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1
Caroine, Norma. "The Koreanization of the Australian Sex Industry: A Policy and Legislative Challenge." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 26, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps26302.
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South Korea enacted Legislation in 2004 that penalizes pimps, traffickers, and sex industry customers while decriminalizing people in prostitution and offering assistance to leave the sex industry. In contrast, Australia Legally recognizes most sex industry activities. This article argues that Australia`s Laissezfaire approach to the sex industry hampers South Korean government efforts to prevent the crime of sex trafficking. Since 2004, pimps and traffickers have moved their activities from South Korea to countries like Australia and the US that maintain relatively hospitable operating environments for the sex industry. The Australian government should reconsider its approach to prostitution on the basis of its diplomatic obligations to countries Like South Korea and the need to uphold the human rights of women in Asia who are being trafficked and murdered as a result of sexual demand emanating from Australia. Australia should coordinate its policy on prostitution with South Korea to strengthen the region`s transnational anti-trafficking response.
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Lilienthal, Gary. "People Trafficking and Smuggling Crimes in Australia: A Critical Analysis of State Intent." Issues in Legal Scholarship 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ils-2016-0249.
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AbstractThis article’s objective is to expose the rhetorical source of the heavy irony in Australia’s immigration detention regime. The observer might wonder why an isolated and vast land could be so concerned at, and afraid of, small groups of “boat people.” Therefore, the paper poses the question as to what reasoning and public policy purposes might underlie the successful public rhetoric vilifying “boat people,” creating the construct of “people smuggling” and demanding military operations to “turn back the boats.” It tries to correlate with a likely state desire to resurrect the old laws of attainder, civil death and outlawry, in order to create a slave-class of displaced migrants, for solely state interests and purposes. In addressing the question structurally, discussion begins with a brief look at the Australian law. Argument then concentrates on the originating negotiations in the international high councils. After this, the article looks at instances of people smuggling rhetoric in Canada, also addressing briefly the United States law. Then there is a section on modern rhetorical analysis, which argument tries to use to explain what might underlie these government methods. The paper briefs the reader on the old laws of civil death, outlawry and attainder in Australia, with a view to a contextual assessment as to whether they are really what underlie the draconian outcomes of Australia’s human trafficking and people smuggling laws and policies. The research outcome will likely suggest that conveniences to the state such as efficiency in policing, removing likely political opposition from new arrivals, avoiding any dilution of the local culture and skirting unwanted international rights are most likely to be the real state intent.
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Steyne, Simon. "Has Anti-Migration and Anti-Refugee Discourse Hampered Progress against Child Labour?" Revista Tecnológica - ESPOL 34, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37815/rte.v34n1.856.
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The chequered application, since 2000, of integrated policies to eradicate the intersectional root causes of child labour sits more recently in a wider political context of recrudescent populist ethnonationalism accompanied by weakened respect by the governments of many countries for the rules-based international system and rights-based development. The author suggests that (apart from Northern-centric trade and policy interests) influential populist-nationalist governments (including those of the United Kingdom (linked to Brexit), and Australia (linked to the “Bali Process”) have contributed to diverting global attention from the largest cohort intended to benefit from Sustainable Development Goal Target 8.7 - the 160 million children now in child labour - by conflating forced labour with trafficking and trafficking with migration and asylum. This conflation seeks to demonise asylum-seekers, refugees, and economic migrants. It is an important element of the discourse of populist-nationalist ruling parties in their search for continued electoral support and reflects a willingness to violate international law protecting human rights.
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Aliyeva, Zamina. "The Law Aspects in Health Management: A Bibliometric Analysis of Issues on the Injury, Damage and Harm in Criminal Law." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 3 (2020): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.3-21.
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The paper presents the analysis of the approaches to define the areas of research on the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law. The obtained results proved that crimes, connected to drugs abuse, their legislation become an essential part of the issues. At the same, developing of government control, medical standards, improving quality of medical education balancing the «medical mistake – injury to human’s health – jurisprudence consequences» triangle in the tendency of the injury, damage and harm in criminal laware becoming very important to the healthcare system due to increasing requirements of regulators, customers and shareholders. The paper aimed to analyse the tendency in the literature on the injury, damage and harm in criminal law, which published in books, journals, conference proceedings etc. to identify future research directions. The methodological tools are VOSviewer, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) software. This study covers 1072 papers from Scopus and WoS database. The time for analysis were 1970-2020. The Scopus and WoS analyse showed that in 2012-2019 the numbers of papers on the injury, damage and harm in criminal law issues began to increase. However, the topics changed from general issues to the problem of decriminalisation of drug trafficking, and the corresponding paradigm shift in the punishment of some crimes, increasing interest in punishing corporations for violating environmental regulations. In 2017 the number of documents dedicated to injury, damage and harm in criminal law was increased by 667% compared to 2012. The main subject areas of analyses of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law were the next: Law, Public environmental, occupational health, Criminology penology, Substance abuse, Psychiatry, Medicine. The biggest amount of investigations of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law was published by the scientists from the USA, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. In 2019 such journals with high impact factor as International Journal of Drug Policy, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, The Lancet etc. published the number of issues, which analysed of the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law. Such results proved that theme on the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law is actually in the ongoing trends of the modern jurisprudence and regulation. The findings from VOSviewer defined 6 clusters of the papers which analysed the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law from the different points of views. The first biggest cluster (with the biggest number of connections) merged the keywords as follows: criminal justice, law enforcement, public health, health care policy, harm reduction, drug legislation, drug and narcotic control, substance abuse, homelessness etc. The second significant cluster integrated the keywords as follows: criminal behaviour, crime victim, adolescent, violence, mental health, mental disease, prisoner, young people, rape, police etc. The third biggest cluster concentrated on criminal aspects of jurisprudence, criminal law, human right, legal liability, social control, government regulation etc. The obtained results allow concluding that balancing the triangles «medical mistakes – criminal – education» and «drugs – criminal – justice» and «abortion – criminal – women/children» form an important part of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law issues. Keywords injury, damage, harm, human health, criminal law, management, governance.
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Prakoso, Abdul Rahman, and Putri Ayu Nurmalinda. "LEGAL POLICY ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING CRIMES." IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v3i2.17172.
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The crime of trafficking in persons is still a problem in people's lives. Trafficking of persons undertaken includes the process of hiring up to the act of buying and selling people. The existence of Law Number 21 Year 2007 concerning the Eradication of Crime of Trafficking in Persons as protection for trade acts. The legal policy in the realm of human trafficking is not only about central government elements but also related to the policies issued by the local government. The law as an existing regulatory instrument in Indonesia is based on the existence of regional policy to protect its citizens. Trafficking can not be separated from various parties. This concerns various aspects of the community elements involved in it. There is a need for comprehensive prevention to avoid trafficking. In this case both the office and the law enforcers must play a role in the prosecution and protection of trafficking. Keywords: Policy, people trafficking, protection
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Wan Ismail, Wan Nur Ibtisam, Raja Noriza Raja Ariffin, and Kee Cheok Cheong. "Human Trafficking in Malaysia." Administration & Society 49, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 212–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399714532271.
