Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human visual system

Academic literature on the topic 'Human visual system'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Human visual system"

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Dong, Rui, and Dao Shun Wang. "A Visual Hiding Algorithm Based on Human Visual System." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 2393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.2393.

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Image information hiding is a way of concealing secret information within another image or file. The previous researches of image information hiding extract secret by calculating. An algorithm based on HVS (Human Visual System) is proposed in this paper. We first decide the embedding region and embedding strength of secret image based on edge and texture information. Then, a pair of invert images is chosen as the cover images, and the stego images are constructed by modifying the pixels of the cover images through the proposed criterion. Correspondingly, the secret image can be recovered through overlaying the two stego images.
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Zhao, Bo, Hong Wei Zhao, Ping Ping Liu, and Gui He Qin. "A New Mobile Visual Search System Based on the Human Visual System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.792.

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We describe a novel mobile visual search system based on the saliencymechanism and sparse coding principle of the human visual system (HVS). In the featureextraction step, we first divide an image into different regions using thesaliency extraction algorithm. Then scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT)descriptors in all regions are extracted while regional identities arepreserved based on their various saliency levels. According to the sparsecoding principle in the HVS, we adopt a local neighbor preserving Hash functionto establish the binary sparse expression of the SIFT features. In the searchingstep, the nearest neighbors matched to the hashing codes are processed accordingto different saliency levels. Matching scores of images in the database arederived from the matching of hashing codes. Subsequently, the matching scoresof all levels are weighed by degrees of saliency to obtain the initial set of results. In order to further ensure matching accuracy, we propose an optimized retrieval scheme based on global texture information. We conduct extensive experiments on an actual mobile platform in large-scale datasets by using Corel-1000. The resultsshow that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms on accuracyrate, and no significant increase in the running time of the feature extractionand retrieval can be observed.
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Artal, Pablo, Ann E. Elsner, and Marilyn Schneck. "Aging of the Human Visual System." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.19.000134.

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Bocci, T., N. Francini, M. Caleo, S. Tognazzi, L. Maffei, S. Rossi, A. Priori, and F. Sartucci. "Homeostatic plasticity and human visual system." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 333 (October 2013): e584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.2040.

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Banks, Martin S., Jenny C. A. Read, Robert S. Allison, and Simon J. Watt. "Stereoscopy and the Human Visual System." SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal 121, no. 4 (May 2012): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/j18173.

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Mashtakov, A. P. "Sub-Riemannian Geometry in Image Processing and Modeling of the Human Visual System." Nelineinaya Dinamika 15, no. 4 (2019): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20537/nd190415.

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Lyapunov, S. I. "Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity of the human visual system." Journal of Optical Technology 84, no. 9 (September 1, 2017): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.84.000613.

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Orban, G. A., P. Dupont, R. Vogels, B. De Bruyn, G. Bormans, and L. Mortelmans. "Task dependency of visual processing in the human visual system." Behavioural Brain Research 76, no. 1-2 (April 1996): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(95)00195-6.

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Idesawa, Masanori. "Information Processing in Visual System - Optical Illusion and Visual Mechanism." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 13, no. 6 (December 20, 2001): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2001.p0569.

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Human beings obtain big amount of information from the external world through their visual system. Automated system such as robot must provide the visual functions for their flexible operations in 3-D circumstances. In order to realize the visual function artificially, we would be better to learn from the human visual mechanism. Optical illusions would be a pure reflection of the human visual mechanism; they can be used for investigating human visual mechanism. New types of optical illusion with binocular viewing are introduced and investigated.
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Jenkins, Bill. "Orientational anisotropy in the human visual system." Perception & Psychophysics 37, no. 2 (March 1985): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03202846.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human visual system"

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Ledeatte, Barry Anderson. "Spatial summation in the human visual system." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243775.

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Turner, Stuart L. "Coupling retinal scanning displays to the human visual system : visual system response and engineering considerations /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10686.

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Qi, Huiyan. "Human visual system based adaptive digital image watermarking." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27287.

