Journal articles on the topic 'Humane Animal Treatment'
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1
Lansdell, Herbert. "Laboratory Animals Need Only Humane Treatment: Animal “Rights” May Debase Human Rights." International Journal of Neuroscience 42, no. 3-4 (January 1988): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00207458808991594.
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Wang, Yuanfang, and Peng Chan. "Animal Mistreatment in Business: Ethical Challenges and Solutions." International Business Research 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v10n5p159.
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Animal mistreatment in businesses around the world is becoming a hotly debated topic. Many animal welfare laws protect wild animals and pets, but make exemptions for animals in farms, zoos or labs. There are economic benefits behind animal mistreatment since businesses can maximize profits by, for example, raising animals in crowded spaces, or forcing them to perform shows. However, ethical arguments on this issue reveal that animal mistreatment may actually cost more than humane animal treatment. Furthermore, consumer awareness on animal mistreatments is increasing, so this poses both a threat and opportunity to businesses. As society puts more and more value on sustainable green business today, inhumane animal treatments may harm a company's reputation and reduce its sales. Businesses should be aware of this trend and examine new humane alternatives to their traditional practices in order to stay competitive in the market.
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Thompson, Kelly, and Eleonora Gullone. "An Investigation into the Association between the Witnessing of Animal Abuse and Adolescents' Behavior toward Animals." Society & Animals 14, no. 3 (2006): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853006778149163.
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AbstractResearch (Baldry, 2003; Flynn, 1999, 2000a; Henry, 2004) has linked witnessing abuse to nonhuman animals with the committal of such acts. This study reports frequency data based on adolescents' self-reported witnessing of animal abuse and involvement in animal-directed behaviors. The study investigates associations between witnessing abuse and engaging in both positive and negative animal-directed behaviors. 281 adolescents, 12-18 years of age, completed measures of animal cruelty and the humane treatment of animals. As predicted, the study found a history of witnessing animal abuse associated with significantly higher levels of animal cruelty. The study reported significantly higher levels of cruelty for those who had witnessed a friend, relative, parent, or sibling abuse an animal and significantly lower levels for those who had witnessed a stranger abuse an animal. Participants who "Frequently" witnessed animal abuse reported significantly higher levels of cruelty than those who viewed abuse "A few times". There was no association found between humane treatment of animals and the witnessing of animal abuse. Positive influences, peer mentors and humane education, would help to combat this cycle of abuse.
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Harde, Roxanne. "“Better Friends”: Marshall Saunders Writing Humane Education and Envisioning Animal Rights." Jeunesse: Young People, Texts, Cultures 1, no. 2 (December 2009): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jeunesse.1.2.85.
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This essay examines several of the animal narratives that Margaret Marshall Saunders (1861–1947) wrote for children. From her first book, Beautiful Joe, a Dog’s Own Story, the first Canadian book to sell more than a million copies, to the end of her long career, Saunders developed a trenchant set of pedagogies and rhetorical strategies in support of humane education. Even as she negotiated her own culturally endorsed tendencies to see the animal as a thing, Saunders offered carefully reasoned arguments for the ethical treatment of animals through appealing pedagogies of humane education, renovations of her society’s views of non-human animals as objects for human consumption and pleasure, and rhetorical emphases on cultural understandings of connections between the child and the animal.
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Nelson, Michael L. "Book Review: Animal Rights and Welfare: A Documentary and Reference Guide." Reference & User Services Quarterly 55, no. 2 (December 16, 2015): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.55n2.175a.
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Animal Rights and Welfare: A Documentary and Reference Guide is a collection of fifty-one primary source documents relating to the topics of animal rights and animal welfare. The preface states that these are separate and distinct philosophies: animal rights advocates such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and the Animal Liberation Front hold that humans and animals have the same rights (thereby precluding their use even as pets or assistive animals), whereas animal welfare adherents like the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the American Humane Society endorse the use of animals for agriculture, work, biomedical research, etc., but in a manner that minimizes pain and suffering.
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Gleba, Ol'ga Vladimirovna. "Legal Problems of Improving Legislation on the Protection of Farm Animals." Сельское хозяйство, no. 4 (April 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8809.2022.4.39344.
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The article discusses some problems of legal regulation of the protection of farm animals, argues for the need to finalize the current legislation in terms of fixing legal norms in terms of humane treatment of this category of animals, justifies the need to take into account the best international experience in the field of humane treatment of animals. There is currently no single legislative act in the Russian Federation that would protect and support the rights of all animal species, including agricultural ones, to live satisfying their needs and experiencing minimal suffering. Recently, the changes taking place in the legislative regulation of relations in the field of humane treatment of animals have become more noticeable, which is expressed in the reform of this sphere of relations and the desire to bring it closer to the best world experience. However, to date, in Russia, no regulatory legal act has established rules that ensure humane conditions for keeping and slaughtering farm animals. The Federal Law "On Responsible Treatment of Animals" adopted in 2018 excluded farm animals from its scope, therefore, gaps in the legislative regulation.
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Gleba, Ol'ga Vladimirovna. "Legal Problems of Improving Legislation on the Protection of Farm Animals." Сельское хозяйство, no. 2 (February 2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2453-8809.2022.2.39344.
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The article discusses some problems of legal regulation of the protection of farm animals, argues for the need to finalize the current legislation in terms of fixing legal norms in terms of humane treatment of this category of animals, justifies the need to take into account the best international experience in the field of humane treatment of animals. There is currently no single legislative act in the Russian Federation that would protect and support the rights of all animal species, including agricultural ones, to live satisfying their needs and experiencing minimal suffering. Recently, the changes taking place in the legislative regulation of relations in the field of humane treatment of animals have become more noticeable, which is expressed in the reform of this sphere of relations and the desire to bring it closer to the best world experience. However, to date, in Russia, no regulatory legal act has established rules that ensure humane conditions for keeping and slaughtering farm animals. The Federal Law "On Responsible Treatment of Animals" adopted in 2018 excluded farm animals from its scope, therefore, gaps in the legislative regulation.
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Ребенко, Галина, Олександр Нечипоренко, Валерій Пономаренко, Юрій Мусієнко, Анатолій Фотін, Юлія Сторчак, and Олександрa Баканова. "Decreasing of the risk of zoonoses by solving the problem with stray dogs." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 1-2(44-45) (July 1, 2019): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2019.1-2.6.
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People can become infected with zoonoses from domestic or stray dogs (the most dangerous ones are rabies, brucellosis, dermatomycosis, leptospirosis, parasitic diseases). 1,466 rabies outbreaks and 2 cases of human rabies were reported in Ukraine in 2018. In total, 17 people died of rabies in Ukraine in 2014-2018. Sources of rabies were nonvaccinated against rabies dogs.
In most dermatomycosis patients, the zoonotic form of microsporia caused by Microsporum canis is recorded, and infected cats and dogs play an important role in the spread.
Dogs are a dangerous reservoir of leptospira and a source of infection for humans. Develops a mild course of leptospirosis, reminiscent of influenza, but has severe consequences and leads to meningitis.
Dogs can infect humans with the agents of campylobacteriosis and brucellosis, as well as many other parasitic diseases: Ancylostoma braziliense і Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis і Toxocara cati , Cryptosporidium , Echinococcus granulosus, Dirofilaria immitis , Giardia lamblia and ectoparasites: Sarcoptes scabiei (variant canis) and Cheyletiella yasguri.
Prevention of zoonotic diseases requires a holistic approach within the framework of the One Health concept. Health,
environmental and veterinary services, with the active involvement of local government, conservation and animal welfare organizations, must be involved.
The problem of handling animals and regulating the numbers of stray animals in Sumy is an urgent one. The solution to this problem is to reduce the number of stray animals with only humane methods, to improve the epizootic and sanitary-ecological situation in the city, to create conditions for the prevention of the phenomenon of stray animals, and to change public opinion towards a civilized, humane, ethical attitude to animals.
Principles of animal shelter organization, scheme of veterinary and sanitary measures and treatment and preventive treatment of animals have been developed and put into practice by us.