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Recent studies have suggested that migrants are highly vulnerable to being trafficked. Malaysia, with its large number of migrants is vulnerable and is struggling to implement its Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007. There is also little information on implementation experience so far. Through in-depth interviews with government bureaucrats and other stakeholders, this study seeks to gain some insight into Malaysia’s policy implementation experience. It finds inadequate coordination, limited resources, poor information flow, enforcement approach, hierarchical control structure, and need for change as the major factors constraining effective policy implementation.
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Schloenhardt, A., and M. Loong. "Return and Reintegration of Human Trafficking Victims from Australia." International Journal of Refugee Law 23, no. 2 (March 21, 2011): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eer003.
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Rasim, Idul Adnan. "GOVERNMENT POLICY IN PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN WEST LOMBOK REGENCY NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." Bilancia: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Syariah dan Hukum 16, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/blc.v16i2.968.
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Based on data from the Crisis Centre belonging to the National Agency for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers which is called BNP2TKI, there were 1,759 complaints from workers assigned abroad as of/January-March 2019, where 71 cases were confirmed as human trafficking. and 2,430 cases which have indicators of human trafficking and there are 32 cases of trafficking in persons from the province of Nusa Tenggara Barat where as many as 59 victims are from West Lombok Regency. Using normative empirical research or also best known as field research, this paper applied the descriptive analysis method in analysing the data and found the following: forms and models of human trafficking in West Lombok Regency, Nusa Tenggara Barat done by a scalper who approached potential target induvidually ( home-to-home / door-to-door), then offered a job with a big number of salary to the victim, using nonprocedural ways, document falsification and persuading victims to escape from legal corporate. The duties of the West Lombok government are to prevent the occurrence of the criminal act of human trafficking there for socialization in the community and schools in West Lombok about procedurally being legal workers migrants and law enforcement on the criminal offender are crucial to be born in mind.
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Budiman, Haris. "The Policy of Kuningan District Regional Government in The Efforts to Prevent Human Trafficking." UNIFIKASI : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/unifikasi.v5i2.1073.
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The era of regional autonomy has made regions strive to utilize their potential for the sake of community�s welfare. Yet, the limited job opportunities cause the job seekers to work abroad which results in various legal cases, including human trafficking. The purpose of this research is to analyze the regulations on human trafficking, the factors causing human trafficking, and the role of regional government in preventing human trafficking. The research method used was non-doctrinal. The results showed that human trafficking has been regulated in various regulations, but in practice, the regulations are not well implemented because of various factors, including economic, social, and cultural factors. Moreover, the policy of Kuningan District Regional Government in the efforts to prevent human trafficking is limited to the forming of Integrated Service Center for Empowering Women and Children (P2TP2A) which in its implementation has not run optimally due to limited funds and participation from the community.�Era otonomi daerah menjadikan daerah berupaya untuk memanfaatkan potensi yang dimilikinya dalam rangka mensejahterakan masyarakat. Akan tetapi keterbatasan lapangan kerja menyebabkan� tingginya� para pencari kerja untuk bekerja di luar negeri, sehingga menimbulkan berbagai kasus hukum, diantaranya perdagangan manusia. Rumusan masalah: bagaimana pengaturan tentang perdagangan manusia,� faktor-faktor apa yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya perdagangan manusia, serta bagaimana peran pemerintah daerah dalam mencegah terjadinya Perdagangan manusia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat non doktrinal dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris. Pengaturan perdagangan manusia telah diatur dalam berbagai perundang-undangan namun dalam pelaksanaannya tidak berjalan dengan optimal karena ada faktor yang mempengaruhi.� Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain faktor ekonomi, faktor sosial dan faktor budaya. Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Kuningan dalam upaya mencegah perdagangan manusia baru sebatas membentuk� Pusat Pelayanan Terpadu Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak (P2TP2A). yang dalam pelaksanaannya belum berjalan optimal karena�
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Doore, Kathryn E. van. "Regulating Australia’s Participation in the Orphanage Industry." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 1 (March 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300319894498.
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Orphanages harness the goodwill of volunteers, visitors and donors to generate funding. However, in recent years, evidence has emerged that in some cases children are being recruited or trafficked into orphanages in order to generate profit from this goodwill. This is known as the ‘orphanage industry’, and the recruitment of children into orphanages for the purpose of profit and exploitation is ‘orphanage trafficking’. Australia is reported to be the largest funder of residential care for children in South East Asia. In 2017, Australia became the first government in the world to consider orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery. This article traces the evolution of the recognition of orphanage trafficking broadly, and then focusses on recommendations made by the Australian government following the release of its 2017 Hidden in Plain Sight Report. This article analyses the emerging policy and legislative reforms that are being undertaken by the Australian government and recommends further development to ensure that funding and finances are appropriately directed to divest from orphanages and instead support burgeoning care reform in the South Asian region. Finally, the article responds to critiques of the Australian government’s standpoint on orphanage trafficking as it relates to the over-reliance on institutional care and provides clarification on why a criminal justice response to orphanage trafficking is appropriate.
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Zimmerman, Cathy, Ligia Kiss, Mazeda Hossain, and Charlotte Watts. "Trafficking in persons: a health concern?" Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 14, no. 4 (August 2009): 1029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232009000400010.
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Human trafficking is a phenomenon that has now been documented in most regions in the world. Although trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation is the most commonly recognised form of trafficking, it is widely acknowledged that human trafficking also involves men, women and children who are trafficked for various forms of labour exploitation and into other abusive circumstances. Despite the violence and harm inherent in most trafficking situations, there remains extremely little evidence on the individual and public health implications of any form of human trafficking. The Brazilian government has recently launched a national plan to combat human trafficking. However, because the health risks associated with human trafficking have not been well-recognised or documented, there is extremely limited reliable data on the health needs of trafficked persons to inform policy and practices.. Brazilian policy-makers and service providers should be encouraged to learn about the likely range of health impacts of trafficking, and incorporate this into anti-trafficking protection and response strategies. As well as prevention activities, the government, international and local organisations should work together with the public health research community to study the health needs of trafficked persons and explore opportunities to provide safe and appropriate services to victims in need of care.
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Putri, Esla Wira Yustisia, Mita Apriyana Sari, and M. Arief Hamdi. "OPTIMIZATION OF IMMIGRATION FUNCTIONS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING THROUGH SELECTIVE POLICY." Journal of Law and Border Protection 3, no. 2 (December 12, 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v3i2.276.
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Indonesia is involved in accelerating the mobilization of people between countries as a result of the rapid growth of globalization. However, the circulation of the world's population raises some serious problems, one of which is human trafficking. Human trafficking has become a successive problem in the international arena that has not been found to be resolved. International conventions and the Indonesian government have issued several regulations that are used to combat human trafficking. World problems that occur especially in border areas involve the role of immigration in neutralizing world crime, in this case the problem of human trafficking, which is reflected in the immigration function in Law No. 6 of 2011. This cross-border crime is a crucial problem that poses a challenge to immigration in particular. Indonesian immigration authorities in optimizing the selective policy. Selective Policy is one of the implementations of the immigration function in maintaining state security and upholding state sovereignty. This selective policy is used by immigration officers in carrying out their duties and functions to regulate the entry and exit of a person from a country, especially Indonesia.