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It is known that the fidelity of the image is inversely proportional to the robustness of the watermark. Therefore, there should be the trade off between fidelity for robustness and vise versa. Based on the new spatial masking we explored in this thesis, a new adaptive digital image watermarking method is proposed. It keeps the invisibility of the watermark and maintains its robustness at the same time. The new spatial masking is built according to the image features such as flat areas with big brightness or darkness, edges, and regions with high activities. With the same watermarking energy, the quality of water-marked image with this masking is much better than the one without it. We also propose using the weighted Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (wPSNR) to evaluate the image quality. The watermark is detected by the key-dependent method without knowing the original image information. In addition, we extend this proposed spatial masking to the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain by using the method of searching the extreme value of the quadratic function subject to the bounds on the variables.
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Hutchinson, S. J. "Spatio-chromatic interactions in the human visual system." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411198.

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Petrova, D. "Non-invasive dissection of the human visual system." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1310438/.

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A flickering stimulus can appear brighter or of different colour than a steady stimulus of the same spectral composition and equal time-averaged intensity. The change in appearance is consistent with the distortion product of a nonlinearity in the human visual system. This nonlinearity is used for non-invasive dissection of the human visual system into prenonlinearity and post-nonlinearity linear stages, which affect the amplitude of the sinusoidal signals that they process. A five-channel Maxwellian system was used to generate cosine-windowed, amplitude-modulated, sinusoidally-flickering stimuli. The subjects adjusted the maximum modulation of the signal in order to set the threshold for the perception of flicker and colour or brightness change. The pre-nonlinearity filter was tested by varying the carrier frequency between 5 Hz and 60 Hz and the post-nonlinearity filter was measured by varying the amplitude-modulation frequency between 0.25 Hz and 5 Hz. The L- and M-cone pathways are separately measured by using a new combination of the silent-cone-substitution technique and the sandwich model. The distortion product at the output of the nonlinearity is measured by using a new matching method for measuring the colour and brightness changes. The results suggest that the pre-nonlinearity filter is band-pass and shows substantial adaptation with light intensity that can explain most of the adaptation in the visual pathways. The post-nonlinearity filter is low-pass and shows little or no adaptation with light intensity. The input-output function of the nonlinearity can be described as an expansive, quadratic function that rapidly saturates at high input levels.
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Pixton, Bruce. "Spherical Aberration Gauge for the Human Visual System." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194351.

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Spherical aberration limits the ability of a human eye to form a clear image. The amount of Spherical Aberration found in a given eye is different across a population and is actively changing as a function of accommodation, light level, and age. Any attempt made to correct spherical aberration will need to have an accurate understanding of what the appropriate correction should be. Objective measurement of the Spherical Aberration inherent to the eye's optical systems helps to answer part of the question, but there are other factors in the human visual system, such as processing in the brain that affect what is "seen". Hence, a vision correction approach based purely on objective measurement of the eye's aberrations may not necessarily correspond to better vision. The Spherical Aberration Gauge has been developed to allow subjects to deter- mine for themselves the appropriate amount of correction required. The Gauge is designed to allow users to view an eye chart or scene while adjusting the amount of spherical aberration being introduced. It produces a wide range of spherical aberration levels from which a user can determine a single level that provides best vision. The amount selected by the user is considered a subjective spherical aberration correction and can then be applied to standard vision correction devices or procedures. This project attempts to bridge the gap between what is known about ocular spherical aberration and how the brain interprets the correction. The outcome of this project is to provide a tool that identifies the preferred amounts of spherical aberration correction and that gives insight from subjective feedback on the visual benefit thereof.
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Ditye, T. "Learning-dependent plasticity in the human visual system." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1419268/.

