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Braesch-Andersen, Ken. "Temperature dependence in human Rhinovirus infection of human MRC-5." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-392331.
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Temperature has been known to be an important factor for in vitro studies where human cell cultures are infected with HRV (human Rhinovirus). The mechanisms behind the temperature effect on the struggle between virulence and cellular defense, are still largely unknown and may be a crucial part in finding a treatment to the common cold. In this study we focused on a few cellular key elements in this struggle and observed behavior changes in regards to the pre-infection growth temperature and the temperature during the viral infection. Past studies have focused mainly on the temperature post inoculation, but here we also wanted to correlate virulence to the growth temperatures preceding the viral infection. We found that the growth temperature of the cell did indeed affect its response to the HRV. If the cells had been growing in an optimal body temperature of 37°C before getting virally infected at 33°C, the viability of the cells did decrease in comparison to cells that had been growing in 33°C from before the viral infection. We could also observe a significant temperature dependence regarding IL-8 release upon HRV inoculation. HRV strive to block induction of inflammatory cytokines such as interferons and IL-1. It may be that impaired IL-8 release at lower temperatures will prevent important danger signals alerting the immune system when cytokine signaling is otherwise hampered by viral intervention.
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Jang, Tai Seung. "Thermophysiologic issues in computational human thermal models /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418034.
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Power, Jonathan. "Human temperature regulation in wind and waves." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/human-temperature-regulation-in-wind-and-waves(38d9b1df-8d85-431a-afc4-66d1a44aa4c8).html.
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Many international and national standards exist for the testing and certification of immersion suits. Some require the thermal protective properties of immersion suits to be tested with human volunteers in calm, circulating 2°C water. The knowledge gap that currently exists between the benign testing conditions used in international standards and specifications, and the harsh environments that an immersed individual find themselves in following a marine accident, could result in unexpectedly poor levels of performance, with fatalities occurring sooner than expected following accidental immersion. Study 1 determined the heat loss from the skin of volunteers in immersion suits and immersed in wind and waves. Twelve healthy participants (Age: 25.8 [5.9] years old; Mass: 81.7 [13.1]kg; Height: 176.2 [7.7]cm) performed four, one hour immersions in the following conditions: Calm water; Wind-only; Waves-only; and Wind + Waves. Compared to Calm (67.21 [4.70]W·m-2), all the other immersion conditions produced a significantly greater increase in mean skin heat flow (MSHF) (Wind: 79.60 [6.70]W·m-2; Waves: 78.8 [4.52]W·m-2; Wind + Waves: 92.00 [8.39]W·m-2). The Wind + Waves condition produced a significantly greater increase in MSHF compared to all other conditions. Study 2 built upon the findings of the first by investigating the extent to which human thermal responses were related to the severity of weather conditions. Twelve healthy males (Age: 23.9 [3.3] years old; Mass: 83.2 [4.9]kg; Height: 181.0 [4.9]cm) performed three, three hour immersions in the following conditions: Calm water; Weather 1; and Weather 2. Compared to the calm water condition (62.96 [2.98]W·m-2], both weather conditions produced a significantly greater increase in MSHF (Weather 1: 76.75 [6.26]W·m-2; Weather 2: 79.53 [6.24]W·m-2). There were no significant differences in the change in gastro-intestinal temperature (TGI) across immersion conditions (Calm: -0.10 [0.31]°C; Weather 1: -0.29 [0.30]°C; Weather 2: -0.20 [0.28]°C]. There were no significant differences in V · O2 across immersion conditions (Calm: 0.325 [0.054]L·min-1; Weather 1: 0.332 [0.108]L·min-1; Weather 2: 0.365 [0.080]L·min-1). Study 3 investigated the effect of simulated water ingress under an immersion suit on human thermal responses during immersions in varying weather conditions. Twelve healthy males (Age: 25.6 [5.6] years old; Mass: 82.7 [10.2]kg; Height: 181.0 [4.7]cm) performed three, three hour immersions in the same conditions as Study 2, but with 500mL of water underneath the immersion suit. Compared to the calm water condition (79.45 [9.19]W·m-2), both weather conditions produced a significantly greater increase in MSHF (Weather 1: 102.06 [11.98]W·m-2; Weather 2: 107.48 [3.63]W·m-2). There were no significant differences in the change in TGI (Calm: -0.35 [0.14]°C; Weather 1: -0.38 [0.15]°C; Weather 2: 0.29 [0.25]°C) or V · O2 (Calm: 0.449 [0.054]L·min-1; Weather 1: 0.503 [0.051]L·min-1; Weather 2: 0.526 [0.120]L·min-1) across conditions. Survival times were calculated for the participants of Studies 2 and 3. There was no difference in the predicted