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Wulandari, Setiawati, and Sumartini Dewi. "Trafficking crime policy in a philosophical, sociological and juridical perspective." South Florida Journal of Development 3, no. 4 (July 26, 2022): 4858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv3n4-061.
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This study aims to discuss government policies in tackling the crime of trafficking as a criminal act that violates human rights. Trafficking is a transnational crime and Indonesia as a country with a large number of trafficking victims. Trafficking victims are women/children, various endemics are the reasons for the occurrence of Trafficking crimes against vulnerable groups based on social, economic, and cultural conditions. The method used in this research is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. In dealing with the crime of trafficking, it is necessary to do it bilaterally/multilaterally. Various prevention efforts have been carried out by the government through law enforcement (penal) against perpetrators as well as a form of protection for victims such as providing compensation to both victims and their families. However, the lack of understanding and professionalism of law enforcement officers in dealing with the crime of trafficking has resulted in this crime not being able to be resolved optimally, so there needs to be an integrated handling of cases by prioritizing non-penal efforts and involving the community in crime prevention and control, namely through preventive and repressive efforts.
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Arnakim, Lili Yulyadi, and Muhammad Zulhadis. "RESPON KERAJAAN MALAYSIA TERHADAP PEMERDAGANGAN MANUSIA, 2010-2015." SEJARAH 30, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 190–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no1.10.
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This article aims at discussing the Malaysian government’s response towards human traffings in Malaysia from 2010-2015. The study was based on qualitative method by referring various data. The findings show that human traffing in Malaysia has been emeanated from various factors that include individual victims, themselves, or external factors. This human trafficking has to some extent, led to the emergence of negative perception, and tarnished the image of the country. As such the Malaysian government has introduced policy blueprints for combating the human trafficking. This blueprint is important to examine how serious is the government in combating the crossedcountryhuman trafficking. Law enforcement which has been carried out by the government agencies is one of the responses that was provided by the Government. With the strong collaboration from Anti trafficking council and anti migrants muggling (MAPO), enforcement agencies which have been perceived as commited and mutually assiting in the case of human trafficking issues. The government was severely critized by the USA in the human trafficking issues for being unable to exercise the standard requirements which was agreed among the USA. However due to enhancement and commited cooperation with Non-Governmnet Organizations, Malaysian government has attempted to provide the protection for vistims as coicided with meeting the USA reqirement and refine the better tier position of Malaysiain the world.
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Putra, Fikri Madani Tara, and Anindito R. Wiraputra. "IMMIGRATION POLICY IN EFFORTS TO ERADICATION AND PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING." Journal of Law and Border Protection 2, no. 1 (May 20, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v2i1.183.
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The large potential for transnational crime in Indonesia is a problem that needs to be addressed. In this case it is a problem of human trafficking, these problems are very complex and complicated to solve. This trafficking is usually aimed at children and women. There are so many modes used by these perpetrators, one of them is through sending illegal Indonesian Workers. The government began to move specifically in the field of immigration in carrying out efforts to combat human trafficking in violation of human rights, because immigration is the front guard in examining people who leave or enter Indonesian territory. Selective policy helps immigration parties in the Immigration Examination Site in selecting foreigners who enter the territory of Indonesia. And immigration also supervises the sending of Indonesian Workers abroad. This supervision is intended to avoid sendingillegal Indonesian Workers.
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Middleton, Ben, Georgios A. Antonopoulos, and Georgios Papanicolaou. "The Financial Investigation of Human Trafficking in the UK: Legal and Practical Perspectives." Journal of Criminal Law 83, no. 4 (March 4, 2019): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018319834364.
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A significant body of law and policy has been directed to organised crime generally, with Human Trafficking remaining high on the political agenda. This article conducts a contextualised study of Human Trafficking in the UK, examining the underpinning legal framework before drawing on the expertise of key professionals in the sector, who have been interviewed for this purpose. It is suggested that it is not so much the legal framework that is the problem, but rather there are a number of practical and policy-related considerations that the government should consider as part of their efforts to combat Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking.
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Suwetty, Awaliyah Muslimah, Kornelis Nama Beni, Titin Andri Wihastuti, and Asti Melani Astari. "Harapan korban trafficking terhadap dukungan pemerintah di Nusa Tenggara Timur - Indonesia: Studi kualitatif." FLOBAMORA 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46888/flobamora.v3i1.33.
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The problem of trafficking is a global problem that has a negative impact on the survival of victims. East Nusa Tenggara is one of the provinces in Indonesia that has been categorized as an emergency area for trafficking cases. The poverty and the limited employment opportunities in the NTT region are one of the factors in the increasing cases of trafficking. Trafficking victims need attention from the government for their survival. The role of government and stakeholders to victims of human trafficking is needed to protect and guarantee the rights of victims. This study aimed to explore the expectations of victims of human trafficking regarding government support in handling victims of human trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia. This study used a phenomenological interpretive approach. Six participants were selected using purposive sampling method. Participants were invited to attend in-depth interviews guided by semi-structured interview guidelines. The interview then recorded then analyzed followed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The process began with reading the transcript repeatedly to find keywords from each participant, and then classified into categories and themes that have the same meaning. Five sub-themes were identified, including 1) freeing Indonesian workers from the dangers of trafficking, 2) completing the legal process of all cases in human trafficking, 3 ) preparing employment opportunities, 4) criminals in human trafficking were equally followed a legal process, 5) promoting socialization to the community. Social support from the government is essential. The government plays important role in capturing the hopes of victim, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation and personal satisfaction in order to regain their rights. Furthermore, all policy makers, law enforcers, community organizations, professional organizations and researchers / academics should take adequate role in efforts to prevent trafficking cases.
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Saragih, Hendra Maujana, and Syifa Nur Islamiah. "KEBIJAKAN PENANGANAN KASUS HUMAN TRAFFICKING DI UKRAINA MELALUI PERAN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION." Jurnal Paradigma (JP) 8, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/jp.v8i1.2927.
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Human trafficking can be divided into three components related to: recruitment of people, ways of controlling people, and the purpose of exploitation. Ukraine is a country of origin and to a certain extent is a transit country for people who declare themselves in situations of slavery. Where in recent years Ukraine has become a destination country for victims of human trafficking, and also the case of human trafficking in the country of Ukraine is also increasingly widespread. IOM's mission in Ukraine is to continue to struggle in the face of the challenges of human trafficking, to assist the Government in improving the migration management system, and to create migrant health programs (inclusive and policy).Keywords: Human Trafficking, Ukraine, International Organization for Migration
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Bvirindi, Tawanda Ray, and Nigel Mxolisi Landa. "Exploring Policy Issues on the Trafficking of Women in Southern Africa with Reference to Zimbabwe." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/2662.
