Academic literature on the topic 'Human trafficking Government policy Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Human trafficking Government policy Australia"
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Caroine, Norma. "The Koreanization of the Australian Sex Industry: A Policy and Legislative Challenge." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 26, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps26302.
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South Korea enacted Legislation in 2004 that penalizes pimps, traffickers, and sex industry customers while decriminalizing people in prostitution and offering assistance to leave the sex industry. In contrast, Australia Legally recognizes most sex industry activities. This article argues that Australia`s Laissezfaire approach to the sex industry hampers South Korean government efforts to prevent the crime of sex trafficking. Since 2004, pimps and traffickers have moved their activities from South Korea to countries like Australia and the US that maintain relatively hospitable operating environments for the sex industry. The Australian government should reconsider its approach to prostitution on the basis of its diplomatic obligations to countries Like South Korea and the need to uphold the human rights of women in Asia who are being trafficked and murdered as a result of sexual demand emanating from Australia. Australia should coordinate its policy on prostitution with South Korea to strengthen the region`s transnational anti-trafficking response.
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Lilienthal, Gary. "People Trafficking and Smuggling Crimes in Australia: A Critical Analysis of State Intent." Issues in Legal Scholarship 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ils-2016-0249.
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AbstractThis article’s objective is to expose the rhetorical source of the heavy irony in Australia’s immigration detention regime. The observer might wonder why an isolated and vast land could be so concerned at, and afraid of, small groups of “boat people.” Therefore, the paper poses the question as to what reasoning and public policy purposes might underlie the successful public rhetoric vilifying “boat people,” creating the construct of “people smuggling” and demanding military operations to “turn back the boats.” It tries to correlate with a likely state desire to resurrect the old laws of attainder, civil death and outlawry, in order to create a slave-class of displaced migrants, for solely state interests and purposes. In addressing the question structurally, discussion begins with a brief look at the Australian law. Argument then concentrates on the originating negotiations in the international high councils. After this, the article looks at instances of people smuggling rhetoric in Canada, also addressing briefly the United States law. Then there is a section on modern rhetorical analysis, which argument tries to use to explain what might underlie these government methods. The paper briefs the reader on the old laws of civil death, outlawry and attainder in Australia, with a view to a contextual assessment as to whether they are really what underlie the draconian outcomes of Australia’s human trafficking and people smuggling laws and policies. The research outcome will likely suggest that conveniences to the state such as efficiency in policing, removing likely political opposition from new arrivals, avoiding any dilution of the local culture and skirting unwanted international rights are most likely to be the real state intent.
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Steyne, Simon. "Has Anti-Migration and Anti-Refugee Discourse Hampered Progress against Child Labour?" Revista Tecnológica - ESPOL 34, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37815/rte.v34n1.856.
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The chequered application, since 2000, of integrated policies to eradicate the intersectional root causes of child labour sits more recently in a wider political context of recrudescent populist ethnonationalism accompanied by weakened respect by the governments of many countries for the rules-based international system and rights-based development. The author suggests that (apart from Northern-centric trade and policy interests) influential populist-nationalist governments (including those of the United Kingdom (linked to Brexit), and Australia (linked to the “Bali Process”) have contributed to diverting global attention from the largest cohort intended to benefit from Sustainable Development Goal Target 8.7 - the 160 million children now in child labour - by conflating forced labour with trafficking and trafficking with migration and asylum. This conflation seeks to demonise asylum-seekers, refugees, and economic migrants. It is an important element of the discourse of populist-nationalist ruling parties in their search for continued electoral support and reflects a willingness to violate international law protecting human rights.
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Aliyeva, Zamina. "The Law Aspects in Health Management: A Bibliometric Analysis of Issues on the Injury, Damage and Harm in Criminal Law." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 3 (2020): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.3-21.
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The paper presents the analysis of the approaches to define the areas of research on the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law. The obtained results proved that crimes, connected to drugs abuse, their legislation become an essential part of the issues. At the same, developing of government control, medical standards, improving quality of medical education balancing the «medical mistake – injury to human’s health – jurisprudence consequences» triangle in the tendency of the injury, damage and harm in criminal laware becoming very important to the healthcare system due to increasing requirements of regulators, customers and shareholders. The paper aimed to analyse the tendency in the literature on the injury, damage and harm in criminal law, which published in books, journals, conference proceedings etc. to identify future research directions. The methodological tools are VOSviewer, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) software. This study covers 1072 papers from Scopus and WoS database. The time for analysis were 1970-2020. The Scopus and WoS analyse showed that in 2012-2019 the numbers of papers on the injury, damage and harm in criminal law issues began to increase. However, the topics changed from general issues to the problem of decriminalisation of drug trafficking, and the corresponding paradigm shift in the punishment of some crimes, increasing interest in punishing corporations for violating environmental regulations. In 2017 the number of documents dedicated to injury, damage and harm in criminal law was increased by 667% compared to 2012. The main subject areas of analyses of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law were the next: Law, Public environmental, occupational health, Criminology penology, Substance abuse, Psychiatry, Medicine. The biggest amount of investigations of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law was published by the scientists from the USA, United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. In 2019 such journals with high impact factor as International Journal of Drug Policy, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, The Lancet etc. published the number of issues, which analysed of the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law. Such results proved that theme on the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law is actually in the ongoing trends of the modern jurisprudence and regulation. The findings from VOSviewer defined 6 clusters of the papers which analysed the injury, damage and harm to human health in criminal law from the different points of views. The first biggest cluster (with the biggest number of connections) merged the keywords as follows: criminal justice, law enforcement, public health, health care policy, harm reduction, drug legislation, drug and narcotic control, substance abuse, homelessness etc. The second significant cluster integrated the keywords as follows: criminal behaviour, crime victim, adolescent, violence, mental health, mental disease, prisoner, young people, rape, police etc. The third biggest cluster concentrated on criminal aspects of jurisprudence, criminal law, human right, legal liability, social control, government regulation etc. The obtained results allow concluding that balancing the triangles «medical mistakes – criminal – education» and «drugs – criminal – justice» and «abortion – criminal – women/children» form an important part of the injury, damage and harm in criminal law issues. Keywords injury, damage, harm, human health, criminal law, management, governance.