Within the framework of the agreement with the communal enterprise of the Sumy City Council "Animal Care Center" Sumy National Agrarian University performs the veterinary part of the service of stray animals, which ensures the implementation of the "Program of regulation of the number of stray animals in the city of Sumy by humane methods".
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Oberg, Andrew. "ALL TOO HUMAN? SPECIESISM, RACISM, AND SEXISM." Think 15, no. 43 (2016): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175616000051.
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The issue of how we ought to treat the nonhuman animals in our lives is one that has been growing in importance over the past forty years. A common charge is that discriminatory behavior based only on differences of species membership is just as wrong morally as are acts of racism or sexism. Is such a charge sustainable? It is argued that such reasoning confuses real differences with false ones, may have negative ethical consequences, and could tempt us to abandon our responsibilities to the natural world. Finally, some benefits to human animal treatment that more humane nonhuman animal treatment may bring are considered.
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Wrenn, Corey Lee. "Nonhuman Animal Rights, Alternative Food Systems, and the Non-Profit Industrial Complex." PhaenEx 8, no. 2 (December 26, 2013): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/p.v8i2.4093.
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Alternative food systems (namely the humane product movement) have arisen to address societal concerns with the treatment of Nonhuman Animals in food production. This paper presents an abolitionist Nonhuman Animal rights approach (Francione, 1996) and critiques these alternative systems as problematic in regards to goals of considering the rights or welfare of Nonhuman Animals. It is proposed that the trend in social movement professionalization within the structure of a non-profit industrial complex will ultimately favor compromises like “humane” products over more radical abolitionist solutions to the detriment of Nonhuman Animals. This paper also discusses potential compromises for alternative food systems that acknowledge equal consideration for Nonhuman Animals, focusing on grassroots veganism as a necessary component for consistency and effectiveness.
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Waldin, Valerie Lang. "Introduction to animal law: Resources for online research and study." College & Research Libraries News 81, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.81.1.40.
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Animal law is the body of statutory and case law governing the treatment of nonhuman animals, including wildlife, companion animals, and animals used for research, entertainment, and food. Emerging rapidly on academic and legal horizons since 2000, entire programs of study at all levels are now dedicated to training students to be effective humane educators, attorneys, law enforcement officers, and citizens.High-profile court cases, such as SeaWorld v. California Coastal Commission, along with the proliferation of animal protection documentaries, such as Blackfish, Earthlings, and Tyke: Elephant Outlaw, have raised profound questions about our treatment of other species. Animal protection is now a mainstream phenomenon, largely due to the Internet and social media providing instant visibility to and awareness of the critical issues of our time.
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Bowd, A. D. "The Educative Role of an Animal Care Committee in Canada: A Case Study." Animal Welfare 6, no. 4 (November 1997): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600020029.
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AbstractAnimal Care Committees (ACCs) in Canada operate within guidelines established by the Canadian Council on Animal Care, an autonomous advisory and supervisory body sponsored by the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. ACCs are established to ensure appropriate, humane use of animals in research and teaching, including the adoption of valid alternatives. Their role includes an educative responsibility: to ensure that both ACC members and scientists using animals are acquainted with the ethical issues surrounding animal use and principles relating to refinement of techniques, reduction of numbers used and replacement where possible.Strategies employed by one university ACC consistent with these aims are described and evaluated. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented derived from participant observation by the author as an ACC member, committee protocols, minutes and other records and a survey of animal users ‘ perceptions of the role and value of the ACC. Results indicated a relatively low level of familiarity with ethical principles relating to the humane treatment of animals, although regulations governing housing and care were well known.
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Durkee, Stephen J. "Planning for the continued humane treatment of animals during disaster response." Lab Animal 42, no. 10 (September 19, 2013): F8—F12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban.369.
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Alexsandra Аndreevna, Panasiuk. "The law about animal's protection from cruelty: historical and modern issues." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-59.
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The article deals with the protection of animals from ill-treatment, generalizes the scientific approaches of the historical and legal aspect of the formation and development of responsibility, conducts a comparative analysis of the present with the historical past. The legal regulation of criminal liability for animal cruelty is characterized. The sanctions and the list of legislation governing this issue are outlined. Solve issues in the area oj the institution of responsibility for animal cruelty is extremely important. In today`s world, animals are considered not only as property of a person, but also as family members. People call for human treatment of animals, both domestic and wild. In addition, humane treatment is usually understood as actions of a person not related to self-defense, causing pain, torment, suffering to the animal. Violence can also be inaction, such as leaving in danger or violating the conditions of keeping animals, leaving without care, and so on. The history of development and regulation of relevant issues deserves special attention. At the level of international law, the issue of liability for animal cruelty has been regulated since the 1960s. The European Community has adopted five main conventions: the European Convention for the Protection of Animals in International Transport (1968), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept on Farms (1976), the European Convention for the Protection of Animals intended for Slaughter ), the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (1986), the European Convention for the Protection of Pets (1987). Key words: The provisions of international legal acts have become the basis for the settlement of relevant issues in Ukraine as well.
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Gray, Carol, and Peter Fordyce. "Legal and Ethical Aspects of ‘Best Interests’ Decision-Making for Medical Treatment of Companion Animals in the UK." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061009.
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Medical decisions for young children are made by those with parental responsibility, with legal involvement only if the decision is potentially detrimental to the child’s welfare. While legally classified as property, some argue that animals are in a similar position to children; treatment decisions are made by their owners, posing a legal challenge only if the proposed treatment has the potential to cause harm or unnecessary suffering, as defined by animal protection legislation. This paper formulates the approach to a ‘best interests’ calculation, utilising the factors included in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and relying on exchange of information between the human parties involved. Although this form of decision-making must primarily protect the animal from unnecessary suffering, it recognises that the information provided by the owner is critical in articulating the animal’s non-medical interests, and hence in formulating what is in the animal’s best overall welfare interests. While statute law does not mandate consideration of ‘best interests’ for animals, this approach might reasonably be expected as a professional imperative for veterinary surgeons. Importantly, this version of a ‘best interests’ calculation can be incorporated into existing ethical frameworks for medical decision-making and the humane treatment of animals.
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Stojanović, Nataša. "Animals and orthodox Christianity." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta Nis 60, no. 92 (2021): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfn0-34085.
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Religion has always had a special impact on man's attitude towards animals. In this context, this paper explores the correlation between animal welfare and Orthodox Christianity, with specific reference to the position of the Serbian Orthodox Church on this issue. The research has been conducted with the aim of examining the links between animals and Orthodox Christianity, establishing whether the official position of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC) promotes animal welfare, and whether its activities embody the recognition and protection of animal rights. For the purposes of this paper, the author has applied the sociological, legal-dogmatic, and historicalcritical methods. The conducted research shows that the Serbian Orthodox Church does not have an official position on animals; thus, the correlation between animal welfare and Orthodox Christianity cannot be precisely determined. Yet, due to the impact of the canons of the Holy Scriptures, it is quite certain that the Serbian Orthodox priests formally advocate for animal welfare and observance of animal rights, and officially condemn any cruel treatment against animals. On the other hand, man's love for animals must be moderate and never above man's love for God and other human beings. Orthodox Christianity does not prohibit the use of meat and fish in nutrition, nor does it consider killing animals an immoral act. Such an approach is also pertinent to Islam and Judaism, while Buddhism advocates respect for all forms of life by promoting the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), which applies to all living beings. It is clear that Orthodox Christianity does not advocate for the recognition of animals' rights to life, nor does it recognize animals as legal subjects. The twelve-year application of the Animal Welfare Act in the Republic of Serbia has shown that a number of factors hinder a better protection of animal welfare. The Serbian Orthodox Church largely contributes to such a situation by failing to promote animal welfare, protection and a more humane treatment of animals (particularly stray or abandoned animals) in its regulatory acts and social activities.
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Jegstrup, I., R. Thon, A. K. Hansen, and M. Ritskes Hoitinga. "Characterization of transgenic mice—a comparison of protocols for welfare evaluation and phenotype characterization of mice with a suggestion on a future certificate of instruction." Laboratory Animals 37, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367703762226647.