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Following the socio-economic and political problems that ensued after the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe, instances of human trafficking previously unseen on a large scale have sparked a newfound interest among policy makers and researchers. This article examines the flawed system provided by the Zimbabwean Trafficking in Persons Act No. 4 of 2014 for the protection of victims of human trafficking. It argues that the “Palermo Protocol”—the international instrument against all trafficking in persons is well-equipped to assume greater responsibility in ensuring the protection of victims. Although the Palermo Protocol is a universal protocol; which should be contextualised to suit various scenarios in which trafficking occurs across the globe, it may still be reasonably interpreted as providing the core principles which are vital to the protection of vulnerable populations from trafficking. Over the long haul, a new Zimbabwean Act, re-aligned with the Palermo Protocol, yet flexible, anti-trafficking partnerships between the government, Non-governmental Organisations and Civil Society remain the most viable solutions to addressing this predicament.
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Wijaya, Muhamad Iskandar. "BIG DATA AS PREVENTION AND ERADICATION OF CRIMINAL ACTS ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING BASED ON INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) AT DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION." Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian 2, no. 2 (October 20, 2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jikk.v2i2.59.
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Human trafficking Crimes is an action against the law of the perpetrators organized for the purpose of exploitation or result of exploited persons. The number of victims of the Criminal Trade Force case occurred, requiring the government to use modern ways and techniques to prevent, arrest and eradicate the perpetrators and victims of the Human Trafficking Criminal Act. The implementation of the Internet Of Things (IoT)-based Big Data in the government sector is an appropriate step by building a data center and integrated applications between the system cores with complex data exchanges to be utilized by the Ministry, The agency or stakeholders responsible for the prevention, arrest and Eradication of human Trafficking crimes. The mode of the perpetrators who have many variations so that the government needs a complex system implementation, with the application Of Big Data based on the Internet Of Things (IoT) is believed to be able to be a reliable system for prevention, arrest and eradication of human trafficking criminal cases . Each mode is recorded in the main database so that it can be used as an analytical material to conduct supervision, control and policy determinants to realize Clean and Good Government for government agencies, especially in Directorate General of Immigration
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Dolhan, Norliza, Zarina@Zairina Othman, and Nor Azizan Idris. "HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND HUMAN SECURITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A CASE STUDY OF BANGLADESHI FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALAYSIA." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp136-155.
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Background and Purpose: In the modern globalisation epoch, security threats no longer concern the state’s hostilities, military operation, or nuclear proliferation. It involves non-traditional menaces like human trafficking, which is believed to escalate quickly. The goal of this research is to identify human trafficking activities and to reveal the experiences of victims in the Southeast Asia region, particularly in Malaysia.
Methodology: This study used a qualitative method through a case study approach. It involved an in-depth interview session with five primary informants (represented as Cases 1 to 5) who were the victims of human trafficking from Bangladesh, a government officer from related agency, two local academicians and a representative of Bangladesh foreign workers’ vending system company.
Findings: The study discovered that human trafficking crimes produce detrimental effects on the survival of the victims, especially on the economic and individual security aspect. Their wages are not fully paid and their freedom to socialize is restricted.
Contribution: This study calls for policy formulation and policy implementation to protect the interest and security of people despite their citizenship which is considered the most trustworthy, relevant and universal approach in rectifying these illegal activities within Southeast Asia region especially in Malaysia.
Keywords: Bangladesh, labour migration, human security, human trafficking.
Cite as: Dolhan, N., Othman, Z., & Idris, N. A. (2021). Human trafficking and human security in Southeast Asia: A case study of Bangladeshi foreign workers in Malaysia. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(1), 136-155. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss1pp136-155
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Corfee, Floraidh AR. "Transplant tourism and organ trafficking." Nursing Ethics 23, no. 7 (August 3, 2016): 754–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733015581537.
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Organ availability for transplantation has become an increasingly complex and difficult question in health economics and ethical practice. Advances in technology have seen prolonged life expectancy, and the global push for organs creates an ever-expanding gap between supply and demand, and a significant cost in bridging that gap. This article will examine the ethical implications for the nursing profession in regard to the procurement of organs from an impoverished seller’s market, also known as ‘Transplant Tourism’. This ethical dilemma concerns itself with resource allocation, informed consent and the concepts of egalitarianism and libertarianism. Transplant Tourism is an unacceptable trespass against human dignity and rights from both a nursing and collective viewpoint. Currently, the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, the Royal college of Nursing Australia, The Royal College of Nursing (UK) and the American Nurses Association do not have position statements on transplant tourism, and this diminishes us as a force for change. It diminishes our role as advocates for the most marginalised in our world to have access to care and to choice and excludes us from a very contemporary real debate about the mismatch of organ demand and supply in our own communities. As a profession, we must have a voice in health policy and human rights, and according to our Code of Ethics in Australia and around the world, act to promote and protect the fundamental human right to healthcare and dignity.
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O’Brien, Erin. "Prostitution Ideology and Trafficking Policy: The Impact of Political Approaches to Domestic Sex Work on Human Trafficking Policy in Australia and the United States." Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 36, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1554477x.2015.1019277.
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Ayalew, Negesse Asnake. "Special Investigative Techniques For Human Trafficking Investigation In Ethiopia." International Journal of social Sciences and Economic Review 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v2i1.50.
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Purpose of the study: The police have the responsibility of balancing the protection of the public from harm with respecting the human right of the suspect during the prevention and investigation of crimes. However; it is difficult to strike absolute balances since it is determined based on government police is due process or crime control model especially the case of special investigation techniques, which are the covert means of investigation of serious crime and criminals based on the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and adequate safeguard. The purpose of this doctrinal article is to evaluate the role of special crime investigation techniques for drug trafficking in Ethiopia.
Methodology: Data were collected through document review and interview crime investigators, who were selected purposively since they have a direct relation. This is qualitative research and descriptive design. The collected data were analyzed thematically.
Findings: The findings of this research revealed that there are some provisions of special investigation techniques in FDRE criminal justice policy, anti-human trafficking, and smuggling of migrant proclamation. However, these legal bases are not comprehensive such as the types of special investigation techniques, who conduct it, and how long the requirements to conduct these were not answered.
Application: Therefore, the house of people representative should enact all-inclusive law on special investigation techniques for human trafficking in Ethiopia. The general attorney also should create awareness to the public about it.
Novelty: Human trafficking investigation is challenging ous in Ethiopia, and nobody studied it. Therefore, this study may use as reference material for students’; the government may use it as input for policy and lawmakers.
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Okogbule, Nlerum S. "Combating the “New Slavery” in Nigeria: An Appraisal of Legal and Policy Responses to Human Trafficking." Journal of African Law 57, no. 1 (February 27, 2013): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855313000028.
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AbstractThis article examines the legal and policy responses of the Nigerian government and other agencies to human trafficking, which is one of the central social and economic challenges facing the country today. After exploring the nature and dimensions of the practice, it argues that Nigeria's unenviable position as a country of origin, transit and destination in human trafficking, as well as the impact of the practice on the lives of the victims and adverse implications for the country's corporate image, make it imperative that effective measures are adopted to combat it. In this respect, while accepting that legal measures are important in achieving the objective, the article highlights some deficiencies in current efforts and suggests a multidimensional approach, with greater emphasis on the “push” and “pull” factors of human trafficking prevalent in the country, such as high levels of unemployment, poverty, inequality and marginalization.