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Prakoso, Abdul Rahman, and Putri Ayu Nurmalinda. "LEGAL POLICY ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING CRIMES." IJCLS (Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies) 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v3i2.17172.
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The crime of trafficking in persons is still a problem in people's lives. Trafficking of persons undertaken includes the process of hiring up to the act of buying and selling people. The existence of Law Number 21 Year 2007 concerning the Eradication of Crime of Trafficking in Persons as protection for trade acts. The legal policy in the realm of human trafficking is not only about central government elements but also related to the policies issued by the local government. The law as an existing regulatory instrument in Indonesia is based on the existence of regional policy to protect its citizens. Trafficking can not be separated from various parties. This concerns various aspects of the community elements involved in it. There is a need for comprehensive prevention to avoid trafficking. In this case both the office and the law enforcers must play a role in the prosecution and protection of trafficking. Keywords: Policy, people trafficking, protection
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Wan Ismail, Wan Nur Ibtisam, Raja Noriza Raja Ariffin, and Kee Cheok Cheong. "Human Trafficking in Malaysia." Administration & Society 49, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 212–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399714532271.
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Recent studies have suggested that migrants are highly vulnerable to being trafficked. Malaysia, with its large number of migrants is vulnerable and is struggling to implement its Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007. There is also little information on implementation experience so far. Through in-depth interviews with government bureaucrats and other stakeholders, this study seeks to gain some insight into Malaysia’s policy implementation experience. It finds inadequate coordination, limited resources, poor information flow, enforcement approach, hierarchical control structure, and need for change as the major factors constraining effective policy implementation.
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Schloenhardt, A., and M. Loong. "Return and Reintegration of Human Trafficking Victims from Australia." International Journal of Refugee Law 23, no. 2 (March 21, 2011): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eer003.
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Rasim, Idul Adnan. "GOVERNMENT POLICY IN PREVENTION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN WEST LOMBOK REGENCY NUSA TENGGARA BARAT." Bilancia: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Syariah dan Hukum 16, no. 2 (December 18, 2022): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/blc.v16i2.968.
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Based on data from the Crisis Centre belonging to the National Agency for the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers which is called BNP2TKI, there were 1,759 complaints from workers assigned abroad as of/January-March 2019, where 71 cases were confirmed as human trafficking. and 2,430 cases which have indicators of human trafficking and there are 32 cases of trafficking in persons from the province of Nusa Tenggara Barat where as many as 59 victims are from West Lombok Regency. Using normative empirical research or also best known as field research, this paper applied the descriptive analysis method in analysing the data and found the following: forms and models of human trafficking in West Lombok Regency, Nusa Tenggara Barat done by a scalper who approached potential target induvidually ( home-to-home / door-to-door), then offered a job with a big number of salary to the victim, using nonprocedural ways, document falsification and persuading victims to escape from legal corporate. The duties of the West Lombok government are to prevent the occurrence of the criminal act of human trafficking there for socialization in the community and schools in West Lombok about procedurally being legal workers migrants and law enforcement on the criminal offender are crucial to be born in mind.
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Budiman, Haris. "The Policy of Kuningan District Regional Government in The Efforts to Prevent Human Trafficking." UNIFIKASI : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 2 (September 27, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/unifikasi.v5i2.1073.