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A thorough welfare evaluation performed as part of a general phenotype characterization for both transgenic and traditional mouse strains could not only contribute to the improvement of the welfare of laboratory animals, but could also be of benefit to scientists, laboratory veterinarians and the inspecting authorities. A literature review has been performed to identify and critically evaluate already existing protocols for phenotype and welfare characterization. There are several relevant schemes available, among others the SHIRPA method, the modified score sheet of Morton and Griffiths, the FRIMORFO phenotype characterization scheme and the behavioural phenotype schemes as described by Crawley. These protocols have been evaluated according to four goals: Their ability (1) to reveal any special needs or problems with a transgenic strain, (2) to cover the informational needs of the purchaser/user of the strain, (3) to refine the welfare of the transgenic animal model by identifying relevant humane endpoints, (4) to prevent the duplication of animal models that have already been developed. The protocols described are useful for characterizing the phenotype and judging welfare disturbances, however the total amount of information and the degree of detail varies considerably from one scheme to another. We present a proposal regarding the practical application of the various schemes that will secure proper treatment and the identification of humane endpoints. It is advocated that with every purchase of a particular strain, an instruction document should accompany the strain. This document needs to give detailed descriptions of the typical characteristics of the strain, as well as necessary actions concerning relevant treatment and humane endpoints. At the moment no such documents are required. The introduction of these types of documents will contribute to improvements in animal welfare as well as experimental results in laboratory animal experimentation.
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Stetsko, T. I., V. P. Muzyka, and V. M. Hunchak. "Critically important antimicrobial preparations for veterinary medicine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8704.
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The resistance of microorganisms, bacterial pathogens, to antimicrobials is a global problem in both healthcare and veterinary medicine. It is believed that the main reason for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in humans is the transfer of antibiotic resistant strains of microorganisms or genes, determinants of resistance, through products of animal origin from productive animals to humans. Thus, the main way of antimicrobial resistance containment is to restrain and minimize it through the prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, especially those that are critically important for productive animals. In addition, some classes of antibacterial substances and antibiotics, that are widely used in humane medicine, are used in veterinary medicine. The need to use and preserve these important therapeutic agents is relevant from the point of view of the concept «One Health». The article provides a list of all antibacterial substances used by productive animals for their importance in veterinary medicine, developed by a special group of experts of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Any antimicrobial agent authorized for use in veterinary medicine for productive animals, in accordance with the criteria for quality, safety and efficacy as defined in Section 6.9 of the Terrestrial Animal Health Code, is considered to be important for veterinary medicine. All the antimicrobial substances used for productive animals are divided in this list on critical, very important and important for veterinary medicine. Attention was also drawn to the peculiarities of the use of critical antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, especially those recognized as critical in humane medicine. These include aminoglycosides, cephalosporins of the 3rd and 4th generation, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides, macrolides, some penicillins and polymyxins. The article also describes the classification of critical antimicrobials by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Panel of Experts on Antimicrobials (AMEG) of the WHO based on the risk profile for humans through the development of antimicrobial resistance after application to productive animals. Such an assessment will give veterinary practitioners an important justification when they make decisions about the clinical treatment of bacterial infections and the responsible appointment of antimicrobial therapy. This will help to reach the balance among the achievement of the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy of productive animals, reducing of the selective pressure on the development of antibiotic resistance and ensuring of a high level of human health.
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Vyniarska, А., M. Kajpus M. Kajpus, D. Gufrij, and А. Gamota. "Empirical antibiotic therapy in infectious diseases of small animals." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8719.
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Antibiotic resistance is an important risk factor for human and animal health. The inappropriate use of antibiotics for productive animals has a direct link with the selection and distribution of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in humans, which leads to the loss of effective antibiotics for the treatment of many infectious diseases in humane and veterinary medicine. This attracts the attention of the scientists of the whole world, as the number of infectious diseases increases, are not treatable and end lethal. The global problem of the use of antibiotics in productive animals, the emergence and spread of resistant pathogenic microorganisms has been reflected in a number of international declarations and documents. Organization of food products control and Agriculture (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) have developed strategic principles for the purpose of productive interaction and cooperation in the field of human health, animal health and the stability of the ecological system. However, in most programs, including national ones, control over the use of antibiotics is concentrated on productive animals, in connection with the risk of the residual quantities of antibiotics and persistent microorganisms in the human body. In contrast, the use of antibiotics for small animals remains beyond the attention of scientists and is less controlled, and the danger of the emergence and spread of resistant forms of microorganisms – high. The development of resistance of microorganisms in small animals is facilitated by various factors, which are basically based on non-compliance with the principles of rational use of antibiotics. Free access to antibiotics in Ukraine complicates this situation, since the owners of animals are engaged in the treatment of their pets, which also contributes to the development of resistance of microorganisms. In this article the basic principles of rational use of antibiotics for small animals and the experience of using antibiotics of various pharmacological groups in various diseases in clinical practice in recent years are analyzed.
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Kobetska, Nadiia, and Lesia Danyliuk. "Implementation of the Provisions of the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals into Ukrainian Legislation: Some Theoretical and Applied Aspects." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.29-45.
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European integration processes in Ukraine have led to the approximation of national legislation to European standards, including pet handling. The first and currently the only ratified European convention in Ukraine on protection and ensuring animal welfare is the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals. The article describes the major doctrinal, legislative and practical aspects of implementing this Convention into Ukrainian law. The legal regulation of the humane treatment of domestic animals in Ukraine is based on the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, its provisions being of a general nature, and detailed solutions are found in other laws and regulations. Detailed rules for dealing with pets are determined by municipalities and they are implemented in the relevant administrative and territorial units. The concept of “animal rights”, despite its proclamation in the preamble to the Law of Ukraine on the protection of animals from cruel treatment, has no formal legal representation and reflection in Ukrainian legislation. Nevertheless, Ukrainian legal academic doctrine, legislative process and law enforcement practice are currently embodying the concept of animal welfare. The development and implementation of a coherent legal mechanism for pet handling is the major contributing factor in achieving pet welfare, therefore Ukraine needs a clear strategy to improve its legal regulation.
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Goździewicz-Biechońska, Justyna, and Eliza Jachnik. "Legal Status of the Animal as a Determinant of Its Humanitarian Protection." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.3.67-79.
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The article concerns the humanitarian protection of animals in Polish law. It is of a scientific and research nature and its purpose is to define the relationship between the legal status of an animal and the nature and the scope of its humanitarian protection. The legal status of an animal is determined by the Animal Protection Act, through dereification and the general principle of humane treatment of animals. In the light of legal provisions, two basic categories of animals can be distinguished in the context of their humanitarian protection: domestic animals and working animals. The latter are then divided into further subcategories. The scope of humanitarian protection varies depending on belonging to a given category, because legal provisions differently define the scope and degree of obligations regarding animal welfare. However, the premises for classifying a given animal as belonging to one of those types, result not only from the scope of legal acts. The decisive role in this regard has the status that is given by a man, usually determined by the man’s attitude towards the animal and its utility for the man. This attitude is shaped individually in a specific case and is the actual source of the legal status of the animal and consequently its protection.
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Madigan, J., J. Rowe, J. Angelos, W. F. Herthel, D. Matz, M. Dinucci, and V. Fletcher. "(A323) Wildfire Associated Burn Injury of 1400 Sheep in Northern California: A Coordinated Mass Casualty Veterinary Response." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s90—s91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003074.