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Aderemi, Raji, and Adedigba Adewole. "ADDRESSING HUMAN TRAFFICKING SCOURGE THROUGH COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY EDUCATION PROGRAMME." Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jpid.1488.
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Purpose: Human trafficking is a fast growing international organized crime which is draining Nigeria of its vibrant and talented youths and the nation’s future leaders. In spite of the various strategies of stemming the menace, the business still persists due to the fact that the people living in the red-spot areas are not involved in the efforts towards tackling the menace. Hence, the adoption of community-based participatory education programmes involving the study’s residents’ full participation to address the menace.
Methodology: The study adopted a quantitative and qualitative approach involving Focus Group Discussion (FGD) using one hundred and sixty participants selected through cluster sampling technique in two locations of Shaki and Ago-Amodu of Oyo State, Nigeria. Two research questions and one hypothesis were employed and analysed through the use of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) statistical test.
Findings: Among other findings, this study identified poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, lack of stiffer policy by the government as factors encouraging human trafficking menace. However, it is recommended that the government should pass and implement stiffer policy such as life imprisonment for offenders and organization of regular educational training that would involve the people living in the communities notable for the act to broaden their knowledge towards the evils of human trafficking. Also the youths should form strong vanguard towards monitoring the activities of the traffickers and embark on public awareness programme to eradicate the menace in their communities.
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Harcourt, G. C. "Macroeconomic Policy for Australia in the 1990s." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400201.
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The size of the deficit has little if any significance as an indicator of short-run macroeconomic policy. Government expenditure should be determined by longer term aspirations. Taxation (and other revenue measures) must be used, along with monetary policy, for short-term economic management, but whether revenue should be at a level that results in a deficit or not depends on many things including the composition of government expenditure and the state of the economy. At present, our economy requires a brake on total consumption expenditure and this may require a rise in taxation levels despite the high current level of unemployment. A high rate of capital accumulation is essential to change the structure of production and to increase output and productivity, but the brake on consumption must be eventually relaxed. Without an expectation of healthy consumption growth there will not be an ongoing high rate of accumulation in the private sector.
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Hafrida, Hafrida, Nelli Herlina, and Zulham Adamy. "The Protection of Women and Children as Victims of Human Trafficking in Jambi Province." Jambe Law Journal 1, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 207–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.1.2.207-230.
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The research aims at studying the policy of the Regional Government in protecting the victims of human trafficking, especially females and children. This legal research is based on an empirical study at Regional Police (POLDA), P2TP2A, and Social Services office in Jambi Province. The Law Number 35/2014 on the Amendment of The Law Number 23/2002 on Child Protection provides a greater portion for the Regional Government to take active roles in providing child protection and Presidential Regulation Number 69/2008 about Task Force Prevention and Handling the Criminal Act of Trafficking Victim. Using analysis of descriptive qualitative, it is learned that the handling of the women and children as victims of trafficking remain partially. The responsible institutions have not well-coordinated because a task force as commissioned by Presidential Regulation number 69/2008. The results show that Jambi Province has passed Jambi Province Regional Regulation Number 2/2015 on Prevention and Handling of Human Trafficking towards Females and Children. However, the study also shows that the regulation has not been applied by related parties since Governor’s regulation as implementing regulation is inexistent.
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Macklin, Audrey. "Dancing across Borders: ‘Exotic Dancers,’ Trafficking, and Canadian Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 464–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00145.x.
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This article analyzes a Canadian immigration program that authorizes issuance of temporary work visas to ‘exotic dancers.’ In response to public criticism that the government was thereby implicated in the transnational trafficking of women into sexual exploitation, Citizenship and Immigration Canada retained the visa program de jure but eliminated it de facto. Using a legal and discursive analysis that focuses on the production of female labor migrants variously as workers, as criminals and as bearers of human rights, the article argues that the incoherence of Canadian policy can only be rendered intelligible when refracted through these different lenses. The article concludes by considering policy options available to the state in addressing the issue.
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Yellowlees, Peter. "Government relations, government regulations: Jumping through the hoops." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 8, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/13576330260440970.
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summary Over the last decade, telehealth in Australia has been primarily facilitated and driven by government funding. The government now has a major policy initiative in online health. However, in pursuing the broad initiative there is a danger that some of the smaller components can get lost, and this is probably what has happened to telehealth. There appear to be a number of steps required if telehealth in Australia is to keep up the pace of development that occurred in the 1990s, as we move into what is now being called the era of e-health, involving broadband Internet health service delivery. This area is changing extremely rapidly and is increasingly migrating away from the public sector in Australia, where most of the developmental work has occurred, and into the private sector. Many of the issues that require consideration within the domain of e-health in Australia are also relevant to other countries. E-health will significantly change the way that health-care is practised in future, and it is clear that it is the human factors that are more difficult to overcome, rather than the technological ones.
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Mandic, Danilo. "Trafficking and Syrian Refugee Smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route." Social Inclusion 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.917.
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As of March 2016, 4.8 million Syrian refugees were scattered in two dozen countries by the civil war. Refugee smuggling has been a major catalyst of human trafficking in the Middle East and Europe migrant crises. Data on the extent to which smuggling devolved into trafficking in this refugee wave is, however, scarce. This article investigates how Syrian refugees interact with smugglers, shedding light on how human smuggling and human trafficking interrelated on the Balkan Route. I rely on original evidence from in-depth interviews (n = 123) and surveys (n = 100) with Syrian refugees in Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, and Germany; as well as ethnographic observations in thirty-five refugee camps or other sites in these countries. I argue that most smugglers functioned as guides, informants, and allies in understudied ways—thus refugee perceptions diverge dramatically from government policy assumptions. I conclude with a recommendation for a targeted advice policy that would acknowledge the reality of migrant-smuggler relations, and more effectively curb trafficking instead of endangering refugees.
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Hynes, Patricia. "Exploring the Interface between Asylum, Human Trafficking and/or ‘Modern Slavery’ within a Hostile Environment in the UK." Social Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11060246.
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While the drivers and processes of forced migration may overlap for people seeking refuge or experiencing human trafficking, responses are invariably rooted in legislation and policy rather than empirical enquiry. In the UK, tightening of legislation around asylum has, for the past three decades, resulted in a ‘hostile environment’. During this time, a discourse around human trafficking (also referred to as ‘modern slavery’ in the UK) has emerged. This paper looks at asylum and human trafficking in the UK to consider a fractioning of protection and resulting fractioning of support for basic needs and welfare provision, provided through the establishment of parallel systems of support for both populations. This paper explores the distinctions, interface, key points of contact, and disconnects between asylum and trafficking in the UK. It details the trajectory of asylum policy, provides an overview of the pre-history to the hostile environment, the impacts of fractioning refugee protection, and what this means for trust as a result. It is argued that trust is an essential component of UK government policies but that the trajectory of asylum policy from a focus on integration to a culture of hostility runs directly counter to efforts to identify ‘victims’ of ‘modern slavery’.