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The era of regional autonomy has made regions strive to utilize their potential for the sake of community�s welfare. Yet, the limited job opportunities cause the job seekers to work abroad which results in various legal cases, including human trafficking. The purpose of this research is to analyze the regulations on human trafficking, the factors causing human trafficking, and the role of regional government in preventing human trafficking. The research method used was non-doctrinal. The results showed that human trafficking has been regulated in various regulations, but in practice, the regulations are not well implemented because of various factors, including economic, social, and cultural factors. Moreover, the policy of Kuningan District Regional Government in the efforts to prevent human trafficking is limited to the forming of Integrated Service Center for Empowering Women and Children (P2TP2A) which in its implementation has not run optimally due to limited funds and participation from the community.�Era otonomi daerah menjadikan daerah berupaya untuk memanfaatkan potensi yang dimilikinya dalam rangka mensejahterakan masyarakat. Akan tetapi keterbatasan lapangan kerja menyebabkan� tingginya� para pencari kerja untuk bekerja di luar negeri, sehingga menimbulkan berbagai kasus hukum, diantaranya perdagangan manusia. Rumusan masalah: bagaimana pengaturan tentang perdagangan manusia,� faktor-faktor apa yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya perdagangan manusia, serta bagaimana peran pemerintah daerah dalam mencegah terjadinya Perdagangan manusia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat non doktrinal dengan pendekatan yuridis empiris. Pengaturan perdagangan manusia telah diatur dalam berbagai perundang-undangan namun dalam pelaksanaannya tidak berjalan dengan optimal karena ada faktor yang mempengaruhi.� Faktor-faktor tersebut antara lain faktor ekonomi, faktor sosial dan faktor budaya. Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Kuningan dalam upaya mencegah perdagangan manusia baru sebatas membentuk� Pusat Pelayanan Terpadu Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak (P2TP2A). yang dalam pelaksanaannya belum berjalan optimal karena�
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Doore, Kathryn E. van. "Regulating Australia’s Participation in the Orphanage Industry." Institutionalised Children Explorations and Beyond 7, no. 1 (March 2020): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2349300319894498.
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Orphanages harness the goodwill of volunteers, visitors and donors to generate funding. However, in recent years, evidence has emerged that in some cases children are being recruited or trafficked into orphanages in order to generate profit from this goodwill. This is known as the ‘orphanage industry’, and the recruitment of children into orphanages for the purpose of profit and exploitation is ‘orphanage trafficking’. Australia is reported to be the largest funder of residential care for children in South East Asia. In 2017, Australia became the first government in the world to consider orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery. This article traces the evolution of the recognition of orphanage trafficking broadly, and then focusses on recommendations made by the Australian government following the release of its 2017 Hidden in Plain Sight Report. This article analyses the emerging policy and legislative reforms that are being undertaken by the Australian government and recommends further development to ensure that funding and finances are appropriately directed to divest from orphanages and instead support burgeoning care reform in the South Asian region. Finally, the article responds to critiques of the Australian government’s standpoint on orphanage trafficking as it relates to the over-reliance on institutional care and provides clarification on why a criminal justice response to orphanage trafficking is appropriate.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human trafficking Government policy Australia"
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Powell, Rebecca. "British policy on human trafficking : the role of non-governmental organisations in seeking change." University of Western Australia. Political Science and International Relations Discipline Group, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0193.
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This thesis looks at the role of British anti-trafficking NGOs in the development of the British policy response to human trafficking. Anti-trafficking NGOs are classified as insiders in the policy process which allows them access to the decision makers during policy developments. Through their insider status, NGOs have promoted their policy agenda for a victim-centred, balanced policy response to human trafficking to the government. A balanced policy response to human trafficking that contains a law enforcement approach with adequate and supportive measures for the protection and support of trafficked victims, has been internationally hailed as being required to tackle human trafficking at a national level. Although the British government has welcomed the input of NGOs in policy developments in response to human trafficking in Britain, the government's primary association of human trafficking with illegal immigration has prevented NGOs from achieving influential success. This thesis argues that the government's associations of human trafficking with illegal immigration have prevented it from further developing its human rights response to trafficking. A victim-centred approach to trafficking will support the existing law enforcement response in achieving an increase in successful prosecutions against the traffickers. Further, it is noted that policy developments in Britain are incremental and slow and the development of a policy response to human trafficking is no exception. By looking at the latest stage of British policy developments on human trafficking, the possibility of a balanced response has emerged for the first time. However, although the government has indicated its commitment to achieving such a response, no practical policy initiatives have been developed or implemented to affirm this commitment. This thesis contributes to the existing and growing body of literature on human trafficking policy in the UK. It aims to contribute to an understanding of how British anti-trafficking NGOs have used their status as insiders in the policy making process in order to influence policy developments, and to understand the limited success that they have experienced.
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Schindeler, Emily Martha. "A genealogy of the problematic of homelessness and the homeless in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32068/1/Emily_Schindeler_Thesis.pdf.
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The homeless have been subject to considerable scrutiny, historically and within current social, political and public discourse. The aetiology of homelessness has been the focus of a large body of economic, sociological, historical and political investigation. Importantly, efforts to conceptualise, explain and measure, the phenomenon of homelessness and homeless people has occurred largely within the context of defining “the problem of the homeless” and the generation of solutions to the ‘problem’. There has been little consideration of how and why homelessness has come to be seen, or understood, as a problem, or how this can change across time and/or place. This alternative stream of research has focused on tracing and analysing the relationship between how people experiencing homeless have become a matter of government concern and the manner in which homelessness itself has been problematised. With this in mind this study has analysed the discourses - political, social and economic rationalities and knowledges - which have provided the conditions of possibility for the identification of the homeless and homelessness as a problem needing to be governed and the means for translating these discourses into the applied domain. The aim of this thesis has been to contribute to current knowledge by developing a genealogy of the conditions and rationalities that have underpinned the problematisation of homelessness and the homeless. The outcome of this analysis has been to open up the opportunity to consider alternative governmental possibilities arising from the exposure of the way in which contemporary problematisation and responses have been influenced by the past. An understanding of this process creates an ability to appreciate the intended and unintended consequences for the future direction of public policy and contemporary research.
