Journal articles: 'Human tongue'

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Rodriguez, Selena, Ruri Galvan, and Deepak Ganta. "Modelling and simulation of soft robotic human tongue with improved motion." Engineering Research Express 3, no. 4 (November 22, 2021): 045027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac396f.

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Abstract There is a huge demand for electronic tongues in the food and pharmaceutical industries for chemical detection and flavor analysis. The lack of availability of robots with electronic tongues has motivated us to investigate, design, and simulate a human tongue’s complex motions. Human anatomy was studied in detail to modify the standard design of the human tongue, with the addition of 32 embedded chambers at strategic locations, to replicate various 3D motions (rolling, groove, twist, and elongation) of the human tongue necessary for improving the biochemical sensing capabilities. The FEM (Finite element method) simulations showed the relation between pressure and deformation range for various kinds of motions in a human tongue, including the mechanical properties from the stress versus strain response.

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Jones, Nigel, Judith Kearins, and John Watson. "The Human Tongue Show and Observers' Willingness to Interact: Replication and Extensions." Psychological Reports 60, no. 3 (June 1987): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3.759.

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Tongue showing and observers' willingness to interrupt was investigated in the laboratory with 48 male and 48 female subjects and 5 male and 5 female confederates. Subjects needed to interrupt confederates whose tongues showed while they were concentrating on a task or who concentrated without a tongue show, or who held a neutral facial expression while engaged on a task. Significant latencies to interruption occurred with the tongue-show condition, a result consistent with 1982 work of Dolgin and Sabini. No significant effects for sex were found. In a field study, subjects approached one of two confederates who were selling plants; both confederates were reading but one was tongue-showing as well. Confederates, whether man or woman without a tongue show, were approached significantly more often by prospective buyers. Tongue-showing appears to act as a deterrent to social interaction; its possible role in the social acceptability of Down Syndrome children is discussed.

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Senan, Manesh, and Varun Menon P. "Pentafid tongue: A new entity." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 48, no. 03 (September 2015): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.173130.

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ABSTRACTTongue plays a pivotal role in both physiological and functional life of human beings. Structural and developmental abnormalities of the tongue in various forms have been reported in isolation or in combination with various syndromes. Though cases of bifid tongues have been mentioned in literature, no reports of pentafid tongue have been reported till date. Here we describe a unique case of congenital pentafid tongue along with bilateral polydactyly and its surgical management.

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Titova, Tanya, and Veselin Nachev. ""Electronic tongue" in the Food Industry." Food Science and Applied Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30721/fsab2020.v3.i1.74.

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“Electronic tongue” (e-tongue) is instrumental system are designed to crudely mimic human taste sensory organs and are composed of an array of sensors. Complex data sets from „e- tongue“ signals combined with multivariate statistics represent rapid and efficient tools for classification, recognition and identification of samples, also for the prediction of concentrations of different compounds. A wide variety of sensors can be employed into the design of these instrumental systems, especially that of „e-tongues“, offering numerous practical applications. In this study are review, characteristics of sensors and possibilities „e-tongue“ applications in the food industry.Practical applications: The “e-tongue” can be used in various applications, including on quality control in the food industry and pharmacy.

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Yeom, Jeonghee, Ayoung Choe, Seongdong Lim, Youngsu Lee, Sangyun Na, and Hyunhyub Ko. "Soft and ion-conducting hydrogel artificial tongue for astringency perception." Science Advances 6, no. 23 (June 2020): eaba5785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba5785.

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Artificial tongues have been receiving increasing attention for the perception of five basic tastes. However, it is still challenging to fully mimic human tongue–like performance for tastes such as astringency. Mimicking the mechanism of astringency perception on the human tongue, we use a saliva-like chemiresistive ionic hydrogel anchored to a flexible substrate as a soft artificial tongue. When exposed to astringent compounds, hydrophobic aggregates form inside the microporous network and transform it into a micro/nanoporous structure with enhanced ionic conductivity. This unique human tongue–like performance enables tannic acid to be detected over a wide range (0.0005 to 1 wt %) with high sensitivity (0.292 wt %−1) and fast response time (~10 s). As a proof of concept, our sensor can detect the degree of astringency in beverages and fruits using a simple wipe-and-detection method, making a powerful platform for future applications involving humanoid robots and taste monitoring devices.

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Sanders, Ira, Liancai Mu, Asif Amirali, Hungxi Su, and Stanislaw Sobotka. "The Human Tongue Slows Down to Speak: Muscle Fibers of the Human Tongue." Anatomical Record 296, no. 10 (August 9, 2013): 1615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.22755.

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Iskander, Andrew, and Ira Sanders. "Morphological Comparison between Neonatal and Adult Human Tongues." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 112, no. 9 (September 2003): 768–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940311200905.

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There are currently no descriptions of neonatal tongue anatomy. Therefore, there have been no reports on the morphological differences between it and the adult tongue that would suggest its suitability for suckling. Serial coronal sections of a neonatal tongue were used to create a 3-dimensional model that was compared to that of the adult tongue. Compared to the adult human tongue, the neonatal tongue was found to contain 1) considerably less fat and soft tissue; 2) a thinner mucosa; 3) relatively enlarged extrinsic musculature; 4) a less-developed superior longitudinal muscle, resulting in a flat dorsal surface; and 5) attachments between the extrinsic muscles and the transverse muscle group that have not been identified in the adult tongue. The particular structure of the neonatal tongue suggests how the neonatal tongue is specialized for suckling.

