia, e conclui que os existenciais podem ser cuidadosamente cultivados pelos adultos, de modo a propiciar às crianças pequenas o conhecimento de si, do Outro e da Cultura humana. Nessa chave, à luz da lingüisticidade, as crianças estarão, desde a mais tenra idade, livres para expressar o sentido de suas experiências de vida

This thesis examines the possibilities for feminism that arise from the work of Michel Foucault, which I explicate by comparison it with humanist existentialism. I begin with The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir's application of existentialism to women. I expose the problems that arise in Beauvoir's project. Woman's body is an obstacle to her transcendence, and further, she must abandon her feminine desires and values, and accommodate herself to masculine patterns if she is to overcome her immanence and subordination. To understand why such problems recur in The Second Sex, I turn to Sartre's Being and Nothingness. After examining the conceptions underlying his thought, I conclude that his philosophy is unable to encompass difference, and is therefore antithetical to the feminist project. ¶ Foucault's philosophy offers solutions to these problems by eliminating consciousness as universal subject of action, and by making subjectivity a product of time, through showing how subjects are formed though the changing effects of power upon bodies. His thought encompasses difference at a fundamental level, through understanding human beings as particular 'events' in time. I argue that Foucault's philosophy does not depend fundamentally, as does Sartre's, upon woman as Other. ¶ Foucault shows how our particular historical form of rationality, created within power relations, sets limits on what we can think, be and do. He shows how thought can overcome some of these limits, allowing us to become authors of our own actions. Misunderstandings are common, particularly of his conception of power and its relation to subjectivity. Many commentators demand changes that reinstate the concepts he fundamentally rejects. Others do not see the unity of his philosophy. I show its importance to women's emancipation and to a feminist ethics. ¶ Finally, I compare Foucault's thought with feminism of difference. With the help of Heidegger, I argue that Foucault offers a superior but complementary way to know who we are, through understanding the history of our making. I show how the masculine and the feminine can be reconciled through a reconceptualisation of the relation of sex to time. All told, Foucault is a philosopher of freedom and for him the practice of freedom is an ethics

This thesis is a study of the shifting philosophical trends in the works of Samuel Beckett, Donald Barthelme, and Kurt Vonnegut as representations of a greater shift from modernism to postmodernism. I have chosen to explore Beckett's plays Waiting for Godot and Krapp's Last Tape, Barthelme's short stories "Nothing: A Preliminary Account," "The New Music," and "Kierkegaard Unfair to Schlegal," and Vonnegut's book Timequake to see how each author seeks to find a new hope in the face of a collapsed causal system. This work is an examination of the form and content of each author's work as it pertains to their own philosophical standing and in relation to the other two authors' works. I argue that each author finds a different hope for humanity depending on their place among the philosophical trends during their time.
Graduation date: 2012

abstract: The world of speculative fiction infuses the soul with the hope of the imaginary. My dissertation examines Afrofuturistic liminal imaginary space and the ways it is experienced as life-giving spaces. The imaginary and the aesthetics it births are formularies for art forms that speak to the hope of a transformed future. Speculative fiction, although in the realm of the imaginary, is an enlivened approach to express in the present collective possibilities and hopes of the people within those very imagined futures. During the past three decades, particularly, Black speculative fiction has been increasingly at the core of the new cultural productions of literature, film, horror, comics, fantasy, and music which tell the story of African descendant people. Afrofuturism is an analytic for exploration of the liberative revisioning of Black humanity in the face of persistent practices of structural injustice. My project presents the phenomenological exploration of Black Speculative Thought (ST) as it comes alive through artistic liminal spaces of Afrofuturist comic and science fiction conventions. I argue that Black imaginary liminal spaces such as Comicon Culture offer respite, renewal, and locales for creative resistance to thwart persistent alienation and nihilism of Black humanity. Furthermore, it is within these spaces where intersubjective agency can be taken up as a countermeasure to the existential realities and dominant hegemonic existences of everyday life. I examine the process, events, and experience of Black imaginary as it comes alive as potentiated hope for alternative futures. My intention is to marshal the theoretical specters of Critical Afrofuturism, Africana Philosophy, and Womanist Thought in this task.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Women and Gender Studies 2019