survival times for the Study 2 participants for both the calm (> 36 hours) and wind and wave conditions (> 36 hours). The predicted survival times for the participants of Study 3 were significantly lower in the turbulent conditions (16 hours) compared to calm (27 hours). The predicted survival times of the participants in turbulent conditions were up to half those calculated for calm water immersions. The results collected in Studies 2 and 3 were used to calculate the change in total insulation in varying conditions compared to being dry. Immersions in wind and waves will reduce immersion suit insulation by 27%; 500mL of water leakage will reduce it by 24%; wind, waves and 500mL of water combined will reduce it by 43%. The predicted amount of oxygen consumption (V · O2 P) to produce the amount of heat required to remain in thermal balance can be estimated by rearranging the equations used to calculate metabolic heat production and insulation. If heat loss exceeds the assumed maximum heat production of 206W·m-2, hypothermia will eventually develop. The point at which heat loss exceeds maximum heat production has been determined in a range of conditions. It is concluded that: immersions in wind and waves causes a significant increase in heat flow from the body compared to calm conditions. Testing individuals and immersion suits in conditions not representative of the area where they are to be used may, or may not, result in an over-estimation of performance depending on the capacity of an individual’s thermoregulatory system.
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Dugas, Jonathan. "Temperature responses to exercise and performance." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3233.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 216-249).The temperature responses to exercise have been a much investigated topic of intense research interest over the past 50 years. More recently, the effects of fluid ingestion on temperature regulation have been the focus of this area. The aim of this thesis is to undertake research to evaluate what has become the established dogma in this field and to determine whether a new model might better explain thermoregulation in humans during endurance exercise.
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Gillis, D. Jason. "Influence of menthol on human temperature regulation and perception." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2011. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/influence-of-menthol-on-human-temperature-regulation-and-perception(7a1256d9-53cd-4afc-ac7c-c11fc2d2dbd0).html.
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When exercise is undertaken in warm, humid conditions, the thermal gradient between the skin and environment, and the capacity for evaporative heat loss, are reduced. These factors, along with an increase in metabolic heat production, lower work capacity and exercise performance. Thermoreceptors located within the skin and deep in the body convey information on this accumulation of thermal energy to higher brain structures and, if mean body temperature rises uncontrollably, the cumulative neuronal input is thought to produce inhibitory signals that lower work capacity, such that metabolic heat production decreases to protect the organism from heat injury. Lessening these inhibitory signals may enhance or help to maintain exercise performance in the heat. The inhibitory signals might be lessened by cooling the skin and deep body temperature prior to or during exercise, or perhaps by applying menthol on the skin, or some combination of these. Menthol is a chemical compound that activates cold receptors (TRPM8) in the skin to elicit cool sensations. These receptors are not otherwise activated unless cooled below 27 °C. Hence, menthol, when applied to the skin of heat stressed humans, may provide a “cool’’ neuronal input to higher brain structures in addition to the neuronal signals arising from warm thermoreceptors located within the body. But menthol may also induce a heat storage (cold defense) response that would then heighten the activity of warm receptors deep in the body. Therefore, it is not clear whether menthol might reduce, enhance or help to maintain exercise performance in heat stressed humans. Moreover, no studies have assessed the perceptual and thermoregulatory response to menthol during rest or exercise, or the consequence of its repeated use. Before it is recommended as a possible ergogenic aid, these studies should be undertaken. The early work presented in this thesis tested the hypotheses that a water-based spray, containing ethanol and/or menthol, would enhance evaporative cooling when sprayed on the skin, thereby lowering heat storage and improving thermal perception compared to an unsprayed Control condition; but menthol would also improve thermal perception independent of temperature by directly stimulating cold receptors, during rest and exercise in warm, humid conditions. The hypothesis that menthol-mediated cool sensations would not undergo any habituation after repeated exposures was also tested. The general approach to testing these hypotheses involved presenting human participants with a thermal challenge that would induce warm sensations and increase thermal discomfort, whilst encouraging a level of heat