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Delong, Liu, Liu Qingfeng, and Qin Wenfei. "R462 – Anatomic Characteristics of Tongue Coblation." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P199—P200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.622.

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Problem We investigated the topographic anatomic characteristics of the human tongue in order to determine the safest location for Coblation® (ArthroCare Corp., Sunnyvale, CA) tongue treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and to provide detailed anatomic data to facilitate the surgery. Methods We dissected 16 lateral tongues from human cadavers and studied the distribution of the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery and their respective distances. The ratios of those distances to the length and width of the tongue were calculated to establish the safest locations for Coblation tongue treatment. Results The vertical distance from the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery to the surface of the tongue was invariant near the foramen caecum. The ratio of the horizontal distance from the hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery to the midline of the tongue to its length and the vertical distance to the surface at the foramen caecum and at 10 mm and 25 mm from the apex was obtained. Analysis of the data using ANOVA (analysis of variance) revealed statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Conclusion Low-temperature radiofrequency tongue treatment (Coblation) offers a safe and effective treatment for patients with retroglossal OSAHS. Recognizing the topographic anatomic characteristics of the tongue and applying the concepts of ratio and individualization, in which consideration is given to each patient's unique anatomy, promotes greater safety and optimal patient outcomes. Significance The data could extend the area of surgery in tongue from before or after caecum to the whole tongue. It could facilitate the coblation tongue treatment which is different from those surgeries in the base of tongue. And coblation tongue channeling (CTC) is very useful to treat hypertrophic tongue in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). We have performed many CTC on the patients with OSAS and give the relative area by proportional view in the tongue based on the data.

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Nesmith, Alexander P., Matthew A. Wagner, Francesco S. Pasqualini, Blakely B. O’Connor, Mark J. Pincus, Paul R. August, and Kevin Kit Parker. "A human in vitro model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy muscle formation and contractility." Journal of Cell Biology 215, no. 1 (October 3, 2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201603111.

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Tongue weakness, like all weakness in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), occurs as a result of contraction-induced muscle damage and deficient muscular repair. Although membrane fragility is known to potentiate injury in DMD, whether muscle stem cells are implicated in deficient muscular repair remains unclear. We hypothesized that DMD myoblasts are less sensitive to cues in the extracellular matrix designed to potentiate structure–function relationships of healthy muscle. To test this hypothesis, we drew inspiration from the tongue and engineered contractile human muscle tissues on thin films. On this platform, DMD myoblasts formed fewer and smaller myotubes and exhibited impaired polarization of the cell nucleus and contractile cytoskeleton when compared with healthy cells. These structural aberrations were reflected in their functional behavior, as engineered tongues from DMD myoblasts failed to achieve the same contractile strength as healthy tongue structures. These data suggest that dystrophic muscle may fail to organize with respect to extracellular cues necessary to potentiate adaptive growth and remodeling.

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Kohyama, Kaoru, Sayaka Ishihara, Makoto Nakauma, and Takahiro Funami. "Compression Test of Soft Food Gels Using a Soft Machine with an Artificial Tongue." Foods 8, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8060182.

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Care food is increasingly required in the advanced-aged society. Mechanical properties of such foods must be modified such that the foods are easily broken by the tongue without chewing. When foods are compressed between the tongue and the hard palate, the tongue deforms considerably, and only soft foods are broken. To simulate tongue compression of soft foods, artificial tongues with stiffness similar to that of the human tongue were created using clear soft materials. Model soft gels were prepared using gellan gums. A piece of gel on an artificial tongue was compressed using a texture analyzer. The deformation profile during the compression test was obtained using a video capture system. The soft machine equipped a soft artificial tongue sometimes fractured food gels unlike hard machine, which always fracture gels. The fracture properties measured using the soft machine were better than those obtained from a conventional test between hard plates to mimic natural oral processing in humans. The fracture force on foods measured using this soft machine may prove useful for the evaluation of food texture that can be mashed using the tongue.

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Robson, David. "Artificial tongue mimics human speech." New Scientist 199, no. 2666 (July 2008): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61870-9.

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Takemoto, Hironori. "Morphological Analyses of the Human Tongue Musculature for Three-Dimensional Modeling." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44, no. 1 (February 2001): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2001/009).

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Skilled movements of the tongue in speech articulation reflect complex formation of the tongue musculature, although its description in the anatomical literature is rather limited for developing a realistic computational model of the tongue. This study presents detailed descriptions of the muscular structure of the human tongue based on macroscopic and microscopic observations and provides threedimensional schemata of the tongue musculature. Histologic examination revealed that the tongue consists of five strata, stacked along the courses of the fibers of the genioglossus muscle in proximal-distal directions. This stratum structure exists in the entire tongue tissue, indicating that the lingual musculature can be divided into the inner and outer regions. The former consisted of the "stem" and "core," and the latter of the "cover" and "fringe." In gross dissection, the tongue was cut into wedge-like blocks along the course of the genioglossus muscle to examine muscle fiber arrangement. Using this approach, it was determined that serial repetitions of "structural units" composed the inner musculature of the tongue. Each unit consisted of a pair of thin muscle fiber laminae; one was composed of the genioglossus and vertical muscles, and the other of the transverse muscle. In the apex, the laminae lacked the fibers of the genioglossus. These findings have been incorporated in three-dimensional schemata of the tongue musculature.