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IntroductionWildfires can injure animals both from burns and inhalation of smoke and particulates. In 2006 a rapidly moving grass wildfire burned 12 square miles in Yolo County. Approximately 1400 sheep on the range suffered variable degrees of burns. A coordinated effort of triage and individual treatment or humane euthanasia was performed by the UC Davis Veterinary Emergency Response Team.MethodsAnimals: Two sheep ranches with 1100 (ranch A) and 300 (ranch b) adult sheep of different breeds, ranging in age from 1-6 years of age. Initial owner evaluation: Both ranchers considered humane destruction of all sheep showing evidence of burned discoloration, estimated to be over 95% of 1400 sheep. Ranch B attempted shooting comprised sheep but stopped and requested aid from UC Davis as did ranch A. Veterinary initial evaluation and communications: Several burned sheep were visible from the roadway. Many sheep were standing with limited movement and some were recumbent. Triage was performed by bringing food and water sources to the sheep and those not eating and drinking were evaluated first. Gunshot euthanasia following AVMA guidelines based on veterinary determination of hopeless prognosis was used. Veterinary team members (N = 25) coordinated treatments, communications with public health, animal control, and press media, carcass disposal, volunteer management, and acquisition of office of emergency services resources.TreatmentTopical treatment of eyes and skin burns with silver sulfadiazine ointment, administration of systemic antibiotics (LA 200), pain relief (flunixine meglumine), wound debridement, and cesarean section of late term terminal sheep were performed.ResultsOver 500 sheep were euthanized by gunshot and the remainder (approximately 900) recovered lasting from 1-42 days. Progression of burn injury to skin, udder, face, and hoofs persisted for 42 days.ConclusionA coordinated veterinary response provided humane care and triage of this mass casualty animal emergency.
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ZURLO, JOANNE, and ALAN M. GOLDBERG. "The Role of an Academic Center in Promoting Common Goals." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 8, no. 1 (January 1999): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180199801091.
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The publication in 1959 of Russell and Burch's The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique initiated a new era in the history of the debate between science and animal protection, the era of alternatives. Although Russell and Burch never used the word “alternatives” (speaking instead of the “three Rs”: replacement, reduction, and refinement), and although the animal protection movement was somewhat moribund at the time in both England and the United States, within a decade of the book's publication a number of signs indicating a resurgence of public interest in the issue began to appear. At the same time, increased knowledge and understanding of neurophysiology and ethology heightened scientific awareness of the significance of humane treatment in the laboratory and professionalized laboratory animal science.
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Madigan, J. "(A322) Animals in Disasters and Emergencies: A Version of Wild Kingdom." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003062.
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Dr. Madigan will discuss the evolution of awareness of the need for emergency preparedness and response for the animal component in disasters and emergencies in the United States and internationally. Emergencies and disasters affect animals and those who own them, including companion animals, animals who's use is for sustainment or groups of animals which serve as a key component of individuals economic existence. Numerous studies have shown the public will delay or refuse evacuation from impending risks if they have to leave their animals behind. A significant component of the public will refuse use of non pet associated shelters which then affects public safety and wellbeing. Emergency responders can be put at risk because of rescues required of non-evacuated individuals staying with their animals. Emergency responders may be called to be involved in animal rescues or animal evacuation. Animals impacted by disasters may incur injury, entrapment, and lack of food and water. Veterinary triage, emergency rescue, treatment and humane euthanasia are driven by animal welfare concerns as well as legislation mandating care of animals in declared disasters in some countries. Dr. Madigan's presentation will provide discussion and video examples of organized response to small and large scale animal emergency and disasters associated with 15 years as Chief of the UC Davis Veterinary Emergency Response Team. Additionally the training components needed for effective and safe preparedness and response will be discussed.
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YPSILANTIS (Π. ΥΨΗΛΑΝΤΗΣ), P. "Management of pain - humane endpoints - euthanasia of laboratory animals." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14932.
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The minimization of pain and distress of laboratory animals before, during and after the experiment is one of the basic principles for the humane treatment of animals used in biomedical research. Pain and distress is assessed based on careful observation of laboratory animals and the evaluation of a series of parameters related to clinical signs, natural behaviour and provoked behaviour. Scoring of these parameters makes possible their quantitative assessment and the calculation of distress score. Based on this score we can define the humane endpoints according to which the experimenter decides to relieve the animal from pain and distress by administering analgesics, terminating the experiment or performing euthanasia. The reasons for implementing humane endpoints are ethical, legal, practical and scientific. Analgesic agents can be divided into three: narcotic analgesics, antipyretic analgesics and nociceptive blockers. The choice drug will be determined by the degree of analgesic effect, its required duration of action, the experimental protocol and the experience of the experimenter. Euthanasia methods can be divided into physical and chemical ones. Physical methods include shooting, concussion, electrical stunning, cervical dislocation, decapacitation and microwave irradiation. Chemical methods include the administration of inhalation agents (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, volatile inhalational anesthetics), agents absorbed through the skin and gills (benzocaine, tricaine methane sulphonate, etomidate, metomidate, quinaldine) and injectable agents (the barbiturates pentobarbitone and thiopental and the agent T-61). Euthanasia methods that can be applied to unconcious animals also incude pithing, rapid freezing, exsanguination, administration of nitrogen or argon, ethanol, chloral hydrate and potassium chloride and air embolism. Death should always be confirmed after performing an euthanasia method.
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Smirnov, Evgeniy R., Yana V. Beznosova, Faridun Z. Zavurbekov, and Nikolay V. Ostroumov. "Animals as objects of legal protection in the Republic of India." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 27, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-2-181-186.
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The article analyses the legal acts of the modern Republic of India aimed at protecting animals from human actions that cause physical and mental suffering. It is emphasised that the Indian legislator recognises the presence of feelings, emotions, experiences and consciousness in animals. The authors studied the report of the World Society for the Protection of Animals, which contains information on the state of legislation and judicial practice in this area. The authors drew attention to the position of Indian judges who explicitly recognise the existence of special rights for animals that are subject to legal protection. The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of the protection of wild, agricultural, laboratory, domestic, circus and captive animals. In relation to each of these categories, there are special legal acts that confirm the commitment of the Indian state to the principle of "ahimsa", which has existed in this country since ancient times, i.e., humane treatment of all living beings. India's legislation dealing with animal welfare issues is progressive compared to many states where such issues are not a priority. Noting the unconditional achievements of the Republic of India in the field of animal protection, the authors did not ignore the existing problems of law enforcement practice that require immediate solutions.
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Shabalina, M. A. "Features of the Practical Application of the Institute of Forced Buyout of Animals." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 6 (July 9, 2021): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.127.6.088-101.
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The paper is devoted to the analysis of the institution of force buyout of animals provided for under Art. 241 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The practical application of the buyout under consideration is associated with a number of difficulties, in particular, with the lack of a normatively fixed concept of a humane attitude towards animals and with the difficulty of determining the balance between inhuman attitude and cruelty. To analyze these concepts, the author turns to the Russian doctrine, judicial practice and European regulation, studies the concept of welfare and the fundamental five freedoms of animals. The paper also examines the relationship between the two elements of the institute of forced buyout named in the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as the establishment of a violation by the owner of regulatory requirements in the field of handling pets and inhuman treatment. A separate issue, raised in the paper, is the procedure for determining the value of the repurchased animal by the court that must take into account all the applicant’s costs associated with the treatment of the animal after the buyout.
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Rix, Anne, Natascha Drude, Anna Mrugalla, Felix M. Mottaghy, René H. Tolba, and Fabian Kiessling. "Performance of severity parameters to detect chemotherapy-induced pain and distress in mice." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219883327.
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According to European Union directive 2010/63/EU a severity classification of experimental procedures performed on laboratory animals is mandatory. This includes a prospective evaluation of all interventions performed within the experiment, as well as an assessment of the actual burden of each animal during the experiment. In this regard, the evaluation and scoring of defined criteria regarding the health state of animals could help to early identify deteriorations in animal health and facilitate the application of humane endpoints. This article discusses the applicability of an adapted score sheet in BALB/cAnNRj mice receiving either cisplatin, doxorubicin or busulfan, three chemotherapeutic agents with different toxicological profiles and longitudinal non-invasive molecular imaging. The health state was investigated by score sheets documenting general state, body weight, spontaneous behaviour and treatment specific parameters (e.g. anaemia, neurotoxicity, persistent diarrhoea). Although blood and serum analyses clearly indicated various organ damage, most scoring parameters except for body weight did not report on the deceasing animal health state. Thus, there is need for more sensitive observational parameters to judge the animal's health state and welfare.