storage that could be compensated for by increasing heat loss through v sodilation and sweating. This was achieved by manipulating metabolic heat production through a combination of rest and fixed intensity exercise in warm (30 °C) and humid (70 %) conditions. The influence of a menthol solution spray was tested against the backdrop of this thermal challenge. The results supported the general hypothesis that a water-based upper-body spray containing menthol can increase sensations of coolth compared to no spraying or wateronly spraying during rest and exercise in warm, humid conditions, but menthol also influences body temperature regulation. The effect that menthol exerts over perception and thermoregulation differs by dose and fades with time. Specifically, 0.2 % menthol spraying encourages heat storage by enhancing vasoconstriction, and there is no habituation in these responses. 0.05 % menthol spraying did not encourage any additional heat storage compared to a Control spray. Menthol also influenced perception, with a 0.2 % menthol spray promoting cooler sensations and greater irritation than 0.05 % menthol and Control spraying. Compared to a Control spray, 0.2 % menthol reduced thermal comfort during rest and improved it during exercise, while 0.05 % menthol did not alter thermal comfort during rest, and may have improved it during exercise. Neither menthol spray influenced perceived exertion during exercise. Menthol-mediated cool sensations lasted 15 to 30 minutes. Both 0.2 % and 0.05 % menthol sprays underwent an habituation compared to the Control spray, with cool sensations diminishing after repeated daily exposures. It is concluded that a 0.05 % menthol spray, which induces cool sensations without a significant heat storage response, could be considered as a perceptual cooling intervention with some capacity to enhance evaporative heat loss when sprayed on the skin during rest and moderate fixed-intensity exercise in the heat. A 0.2 % menthol spray might be deployed later in exercise, but may increase heat storage and irritation. Further testing is required to identify whether menthol spraying improves maximal exercise performance.
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Medlicott, A. P. "Mango fruit ripening and the effects of maturity, temperature and gases." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356453.
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Yıldırım, Eda Didem Özerdem Barış. "A mathematical model of the human thermal system/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/makinamuh/T000421.pdf.
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Gray, Stuart R. "Temperature and in vivo human skeletal muscle function and metabolism." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2007. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21683.
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Increasing the temperature of the exercising muscle, passively or actively, leads to alterations in the contractile properties of the muscle, importantly an increase in power output. There is limited information, however, regarding the metabolic changes, if any, occurring within the muscle at higher temperatures and how these are related to the contractile changes occurring within the muscle and how such changes may, or may not, affect the efficiency of the working muscles. The greater power output produced during maximal sprint cycling, after a passive increase in Tm, was associated with an increase in the rate of anaerobic ATP turnover and muscle fibre conduction velocity. Further investigation revealed that this greater anaerobic ATP turnover within the muscle was the result of a greater activity of type HA fibres in the cadence range of 160-180 revs. min⁻¹. When the external power output of the muscle remains constant during more prolonged cycling exercise, performed at 60 revs. min⁻¹, there was also a greater rate of anaerobic ATP turnover in the first 2 min of exercise, with no differences in the remainder of exercise after passive elevation of Tm. There were no differences in the aerobic energy contribution or the kinetics of the V0₂ response between T. conditions. These changes led to a decrease in mechanical efficiency in the first 2 min of exercise, which was associated with a tendency for a greater PCr degradation in type I fibres. When T. was elevated via prior intense exercise there was decrease in mechanical efficiency, during 6 min of heavy exercise, at both 60 and 120 revs. min⁻¹. There was also a greater "absolute" primary amplitude and decrease in the slow component after prior exercise, with the response being greater at 120 revs. min⁻¹. The present research has demonstrated that whilst an increase in T. leads to a greater power output, during maximal exercise, mechanical efficiency is reduced as exercise progresses beyond a few seconds. Furthermore, at faster pedal rates T. affects type IIA fibres whilst at slower pedal rates (60 revs. min⁻¹) there appears to be a preferential effect on type I fibres, highlighting the velocity specific effect of Tm.
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Naperalsky, Michael E. "Effect of post-exercise environmental temperature on glycogen resynthesis." The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06052009-115319/.