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Rie, Shimotakahara, Hyeyong Lee, Daisaku Nishimoto, and Shigemitsu Ogata. "Morphological study of the hypoglossal and lingual nerves." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 05, no. 03 (July 2016): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401605.

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Abstract Background and objectives: In treatment of dental conditions and dental anaesthesiology, a thorough understaoding of course, directions and distribution of nerves and blood vessels supplying the tongue is extremely important. However, the morphology of the nerves supplying the tongue has not yet been fully understood. We applied comparative anatomical approach in order to observe innervation of the tongue in detail, with the focus on the distribution of the lingual nerves and its communication with the hypoglossal nerve. Material and methods: Ten adult human tongues with no grossly detectable abnormalities that were resected from cadavers donated for anatomical study and five monkey tongues were used. Specimens were immersed in water and dissected under a stereomicroscope, and gross examination of the morphology and directions of branches of the hypoglossal and lingual nerves, communicating branches between these two nerves, and their connection status was done. Observations: All branches shared common morphological characteristics: branches near the root of the tongue were relatively straight, while they meandered and formed loops nearer to the apex of tongue. In addition to the branch on the anterior muscle bundle of the hyoglossus muscle, which could be easily observed, there were two more communicating points (total of three communicating branches in both humans and Japanese macaques: in the inner part of the genioglossus muscle and the apex of the tongue). Conclusions: The levels of communicating nerve complexity between the hypoglossal nerve and the lingual nerve and the thickness of nerve fibers varied among individual subjects, but there was a common three-site communication pattern.

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Amirali, Asif, Lian-Cai Mu, Raphael E. Rosenbaum, and Ira Sanders. "Myofibrillar ATPase of human tongue muscle." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 121, no. 2_suppl (August 1999): P92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(99)80122-3.

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Sawaf, M. H., J. P. Ouhayoun, A. H. M. Shabana, and N. Forest. "Cytokeratin expression in human tongue epithelium." American Journal of Anatomy 189, no. 2 (October 1990): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001890206.

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De Villiers, E. M., H. Weidauer, H. Otto, and H. Zur Hausen. "Papillomavirus DNA in human tongue carcinomas." International Journal of Cancer 36, no. 5 (November 15, 1985): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910360510.

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Kajee, Yaseen, J.-P. V. Pelteret, and B. D. Reddy. "The biomechanics of the human tongue." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 29, no. 4 (January 14, 2013): 492–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.2531.

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Fukui, Kotaro, Yuma Ishikawa, Eiji Shintaku, Masaaki Honda, and Atsuo Takanishi. "Anthropomorphic Talking Robot Based on Human Biomechanical Structure." Advances in Science and Technology 58 (September 2008): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.58.153.

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We developed an anthropomorphic talking robot, Waseda Talker No. 6 (WT-6), which generates speech sounds by mechanically simulating articulatory motions and aero-acoustic phenomena. WT-6 possesses 17 degrees of freedom (DOF): a 5-DOF tongue, 1-DOF jaws, 4-DOF lips, a nasal cavity, and a 1-DOF soft palate as articulators; and 5-DOF vocal cords and 1-DOF lungs as vocal organs. The vocal cords, tongue, and lips are made from the thermoplastic rubber Septon, whose elasticity is similar to that of human tissue. WT-6 has three-dimensional (3D) lips, tongue, jaw, and velum, which form the vocal tract structure. It also has an independent jaw opening/closing mechanism. The previous robot in the series had a two-dimensional tongue and could not produce human-like tongue shape. The new tongue can form 3D shapes, and thus, is able to produce more realistic vocal tract shapes. The vocal cord model consists of two folds, and is constructed with a structure similar to the biomechanical structure of human vocal cords. These vocal cords can vibrate in complex phases, similar to those of a human. With these mechanisms, the robot can reproduce human speech in a more biomechanical manner, and thus, can produce a voice closer to that of a human.

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Bailey, E. Fiona, Amber D. Rice, and Andrew J. Fuglevand. "Firing Patterns of Human Genioglossus Motor Units During Voluntary Tongue Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00737.2006.

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The tongue participates in a range of complex oromotor behaviors, including mastication, swallowing, respiration, and speech. Previous electromyographic studies of the human tongue have focused on respiratory-related tongue muscle activities and their role in maintaining upper airway patency. Remarkably, the activities of human hypoglossal motor units have not been studied during the execution of voluntary maneuvers. We recorded single motor unit activity using tungsten microelectrodes in the genioglossus muscle of 10 healthy human subjects performing both slow tongue protrusions and a static holding maneuver. Displacement of the tongue was detected by an isotonic transducer coupled to the lingual surface through a customized lever arm. For protrusion trials, the firing rate at recruitment was 13.1 ± 3 Hz and increased steeply to an average of 24 ± 6 Hz, often with very modest increases in tongue protrusion. For the static holding task, the average firing rate was 16.1 ± 4 Hz, which is surprisingly high relative to limb motor units. The average coefficient of variation of interspike intervals was ∼20% (range, 10–28%). These are the first recordings of their type obtained in human subjects and provide an initial glimpse into the voluntary control of hypoglossal motoneurons during tongue movements presumably instigated by activity in the motor cortex.