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Karina, K., and Maidah Purwanti. "INDONESIA'S NATIONAL POLICY ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION." Journal of Law and Border Protection 3, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v3i1.213.
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This paper attemps to explain national policies that provide protection for refugees, human trafficking, and protection for foreign workers in an international context. Migration can occur because of the desire of the person or forced circumstances that make a person have to migrate. Migration is generally carried out by a person or group of people who want to get a more decent life by looking for a more decent job in another country. On the other hand, other factors cause disease, natural disasters, outbreaks of disease, and high crime rates in their home countries. Therefore, the role of the government through law enforcement officials and related public officials must coordinate well, firmly and fairly in enforcing the law. The results of this study indicate that the fact that the statement of the government in implementing its policies is that the government implements the policy is good or not. As smart as someone who makes policies, will always be smarter for someone who wants to violate the policy.
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Jeyabalan, Renuka, and Rohaida Nordin. "Protection of the Rights of the Victims of Human Trafficking: Has Malaysia done Enough?" Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 3, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v3i2.9231.
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Human trafficking is a grave threat to human rights. Statistic shows that yearly almost thousands of men, women and children grieve in the hand of traffickers as human trafficking victim, in their own countries or abroad. Thus, there is a need for Malaysia to take the necessary step to combat human trafficking and at the same time to provide effective protection for victims of trafficking as enacted under the Malaysian Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007 (ATIPSOM 2007). The first part of this research examines the international law standards on human rights protection of the victim of human trafficking while the second part analyses any legal and policy measures adopted within the Malaysian context. In this analysis, attention will be made on numerous protection mechanisms such as provision for a shelter, or a place of refuge, appointment of Protection Officers, medical treatment, right to work and safe repatriation. This research further examines and assesses the adequacy and effectiveness of the current measures and laws especially in terms of their enforcement by the relevant enforcement bodies. Analysis on the existing legal framework within other ASEAN States, including Indonesia, is also done so as to provide relevant best practices for consideration and adoption by the Malaysian government. In conclusion, this research provides a number of solutions to address the problems and challenges within the existing legal framework in Malaysia with the ultimate aim at providing better protection for the victims of human trafficking.
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Rupita, Rupita, Herlan Herlan, Zakiah Hassan Gaffar, Syarifah Ema Rahmaniah, and Nikodemus Niko. "Human Trafficking during the COVID-19 Pandemic at Border Land Malaysia-Indonesia, West Kalimantan." Jurnal Masyarakat Maritim 5, no. 2 (March 6, 2022): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/jmm.v5i2.4065.
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The covid-19 pandemic threatens public health alone, therefore most governments in various countries in the world affected by covid-19 take steps in the form of mobility restriction policies to prevent the spread of the virus in the community this also applies in Indonesia. Restrictions on people's mobility make the problems experienced by the community more complex and difficult to control, the number of mass layoffs becomes a trigger for high unemployment in Indonesia. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Data collection is done through an online repository, by filtering keywords in search; criminal acts of trafficking, women migrant workers, protection of migrant workers and handling of trafficking cases in the period of emigrants. Each author is tasked with collecting data based on search keywords. Based on the results of research, the high unemployment rate in the pandemic period became one of the main triggers for the criminal act of trafficking in persons. The situation of female migrant workers working abroad is increasingly complex because some of them are undocumented and some have been over-stayers. There are currently around 6 to 8 million Indonesian migrant workers abroad and the majority of them are women. Cases of human trafficking in the border region during the COVID-19 pandemic increased with economic mode. The closure of cross-border postal access is not effective enough in suppressing cases of trafficking at the country's borders. Various efforts have been made by the Indonesian government ranging from implementing policies to efforts to cooperate with various stakeholders — namely the government as regulators, policy makers, as well as law enforcement, and private parties as business actors / recruiters of labor and banking, as well as civil society institutions that are the driving force – to seek protection for Indonesian migrant workers abroad.
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Martin, Stevie. "Friends of the Earth: ‘Government Policy’, Relevant Considerations and Human Rights." Journal of Environmental Law 33, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqab012.
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Abstract Litigation involving climate change is on the increase both domestically and internationally and the Supreme Court's judgment in Friends of the Earth Ltd joins that list. While it was not as directly concerned with the implications of climate change as, perhaps, recent case law from the Netherlands or Australia, the case has significant implications including in terms of future litigation involving human rights challenges based on climate change. Three aspects of the judgment in particular warrant consideration. First, the legitimacy of the Court's purposive interpretation of the meaning of ‘Government policy’. Second, the Supreme Court left unanswered the question of whether the Paris Agreement was so ‘obviously material’ to the exercise of the relevant discretion that a failure to have regard to it would be Wednesbury unreasonable. Finally, the Supreme Court rejected the claim that designating the Airports National Policy Statement would interfere with any rights contained in the European Convention of Human Rights. This case analysis examines each of these aspects of the judgment.
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Puspita, Natalia Yeti, and Annisa Irina Nur Halima. "PACIFIC SOLUTION POLICY: MENGGUGAT TANGGUNG JAWAB AUSTRALIA DALAM PENANGANAN PENGUNGSI." Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan 5, no. 01 (August 24, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/paradigma.v5i01.1648.
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As one of the countries which is ratifying the 1951 Refugeee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, Australia has an obligation to protect refugees and guarantee their rights as stated in the provisions. With the issuance of the Pacific Solution Policy by the Australian Government to restrict refugees who come to Australia, Australia has reneged on international treaties on the protection of refugees that have been ratified. Based on the results of normative juridical research which is used in this paper, it can be seen that the state sovereignty principle which is used as the legal basis for implementing the policy cannot necessarily erase the obligations that have been imposed on it, especially with the development of the current understanding of the state sovereignty principle that links human rights protection. In addition, the attachment to international agreements that have been agreed based on the principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda becomes the basis for strengthening legitimacy that the Australian Government can be held responsibility in connection with the implementation of the Pacific Solution Policy in the handling of refugees in Australia.
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Craig, Lyn, Killian Mullan, and Megan Blaxland. "Parenthood, policy and work-family time in Australia 1992—2006." Work, Employment and Society 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017009353778.
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This article explores how having children impacted upon (a) paid work, domestic work and childcare (total workload) and (b) the gender division of labour in Australia over a 15-year period during which government changed from the progressive Labor Party to the socially conservative National/Liberal Party Coalition. It describes changes and continuity in government policies and rhetoric about work, family and gender issues and trends in workforce participation. Data from three successive nationally representative Time Use Surveys (1992, 1997 and 2006), N=3846, are analysed. The difference between parents’ and non-parents’ total workload grew substantially under both governments, especially for women. In households with children there was a nascent trend to gender convergence in paid and unpaid work under Labor, which reversed under the Coalition.
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Syarief, Elza, and Ibnu Kholdun. "Pelaksanaan Penghapusan Perdagangan Perempuan dan Anak Di Kabupaten Bintan." Journal of Law and Policy Transformation 5, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jlpt.v5i1.815.