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Hallam, Adrienne Louise, and n/a. "Globalisation, Human Genomic Research and the Shaping of Health: An Australian Perspective." Griffith University. School of Science, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040812.114745.
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This thesis examines one of the premier "big science" projects of the contemporary era - the globalised genetic mapping and sequencing initiative known as the Human Genome Project (HGP), and how Australia has responded to it. The study focuses on the relationship between the HGP, the biomedical model of health, and globalisation. It seeks to examine the ways in which the HGP shapes ways of thinking about health; the influence globalisation has on this process; and the implications of this for smaller nations such as Australia. Adopting a critical perspective grounded in political economy, the study provides a largely structuralist analysis of the emergent health context of the HGP. This perspective, which embraces an insightful nexus drawn from the literature on biomedicine, globalisation and the HGP, offers much utility by which to explore the basis of biomedical dominance, in particular, whether it is biomedicine's links to the capitalist infrastructure, or its inherent efficacy and efficiency, that sustains the biomedical paradigm over "other" or non-biomedical health approaches. Additionally, the perspective allows for an assessment of whether there should be some broadening of the way health is conceptualised and delivered to better account for social, economic, and environmental factors that affect living standards and health outcomes, and also the capacity of globalisation to promote such change. These issues are at the core of the study and provide the theoretical frame to examine the processes by which Australian policy makers have given an increasing level of support to human genomic research over the past decade and also the implications of those discrete policy choices. Overall, the study found that globalisation is renewing and extending the dominance of the biomedical model, which will further marginalise other models of health while potentially consuming greater resources for fewer real health outcomes. While the emerging genomic revolution in health care may lead to some wondrous innovations in the coming decades, it is also highly likely to exacerbate the problems of escalating costs and diminishing returns that characterise health care systems in industrialised countries, and to lead to greater health inequities both within and between societies. The Australian Government has chosen to underwrite human genomic research and development. However, Australia's response to the HGP has involved both convergences and variations from the experiences of more powerful industrial nations. The most significant divergence has been in industry and science policy, where until the mid-1990s, the Australian Government displayed no significant interest in providing dedicated research funding, facilities, or enabling agencies to the emerging field. Driven by the threat of economic marginalisation and cultural irrelevance, however, a transformation occurred. Beginning with the Major National Research Facilities Program of the Department of Industry, Science and Technology, and then the landmark Health and Medical Research Strategic Review, support for human genomic research grew strongly. Comprehensive policy settings have recently been established to promote the innovation, commercialisation, promotion and uptake of the products of medical biotechnology and genomics. As such, local advocates of a broader model of health will be forced to compete on the political and economic stage with yet another powerful new area of biomedicine, and thus struggle to secure resources for perhaps more viable and sustainable approaches to health care in the 21st century.
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Love, Kaleen E. "The politics of gender in a time of change : gender discourses, institutions, and identities in contemporary Indonesia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7aea965-c1aa-43b0-bc76-3bc743e90879.
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This dissertation fundamentally explores the nature of change, and the development interventions that aim to bring this change into a particular society. What emerges is the notion of a ‘spiral’: imagining the dynamic relationship between paradigms and discourses, the institutions and programmes operating in a place, and the way individual identities are constructed in intricate and contradictory ways. Within this spiral, discourse has power – ‘words matter’ – but equally significant is how these words interact dialogically with concrete social structures and institutions – ‘it takes more than changing words to change the world’. Furthermore, these changes are reacted to, and expressed in, the physical, sexed body. In essence, change is ideational, institutional, and embodied. To investigate the politics of change, this dissertation analyses the spiral relationships between gender discourses, institutions, and identities in contemporary Indonesia, focusing on their transmission across Java. It does so by exploring the Indonesian state’s gender policies in the context of globalisation, democratisation, and decentralisation. In this way, the lens of gender allows us to analyse the dynamic interactions between state and society, between ideas and institutions, which impact on everything from cultural structures to physical bodies. Research focuses on the gender policies of the Indonesian Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, substantiated with case study material from United Nations Population Fund reproductive health programmes in West Java. Employing a multi-level, multi-vocal theoretical framework, the thesis analyses gender discourses and relational structures (how discourses circulate to construct the Indonesian woman), gender institutions and social structures (how discourses are translated into programmes), and gender identities and embodied structures (how discourses enter the home and the body). Critically, studying gender requires analysing the human body as the site of both structural and symbolic power. This dissertation thus argues for renewed emphasis on a ‘politics of the body’, recognising that bodies are the material foundations from which gender discourses derive their naturalising power and hence ability to structure social relations. The danger of forgetting this politics of the body is that it allows for slippage between ‘gender’ and ‘women’; policy objectives cannot be disentangled from the reality of physical bodies and their social construction. This thesis therefore argues that there are distinct and even inverse impacts of gender policies in Indonesia. As the ‘liberal’ and ‘modern’ assumptions of gender equality are overlaid onto the patriarchal culture of a society undergoing transformation, women’s bodies and women’s sexuality are always and ever the focus of the social gaze. The gender policies and interventions affecting change on discursive and institutional levels may thus provoke reaction at the level of individual identities that are contrary to explicit intentions. In effect, projects that purport to work on ‘gender’ are often so deeply rooted in underlying gender normativity that their net effect is to reinscribe these gender hierarchies. By exposing the contradictions in these underlying paradigms we gain insight into the politics of a transforming society. Furthermore, engaging with the politics of the body allows us to analyse the spiral processes between discourse and practice, the question of power, and the way men and women embody social structures and experience social transformation.