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Ageeva, Yulia. "TONGUE ROLE IN THE ETIOPATOGENESIS OF DYSFUNCTIONAL DISORDERS OF DENTAL AND OTHER HUMAN FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS." Actual problems in dentistry 18, no. 2 (August 18, 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2022-18-2-5-14.

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Background. The tongue is a powerful muscular organ with a variety of functions and the ability to influence many systems of the human body, which is due to the peculiarities of its embryogenesis, the proximity of many anatomical structures, rich innervation and connection with many parts of the brain. Functional changes of the tongue muscles can be associated with various pathological conditions. Thus, systemic disorders secondarily involve the tongue, and local changes in the tongue (tongue dysfunction, tumors,changes in the mucous membrane in old age and with existing somatic diseases, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and emotional can develop into systemic diseases. Tongue has embryological and functional relationship with the occipital region and the hyoid bone, which develop from the second gill arch. In addition, anatomically, the tongue is also interconnected with the hyoid bone and, therefore, with hyoid muscles and muscles of the mouth bottom. Aim. To determine the significance of the functional features of human tongue in the etiopathogenesis of dysfunctional states of the muscular, respiratory and other systems and the psycho-emotional sphere of the human body. Material and methods. Was analyzed the researchers results from available literature sources from the "Elibrary" and "Pubmed" platforms, including patents and scientific articles of domestic and foreign authors. Results. The paper presents data from literature sources on anatomical and functional relationships with human body systems. The correct physiological localization of the tongue in the oral cavity is described, the advantages of this position are given. Conclusions. It is well known that the tongue participates in speech formation, chewing, swallowing. However, the facts of the influence of the position and functional features of the tongue during breathing, the formation of structures of the maxillary system, the maintenance of posture and muscle balance of the human body, facial function, in the emotional sphere are interesting.

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Thomazo, Jean-Baptiste, Javier Contreras Pastenes, Christopher J. Pipe, Benjamin Le Révérend, Elie Wandersman, and Alexis M. Prevost. "Probing in-mouth texture perception with a biomimetic tongue." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 159 (October 2, 2019): 20190362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0362.

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An experimental biomimetic tongue–palate system has been developed to probe human in-mouth texture perception. Model tongues are made from soft elastomers patterned with fibrillar structures analogous to human filiform papillae. The palate is represented by a rigid flat plate parallel to the plane of the tongue. To probe the behaviour under physiological flow conditions, deflections of model papillae are measured using a novel fluorescent imaging technique enabling sub-micrometre resolution of the displacements. Using optically transparent Newtonian liquids under steady shear flow, we show that deformations of the papillae allow their viscosity to be determined from 1 Pa s down to the viscosity of water (1 mPa s), in full quantitative agreement with a previously proposed model (Lauga et al. 2016 Front. Phys. 4 , 35 ( doi:10.3389/fphy.2016.00035 )). The technique is further validated for a shear-thinning and optically opaque dairy system.

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Guo, Heng, Weizhi Qi, Ming He, Jian Rong, and Lei Xi. "Co-registered photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging for tongue cancer detection." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 11, no. 03 (May 2018): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545818500086.

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Tongue cancer is an increasingly common disease with high morbidity. Besides clinical observation, biomedical imaging techniques have been investigated for early detection of tongue cancer. In this paper, we proposed a co-registered dual-modality photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound imaging technique to simultaneously map the functional and structural information of human tongue, which has the potential to detect and diagnose tongue cancer in early stage. The imaging probe comprises a 20-MHz side-view focused transducer for ultrasound imaging and PA detection, a light path constructed by a multimode optical fiber, and a prism for PA illumination. Phantom experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the system including penetration depth, spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. In vivo imaging of animal tumor and human tongue was carried out to show the feasibility of the proposed technique to detect tumor lesions in human tongue. The results of phantom and in vivo experiments suggest that the proposed technique has the potential to detect the early-stage cancer lesions in human tongue.

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Alekseeva, Tatyana A., and Elena D. Lutsay. "Current data on the development of tongue in prenatal period of human ontogenesis." Science and Innovations in Medicine 7, no. 3 (September 4, 2022): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2022-7-3-148-154.

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The timely diagnosis and treatment of maxillofacial pathologies where the tongue plays an important role requires an accurate description of the organs structure and development. The paper presents a review of the current research data on the features of embryonic development, macro- and microanatomy, morphometry and ultrasound anatomy of the human tongue during the prenatal development. The selected papers, published in the Russian and English languages, cover the period of the last decade. We generalized the obtained data using the empirical and theoretical approaches. The macroscopic study of the external structure of the tongue was underrepresented in the current studies, usually performed in combination with morphometry. The studies of histotopograms in combination with histochemical methods were numerous, contributing to the more detailed classification of the tongue development stages. The selected papers focused on the period of human embryonic development and the correlating histological characteristics of the tongue. The morphometric characteristics and the blood supply of the tongue in the prenatal period require further research.