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Bill, January. "Euthanasia in Wildlife Rehabilitation and Specific Considerations for Pelagic and Diving Bird Rehabilitation." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v23.203.
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It is the goal and responsibility of wildlife rehabilitators to provide the best achievable care to the animals that are brought to them for help. Because of the nature of wildlife rehabilitation, by the time the rehabilitator receives the animal, its injuries and/or illness have often progressed to a state beyond a point that will enable the animal to survive when returned to the wild. If an animal cannot be returned to a normal life in the wild, the only options rehabilitators have for a non–releasable animal in their care is life in captivity or euthanasia (Miller 1993). Just as it is vital to have the skills and knowledge to successfully treat a species of wildlife, it is equally important to have the skills to evaluate the animal for euthanasia on intake. Euthanasia is often the only viable option to humanely end an animal’s pain and prevent further suffering. Therefore, euthanasia decisions based on physiological evidence and well–reasoned judgment lead to more humane treatment of wildlife in rehabilitation.
The objective of this paper is to emphasize the importance of this aspect of wildlife rehabilitation, to provide basic euthanasia guidelines, and to outline a set of specific considerations for pelagic and diving bird rehabilitation used at International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC).
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Vasiliev, Mihail N., Ivan N. Nikitin, Anastasia A. Butova, and Anastasia I. Vasilieva. "Legal issues of veterinary services for shelters for stray animals in the Russian Federation." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700185.
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The important problem of urban and large rural settlements of the Russian Federation is the increase in the number of stray animals. The activities of shelters for stray animals are associated with a number of obligatory veterinary preventive measures. These measures require the development of a comprehensive system of veterinary services for animal shelters, including the procedure for the initial reception of an animal to a shelter, the procedure to identify an animal without owners showing unmotivated aggressiveness, a system of veterinary preventive measures in a shelter, a method of humane treatment of animals in a shelter, a typical staffing of veterinary shelter specialists and a typical diet for an animal in a shelter. In many constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the activities to regulate the number of stray animals are carried out by private specialized organizations in accordance with the concluded municipal contracts. The existing practice does not allow organizing a single effective system to regulate the number of stray animals. A regional system for the regulation of the number of stray animals could be organized under the leadership of the State Veterinary Service of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in cooperation with existing private shelters for stray animals. This system can not be created without an appropriate regional regulatory framework. The authors propose the development and implementation of a comprehensive system of veterinary services for animal shelters at the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. This system will serve as one of the elements to maintain the epizootic and epidemic well-being of the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for zooanthroponosis, among which rabies is the most relevant.
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Platto, S., Q. Zhu, A. Guo, Q. He, S. Hu, A. Valros, and A. Irwin. "Chinese farmers' attitude towards the improvement of animal welfare in their facilities." Animal Welfare 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.1.099.
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This study sought to investigate Chinese farmers' attitude towards animal welfare by using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). According to the TPB, an individual's intention to behave in a certain way is determined by his/her attitude towards the behaviour (specific attitude — importance — and general attitudes), the perceived behavioural control (easiness), and the supposed opinion of the people who are important to him/her (subjective norms). A total of 253 questionnaires are used, which included the three main animal productions in chena (swine, poultry and cattle). Chinese farmers have perceived the improvement of animal welfare as two abstracts: general attitudes (reward-seeking, and empathic farmer); and four specific categories of actions (favourable environment, animal health, humane treatment of animals and farmers' well-being). Our analysis revealted that general and specific attitudes were the strongest predictors of farmers' intentions to improve animal welfare in the questionnaire study. In fact, Chinese farmers considered it fairly important to improve the animal welfare meaures considered in the survey. In contrast, the same animal welfare measures were considered difficult to improve by the farmers as indicated by the lack of association between the easiness of improving animal welfare and the intentions. In addition, veterinarians, agricultural advisers, and scientific experts were considered to be relatively influential subjective norms as regards the activities of the farmers. This is the first study to provide an insight into the underlying meanings and values of Chinese farmers views on improvements to animal welfare.
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Martsynkevich, E. V., S. B. Kondrasheva, V. A. Sedakova, and T. M. Lukashenko. "THE EFFECT OF CITRUS PECTIN ON THE FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF RATS` COLON." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 4 (December 28, 2015): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2015-12-4-13.
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Objective: to study the effect of citrus pectin on the functional status of rats` colon. Material and methods. The experiments have been performed on male rats (n = 45) in accordance with the rules of the humane treatment of experimental animals. The doses of dietary fiber have been calculated by the physiological norm of human consumption, approved by the Committee on Health of the Russian Federation (2002) and accounted for 1.25 and 1.875 g/animal/day. Microbiological and biochemical studies have been carried out according to the conventional techniques. Results. It has been ascertained that long-term use (for 1 month) of citrus pectin at a dose of 1.25 g/animal/day leads to changes of the titer the positive microflora, but causes emergence of Citrobacter . The increase of pectin to 1.875 g/animal/day leads to a decrease in the concentration of specific probiotic microorganisms (Lactobacillus ssp. and Bifidobacterium ssp.), an increase in the pool of Enterobacteriaceae and potentially pathogenic Fungi. The material verified Citrobacter and Candida , which were not found in control animals. Applying both the doses of citrus pectin we noted an increase in the concentrations of acetic and butyric acids, acidification of the intestinal contents, as evidenced by the decrease in the pH of the animals` faeces. Conclusion. The experimental data make it possible to state that regular long-term consumption of citrus pectin at the permissible dose (1.25 g/animal/day) in the normal physiological state does not cause any changes in the probiotic intestinal flora but creates preconditions for enhancing colonization by opportunistic agents. The excess dose of the studied additive results in a significant decrease of pH values of the intestinal contents and enhanced proliferation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms.
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Mench, J. A. "Assessing Animal Welfare at the Farm and Group Level: A United States Perspective." Animal Welfare 12, no. 4 (November 2003): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026087.
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AbstractThe United States has traditionally lagged behind Europe in the adoption of voluntary or legislated standards for the care and treatment of animals on farms. US federal legislation of farm animal practices is minimal, confined to aspects of livestock transport and slaughter. Although some of the livestock and poultry producer (commodity) groups wrote guidelines, codes of practice, or statements regarding the humane treatment of animals in the 1980s, these were usually very general statements of current industry practice, developed with little consultation with independent experts and involving no mechanism for encouraging or ensuring compliance by producers. However, this has changed dramatically in the last few years, with an increasing trend among US retailers to require their suppliers to adopt minimum animal welfare standards. The major chain restaurants and supermarkets are working through their trade organisations, the National Council of Chain Restaurants and the Food Marketing Institute respectively, and with the commodity groups, to develop a uniform set of standards and a national auditing program. Standards and auditing programs have already been approved for dairy cattle, laying hens and meat chickens, and for slaughter, including ritual slaughter (kosher and halal). The process of setting auditable standards is complicated by the lack of legislative underpinning, the scope of the auditing that will be required because of US farm sizes and the large distances between farms, and the varying levels of expertise of potential auditors. For these reasons, ‘engineering-based’ auditing criteria that are relatively easy to measure and to standardise are more common. There are both strengths and potential weaknesses of retail-driven rather than legislatively driven animal welfare standards. Regardless, the recent changes in the US possibly pave the way for increasing dialogue between Europe and the US on farm animal welfare issues.
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Vaz, J., AG McElligott, and E. Narayan. "Linking the roles of personality and stress physiology for managing the welfare of captive big cats." Animal Welfare 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.31.1.009.
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Animal welfare is important for the humane treatment of animals under our care. Zoos and rescue centres manage various charismatic animals, such as big cats, with limited resources. It is therefore essential for caretakers to understand the needs of an individual big cat to ensure its welfare. However, these needs may differ due to a big cat's personality, which may be identified by its coping style in a stressful situation. In addition, stress is one of the major factors affecting animal welfare. There is limited evidence showing strong associations between personality and stress physiology in big cats. This review focuses on the integration of personality and stress physiology of captive big cats, to highlight possible improvements in their husbandry. Our review identifies key factors that may influence big cat responses to stressors. These influencing factors include: i) social interactions; ii) environment; iii) life history and evolutionary traits; iv) genetics; and v) health. The first two factors are relatively well covered in the literature; however, the final three are potentially very promising avenues for future research to better understand how we can improve big cat welfare.