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Smith, Malcolm. "Regulating IVF and pre-implantation tissue-typing for the creation of "saviour siblings" : a harm analysis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35798/1/Malcolm_Smith_Thesis.pdf.
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Scientific discoveries, developments in medicine and health issues are the constant focus of media attention and the principles surrounding the creation of so called ‘saviour siblings’ are of no exception. The development in the field of reproductive techniques has provided the ability to genetically analyse embryos created in the laboratory to enable parents to implant selected embryos to create a tissue-matched child who may be able to cure an existing sick child. The research undertaken in this thesis examines the regulatory frameworks overseeing the delivery of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in Australia and the United Kingdom and considers how those frameworks impact on the accessibility of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedures for the creation of ‘saviour siblings’. In some jurisdictions, the accessibility of such techniques is limited by statutory requirements. The limitations and restrictions imposed by the state in relation to the technology are analysed in order to establish whether such restrictions are justified. The analysis is conducted on the basis of a harm framework. The framework seeks to establish whether those affected by the use of the technology (including the child who will be created) are harmed. In order to undertake such evaluation, the concept of harm is considered under the scope of John Stuart Mill’s liberal theory and the Harm Principle is used as a normative tool to judge whether the level of harm that may result, justifies state intervention or restriction with the reproductive decision-making of parents in this context. The harm analysis conducted in this thesis seeks to determine an appropriate regulatory response in relation to the use of pre-implantation tissue-typing for the creation of ‘saviour siblings’. The proposals outlined in the last part of this thesis seek to address the concern that harm may result from the practice of pre-implantation tissue-typing. The current regulatory frameworks in place are also analysed on the basis of the harm framework established in this thesis. The material referred to in this thesis reflects the law and policy in place in Australia and the UK at the time the thesis was submitted for examination (December 2009).
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Keo, Chenda. "Human traffickers in Cambodia : from assumptions to evidence." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150231.
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Standfield, Rachel. ""Not for lack of trying" : discourses of whiteness, race, and human rights in postwar Australia." Master's thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150356.
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Mollema, Nina. "Combating human trafficking in South Africa: a comparative legal study." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10189.
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This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive diachronic as well as contemporary overview of the punishment and prevention of human trafficking in South Africa as well as in the legal systems of the US, Germany and Nigeria is provided.
An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking generally, as well as specific, to the four selected regions. It was found that in South Africa – similar to the history of slavery in the jurisdictions of the US, Germany and Nigeria – colonisation and the institution of slavery and, more particularly in South Africa, the legacy of the apartheid regime has had an impact on modern human trafficking.
The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa needs to adopt specific and comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that is based essentially on the provisions of the Palermo Protocol, that is, the draft TIP Bill. Although the Bill is a major improvement on the provisions in the Palermo Protocol as well as on certain aspects of the anti-trafficking legislation in the US, Germany and Nigeria, the Bill can still be improved, especially with regard to more effective victim assistance and the combating of local-specific vulnerability factors. Anti-trafficking efforts undertaken in the US, Germany and Nigeria which may be of value also for the adoption of anti-trafficking legislation, law enforcement and other strategies in South Africa, are further identified.
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The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties (including conventions), protocols, declarations and resolutions – those focussing specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus – oblige states to prosecute traffickers, protect people vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and create structures for prevention. Regional instruments specifically formulated to combat trafficking as well as instruments that make reference to the issue of trafficking in persons may further provide the basis for long-term strategies to combat human trafficking. However, it was found that although South Africa has adopted many cooperative mechanisms in the form of direct bilateral or multilateral agreements, as well as international and regional treaties and conventions, the jurisdiction has not as yet implemented comprehensive strategies to combat human trafficking. The introduction of legislation to combat human trafficking, and various other strategies envisaged in the TIP Bill and also recommendations suggested in this thesis, should be considered by parliament as a matter of priority. A comprehensive response to human trafficking which includes adequate protection of victims is required in terms of various constitutional imperatives identified in this research.Criminal & Procedural Law
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MacCallion, Gregory John. "Defining human and national security in military interventions : Australia and Canada in Somalia and Afghanistan." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155775.