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Bhateja, Sumit, Vibhuti Mudgal, and Geetika Arora. "Tongue print and its role in forensic odontology- A review." Journal of Dental Panacea 4, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jdp.2022.024.

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With advancement of science and technology new methods of biometrics are being developed which aids in identification of individuals during time of disasters or in any legal matters. One of the most recently developed technology includes the use of tongue print in which human tongue serves as a source of evidence in human recognition. The human tongue is considered as one of the most reliable source of evidence as it is well protected in the oral cavity and can be easily stuck out of the mouth for inspection and along with this another great advantage of using our tongue as a source of identification is its uniqueness as no two same individuals have same tongue.

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SATO, Masataka, and Tooru SATO. "Fine Structure of Developed Human Tongue Muscle." Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 69, no. 2-3 (1992): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2535/ofaj1936.69.2-3_115.

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Stål, P., S. Marklund, L. E. Thornell, R. De Paul, and P. O. Eriksson. "Fibre Composition of Human Intrinsic Tongue Muscles." Cells Tissues Organs 173, no. 3 (2003): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000069470.

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Zhang, Xinyu, G. M. Reich, Michael Antoniou, Mikhail Cherniakov, Chris J. Baker, Lore Thaler, Daniel Kish, and Graeme E. Smith. "Human echolocation: waveform analysis of tongue clicks." Electronics Letters 53, no. 9 (April 2017): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.0454.

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DAGANI, RON. "Sensor array aims to mimic human tongue." Chemical & Engineering News 76, no. 26 (June 29, 1998): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v076n026.p012.

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De Luca, Christine. "Mother tongue as a universal human right." International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 20, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2017.1392606.

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Chen, Li, Yong Hai Sun, and Yang Liu. "The Parameters Optimization of Bionic Tongue Block Based on the Discrete Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 3298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.3298.

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Human tongue has complex structure and involves in chewing function, such as transporting and mixing foods. In order to develop tongue block of the bionic chewing equipment to make the food materials slide from the lingual surface to the tooth surface as much as possible in the same time, three-dimensional model of tongue block was built according to the geometric shape and physiology characteristic of the human tongue. The discrete element method was used to simulate the whole delivery process of food materials to teeth area, and then the geometrical parameters of the tongue block were optimized. The simulated results showed that when the height of the tongue tip and the tongue root were fixed, the optimal slope angles which have the decisive effect on the process of food materials slide were 32°and 2° respectively. The results provided a theoretical basis for the processing of tongue block of the bionic chewing equipment.

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Trulsson, Mats, and Gregory K. Essick. "Low-Threshold Mechanoreceptive Afferents in the Human Lingual Nerve." Journal of Neurophysiology 77, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.2.737.

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Trulsson, Mats and Gregory K. Essick. Low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents in the human lingual nerve. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 737–748, 1997. Intrafascicular multiunit activity and impulses in single mechanoreceptive afferents were recorded from the human lingual nerve with permucosally inserted tungsten microelectrodes. Nylon filaments and blunt glass probes were used for mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of the dorsal surface of the tongue. The innervation territories of nine nerve fascicles were mapped during multiunit recordings. All fascicle fields included the tip of the tongue, suggesting a particularly high innervation density for this area. Thirty-three single mechanoreceptive afferents were isolated and studied. Of these afferents, 22 were characterized by very small mucosal receptive fields (range: 1–19.6 mm2; geometric mean: 2.4 mm2) and responded to extremely low mechanical forces (force threshold range: 0.03–2 mN; geometric mean: 0.15 mN). As such, it was concluded that these “superficial” units terminated near the surface of the tongue. The remaining 11 units responded to probing of large areas of the tongue (>200 mm2) and exhibited high force thresholds (≥4 mN). It was concluded that these “deep” units terminated in the muscle mass of the tongue. Fourteen of the superficial units were classified as rapidly adapting and resembled the fast-adapting type I afferents described for the glabrous skin of the human hand. The rapidly adapting units responded both during the application and removal of, but not during maintenance of, the mechanical stimuli on the receptive field. Two types of slowly adapting responses were observed. One type (characteristic of only 2 units) was characterized by a pronounced sensitivity to force change during the application and removal of the mechanical stimuli and an irregular static discharge during maintenance of the stimulus on the receptive field. In contrast, the other six units exhibited a weak sensitivity to force change, a highly regular static discharge, and spontaneous activity. As such, these two types of slowly adapting units resembled the slowly adapting I and II afferents, respectively, described for the hand. All 11 deep units were slowly adapting, and 7 were, in addition, spontaneously active. The units were not equally sensitive to the application and removal of the mechanical stimuli, suggesting at least two different modes of termination in tongue muscle. The deep units reliably encoded information about tongue movements in the absence of direct contact with the receptive field. In contrast, the superficial units responded vigorously when the tongue was moved to bring the receptive field into physical contact with other intraoral structures.

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Faisal, Faisal, and Bashir Ahmed Rind. "http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/132." Habibia Islamicus 4, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47720/hi.2020.0402u03.