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The capability to change is an inherent property of the human brain. Plastic processes occur throughout the central nervous system and are a requirement for development, learning, and the formation of memories. The research presented in this thesis examined learning-dependent plasticity in the visual system. Mechanisms of interest included structural and functional brain plasticity, adaptation, and the facilitating functions of sleep in supporting the processing, implementation, and organisation of newly learned information and experiences. Some of the most traditional experimental paradigms such as visual search, sensory adaptation, and texture discrimination were utilised to trigger learning and the accompanying changes in behaviour, neural function, and brain anatomy. Results based on behavioural data and high-resolution brain imaging data showed that training in a variety of visual tasks can result in characteristic short-term adjustments of cortical volume and myelination in task-relevant brain regions which can be correlated with individual improvements in task performance. Our research further demonstrated that sleep is a requirement for the integration of adaptive visual experiences, thereby linking adaptation---a mechanism usually not considered to play a role in mnemonic processes---with learning and memory.
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Apaydin, Mehmetcan. "Biologically Inspired Multichannel Modelling Of Human Visual Perceptual System." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606772/index.pdf.

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Making a robot autonomous has been a common challenge to be overcome since the very beginning. To be an autonomous system, the robot should collect environmental data, interpret them, and act accordingly. In order to accomplish these, some resource management should be conducted. That is, the resources, which are time, and computation power in our case, should be allocated to more important areas. Existing researches and approaches, however, are not always human like. Indeed they don&rsquo
t give enough importance on this. Starting from this point of view, the system proposed in this thesis supplies the resource management trying to be more &rsquo
human like&rsquo
. It directs the focus of attention to where higher resolution algorithms are really needed. This &rsquo
real need&rsquo
is determined by the visual features of the scene, and current importance levels (or weight values) of each of these features. As a further attempt, the proposed system is compared with human subjects&rsquo
characteristics. With unbiased subjects, a set of parameters which resembles a normal human is obtained. Then, in order to see the effect of the guidance, the subjects are asked to concentrate on a single predetermined feature. Finally, an artificial neural network based learning mechanism is added to learn to mimic a single human or a group of humans. The system can be used as a preattentive stage module, or some more feature channels can be introduced for better performance in the future.
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Chen, Yuping. "Improved frequency response measurements in the human visual system." FIU Digital Commons, 1994. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2151.

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The temporal frequency response characteristics of the human visual system have been investigated by combining the increment threshold and sinusoidal flicker methods. Gain and phase spectra were obtained for two subjects using improved equipment and methodology compared with previous investigations. While the output of the system for sinusoidal input stimuli was generally also sinusoidal, as required for a linear system, other non-linearities emerged. Gain spectra for both subjects indicated a low-pass filtering action. Phase spectra showed a possible low frequency phase lead followed by a high frequency lag. Earlier studies suggested that the system might be a minimum phase system and, as such, would allow the phase spectrum to be derived from the gain spectrum via the Kramers-Kronig relations. This possibility was examined in light of the measured gain and phase spectra and found to be implausible.
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Gonzalez, Alvaro J. "Alpha stable human visual system models for digital halftoning." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 58 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251904881&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Books on the topic "Human visual system"

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Anil, Bharath, and Petrou Maria, eds. Next generation artificial vision systems: Reverse engineering the human visual system. Boston: Artech House, 2008.

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Owens, Huw Christopher. Colour and spatiochromatic processing in the human visual system. [Derby: University of Derby], 2002.

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Oh, Joonmi. Human visual system informed perceptual quality assessment models for compressed medical images. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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Woolsey, Thomas A. The brain atlas: A visual guide to the human central nervous system. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2008.

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1933-, Hanaway Joseph, and Gado Mokhtar H. 1931-, eds. The brain atlas: A visual guide to the human central nervous system. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2003.

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1933-, Hanaway Joseph, and Gado Mokhtar H. 1931-, eds. The brain atlas: A visual guide to the human central nervous system. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2007.

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1933-, Hanaway Joseph, ed. The brain atlas: A visual guide to the human central nervous system. Bethesda, Md: Fitzgerald Science Press, 1998.

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From images to surfaces: A computational study of the human early visual system. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1986.

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Meyer, Benjamin. Measuring, Modeling and Simulating the Re-adaptation Process of the Human Visual System after Short-Time Glares in Traffic Scenarios. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-14704-4.