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The thesis discussed the effectiveness of task force of the efforts to the removal of trade women and boy who is victims of human . Various policies which created a government pertaining to crimes trade women and children , basically the policy made relatively comprehensive , starting from the constitution of 1945 to regulations below.
Effort task force against the removal of trade women and children is currently still less effective. This can be seen from there are still many the cases of trafficking of women and children. Efforts task force made in to reduce and a handle human trafficking as a form of prevention to be victims , done by means of coordination , socialization , rehabilitation and reintegrated.
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Nath, Rupamjyoti, and Manjit Das. "Women Trafficking Problem in Assam." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 10, no. 3 (July 2021): 12–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2021070102.
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The increasing numbers of newspaper reports on disappearing women from the north eastern state of Assam and especially from the economically backward areas of the state in recent years deserve close attention from both researchers' points of view as well as policy-level intervention of the larger community along with the government. This study makes an attempt to operate upon the menace area through the scalpel of game theory under the light of both primary and secondary data collected from the study area. It is an attempt to outline conscious human behaviour that leads to crimes such as women trafficking and identify the parameters controlling or affecting which types of crimes can be controlled. In order to do so, different distinct entities associated with the problem have been considered as different players leading to the concluding indication of prevailing flaws in the legal system of the country along with lack of employment opportunities and mass ignorance about the problem in hand among common people as the major reasons.
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Sari, Komang Ayu Kartika. "Prostitution Legislation Reforms in Western Australia: What Indonesia Can Learn." Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/phpma.v2i1.130.
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Prostitution is still a complicated problem worldwide including in Western Australia. It is estimated that there are 1700 sex workers and 38 identified brothels in Western Australia1 and prostitution legislation is still an ongoing debatable issue in the state. There has been a significant change in prostitution laws and enforcement practices, which is due to the rising worldwide problem of sex trafficking and its relation to prostitution.2 The Liberal or National Government of Western Australia planned to introduce the prostitution legislation reforms, which were intended to make brothels to be the “only viable” and legal workplaces for sex workers, to make sex workers have no opportunity to work privately in residential areas and to force them to work for the third parties or to relocate them to industrial areas.3 It would be implemented through a brothel licensing policy, which in turn will make non brothel-based sex workers considered illegal. Brothels are indeed more organized and easier to provide health care and education than the street4 and based on research in the Norwegian capital5, an existing law can make people have more negative attitudes towards buying sex. However, particular form of regulation and practice may result in worse situations and can undermine the health and well-being of sex workers. This article will discuss in details why the prostitution legislation reforms released by The Liberal/National Government in WA should not be fully supported and what we can learn based on the context of Indonesia
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McReynold, MaryAnne. "The Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Has the Legislation Fallen Short of its Goals?" Policy Perspectives 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v15i1.4152.
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This analysis examines the immigration status that the United States government affords to individuals who are willing to meet the requirements of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, commonly known as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA). This article presents the legislative history of the TVPA with an emphasis on the factors that heighten the tension between the interests of trafficking victims and those of the government. Available immigration relief is not truly "relief" unless it is accessible to those who need it, that is, those for whom Congress designated this type of visa status. Likewise, legislation that designates an action as criminal is fruitless unless it provides for effective investigations and enforcement. As crucial as it is to punish and deter traffickers, the special nature of this crime necessitates that the victims, who are central to the role of law enforcement, receive ample protection. In conclusion, the author suggests seven policy recommendations to improve the government's ability to punish and deter human traffickers while protecting the victims of these crimes.
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McDonald, Ian M. "Macroeconomic Policy for Recovery." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400203.
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The major economic problem from which Australia suffers at the present time is an excessively—high rate of unemployment. Australia also appears to have, at present, an excessively—low rate of saving. In contrast to the views of the “minimalists”, who argue that government macroeconomic policy should not be adjusted to offset high rates of unemployment, it is argued in this paper that a policy for recovery is desirable. This argument is based on empirical evidence which suggests that the degree of price flexibility required for the economy to return automatically to full employment does not exist. The appropriate policy for recovery, given the low rate of saving, is an expansionary monetary policy. Indicators of monetary policy do suggest that the current stance of monetary policy is indeed expansionary. It is difficult to say whether an even more expansionary monetary policy should be adopted.
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Fuentes Alcalá, Mario Luis, Cristina Hernández Engrandes, and Sara Getzemani Alcay Méndez. "Situaciones de vulnerabilidad en personas en movilidad y personas locales frente a la trata de personas en el municipio de Tapachula en el contexto de las caravanas migrantes 2018-2019." Frontera norte 34 (January 1, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rfn.v1i1.2191.
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The objective of this article is to describe the vulnerability situations to the possibility of becoming human trafficking victims for both the mobile and the resident population in the municipality of Tapachula, Chiapas during October 2018 to July 2019, period in which the first caravans occurred on the border between Tapachula, Chiapas and Tecún Umán, Guatemala. It’s the result of a qualitative approach research that has as analytical axes the category vulnerability and the legal framework to confront human trafficking in Mexico, and it’s based on records of field observations in institutions for the protection of migrants and victims of gender violence and in interviews with key informants in Chiapas and in Mexico City. The main conclusion of this work is that the juncture resulting from the response of the Mexican government to the caravans, the austerity policy implemented by the Mexican government and the problems derived from an institutional design that operates without adherence to the legal framework and with exceeded capacities, derived in situations of unprecedented or intensified vulnerability for the populations mentioned above.
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Anggia, Utami Dewi, and Rezasyah Teuku. "Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers and Sustainable Development Goals: Feasible Policy and Practices." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 09017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187309017.
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The issue of Indonesian migrant domestic workers is still a homework that need to be prioritized by the government. The problematic management, include the lack of legal-based protection, have resulted in many unfortunate cases and conditions of migrant workers. Many of them are prone to unequal treatments, mental and physical abuse, even human trafficking. The Indonesian government currently addresses a policy of zero migrant worker roadmap, which has brought up many critics mentioning how the policy is discriminatory and violates the rights to economy of the workers. By using a qualitative approach of method, this paper aims to discuss the possibility of solutions that will generate an inclusive framework of to eradicate inequalities posed by Indonesian migrant domestic workers, by briefly highlighting the case of Sumba Barat Daya as the second largest migrant workers sender in Nusa Tenggara Timur. Under the Sustainable Development Goals framework, from policy approach, this paper suggests the government of Indonesia to focus more on the skill and capacity building of migrant workers, by also imposing the social protection approach towards them.
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J. Mason, T., W. M. Lonsdale, and K. French. "Environmental weed control policy in Australia: current approaches, policy limitations and future directions." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 4 (2005): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050233.