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Since the introduction of the concept of human security in 1994, debates have raged regarding the definition and applicability of the concept. Proponents of human security have sought to define the concept so that it may be utilised, whereas critics of human security have argued that the concept is too broad and amorphous to be adopted or utilised by states in international relations. This thesis examines two states; Australia, which has never utilised the term, 'human security,' in its declaratory policies; and Canada, a state that, for a time, was one of the most vocal proponents of the concept in its foreign policy statements. The research examines the two countries' military interventions in Somalia (1992-1995 - prior to the introduction of human security as a concept) and Afghanistan (2001-2013 - after the concept's introduction) to establish if, and to what extent, human security featured in and/or shaped their missions. Drawing upon an analysis of Australia's and Canada's declaratory policies and implementation approaches for each mission, this thesis presents a unique analytical framework that assesses the degree of norm internalisation of human security by the two states. It argues that human security is both co-opted and adapted by states in military interventions when the limitation of traditional national security approaches is recognised and when such actions are in alignment with national values. This thesis finds that the core concept of human security can be, and has been, operationalised at the implementation level, regardless of whether the state has a clearly defined declaratory policy of human security or not. Further, states now perceive the core concept of human security as a necessary condition for mission success in military interventions; military security, alone, is no longer enough. The thesis concludes with the argument that, for states, the concept of human security works better in practice (implementation) than it does in theory (declaratory policies). Indeed, when it comes to incorporating the fundamental elements of human security in military interventions, this thesis argues, it is the practices of human security that drives, and helps create, policies based on human security.
Books on the topic "Human trafficking Government policy Australia"
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The war on human trafficking: U.S. policy assessed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006.
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DeStefano, Anthony M. The war on human trafficking: U.S. policy assessed. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press, 2008.
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Cambodia. National Committee to Lead S.T.S.L.S. National plan of action on the suppression of human trafficking, smuggling, labour and sexual exploitation (S.T.S.L.S.) 2011-2013. Phnom Penh]: National Committee to Lead S.T.S.L.S., 2011.
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Nepal. Ministry of Women, Children, and Social Welfare. A report on anti-human trafficking initiatives led by Government of Nepal. Kathmandu: Ministry of Women, Children, and Social Welfare, Government of Nepal, 2013.
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Trafficking, Philippines Inter-Agency Council Against. National strategic action plan against trafficking in persons, 2012-2016. Manila]: Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking, 2012.
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United States. Government Accountability Office. Human trafficking: Better data, strategy, and reporting needed to enhance U.S. antitrafficking efforts abroad : report to the Chairman, Committe on the Judiciary and the Chairman, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006.
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SAARC Human Resource Development Centre. Human Trafficking situation in SAARC region: Bridging the gaps. Islamabad]: SAARC Human Resource Development Centre, 2012.
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Council for Anti-Trafficking in Persons (Malaysia). National action plan against trafficking in persons, 2010-2015. Putrajaya: Council for Anti-Trafficking in Persons, Government of Malaysia, 2010.
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Burma. Lū Kunʻ Kūʺ mhu Tāʺ chīʺ Kā kvayʻ reʺ Bahui ʼA phvaiʹ. Myanmar second five-year national plan of action to combat human trafficking annual work plan for 2012. Nay Pyi Taw?]: Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Home Affairs, Central Body for Suppression of Trafficking in Persons, 2012.
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Política de seguridad contra el delito de trata de personas. Buenos Aires?]: Ministerio de Seguridad, Presidencia de la Nación, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Human trafficking Government policy Australia"
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Lynch, Gordon. "‘The Risk Involved is Inappreciable… and the Gain Exceptional’: Child Migration to Australia and Empire Settlement Policy, 1913–1939." In UK Child Migration to Australia, 1945-1970, 23–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69728-0_2.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the development of UK child migration to Australia in the inter-war period. Following the opening of Kingsley Fairbridge’s experimental farm school for child migrants at Pinjarra in 1913, the 1920s and 1930s saw a gradual increase in the number of voluntary societies involved in this work and of residential institutions in Australia receiving child migrants. The growth of these programmes in the wider context of the UK Government’s assisted migration policies is discussed. During the 1930s, the global financial depression weakened governmental support for assisted migration, and greater caution emerged within the UK Government about the value of some planned migration schemes. Nevertheless, by 1939, child migration to Australia was seen by UK policy-makers as a small but important part of the attempt to strengthen ties with Britain’s Dominions and to make more efficient use of their collective human and material resources.
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Dean, Laura A. "Uneven implementation of human trafficking policies." In Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia, 121–48. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352839.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses how anti-trafficking institutions and networks combine to diffuse policy implementation from the top-down and bottom-up. It shows that when no one in the government is held accountable for the implementation of the policies uneven policy implementation occurs as some countries (i.e. Latvia) are more effective at implementing policy than others (i.e. Ukraine and Russia). The results demonstrate that top-down implementation (from the national government) was apparent in all three countries as the government entities attempted to guide implementation. Only Latvia was able to balance this top-down approach with a grass roots bottom-up implementation processes facilitated by their working group and the strength of the interest groups in that country. This could also demonstrate that country size and/or decentralization reforms from the federal level help facilitate human trafficking policy implementation. The influence of internal factors including law enforcement measures to combat trafficking and interest group strength are the most significant facilitators of policy implementation. While state capacity and commitment, bureaucracy, and corruption were the biggest impediments to successful policy implementation. Interest groups also provide feedback loops, policy evaluations, and guide implementation when the government fell short.
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Dean, Laura A. "Tracing the development of anti-trafficking institutions." In Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia, 73–98. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352839.003.0004.