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Hyŏmnyŏktan, Yŏnse Taehakkyo Sanhak. In'gan sigak t'ŭkching kiban chugwanjŏk hwajil ch'ŭkchŏng pangbŏp mit changch'i kisul kaebal e kwanhan yŏn'gu =: A study on the objective quality assessment system based on human visual system. [Kyŏnggi-do Kwach'ŏn-si]: Chisik Kyŏngjebu, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Human visual system"

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Heimer, Lennart. "Visual System." In The Human Brain and Spinal Cord, 277–300. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2478-5_13.

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Strominger, Norman L., Robert J. Demarest, and Lois B. Laemle. "The Visual System." In Noback's Human Nervous System, Seventh Edition, 321–42. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-779-8_19.

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Dagnelie, Gislin. "The Human Visual System: An Engineering Perspective." In Visual Prosthetics, 3–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0754-7_1.

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Ciuffreda, Kenneth J. "Visual System Plasticity in Human Amblyopia." In Cell and Developmental Biology of the Eye, 211–44. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4914-6_11.

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Mandal, Mrinal Kr. "The Human Visual System and Perception." In Multimedia Signals and Systems, 33–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0265-4_3.

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Ding, Yong. "Human Visual System and Vision Modeling." In Visual Quality Assessment for Natural and Medical Image, 27–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56497-4_3.

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Vallerga, Silvana. "The Phylogenetic Evolution of the Visual System." In Human and Machine Vision, 1–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1004-2_1.

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Silva-Araújo, A., J. M. Lopes, J. Salgado-Borges, and M. A. Tavares. "Abnormal Organization of the Human Retina in a Genetic Disorder (Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome)." In The Changing Visual System, 361–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3390-0_28.

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Bassi, Carl J. "Parallel Processing in the Human Visual System." In New Methods of Sensory Visual Testing, 1–13. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8835-7_1.

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Peterzell, David, John S. Werner, and Peter S. Kaplan. "Individual Differences in Contrast Sensitivity Functions of Human Adults and Infants: A Brief Review." In The Changing Visual System, 391–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3390-0_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Human visual system"

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Xia, Weihao, Raoul de Charette, Cengiz Oztireli, and Jing-Hao Xue. "DREAM: Visual Decoding from REversing HumAn Visual SysteM." In 2024 IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacv57701.2024.00804.

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Dusek, Jaroslav, and K. Roubik. "Simulation of human visual perception properties using the human visual system model." In Photonics, Devices, and Systems II, edited by Miroslav Hrabovsky, Dagmar Senderakova, and Pavel Tomanek. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.498371.

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Pokorny, Joel, Vivianne C. Smith, and Margaret Lutze. "Aging of the Human Lens." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1986.wa1.

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The spectral transmission of the human lens is not uniform in the visible spectrum. The lens absorbs strongly in the ultra-violet and short wavelength region and is nearly transparent in the long wavelength region. The absorption of the lens increases during life, with the lens appearing obviously "yellower" in advanced years. Although these facts are well-accepted, there are two controversies concerning the age-related changes in the human lens: (a) are age-related increases in density a linear or an accelerated function of the age in years and (b) is the spectral density function of an "old" eye a scalar multiple of its spectral density function at an earlier period?
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Banks, Martin S., Jenny R. Read, Robert S. Allison, and Simon J. Watt. "Stereoscopy and the Human Visual System." In SMPTE Stereoscopic 3D Conference. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5594/m001418.

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Soraghan, J. J., R. J. Fergusson, and M. Currie. "Human visual system based VOP extraction." In 1999 IEEE Third Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (Cat. No.99TH8451). IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmsp.1999.793845.

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Szu, Harold H., Hongye Wang, and Pornchai Chanyagorn. "Human visual system singularity map analyses." In AeroSense 2000, edited by Harold H. Szu, Martin Vetterli, William J. Campbell, and James R. Buss. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.381715.

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Wharton, Eric J., Karen A. Panetta, and Sos S. Agaian. "Human visual-system-based image enhancement." In Defense and Security Symposium, edited by Sos S. Agaian and Sabah A. Jassim. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.719551.