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A human depends on other human for their happiness and long life, that’s why a human is called a social animal. Speech is the only thing through which human shows their value/worth in the society. A human always tries to show/prove that they (he/she) are/is not just a social animal but a better member of society. A human uses tongue to show emotions of well wishes to others. Tongue is the most important organ in human body. It is said that your heaven depends on the use of tongue. Allah Almighty has given tongue to communicate/talk. However it is said that some people use it like their hands and feet (in treating others), and that is the place where a human becomes worst than an animal. This article analyzes to speech, its proper usage, tolerance and speaking good or bad language according to various situations in the light of Quran, Sunnah and teachings of Justice Peer Muhammad Karam Shah Al-Azhari (R.A)

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Wang, Fuwang, Xiaolei Zhang, and Rongrong Fu. "Research on Home-Auxiliary Robot System Based on Characteristics of Human Physiological and Motion Signals." Complexity 2020 (February 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8195893.

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A home-auxiliary robot system based on characteristics of the electrooculogram (EOG) and tongue signal is developed in the current study, which can provide daily life assistance for people with physical mobility disabilities. It relies on five simple actions (blinking twice in a row, tongue extension, upward tongue rolling, and left and right eye movements) of the human head itself to complete the motions (moving up/down/left/right and double-click) of a mouse in the system screen. In this paper, the brain network and BP neural network algorithms are used to identify these five types of actions. The result shows that, for all subjects, their average recognition rates of eye blinks and tongue movements (tongue extension and upward tongue rolling) were 90.17%, 88.00%, and 89.83%, respectively, and after training, the subjects can complete the five types of movements in sequence within 12 seconds. It means that people with physical disabilities can use the system to quickly and accurately complete life self-help, which brings great convenience to their lives.

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Naveed, Safia, and Gurunathan Geetha. "Intelligent Diabetes Detection System based on Tongue Datasets." Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews 15, no. 7 (August 26, 2019): 672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573405614666181009133414.

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Background: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Camera Imaging shows and helps analyze hidden organs in the human body. SEM image analysis provides in-depth and critical details of organ abnormalities. Similarly, the human tongue finds use in the detection of organ dysfunction with tongue reflexology. Objective: To detect diabetes at an early stage using a non-invasive method of diabetes detection through tongue images and to utilize the reasonable cost of modality (SEM camera) for capturing the tongue images instead of the existing and expensive imaging modalities like X-ray, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography etc. Methods: The tongue image is captured via SEM camera, it is preprocessed to remove noise and resize the tongue such that it is suitable for segmentation. Greedy Snake Algorithm (GSA) is used to segment the tongue image. The texture features of the tongue are analyzed and finally it is classified as diabetic or normal. Results: Failure of organs stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas results in change of the color of the tongue, coating thickness and cracks on the tongue. Changes in pancreas proactive behavior also reflect on tongue coating. The tongue coating texture varies from white or vanilla to yellow also the tongue coating thickness also increases. Conclusion: In this paper, the author proposes to diagnose Diabetes Type2 (DT2) at an early stage from tongue digital image. The tongue image is acquired and processed with Greedy Snake Algorithm (GSA) to extract edge and texture features.

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Laine, Christopher M., and E. Fiona Bailey. "Common Synaptic Input to the Human Hypoglossal Motor Nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 1 (January 2011): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00766.2010.

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The tongue plays a key role in various volitional and automatic functions such as swallowing, maintenance of airway patency, and speech. Precisely how hypoglossal motor neurons, which control the tongue, receive and process their often concurrent input drives is a subject of ongoing research. We investigated common synaptic input to the hypoglossal motor nucleus by measuring the coordination of spike timing, firing rate, and oscillatory activity across motor units recorded from unilateral (i.e., within a belly) or bilateral (i.e., across both bellies) locations within the genioglossus (GG), the primary protruder muscle of the tongue. Simultaneously recorded pairs of motor units were obtained from 14 healthy adult volunteers using tungsten microelectrodes inserted percutaneously into the GG while the subjects were engaged in volitional tongue protrusion or rest breathing. Bilateral motor unit pairs showed concurrent low frequency alterations in firing rate (common drive) with no significant difference between tasks. Unilateral motor unit pairs showed significantly stronger common drive in the protrusion task compared with rest breathing, as well as higher indices of synchronous spiking (short-term synchrony). Common oscillatory input was assessed using coherence analysis and was observed in all conditions for frequencies up to ∼5 Hz. Coherence at frequencies up to ∼10 Hz was strongest in motor unit pairs recorded from the same GG belly in tongue protrusion. Taken together, our results suggest that cortical drive increases motor unit coordination within but not across GG bellies, while input drive during rest breathing is distributed uniformly to both bellies of the muscle.

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Kubin, Leszek, Amy S. Jordan, Christian L. Nicholas, Jennifer M. Cori, John G. Semmler, and John Trinder. "Crossed motor innervation of the base of human tongue." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 10 (June 2015): 3499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00051.2015.