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This chapter builds on policy adoption, by tracing different anti-trafficking institutions created directly or indirectly as a result of that adoption. It analyzes and compares the establishment and development of five different anti-trafficking institutions: national coordinators, working groups, police units, shelters for victims, and victim certification processes. Although many of these institutions were developed as a result of policy adoption, they are not always codified and even some that are established, fail to work effectively and are only hollow Potemkinesque institutions. The chapter demonstrates that once anti-trafficking institutions are entrenched in countries and there are mechanisms to ensure the institutions’ survival, they have the potential to not only oversee implementation but also are effective actors in the policy subsystem working to develop better and more responsive policy in the future. A competent working group composed of civil society and government officials, which meets regularly, is the most effective anti-trafficking institution a country can possess. However, police units were the only institution that was effectively implemented demonstrating the institutional emphasis on criminalization across all three cases.
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Dean, Laura A. "Linkages among actors in anti-trafficking networks." In Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia, 99–120. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352839.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses how anti-trafficking institutions work together to form anti-trafficking networks illustrating the connections and cooperation among the different institutions. A network analysis is used to examine implementation networks, focusing on how different actors in the human trafficking policy subsystem come together and the ties that bind them. The networks of anti-trafficking institutions in each country reveal a stark divide and disconnect between criminalization aspects of the policy with law enforcement and police and the social aspects with rehabilitation for victims mostly performed by NGOs and women’s advocacy networks. The analysis revealed the Russian network is the smallest and most fragmented but also the densest while the Latvian network is the most cohesive with the largest number of reciprocal ties facilitated by the working group. The network in Ukraine has the highest average of incoming and outgoing connections and the most efficient connection between actors in the network. There was also evidence of interest groups in Ukraine and Russia moving around impediments in the national government by creating their own networks and lobbying specific regional level entities who were more open to cooperation. The results show that the more effective the anti-trafficking institutions are in a country, the more cohesive the anti-trafficking network is at facilitating reciprocal relationships.
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Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, and M. Rezaul Islam. "Human Perceptions and Community Initiatives to the COVID-19 Pandemic." In Handbook of Research on Asian Perspectives of the Educational Impact of COVID-19, 22–32. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8402-6.ch003.
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Millions of human beings are affected COVID-19 worldwide, but the constellation of health and socioeconomic effects of the pandemic varies between developed and developing countries. While the crisis has drawn attention in media as life and livelihood hazard, the differences in human perceptions between developed and developing worlds remain under-documented. The authors explain how different human perceptions are embodied in Australia and Bangladesh in the pandemic by examining the countries' health measures and community initiatives. The rates of COVID-19 infections and deaths were consistently higher in Bangladesh than in Australia. While the Australian government and the Australians showed maturity in managing effects of COVID-19, erratic lockdown measures and imprudent policy decisions by the Bangladesh government together with its inadequate acute care services and income concerns influenced the people's psychosocial perceptions. The study highlights the importance of strengthening the health system and food and income security and investing in community programs in Bangladesh.
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Baines, Donna, Ian Cunningham, Philip James, and Chandrima Roy. "Privatizing the sacrifice: individualized funding, austerity and precarity in the voluntary sector in Australia and Scotland." In The Changing Politics and Policy of Austerity, 82–102. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447359517.003.0005.
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This chapter explores austerity in relation to two major pieces of social policy recently introduced in Australia and Scotland, namely the National Disabilities Insurance Scheme (NDIS) and Personalisation Self-Directed Care. Claiming to promote human rights and consumer choice, both policies introduce cash-for-care packages that significantly change for service users, the female-majority workforce, and the organisations providing services. Consistent with austerity, need for service outstrips supply, labour markets are being rapidly restructured to offer increasingly precarious and degraded employment, including the emergence of gig work in the Australia example, and service organisations in Scotland that are unable to remain solvent in the austerity-led funding regimes. Ideological themes associated with austerity underlie and are reinforced in these programs including a state-led argument that sacrifices, patience and understanding are required of service users while the programs are painstakingly rolled-out and funding packages assessed, reassessed, awarded, and denied. Rather than protecting and empowering service users and workers under these policies, the government has instigated the further privatization of services, and the deepening of insecurity.
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Van Dyke, Ruth. "The UK’s response to modern slavery: law, policy and politics." In The Modern Slavery Agenda, 47–74. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447346791.003.0003.
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The UK government has not been a world leader in terms of policy development in relation to modern slavery. This chapter explores the approaches underpinning policy and the agencies tasked with implementing the policy. It first examines the three different policy responses to human trafficking and forced labour: the criminalisation of modern slavery; the human rights approach to modern slavery; and regulatory mechanisms to protect workers' welfare and rights, from 2000 to now. It is suggested that there is an implementation gap between policy and practice caused by low levels of awareness, the priority attached to tackling modern slavery, inadequate organisational capacity, or a lack of resources. The chapter then focuses on the factors that influenced the development of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, describing some strengths and weaknesses. It concludes by looking to the future and exploring current policy concerns relative to the criminal justice response.
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Coulthard, Max. "Increasing Service Exports." In Service Science Research, Strategy and Innovation, 73–85. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0077-5.ch004.