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Curry, David G., Gary L. Martinsen, and Darrel G. Hopper. "Capability of the human visual system." In AeroSense 2003, edited by Darrel G. Hopper. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.502607.

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Wharton, Eric, Karen Panetta, and Sos Agaian. "Human visual system based similarity metrics." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2008.4811357.

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Wang, Dongkai, Shiliang Zhang, Yaowei Wang, Yonghong Tian, Tiejun Huang, and Wen Gao. "HumVis: Human-Centric Visual Analysis System." In MM '23: The 31st ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3581783.3612663.

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Reports on the topic "Human visual system"

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Fu, Chi Yung ,. Petrich, L. I. ,. Lee, M. Image and video compression/decompression based on human visual perception system and transform coding. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/489146.

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Hopper, Darrel G. 1000 X Difference Between Current Displays and Capability of Human Visual System: Payoff Potential for Affordable Defense Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada430165.

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Martinez, Kimberly D., and Gaojian Huang. Exploring the Effects of Meaningful Tactile Display on Perception and Preference in Automated Vehicles. Mineta Transportation Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2164.

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There is an existing issue in human-machine interaction, such that drivers of semi-autonomous vehicles are still required to take over control of the vehicle during system limitations. A possible solution may lie in tactile displays, which can present status, direction, and position information while avoiding sensory (e.g., visual and auditory) channels overload to reliably help drivers make timely decisions and execute actions to successfully take over. However, limited work has investigated the effects of meaningful tactile signals on takeover performance. This study synthesizes literature investigating the effects of tactile displays on takeover performance in automated vehicles and conducts a human-subject study to design and test the effects of six meaningful tactile signal types and two pattern durations on drivers’ perception and performance during automated driving. The research team performed a literature review of 18 articles that conducted human-subjects experiments on takeover performance utilizing tactile displays as takeover requests. Takeover performance in these studies were highlighted, such as response times, workload, and accuracy. The team then conducted a human-subject experiment, which included 16 participants that used a driving simulator to present 30 meaningful vibrotactile signals, randomly across four driving sessions measuring for reaction times (RTs), interpretation accuracy, and subjective ratings. Results from the literature suggest that tactile displays can present meaningful vibrotactile patterns via various in-vehicle locations to help improve drivers’ performance during the takeover and can be used to assist in the design of human-machine interfaces (HMI) for automated vehicles. The experiment yielded results illustrating higher urgency patterns were associated with shorter RTs and higher intuitive ratings. Also, pedestrian status and headway reduction signals presented shorter RTs and increased confidence ratings compared to other tactile signal types. Finally, the signal types that yielded the highest accuracy were the surrounding vehicle and navigation signal types. Implications of these findings may lie in informing the design of next-generation in-vehicle HMIs and future human factors studies on human-automation interactions.
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Soenko, Yevgeny. TYPOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL VISION. Intellectual Archive, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2331.

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The research is based on the statement that retina produces the proper level of electrical activity, sourcing visual system. I started the research with partial darkening of different parts of the visual fields of humans to register possible psychological and physiological changes. The tested showed dramatically increasing variability and number of changes within just four exact types of darkening. More, emotional and physiological aspects of those changes were polarized into general acceptance and general rejection of a certain type of darkening in most of the individual tests. Thus the tested formed two opposite groups within every one of those types of darkening: a group with general negative reactions and a group with general positive ones. Further, those types of darkening turned out combined in pairs. General tune of reactions of most of the tested changed to strictly reverse within a pair of upper-lower types of darkening of peripheral vision and outer-inner ones as well. Between the pairs of types of darkening, there was no correspondence. The tested showed stability of their reactions during at least several months. Thus I may state a possibility of existence in the visual system of humans of two independent neuropsychological structures both having two alternative modes of functioning with a stable preference of just one of them in every individual case. If it is true, there may be a vision-based typology.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak, and Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.
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Shukla, Indu, Rajeev Agrawal, Kelly Ervin, and Jonathan Boone. AI on digital twin of facility captured by reality scans. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47850.