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Hotter environments can often alter the normal exercises responses of metabolism and work performance compared to exercise in a more neutral condition. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of a hot (H) and room temperature (RT) environment on glycogen resynthesis during recovery from exercise. Recreationally active males (n = 9) completed two trials, each with 60-min of cycling exercise at 60% of maximum watts in a temperature-controlled chamber (32.6°C), followed by 4 hours of recovery at the same temperature (H) or 22.2°C (RT). Subjects were fed a carbohydrate beverage (1.8 g/kg bodyweight) at 0 and 2 hours post-exercise. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at 0, 2, and 4 hours post-exercise for analysis of muscle glycogen. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, and 240 minutes of recovery for glucose and insulin analysis. Ambient and core temperatures were monitored for the duration of the trial. Expired gas was collected prior to 2- and 4-hour biopsies for calculation of whole-body carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation. Glycogen, core temperature, CHO oxidation, and blood marker values were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Average core temperature was significantly higher in H compared to RT (38.1°C ± 0.01° vs. 37.9°C ± 0.08°, p<0.05) during recovery. Glycogen was not different at 0 and 2 hours post-exercise. However, at 4 hours post-exercise muscle glycogen was significantly higher in RT vs. H (105 ± 28 vs. 88 ± 24 mmolkg-1 wet weight, respectively). Blood glucose levels were similar between H and RT for the first two hours, but showed lower values (p<0.05) in RT compared to H at time points 150, 180, and 240 minutes post-exercise. CHO oxidation during recovery was higher in H compared to RT (0.36 ± 0.04 g/min vs. 0.22 ± 0.03 g/min, respectively, p<0.05), with greater CHO oxidation at 4-hours post-exercise in both trials. Glycogen resynthesis during recovery is impaired in a hot environment, likely due to increased oxidation of CHO instead of synthesis.
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Fiala, Dusan. "Dynamic simulation of human heat transfer and thermal comfort." Thesis, Online version, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.340123.
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Heuvel, Cameron J. van den. "The role of melatonin in human thermoregulation and sleep /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phv2272.pdf.
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Broday, Evandro Eduardo. "Análise comparativa entre os métodos de determinação da taxa metabólica visando o equilíbrio entre o homem e o ambiente." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1476.
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A taxa metabólica é a produção de calor pelo organismo e a sua incorreta determinação pode estar ligada a discrepâncias entre o modelo do PMV e a sensação térmica real coletada em estudos de campo. O PMV (Voto Médio Estimado) é um índice que prediz o valor médio dos votos de um grande grupo de pessoas. Visando melhorar a aderência do modelo do PMV e da sensação térmica real, este trabalho determinou novos valores para a taxa metabólica de duas formas: uma forma denominada “calculada” utilizando-se o Método de Newton e de forma “real” utilizando-se de um analisador metabólico. Foram avaliadas as atividades do soldador, através das medições das variáveis ambientais e pessoais, durante o pleno desenvolvimento das atividades. Determinaram-se, para esta atividade, novos valores de taxa metabólica. Os valores encontrados para a forma calculada e real foram, respectivamente, 178,63 e 145,46 W/m², diferentes do intervalo fornecido pelo ISO 8996 (2004) para esta atividade (75 a 125 W/m²). Verificou-se qual dos valores de taxa metabólica mais aproximou a sensação térmica real do PMV. Para isto, executou-se a regressão linear entre o PMV e a sensação térmica real de três formas: S x PMVtabelado (R² = 0,1749), S x PMVcalculado (R² = 0,7481) e S x PMVreal (R² = 0,7854). Observou-se que os valores obtidos de forma “real” proporcionaram o maior coeficiente de determinação, sendo então este o escolhido para a correção da tabela. A correção da tabela fornece um Mpredito e para as atividades do soldador, em uma indústria metal-mecânica, os valores tabelados podem ser multiplicados pelo coeficiente de correção de 1,4648 a fim de minimizar imprecisões. O PMVpredito, obtido através do Mpredito, quando relacionado com a sensação térmica real, fornece um coeficiente de determinação de 0,7511, melhorando assim o modelo do PMVMetabolic rate consists of the production of heat by the body and its incorrect determination can be linked to discrepancies between the model of the PMV and real thermal sensation collected in field studies. PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of people. Aiming at improve adherence to the PMV model and the real thermal sensation, this work established new values for the metabolic rate in two ways: one way being called "calculated" using the Newton’s Method and the other called "real" using a metabolic analyzer. Welder’s activities were evaluated, through the measurements of environmental and personal variables, during the full development of the activities determining new values of metabolic rate for this activity. It was determined, for this activity, new values of metabolic rate.The values found for calculated and real were, respectively, 178.63 and 145.46 W/m², different from the range provided by ISO 8996 (2004) for this activity (75 to 125 W/m²). It was verified which of the metabolic rate’s values was closer to the real thermal sensation of PMV. For this, it was made a linear regression between the PMV and the real thermal sensation in three ways: S x PMVtabulated (R² = 0.1749), S x PMVcalculated (R ² = 0.7481) and S x PMVreal (R ² = 0, 7854). It was found that the values obtained in "real" gave a higher coefficient of determination, and then being this the choice for the correction of the table. The table provides a Mpredicted and for the activities of the welder in a metal-mechanics industry, tabulated values can be multiplied by the correction coefficient 1.4648 in order to minimize inaccuracies. The PMVpredicted, obtained through the Mpredicted, when related to the actual thermal sensation, provides a coefficient of determination of 0.7511, thereby improving the model of the PMV.