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Sykes, Katie. "“Nations Like Unto Yourselves”: An Inquiry into the Status of a General Principle of International Law on Animal Welfare." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 49 (2012): 3–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800010316.
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SummaryThis article proposes that there is a general principle of international law concerning the humane treatment of animals. Preoccupation with “animal rights” has been associated with Western cultural imperialism masquerading as a universal ethic. Animal welfare is thus an instructive case study of what Jutta Brunnée and Stephen Toope have identified as the key challenge for international law, that of “construct[ing] normative institutions while admitting and upholding the diversity of peoples in international society.” This article applies the framework of interactional international law set out in Brunnée and Toope’s recent bookLegitimacy and Legality in International Law, while raising questions about the weight that their analysis accords to practice and their willingness to conclude that widely recognized principles to which states fail to adhere in practice lack legal force. The article also examines how laws prohibiting cruelty to animals have emerged precisely from an interactive cultural exchange between East and West, in particular, between England and India. It concludes that Brunnée and Toope’s framework, although it does not deal at any length with general principles of law (a source of international law in which practice plays a relatively minor role), is nevertheless a useful tool for understanding how a culturally contested principle fits into international law and ultimately supports the view that there is a general principle of international law concerning animal welfare.
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Nørgaard, Sisse A., Fredrik W. Sand, Dorte B. Sørensen, Klas SP Abelson, and Henrik Søndergaard. "Softened food reduces weight loss in the streptozotocin-induced male mouse model of diabetic nephropathy." Laboratory Animals 52, no. 4 (January 4, 2018): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677217747915.
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The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse is a widely used model of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, it is a well-known issue that this model is challenged by high weight loss, which despite supportive measures often results in high euthanization rates. To overcome these issues, we hypothesized that supplementing STZ-induced diabetic mice with water-softened chow in addition to normal chow would reduce weight loss, lower the need for supportive treatment, and reduce the number of mice reaching the humane endpoint of 20% weight loss. In a 15 week STZ-induced DN study we demonstrated that diabetic male mice receiving softened chow had reduced acute weight loss following STZ treatment ( p = 0.045) and additionally fewer mice were euthanized due to weight loss. By supplementing the diabetic mice with softened chow, no mice reached 20% weight loss whereas 37.5% of the mice without this supplement reached this humane endpoint ( p = 0.0027). Excretion of corticosterone metabolites in faeces was reduced in diabetic mice on softened chow ( p = 0.0007), suggesting lower levels of general stress. Finally, it was demonstrated that the water-softened chow supplement did not significantly affect the induction of key disease parameters, i.e. %HbA1C and albuminuria nor result in abnormal teeth wear. In conclusion, supplementation of softened food is refining the STZ-induced diabetic mouse model significantly by reducing stress, weight loss and the number of animals sacrificed due to humane endpoints, while maintaining the key phenotypes of diabetes and nephropathy.
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Kobzeva, T. A., and D. S. Shein. "Comparative aspect of organizational and legal principles of animal protection in Ukraine and the states of the EU." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (February 20, 2022): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.48.
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The article is devoted to in-depth and comprehensive coverage of the formation of a conceptual attitude to the organization, development, compliance and formalization of animal protection based on traditional methods of comparative studies through extra polar comparison of the domestic state of development of the legal plane and principles in the above field. Member States of the European Union (hereinafter — the EU).
The issue of the position of animal rights and their protection in terms of legal systems is consistently reflected in numerous studies. Issues that affect the aporia of humane treatment of animals, their welfare at the state level, prevention of all possible forms of discrimination and objectively cruel treatment are intended to establish or rethink previously underestimated socio-legal and organizational-legal aspects of regulation and enforcement. Animal welfare and comprehensive prevention of ethically abnormal behavior.
The main attention and research interest was primarily focused on the specifics of the legal regulation of animal protection in general and the content of current legal mechanisms on this issue in the EU. An equally important segment of the work is focused on detailing and analyzing the current regulation of organizational and legal principles of animal protection within the EU and a comprehensive demonstration of the cluster of Ukrainian legislation containing legal guarantees and key elements of animal protection in Ukraine. The presence of doctrinal and practical diversity in the environment of the chosen topic leads to the emergence of obvious contradictions or gaps, and foreign experience (which in this case should be understood as the interpretation and implementation of provisions and postulates applicable in EU countries) is an effective tool for overcoming miscalculations and reconciling in the ways that will be most rational and acceptable in today's conditions.
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Rudy, Michał. "Dlaczego potrzebujemy nowej ustawy o humanitarnej ochronie zwierząt?" Przegląd Prawa i Administracji 108 (June 26, 2017): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1134.108.6.
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WHY A NEW ACT ON THE HUMANITARIAN PROTECTION OF ANIMALS IS NEEDED?Legal regulations concerning animals protection clearly state that man owes to respect the animal and each animal requires humane treatment that must be understood by taking into account the needs and protection of animals, as far as care providing. Systematic law amendments, which are concerned to protect the animals from suffering, including unjustified or inhumane killing or cruelty to animals, should be considered as the duty of state authorities. In particular it should be done due to taking into account that animals are recognized as the “subjects of law”, for which there is a special legal regime determined by the provisions devoted to the humanitarian animals protection.The main objective of this article is to identify the aspects, which — according to the author — affect the need to make amendments to the existing provisions concerning humanitarian protection of animals. This includes lack of law transparency, containing its precision and often contradictory regulations. Also, adapting to European regulations should be considered as important issue. Failure in application of European rules to national law means that the Republic of Poland violates its obligation as the Member State of the European Union. The author also notes that the current range of the requested changes proposed by law doctrine, state authorities, as well as by social organizations whose statutory purpose is humanitarian protection of animals is so broad, concerns so conflicting values and interests, as well as some of them are so “revolutionary”, that it requires a comprehensive and systemic look at the humanitarian issue of animal protection at the national level. Hence, instead of performing complicated amendments creation of avery new act on the humanitarian protection of animals should be considered.
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Zulkifli, I., Y. M. Goh, B. Norbaiyah, A. Q. Sazili, M. Lotfi, A. F. Soleimani, and A. H. Small. "Changes in blood parameters and electroencephalogram of cattle as affected by different stunning and slaughter methods in cattle." Animal Production Science 54, no. 2 (2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12128.
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The present study aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the effects of penetrative stunning, non-penetrative stunning and post-slaughter stunning on biochemical parameters and electroencephalogram (EEG) associated with stress in heifers and steers. Ten animals were assigned to each of the following four treatment groups: (1) animals were subjected to conventional halal slaughter (a clean incision through the structures on the ventral neck at the approximate level of vertebrae C2–C3 – the trachea, oesophagus, carotid arteries and jugular veins) and post-cut penetrating mechanical stun within 10–20 s of the halal cut (U); (2) high-power non-penetrating mechanical stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (HPNP); (3) low-power non-penetrating mechanical percussive stunning using a mushroom-headed humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (LPNP); and (4) penetrative stunning using a captive-bolt pistol humane killer, followed by conventional halal slaughter (P). For each animal, blood samples and electroencephalogram recordings were taken before stunning, post-stunning (if applicable) and post-slaughter, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), adrenaline, noradrenaline and β-endorphin were determined. Irrespective of the stunning method, except for percentage change in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, the values of blood parameters attained before and after stunning were not significantly different. The plasma noradrenaline concentration of the HPNP animals was significantly elevated following stunning. Following slaughter, the percentage change of plasma ACTH concentration in the P animals was significantly elevated. Neither stunning method nor sampling time had a significant effect on plasma β-endorphin concentration. On the basis of the EEG results, penetrative stunning seemed to be better in maximising the possibility of post-stunning insensibility, whereas U animals appeared to demonstrate an evident increase in EEG activity which is consistent with the presence of post-slaughter noxious stimuli associated with tissue cut and injury. The U animals had consistently higher, if not the highest, RMS values than did other stunned animals. This indicates a degree of EEG changes associated with stress and pain. On the basis of EEG data, our results suggested that penetrative stunning would be the most reliable method of ensuring insensibility and minimising pain. However, at slaughter, the P animals showed a dramatic elevation in the percentage change of circulating ACTH, suggesting physiological stress response. On a cautionary note, the results are not unequivocal, and it may be that the range of analyses available to researchers at this point of time are not sufficiently specific to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn.