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The power of artificial intelligence (AI) coupled with optimization algorithms can be linked to data-rich digital twin models to perform predictive analysis to make better informed decisions about installation operations and quality of life for the warfighters. In the current research, we developed AI connected lifecycle building information models through the creation of a data informed smart digital twin of one of US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) buildings as our test case. Digital twin (DT) technology involves creating a virtual representation of a physical entity. Digital twin is created by digitalizing data collected through sensors, powered by machine learning (ML) algorithms, and are continuously learning systems. The exponential advance in digital technologies enables facility spaces to be fully and richly modeled in three dimensions and can be brought together in virtual space. Coupled with advancement in reinforcement learning and computer graphics enables AI agents to learn visual navigation and interaction with objects. We have used Habitat AI 2.0 to train an embodied agent in immersive 3D photorealistic environment. The embodied agent interacts with a 3D environment by receiving RGB, depth and semantically segmented views of the environment and taking navigational actions and interacts with the objects in the 3D space. Instead of training the robots in physical world we are training embodied agents in simulated 3D space. While humans are superior at critical thinking, creativity, and managing people, whereas robots are superior at coping with harsh environments and performing highly repetitive work. Training robots in controlled simulated world is faster and can increase their surveillance, reliability, efficiency, and survivability in physical space.
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Sheridan, Anne. Annual report on migration and asylum 2016: Ireland. ESRI, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat65.

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The Annual Report on Migration and Asylum 2016 provides an overview of trends, policy developments and significant debates in the area of asylum and migration during 2016 in Ireland. Some important developments in 2016 included: The International Protection Act 2015 was commenced throughout 2016. The single application procedure under the Act came into operation from 31 December 2016. The International Protection Office (IPO) replaced the Office of the Refugee Applications Commissioner (ORAC) from 31 December 2016. The first instance appeals body, the International Protection Appeals Tribunal (IPAT), replacing the Refugee Appeals Tribunal (RAT), was established on 31 December 2016. An online appointments system for all registrations at the Registration Office in Dublin was introduced. An electronic Employment Permits Online System (EPOS) was introduced. The Irish Short Stay Visa Waiver Programme was extended for a further five years to October 2021. The Second National Action Plan to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking was published. 2016 was the first full year of implementation of the Irish Refugee Protection Programme (IRPP). A total of 240 persons were relocated to Ireland from Greece under the relocation strand of the programme and 356 persons were resettled to Ireland. Following an Oireachtas motion, the Government agreed to allocate up to 200 places to unaccompanied minors who had been living in the former migrant camp in Calais and who expressed a wish to come to Ireland. This figure is included in the overall total under the IRPP. Ireland and Jordan were appointed as co-facilitators in February 2016 to conduct preparatory negotiations for the UN high level Summit for Refugees and Migrants. The New York Declaration, of September 2016, sets out plans to start negotiations for a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration and a global compact for refugees to be adopted in 2018. Key figures for 2016: There were approximately 115,000 non-EEA nationals with permission to remain in Ireland in 2016 compared to 114,000 at the end of 2015. Net inward migration for non-EU nationals is estimated to be 15,700. The number of newly arriving immigrants increased year-on-year to 84,600 at April 2017 from 82,300 at end April 2016. Non-EU nationals represented 34.8 per cent of this total at end April 2017. A total of 104,572 visas, both long stay and short stay, were issued in 2016. Approximately 4,127 persons were refused entry to Ireland at the external borders. Of these, 396 were subsequently admitted to pursue a protection application. 428 persons were returned from Ireland as part of forced return measures, with 187 availing of voluntary return, of which 143 were assisted by the International Organization for Migration Assisted Voluntary Return Programme. There were 532 permissions of leave to remain granted under section 3 of the Immigration Act 1999 during 2016. A total of 2,244 applications for refugee status were received in 2016, a drop of 32 per cent from 2015 (3,276). 641 subsidiary protection cases were processed and 431 new applications for subsidiary protection were submitted. 358 applications for family reunification in respect of recognised refugees were received. A total of 95 alleged trafficking victims were identified, compared with 78 in 2015.
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