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Plant invasions of natural systems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem processes across many biomes. Historically most plant invasions have been facilitated by human activities such as industry, transport and landscape modification. Consequently, both causes and management of weed invasion are dependent on human behaviour and management advice provided by ecologists needs to take account of this fact. This paper assesses current environmental weed control policy in Australia and asks: are government, land managers and the scientific community using available social levers to achieve optimal weed management? We do this by comparing aspects of weed policy with a generalized natural resource policy framework. Adequacy of issue characterization and policy framing are discussed with particular reference to public perceptions of the weed problem, policy scaling and defining policy principles and goals. The implementation of policy Instruments, including regulation, VOluntary incentives, education, Information, motivational instruments, property-right instruments and pricing mechanisms are reviewed. Limitations of current instruments and potential options to improve instrument effectiveness are discussed. Funding arrangements for environmental weed control are also reported: environmental weed invasion generally represents an external cost to economic markets which has resulted in relatively low funding levels for control operations. Finally, review and monitoring procedures in weed programmes and policy are addressed. Rigorous monitoring systems are important in effective, adaptive weed management where control techniques are continually refined to improve ecological outcomes. The utility of maintaining links between project outcomes and policy inputs along with methods of implementing appropriate monitoring are discussed.
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Arhin, Antonela. "Conceptualizing child labour trafficking and exploitation: The case of Roma children in Montenegro." Temida 15, no. 3 (2012): 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1203161a.
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Trafficking of children for labour exploitation is a profit-oriented criminal activity by which children are recruited, transported, harboured or received for the purpose of labour exploitation irrespective of whether or not force, abduction, fraud or other means were used. This paper examines child labour trafficking in the context of human rights violations and as the worst form of child labour. In an attempt to situate the discourse of alleged labour exploitation and trafficking of Roma children in Montenegro, focusing in particular on instances of child begging, this paper offers an overview of the international legal framework as well as the Government of Montenegro?s policy framework relevant to this issue; an analysis of implicated historical, familial and cultural structures; and focuses on identifying root causes in terms of push-pull factors that are associated with enhancing children?s vulnerability and proneness to exploitation. Along with a set of recommendations, in closing, the paper calls for a more sophisticated analysis of child labour trafficking and, in the case of Roma children, a more nuanced understanding of historical and cultural pretexts against the backdrop of labour trafficking.
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van Kampen, Catherine, Elizabeth M. Zechenter, Sophia Murashkovsky Romma, and Robert Jeffrey Powell. "A Survey of Immigration Models and Refugee Protection Schemes and their Consequences: The Case of Ukrainian Refugees." Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 3, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 141–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644722x16710255213792.
Full textAbstract:
After its illegal occupation and annexation of Crimea in 2014 and continued military support for separatists in the Donbas, Russia escalated its war against Ukraine in February 2022 with direct ground attacks by Russian military forces on Ukraine's eastern, northern and southern borders, a blockade of Ukraine's coast and aerial attacks throughout the country. Millions of Ukrainians fled, including thousands of international students residing in Ukraine. Countries around the world responded to the resulting refugee crisis with varying policies. Many of Ukraine's neighboring countries enacted model immigration laws and developed various support schemes. Some governments, such as in Poland and the European Union (EU), immediately granted Ukrainian refugees the right to live, work, obtain access to education and receive benefits comparable to those to which their own citizens are entitled and created a generous and protective immigration model that attempts to prevent human trafficking and other forms of exploitation. Other countries geographically removed from the conflict used different models, including some with a private sponsorship component that, despite the best of intentions, may in retrospect be exposing refugees to the dangers of human trafficking and exploitation.<br/> Ukrainian refugees – also referred to as internally displaced persons (IDPs) if still remaining in Ukraine or as parolees if attempting to enter the United States (US) – seeking entry into the United Kingdom (UK) or US are required to find a private sponsor who accepts financial responsibility for them during their stay in their host country. In the UK, private sponsors are paid a monthly stipend, while in the US, private sponsors are not paid but actually contract with the US government to be financially responsible for the persons whom they are sponsoring. By contrast, Ukraine's neighbors, including Poland, with notably less economic and fiscal resources than either the UK or the US, have no private sponsorship requirement.<br/> Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukrainians have been a vulnerable population subjected to human trafficking – a situation exacerbated by Russia's current war against their country. In the first weeks of the war, credible firsthand and in-real-time reports by Ukrainian- and Russian-speaking attorneys and human rights advocates quickly emerged that describe Ukrainian women refugees utilizing online dating platforms, social media sites and online chat rooms to find private sponsors in the UK and the US. While this government policy requiring private sponsorship appeared to be a prudent means for vetting refugees, burden-sharing and shifting the hosting costs away from taxpayers and governments' ledgers, the policy has unintended consequences. Refugee and human trafficking experts state that the private sponsorship requirement compels Ukrainian refugees, 90-plus percent of whom are women and children, to 'market' themselves – often online – to potential private sponsors in the UK and US, thereby exposing themselves to human traffickers. This policy has potentially – albeit unintentionally – increased, exacerbated and even facilitated the human trafficking of Ukrainian refugees, an already vulnerable population experiencing a precariously heightened risk for physical, sexual and economic exploitation due to their growing desperation for physical safety.<br/> This article, written from the practitioners' perspective, discusses how the private sponsorship requirement for Ukrainian refugees is potentially increasing the risk of human trafficking for an already at-risk population, unnecessarily jeopardizing their safety and further stripping them of their human dignity. The unintended consequences of private sponsorship demonstrate that such a requirement in a wartime scenario is ill-conceived, inappropriate and dangerous public policy and, dare it be said, potentially exploitative.
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Lim, Ly Ly. "A Multicultural Act for Australia." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 47–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10i2.5981.
Full textAbstract:
Multiculturalism as a public policy framework depends on states identifying cultural differences among their citizens as salient for resource allocation, political participation and human rights. The adoption of multiculturalism as a term and a framework signifies the recognition of a politics of difference within a liberal democratic framework of identities and aspirations. Yet the national government in Australia unlike any other country with espoused policies of multiculturalism has chosen to have neither human rights nor multicultural, legislation. This paper argues that multicultural societies require either or both sets of legislation to ensure both symbolic affirmation and practical implementation. Taking inspirations from international, Australian State and Territory based multicultural and diversity legislations, and modelling on the Australian Workplace Gender Equality Act of 2012, this paper explores what should be included in a national multicultural legislation and how it could pragmatically operationalise in Australia to express multiculturalism’s emancipatory agenda.
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Dean, Mark, Al Rainnie, Jim Stanford, and Dan Nahum. "Industrial policy-making after COVID-19: Manufacturing, innovation and sustainability." Economic and Labour Relations Review 32, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10353046211014755.
Full textAbstract:
This article critically analyses the opportunities for Australia to revitalise its strategically important manufacturing sector in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It considers Australia’s industry policy options on the basis of both advances in the theory of industrial policy and recent policy proposals in the Australian context. It draws on recent work from The Australia Institute’s Centre for Future Work examining the prospects for Australian manufacturing renewal in a post-COVID-19 economy, together with other recent work in political economy, economic geography and labour process theory critically evaluating the Fourth Industrial Revolution (i4.0) and its implications for the Australian economy. The aim of the article is to contribute to and further develop the debate about the future of government intervention in manufacturing and industry policy in Australia. Crucially, the argument links the future development of Australian manufacturing with a focus on renewable energy. JEL Codes: L50; L52; L78; O10; O13: O25; O44; P18; Q42