Pretende-se com esta Tese apresentar uma leitura crítica da vasta obra literária de Fernando Namora, orientando-a para uma das suas vertentes mais significativas e incontestáveis – o apaixonado Humanismo que a percorre. Na verdade, o escritor soube sempre manter um olhar simultaneamente constante, lúcido e atento face aos reais problemas do seu tempo, que são, afinal, os sofrimentos, as preocupações e as angústias comuns à maioria dos Homens. Renovando continuamente a sua arte narrativa (e mesmo poética) em função das circunstâncias estético-ideológicas com que se ia confrontando, Fernando Namora transmitiu, em cada um desses momentos, a verdade do Homem Português nas suas mais singelas especificidades, do mesmo modo que o integra no mundo que o rodeia, embora tendo plena consciência de que essa verdade é dolorosa e inquietante. Desde o sofrimento extremo, a alienação e a opressão a que estava votado o Homem neorrrealista, passando pela angústia ontológica do Homem existencialista, que permanentemente se questiona com o intuito de desvendar o mistério do ser, e desaguando no desencanto e na incapacidade de atingir a felicidade do Homem pós-revolução de abril, a obra namoriana unifica-se no fio condutor desse imenso Humanismo dado que, a cada momento, o escritor procura clarificar o sentido da existência humana, solidarizando-se com o sofrimento, a injustiça, a angústia, a desilusão e a infelicidade do Homem Português. A obra literária namoriana concretiza, por conseguinte, a fusão total entre os anseios e as inquietações do escritor com o Homem e os seus valores, permitindo o encontro com a vida e com os Homens, o que enriquece ainda mais esse Humanismo. Esta Tese visa, assim, realizar uma viagem espacial e temporal pelo Humanismo em que a obra de Fernando Namora assenta, a qual se constitui como importante documento do seu tempo, legando-nos o exemplo de uma forte lição humanista de amor incondicional ao próximo.
The aim of this Thesis is to present one critical reading of the vast Fernando Namora’s literary work, guiding it into one of its most significant and incontestable dimensions – the passionate Humanism that it reveals. In fact, the writer always knew how to keep a constant, lucid and attentive looking towards the real problems of his time, which are, after all, the common sufferings, preocupations and anguishes of the majority of Men. Continuously renewing his narrative art (and even poetry) according to the aesthetic and ideological circumstances he was facing, Fernando Namora transmitted, in each of these moments, the truth of the Portuguese Man in its simpler specificities and, in the same way, integrates him in the world that surrounds him, though having full conscience that this truth is painful and disturbing. From the extreme suffering, the alienation and the oppression to what was condemned the neorealist Man, to the ontological anguish of the existentialist Man, who permanently inquires himself in order to reveal the mistery of the human being, and draining in the disenchantment and in the incapacity of achieving the felicity of the post-april revolution Man, Fernando Namora’s work unifies itself in the conducting wire of the immense Humanism. In each of these moments, the writer searches the clarification of the meaning of the human existence, sympathizing with the pain, the injustice, the anguish, the desilusion and the unhappiness of the Portuguese Man. Namora’s literary work thus concretizes the total fusion between the writer’s wishes and restllessness and the Man and its values, allowing the meeting with life and Men, fact that enriches even more this Humanism. The present Thesis aims to accomplish a spatial and temporal journey through the Humanism in which Fernando Namora’s literary work is founded, revealing an important document of its time and bequeathing us the exemple of a strong humanistic lesson of unconditional love to the human being.

This work deals with Jean- Paul Sartre´s philosophy. It´s ontological principles examined in Being an nothingness, consequences of this principles for practical philosophy described in Existencialims is humanism and finally selected critical response. First part of the work is focused on terms being in itself and being for itself. Second part tries to present Sartre´s thoughts in the way author presented it in lecture Existentialism is humanism. And the third part deals with critical response.

Link to dataset: https://doi.org/10.25399/UnisaData.14152106.v1
The work of Bruce Nauman can be understood as an enquiry into the absurd. His work is a critique of art, the artist and society, and is in part viewed as a mediation of stereotypical ‘truth’. The absurd is defined and analysed to elucidate the nature of art and human behaviour by means of literary comparison, in particular of Camus, Sartre and Wittgenstein. This research focusses on Nauman’s subversive performance- based work and analyses how he simulates a particular work of Duchamp. I propose that Nauman espouses human activity into the functionality of objects, such as fountains. My artworks expand on Nauman’s interrogation of the concept of a ‘true artist’ by embodying an absurd fountain as a Sisyphean construct. In contextualising my work in relation to incessant duty, insecurity and double negatives, I offer a regenerative vigour against idolisation of success through contemplation of the artist’s doubt and the absurd.
Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology
M.A. (Visual Arts)

Text in Afrikaans
Hierdie ondersoek handel oor die psigometriese verwantskappe tussen verskeie konseptualiserings van psigologiese optimaliteit. Die konsepte selfaktualisering (vanuit 'n humanistiese raamwerk), gevoel van koherensie en aangeleerde vernuftigheid (vanuit 'n behavioristiese en salutogenesis paradigma) is vir die doeleindes van hierdie ondersoek gekies. Die gekose meetinstrumente, naamlik die Persoonlike Orientasievraelys vir selfaktualisering, die Lewensorientasievraelys vir gevoel van koherensie en die Selfkontroleskedule vir aangeleerde vernuftigheid, is op 'n steekproef van 200 middelvlakbestuurders in 'n semi-staatsdiensorganisasie afgeneem. Pearsonkorrelasiekoeffisiente is bereken en 'n faktorontleding is gedoen. Daar is verskeie beduidende korrelasies verkry tussen die subskale van die Persoonlike Orientasievraelys en die Lewensorientasievraelys, maar slegs enkele beduidende korrelasies tussen die Persoonlike Orientasievraelys en die Selfkontroleskedule. Die Lewensorientasievraelys en die Selfkontroleskedule het egter beduidend gekorreleer. Die faktorontleding het getoon dat selfaktualisering aan die een kant, en gevoel van koherensie en aangeleerde vernuftigheid aan die ander kant as twee verskillende konstrukte van psigologiese optimaliteit beskou kan word.
The relationships between various conceptualisations of psychological optimisation are investigated. The concepts of self-actualisation (from a humanistic paradigm), sense of coherence and learned resourcefulness (from a salutogenesis paradigm) are relevant. The measuring instruments were the Personal Orientation Inventory (POl), the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ) and the Self Control Schedule (SCS). They were administered by means of random sampling of 200 middle level managers in a semi-government organisation. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated and a factor analysis was done. Several significant correlations were obtained between the subscales of the POl and the OLQ, but limited correlations were found between the POl and the SCS. However, significant correlations between the OLQ and the SCS were apparent. The factor analysis demonstrated that self-actualisation on the one hand and sense of coherence as well as learned resourcefulness on the other hand may be regarded as two seperate constructs of psychological optimisation.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
Thesis (M.Com.)--Universiteit van Suid Afrika, 1994.