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Many business leaders and government policy makers see knowledge-based service exports as a way to achieve a global competitive advantage. This chapter presents an Australia-based study of service exporters identifying key barriers to success and potential roles for government agencies. Major findings included the requirement to: better define service exports; ensure exporters are classified accurately; provide appropriate and timely planning; improve financial support; attract qualified and appropriate human resources; plus the need for government incentives and support to increase the innovation and export orientation of service based organisations.
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Sugars, Jasper MacLennan. "Refoulement and Refugees." In Defending Human Rights and Democracy in the Era of Globalization, 181–97. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0723-9.ch008.
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Refoulement, a French word meaning to reject; or backwash, is a contentious issue in the international law and policy. However, the word is unknown to most of the public world – the Australian government operations to deter asylum seekers titled ‘pushing back the boats', ‘operation sovereign borders' are questionably pushing the limits as to what's refoulement and what isn't – but the worded meaning in the convention relating to the status of refugees is the process by which a persecuted asylum seeker is forcibly removed back to a place where they are re-exposed to the same danger from which they are trying to escape. In this article, the author hopes to provide information to others who are interested in the area of refugee policy and, in particular Australia's role in the development of this increasingly important field of international law as well as the implementation of their own unique approach to dealing with asylum seekers arriving in their territorial waters by boat. in this chapter the author has made every effort to provide an unbiased, politically non-partisan view of the current policies which Australia has implemented under domestic law, which includes the act of turning back of boats and offshore processing in third-nation processing facilities.
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Chan, Alfred L. "Seventeen Years in Fujian." In Xi Jinping, 58–99. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197615225.003.0004.
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Xi moved to Fujian during China’s early reform period, when economic backwardness and underdevelopment were the key issues. In the Xiamen Special Economic Zone he experimented with a market economy and “opening up,” and at backward Ningde he combated poverty and corruption. At Fuzhou Xi’s opening policy was designed to attract foreign investment from Taiwan and Hong Kong. With Taiwan, he treaded a fine line between economic engagement and military threat and succeeded in securing the three “lesser links” (postal, transportation, and trade) with Taiwan. Xi initiated many changes in the province necessitated by China’s entry into the World Trade Organization, and put forward slogan-cum-policies such as “limited and service-oriented government.” Apart from dealing with issues such as human trafficking, pollution, and food safety, Xi managed to introduce a rudimentary social safety net for the urban population and assistance for small and medium enterprises. He emerged untainted by the massive Yuanhua smuggling scandal.
Reports on the topic "Human trafficking Government policy Australia"
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Sheridan, Anne. Annual report on migration and asylum 2016: Ireland. ESRI, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat65.
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The Annual Report on Migration and Asylum 2016 provides an overview of trends, policy developments and significant debates in the area of asylum and migration during 2016 in Ireland. Some important developments in 2016 included: The International Protection Act 2015 was commenced throughout 2016. The single application procedure under the Act came into operation from 31 December 2016. The International Protection Office (IPO) replaced the Office of the Refugee Applications Commissioner (ORAC) from 31 December 2016. The first instance appeals body, the International Protection Appeals Tribunal (IPAT), replacing the Refugee Appeals Tribunal (RAT), was established on 31 December 2016. An online appointments system for all registrations at the Registration Office in Dublin was introduced. An electronic Employment Permits Online System (EPOS) was introduced. The Irish Short Stay Visa Waiver Programme was extended for a further five years to October 2021. The Second National Action Plan to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking was published. 2016 was the first full year of implementation of the Irish Refugee Protection Programme (IRPP). A total of 240 persons were relocated to Ireland from Greece under the relocation strand of the programme and 356 persons were resettled to Ireland. Following an Oireachtas motion, the Government agreed to allocate up to 200 places to unaccompanied minors who had been living in the former migrant camp in Calais and who expressed a wish to come to Ireland. This figure is included in the overall total under the IRPP. Ireland and Jordan were appointed as co-facilitators in February 2016 to conduct preparatory negotiations for the UN high level Summit for Refugees and Migrants. The New York Declaration, of September 2016, sets out plans to start negotiations for a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration and a global compact for refugees to be adopted in 2018. Key figures for 2016: There were approximately 115,000 non-EEA nationals with permission to remain in Ireland in 2016 compared to 114,000 at the end of 2015. Net inward migration for non-EU nationals is estimated to be 15,700. The number of newly arriving immigrants increased year-on-year to 84,600 at April 2017 from 82,300 at end April 2016. Non-EU nationals represented 34.8 per cent of this total at end April 2017. A total of 104,572 visas, both long stay and short stay, were issued in 2016. Approximately 4,127 persons were refused entry to Ireland at the external borders. Of these, 396 were subsequently admitted to pursue a protection application. 428 persons were returned from Ireland as part of forced return measures, with 187 availing of voluntary return, of which 143 were assisted by the International Organization for Migration Assisted Voluntary Return Programme. There were 532 permissions of leave to remain granted under section 3 of the Immigration Act 1999 during 2016. A total of 2,244 applications for refugee status were received in 2016, a drop of 32 per cent from 2015 (3,276). 641 subsidiary protection cases were processed and 431 new applications for subsidiary protection were submitted. 358 applications for family reunification in respect of recognised refugees were received. A total of 95 alleged trafficking victims were identified, compared with 78 in 2015.