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Muscle fibers of the genioglossus (GG) form the bulk of the muscle mass at the base of the tongue. The motor control of the tongue is critical for vocalization, feeding, and breathing. Our goal was to assess the patterns of motor innervation of GG single motor units (SMUs) in humans. Simultaneous monopolar recordings were obtained from four sites in the base of the tongue bilaterally at two antero-posterior levels from 16 resting, awake, healthy adult males, who wore a face mask with airway pressure and airflow sensors. We analyzed 69 data segments in which at least one lead contained large action potentials generated by an SMU. Such potentials served as triggers for spike-triggered averaging (STA) of signals recorded from the other three sites. Spontaneous activity of the SMUs was classified as inspiratory modulated, expiratory modulated, or tonic. Consistent with the antero-posterior orientation of GG fibers, 44 STAs (77%) recorded ipsilateral to the trigger yielded sharp action potentials with a median amplitude of 52 μV [interquartile range (IQR): 25–190] that were time shifted relative to the trigger by about 1 ms. Notably, 48% of recordings on the side opposite to the trigger also yielded sharp action potentials. Of those, 17 (29%) had a median amplitude of 63 μV (IQR: 39–96), and most were generated by tonic SMUs. Thus a considerable proportion of GG muscle fibers receive a crossed motor innervation. Crossed innervation may help ensure symmetry and stability of tongue position and movements under normal conditions and following injury or degenerative changes affecting the tongue.

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Wu, Chao‐Min, and Sung‐Yi Wang. "Construction of MRI‐based three‐dimensional atlas of the human tongue for tongue modeling." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2932860.

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Scheff, N., J. McRae, Z. Conley, and B. Schmidt. "(286) Human tongue squamous carcinoma sensitizes tongue primary afferents in male and female mice." Journal of Pain 17, no. 4 (April 2016): S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.01.192.

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Svensson, Peter, Antonietta Romaniello, Lars Arendt-Nielsen, and Barry J. Sessle. "Plasticity in corticomotor control of the human tongue musculature induced by tongue-task training." Experimental Brain Research 152, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1517-2.

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Falk, Magnus, Emelie J. Nilsson, Stefan Cirovic, Bogdan Tudosoiu, and Sergey Shleev. "Wearable Electronic Tongue for Non-Invasive Assessment of Human Sweat." Sensors 21, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 7311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217311.

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Sweat is a promising biofluid in allowing for non-invasive sampling. Here, we investigate the use of a voltammetric electronic tongue, combining different metal electrodes, for the purpose of non-invasive sample assessment, specifically focusing on sweat. A wearable electronic tongue is presented by incorporating metal electrodes on a flexible circuit board and used to non-invasively monitor sweat on the body. The data obtained from the measurements were treated by multivariate data processing. Using principal component analysis to analyze the data collected by the wearable electronic tongue enabled differentiation of sweat samples of different chemical composition, and when combined with 1H-NMR sample differentiation could be attributed to changing analyte concentrations.

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Pittman, Lora J., and E. Fiona Bailey. "Genioglossus and Intrinsic Electromyographic Activities in Impeded and Unimpeded Protrusion Tasks." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 1 (January 2009): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91065.2008.

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Eight muscles invest the human tongue: four extrinsic muscles have external origins and insert into the tongue body and four intrinsic muscles originate and terminate within the tongue. Previously, we noted minimal activation of the genioglossus tongue muscle during impeded protrusion tasks (i.e., having subjects push the tongue against a force transducer), suggesting that other muscles play a role in the production of tongue force. Accordingly, we sought to characterize genioglossus tongue muscle activities during impeded and unimpeded protrusion tasks (i.e., having subjects slowly and smoothly move the tongue out of their mouth). Electromyographic (EMG) and single motor-unit potentials of the extrinsic genioglossus muscle were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes and EMG activities of intrinsic tongue muscles were recorded with hook-wire electrodes inserted into the anterior tongue body. Tongue position was detected by an isotonic transducer coupled to the tongue tip. Protrusive force was detected by a force transducer attached to a rigid bar. Genioglossus and intrinsic tongue muscles were simultaneously active in both impeded and unimpeded protrusion tasks. Genioglossus whole muscle EMG and single motor-unit activities changed faithfully as a function of tongue position, with increased discharge associated with protrusion and decreased discharge associated with retraction back to the rest position. In contrast, during the impeded protrusion task drive the genioglossus muscle remained constant as protrusion force increased. Conversely, intrinsic tongue muscle activities appropriately followed changes in both tongue position and force. Importantly, we observed significantly higher levels of intrinsic muscle activity in the impeded protrusion task. These observations suggest that protrusion of the human tongue requires activation of the genioglossus and intrinsic protrudor muscles, with the former more important for establishing anterior–posterior tongue location and the latter playing a greater role in the generation of protrusive force. A biomechanical model of these actions is provided and discussed.

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Yeung, Jade, Peter G. R. Burke, Fiona L. Knapman, Jessica Patti, Elizabeth C. Brown, Simon C. Gandevia, Danny J. Eckert, Jane E. Butler, and Lynne E. Bilston. "Task-dependent neural control of regions within human genioglossus." Journal of Applied Physiology 132, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00478.2021.

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During swallowing, we observed two distinct, stereotyped muscle activation patterns that define the horizontal (monophasic, maximal EMG) and oblique (biphasic, submaximal EMG) neuromuscular compartments of genioglossus. In contrast, volitional tongue protrusions produced uniform activation across compartments. This provides evidence for task-dependent, functionally discrete neuromuscular control of the oblique and horizontal compartments of genioglossus. The magnitude and temporal patterning of genioglossus EMG during swallowing may help guide electrode placement in tongue EMG studies.