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Buckland, Adam, and Nicoli Nattrass. "Understanding Preferences for Humane and Cruel Treatment of Pest Rodents in Site C, Khayelitsha, South Africa." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 23, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2019.1666008.
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Buratowska, Klaudia. "COMMENTARY ON JUDGMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL TRIBUNAL OF 10 DECEMBER 2014, K 52/13." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XXI (March 30, 2021): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2576.
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This gloss is critical and raises issues related to limiting the protection of animal rights to their humane treatment, caring for their welfare, by completely allowing the ritual slaughter of animals, without their prior stunning, as is the case in Judaic or Muslim religious rites. Over the course of almost 20 years, as many as five legislative changes have been made in Poland in this regard, therefore the issue of the ritual of killing animals without first depriving them of consciousness is a very important ethical and moral problem. The long-awaited judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal on the admissibility of slaughtering animals for religious purposes was to put an end to this. In the voted judgment, the Constitutional Tribunal stated that the constitutional freedom to manifest religion - that is, the admissibility of ritual slaughter of animals - is superior to the protection of animal rights and does not pose a threat to public morality. Beginning with the scope of the applicant’s legitimacy, i.e. its legitimacy and exceeding the limits of the demands, the assessment of the weighing of competing constitutional values, the failure to develop a coherent and uniform position in the case in question, the adoption of erroneous assumptions, inaccuracies, it can be clearly stated that the judgment and (reference number K 52/13) does not solve the problem of ritual slaughter of animals in Poland, and introduces even greater chaos and disorder to the current legal system.
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Chaudhari, Amit, George Brill, Indira Chakravarti, Tim Drees, Shrikant Verma, Nidhi Avinash, Abhinandan Kumar Jha, et al. "Technology for Improving Street Dog Welfare and Capturing Data in Digital Format during Street Dog Sterilisation Programmes." Animals 12, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12152000.
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Street dogs survive on food handouts provided by individuals, or the wider community yet typically receive limited to no veterinary care. They can also carry a variety of zoonotic diseases such as rabies, posing a significant risk to human and dog population health. Dog sterilisation is one of the most humane and effective methods available to control street dog populations. Dog sterilisation programmes, particularly those operating at a large-scale, often face a variety of challenges including limited resources, staffing, and less-than-ideal facilities. Recordkeeping is often a challenge as well, which can complicate the return of a sterilised dog to their location of capture. Street dogs are territorial, and the return of a dog to an incorrect location is fraught with various welfare issues, as well as an increased risk of postoperative complications, including death. Humane Society International developed a mobile phone-based application called ‘HSIApps’ drawing on years of field experience and data collection in street dog location recording, as well as clinical and postoperative treatment. HSIApps facilitates the return of dogs back to their exact captured location, which ensures dog welfare, and generates reports of a variety of useful data variables to maximise the efficacy and reliability of sterilisation programmes.
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Dickinson, David L., and Dee Von Bailey. "Experimental Evidence on Willingness to Pay for Red Meat Traceability in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 3 (December 2005): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800027061.
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We employed Vickrey auctions to generate willingness-to-pay (WTP) data for red meat traceability and related product characteristics with comparable experimental auctions in the United States, Canada, the U.K., and Japan. The results show that subjects are willing to pay a nontrivial premium for traceability, but the same subjects show even higher WTP for traceability-provided characteristics like additional meat safety and humane animal treatment guarantees. The implication is that producers might be able to implement traceable meat systems profitably by tailoring the verifiable characteristics of the product to consumer preferences.
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Skifskaia, Kseniia N., and Natalia V. Danilova. "The legal regulations of treating animals without owners: problems and solutions." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 5, no. 3 (October 28, 2019): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2019-5-3-144-159.
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Due to the expansion and improvement of Russian legislation in the field of animal protection (namely, the introduction of the RF Federal Law of 27 December 2018 No 498-FZ), there is increased attention to the problem of stray animals (or animals without an owner). This article aims not only to identify the main problems in this area, but also to offer effective and informed solutions that will improve the treatment of animals without owners. The main methods of research include analysis, synthesis, and comparative method. The results show the main gaps in the existing legal norms, problems in their implementation, and proposed options for their elimination. The main conclusion of this study is not just proposals to improve the proposed legislation, but a call to educate people in a humane and responsible attitude towards animals without owners. This work is one of the first in this area, so the validity and effectiveness of the proposed solutions to the identified problems are very important, as well as the accuracy of the analysis of normative legal acts and their correct comparison with other acts regulating this area of relations.
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Hrytenko, Oksana, Vitaliy Prymachenko, Volodymyr Shablystyi, and Ihor Karikh. "Criminal liability for cruelty to animals under the legislation of Ukraine: features of theory and practice." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.25.
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The study aimed to determine the characteristics of criminal liability for cruelty to animals. The object of the study is social relations arising in the field of morality protection. We used the following general scientific methods: dialectical, historical, descriptive, methods of scientific analysis and generalization. In addition to general scientific methods, we also used special methods: comparative legal and statistical. Having performed a retrospective analysis of criminal liability for cruelty to animals, we identified four historical stages in the formation and development of criminal legal standards for cruelty to animals. Having investigated the reasons for the social conditioning of criminalization for cruelty to animals, the authors identified a range of problems in the field of humane treatment of animals that require immediate solutions: the use of animals in scientific experiments, the manufacture of clothing from leather and animal fur, the activities of dog hunters and the use of animals in circuses. Factors affecting the cruelty of a person have been also identified. The delimitation of corpus delicti from an administrative offense is carried out according to several main criteria: the degree of public danger and consequences. International experience in the context of criminal liability for cruelty to animals is diverse.
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Zhukova, I. O., O. M. Bobrytska, I. O. Kostiuk, L. A. Vodopyanova, K. D. Yugai, S. L. Antipin, and O. S. Kochevenko. "Ethology and Zoopsychology in the system of training a doctor of veterinary medicine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 102 (June 19, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10209.
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The authors have analyzed and summarized data sources regarding the necessary teaching of ethology and zoopsychology for students of the faculties of veterinary medicine. Ethology and zoopsychology is a compulsory subject for almost all educational institutions of this profile in Europe and the USA. In Ukraine these subjects are constant at the studying programs of the psychology faculties of the different universities, which prepare the specialists of reworking agrifood, the specialists of horse breeding, the felinologiests and others, but these ones are not consist a part of the preparing programs for the vet medicine students. Nevertheless, for a treatment and prevention it needs to understand the animal behavior features of and to might find out the approaches, to use humane methods without any animal damages and suffering. Ethology it is science, which studies the animal behavior from the biology side but Zoopsichology is close to both biological and psychological sciences and investigate not only natural behavior, but also the animal psyche. Therefore, until today there is a lot of unknown and obscure things into natural behavioral processes so the new explorations raise the curtain over the issues to understand animal and find access to its. It is only conditionally might be dividing the biological and psychological aspects of behavior because of it is impossible to connect they together without take into consideration the psyche factors. The animal psyche is necessary component of the ontho- and phylogenesis which is regulates the relationships between an organism and the environment. The tasks of Zoopsychology are studying of the formation of the psyche processes in animal during the ontogenesis, an origin of the psyche and its development, but Ethology tasks are – the stages of the ontho- and phylogenetical development of the behavior, determine its importance as a development factor, studying of the individual or population adaptation of the animals. The main respect comes to species-specific (instinctive) components of behavior. Ethological analysis is based on the study of biological methods of holistic behavioral act. Particular attention is paid to biological (etological) mechanisms of behavioral acts, the relationship between species and other taxa of animals on these grounds. Ethology studies the changes of the animal behavior in comparison with norms during emergency too. Its achievements are used in animal husbandry and other sectors of the economy, as well as in the development of scientific bases for keeping animals in captivity.