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Weber, Christine M., and Anne Smith. "Reflex Responses in Human Jaw, Lip, and Tongue Muscles Elicited by Mechanical Stimulation." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, no. 1 (March 1987): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3001.70.

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Reflex responses in human jaw, lip, and tongue muscles were elicited with brief, innocuous mechanical stimuli. Stimuli were applied to the masseter (and overlying tissue), the lower lip vermilion, and the tongue dorsum. Reflex responses occurred in masseter, orbicularis oris inferior, and genioglossus muscles upon direct stimulation of the sites associated with each of these muscles. In contrast, reflex responses to stimulation of "distant" sites occurred almost exclusively in masseter; that is, stimulation of the lip and tongue produced responses in masseter, but, stimulation of jaw muscle spindle afferents and overlying cutaneous receptors had no observable effect on activity in genioglossus or orbicularis oris inferior muscles. It could be hypothesized that the motoneuron pools controlling jaw muscles are more sensitive to synaptic inputs generated by reflex pathways originating in other structures. The sensitivity of the masseter muscle to inputs from the lip and tongue may serve to link these structures functionally.

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Kumar, R., A. Souza, S. Kotian, and S. Kalthur. "Maturation of human lingual papillae during second and third trimesters: a fetal histo-morphological study." Journal of Morphological Sciences 34, no. 03 (July 2017): 194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.115317.

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Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe the histological changes of tongue in a growing fetus. There are very few studies on histogenesis of tongue in human fetuses. Therefore the present study was carried out to describe the histogenesis of human fetal tongue at different gestational ages. Material and Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted on 20 fetuses (both males and females). The tissue sections including both the anterior two thirds and the posterior one third of the tongue were dissected. The slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) for microscopic observation. The images were analysed digitally using ImagePro Premier 9.1 Software. Results: At 20th week, the tongue was lined by stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium and the different types of papillae were distinguishable. No taste buds were observed along the vallate papillae. The glandular and muscular components were well differentiated. At 24 weeks of gestation and the surface of the tongue was lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. At 36 weeks the thickness of the epithelium was significantly reduced and the vascularity of lamina propria was increased. Conclusion: As the prenatal development of the human lingual papillae during the irst trimester is already known through the literature, the present study highlighted the structural maturation of the papillae during second and third trimesters.

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Soussignan, Robert, Alexis Courtial, Pierre Canet, Gisèle Danon-Apter, and Jacqueline Nadel. "Human newborns match tongue protrusion of disembodied human and robotic mouths." Developmental Science 14, no. 2 (August 30, 2010): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.00984.x.

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Grover, Cynthia, and Brian Craske. "Perceiving Tongue Position." Perception 21, no. 5 (October 1992): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p210661.

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Two experiments on perceiving the tongue position were conducted in which naive human subjects pointed to gingival targets, or to extensions of their fingertip, with their tongue. The aim in experiment 1 was to inquire about the existence and accuracy of the perception of the horizontal position of the tongue inside and outside the mouth, and whether kinesthetic elements other than the skin might contribute to perceiving tongue position. Vertical positioning and the calibration of the sensory map that can be presumed to underlie position sense in the tongue were examined in experiment 2. It was found that position sense is equally good in the presence and absence of anesthesia of the mucosa, suggesting that the muscles, tendons, and corollary discharge contribute to position sense in the tongue. Perception of the tongue position both inside and outside the mouth is accurate, with the error in tongue positioning being about 2°. Feedback improved naive subjects' accuracy very little.

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Tonacci, Alessandro, Alessandro Scafile, Lucia Billeci, and Francesco Sansone. "Electronic Nose and Tongue for Assessing Human Microbiota." Chemosensors 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020085.

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The technological developments of recent times have allowed the use of innovative approaches to support the diagnosis of various diseases. Many of such clinical conditions are often associated with metabolic unbalance, in turn producing an alteration of the gut microbiota even during asymptomatic stages. As such, studies regarding the microbiota composition in biological fluids obtained by humans are continuously growing, and the methodologies for their investigation are rapidly changing, making it less invasive and more affordable. To this extent, Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue tools are gaining importance in the relevant field, making them a useful alternative—or support—to traditional analytical methods. In light of this, the present manuscript seeks to investigate the development and use of such tools in the gut microbiota assessment according to the current literature. Significant gaps are still present, particularly concerning the Electronic Tongue systems, however the current evidence highlights the strong potential such tools own to enter the daily clinical practice, with significant advancement concerning the patients’ acceptability and cost saving for healthcare providers.

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Kullaa-Mikkonen, A., M. Hynynen, and P. Hyvönen. "Filiform Papillae of Human, Rat and Swine Tongue." Cells Tissues Organs 130, no. 3 (1987): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146457.

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Rother, Paul, Balthasar Wohlgemuth, Werner Wolff, and Ines Rebentrost. "Morphometrically observable aging changes in the human tongue." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 184, no. 2 (March 2002): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(02)80011-5.

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Zhang, Tong-Han, Hai-Chao Liu, Li-Jun Zhu, Mei Chu, Yu-Jie Liang, Li-Zhong Liang, and Gui-Qing Liao. "Activation of Notch signaling in human tongue carcinoma." Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 40, no. 1 (August 31, 2010): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00931.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Human tongue'

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