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AMANITI (Ε.Μ. ΑΜΑΝΙΤΗ), E. M., I. SAVVAS (Ι. ΣΑΒΒΑΣ), and N. DIAKAKIS (Ν. ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ). "Pain assessment and treatment in equines." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 2 (March 22, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14882.
Full textAbstract:
Current concepts in pain on animals suggest that -at least- mammals perceive and experience pain like humans do. Pain receptors are the free nerve endings. Qualitative analysis and interpretation is done in brain cortex (somatosensory area), while nociception may be done in lower centres. Pain may be physiological or clinical. In physiological pain, short acting noxious stimuli act on nociceptors and produce pain, but without any neurophysiological modification. In clinical pain, mostly intense noxious stimuli bring alterations in neuronal physiology, in central nervous system (central sensitization), as well as in peripheral nervous system (peripheral sensitization). Eventually, pain threshold is reduced and hyperalgesia is established. Clinical pain may be inflammatory or neuropathic. According to its origin, it may be somatic (skin, bones, joints, muscles), which is acute and may be accurately localized, or visceral (from the abdominal and thoracic organs), which is blunt and diffuse. Post-operative pain mayprolong hospitalization and increase morbidity. Pain management is mandatory for humane, legal and medical reasons. The latter include elimination of side effects of catecholamine production, facilitation of healing and restoration of the animal's normal functions (diet, self-care, etc.), which in general reduce the response to stress. Moreover, organ function is improved and morbidity is reduced. As a result, peri-operative analgesia may improve health, as long as most analgesic techniques improve organ function post-operatively. The first indication of pain in animals is behavioural alteration. In chronic pain, metabolic disturbances may alsooccur. In normal equines, it seems that there are variations among individuals. In general, it is easier to diagnose an acute abdominal pain than a chronic pain in joints, tendons or bones. In acute pain, the horse develops special facial expression. The animal looksbackwards and kicks the ground. Peripheral somatic pain may produce acute signs. Pain is definitely treated only after diagnosing itscause. However, it may also be treated symptomatically with analgesics and local denervations. Additionally, trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) of peripheral nerves or other sights of central nervous system may alleviate pain (electroanalgesia). Finally,acupuncture maybe applied. Among the analgesic drugs, in equines, opioids (morphine, methadone, pethidine, butorphanile) produce very good analgesia and mild sedation. Respiratory and intestinal contractility depression is common side effect. Central nervous system excitations maybe seen, especially after morphine administration. Local anaesthetics produce excellent analgesia and maybe used pre- (pre-emptive analgesia), intra- (to reduce general anaesthetic dose rates) and post-operatively. a2-Adrenergic agonists produce analgesia, mainly visceral. They are very good analgesics in cases of colics, whereas their sedative effects reduce the incidence of self-trauma. Their major disadvantage is cardiovascular depression. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have very good anti-inflammatory properties. They are used in cases of acute pain, traumatic or surgical, as well as in chronic pain.
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Golubev, A. M. "Models of Ischemic Stroke (Review)." General Reanimatology 16, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2020-1-59-72.
Full textAbstract:
The incidence of ischemic stroke remains high in many countries, despite a declining trend in the incidence of brain circulation disorders. Limited knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and treatment of this life-threatening disease can be complemented by modelling of ischemic stroke on animals, particularly, in rodents (rats, mice).The aim of review: to provide a rationale for choosing an optimal model of human ischemic stroke.Among more than 300 primary literature sources from various databases (Scopus, Web of science, RSCI, etc.), 84 sources were selected for evaluation, of which 72 were published in the recent years (2015–2019). The criteria for exclusion of sources were low relevance and outdated data.The review examined six experimental models of acute cerebrovascular events including middle cerebral artery occlusion, embolic stroke model; phototrombosis; models using thrombin, endothelin-1 and electrocoagulation of the middle cerebral artery.The review outlines the factors influencing reliability and reproducibility of research results, related to adherence to the rules of animal accommodation and acclimatization, nutrition and care, selection of anesthesia and pain relief methods, compliance with aseptic techniques, monitoring of basic physiological parameters at all stages of the ischemic stroke modeling experiment, with humane withdrawal of animals from the experiment.It was concluded that the model of ischemic stroke, based on the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, is most promising as being the closest to features of human ischemic stroke and enabling to obtain reproducible results in the experiment.
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Lay, Donald C., and Stacey A. Enneking. "PSV-9 Exploring the use of sodium nitrite as a humane method for mass euthanasia of poultry." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.415.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract When disease outbreaks that threaten the poultry industry require mass euthanasia, it is imperative to ensure humane methods of euthanasia. Current methods are not practical on a large scale. Sodium nitrite ingested at high concentrations prevents the transport of oxygen in the blood and thereby renders the animal unconscious and then dead. Laying hens (n=8 per treatment, 18 wk of age) were subjected to 1 of 4 treatments: A, 75 mg/kg BW; B, 150 mg/kg BW; C, 300 mg/kg BW; or D, 600 mg/kg BW of sodium nitrite in feed. Behavior was recorded via direct observation and video recording. The D hens spent more time lying/sitting, less time standing, and more time inactive alert then C hens (P < 0.03), but not A and B hens. However, A, B, and C hens spent more time standing compared to lying/sitting (P < 0.01), whereas D hens spent equal time in both behaviors. The D hens spent less time eating and drinking, and had fewer drinking events compared to the A, B, and C hens (P < 0.04). Only 1 hen, a D hen, died. She stopped eating 1 min after eating, was lying on her side by 2 min, had total loss of posture and feather erection at 2.5 min, and tremors and wing flapping 5 s later, with subsequent (1 s later) lack of palpebral reflex. The greatest dose of sodium nitrite caused hens to be lethargic and eat and drink less. This could be due to sedation and aversion to the taste of sodium nitrite. The hen that died did so in an apparently humane manner; however, with only 1 hen dying it is not possible to say if sodium nitrite is a humane method of euthanasia and future research should investigate feeding in an encapsulated form.
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Burn, Charlotte C., Nur H. B. Mazlan, Natalie Chancellor, and Dominic J. Wells. "The Pen Is Milder Than the Blade: Identification Marking Mice Using Ink on the Tail Appears More Humane Than Ear-Punching Even with Local Anaesthetic." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061664.
Full textAbstract:
Identification marking mice commonly involves ear-punching with or without anaesthetic, or tail-marking with ink. To identify which is most humane, we marked weanling male BALB/c mice using ear-punching (EP), ear-punching with anaesthetic EMLATM cream (EP+A), or permanent marker pen (MP). We compared marked mice, unmarked cagemates, and control mice (n = 12–13/group) for 5 weeks, reapplying MP weekly. Treatment-blind observations following marking showed that EP and EP+A mice were allogroomed (p < 0.001) and sniffed (p < 0.001) by their cagemates more than MP and control mice were. EP+A mice groomed themselves (p < 0.001) and their ears (p < 0.001) ~5 times more than most other mice; their cagemates also increased self-grooming (p < 0.001). Unmarked MP cagemates (p = 0.001), and possibly EP+A mice (p = 0.034; a nonsignificant trend), grimaced the most. The following day, half the EP+A mice showed hyponeophagia versus no MP and control mice (p = 0.001). Over the 5 weeks, EP mice approached the handler significantly less than unmarked cagemates did (p < 0.001). Across weeks, defecation during marking of MP mice decreased (p < 0.001). Treatment showed no effects on immediate responses during marking, aggression, bodyweight, plus-maze behaviour or corticosterone. MP mice showed no differences from controls, whilst EP and EP+A mice showed altered behaviour, so ink-marking may be the more humane identification method.