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Gavhed, Désirée. "Human responses to cold and wind /." Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7045-669-0/.
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Caravokyri, Calliope. "Characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of human respiratory syncytial (RS) virus." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108528/.
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Four ts mutants of RS virus, two from the subgroup A/wild-type strain A2 (ts A1 ts A2) and two from the subgroup B/wild-type strain RSN-2 (ts N1, ts N19), representing different complementation groups, were studied. Mutant ts A1 (complementation group A) was found to be restricted at a late stage of infection at 39°C. The degree of growth restriction was directly related to the length of incubation of ts A1-infected cultures at 39°C, implying that the spread of infection (by cell-to-cell fusion) was affected. The SDS-PAGE profile of radiolabelled ts A1 intracellular viral proteins at 39°C revealed a significant reduction in the amount of the F1 polypeptide (the large subunit of the fusion protein), followed by a slightly less severe decrease of the matrix (M) protein. The cleaved but undissociated fusion (F1,2) protein of ts A1 migrated more slowly than its wild-type counterpart on SDS-PAGE. Characterization of ts+ revertants revealed varying degrees of reversion to wild-type levels of growth at 39°C, but no coordinate restoration of the ts phenotype and of the ts A1 F1,2 was observed. This suggested that the mutation affecting F1,2 mobility in ts A1 could be compensated by secondary mutations in the same (F) or in another gene, or that the tsA1 lesion is located in a different viral protein with which the F protein forms a complex during the virus cycle. Mutant ts A2 (complementation group B) was found to exhibit temperature-sensitive synthesis of the G glycoprotein which mediates RS virus attachment to host cells. Examination of the G-processing pathway showed that synthesis of the major p50 precursor was unaffected but further maturation to fully glycosylated G was defective at 39°C. Mutant ts A2 also exhibited defective proteolytic cleavage of the Fo precursor into F1 and F2 subunits (a processing step required for creation of a fusion-active F protein) at both temperatures. This could explain the previously reported variability in plaque phenotype and growth of ts A2 under permissive conditions in different cell types, since the proteolytic activation of the fusion protein is host-dependent. Mutant ts N1 (complementation group D) possessed an M protein which disappeared from the soluble cytoplasmic fraction of infected cells soon after its synthesis at 39°C. The ts N1 M protein was also partially unstable at 33°C and exhibited slightly decreased SDS-PAGE mobility. The M protein of ts+ revertants was stable at 39°C, correlating the defect in M-stability with the ts N1 phenotype. The M proteins of three ts+ revertants exhibited the slower mobility of the ts N1 M protein, suggesting that they were pseudorevertants. The P protein of ts N1 (and its ts+ revertants) also migrated more slowly than the wild-type RSN-2 P protein. Sequence analysis and in vitro expression of a ts N1 P cDNA clone showed that the aberrant P mobility was due to a single amino acid change (Asn → Asp at position 217). Mutant ts N19 (complementation group E) was completely restricted at 39°C, indicative of a ts defect at an early stage of infection. The ts N19 P protein lacked an epitope recognized by anti-P MAb 3-5. The P proteins of ts+ revertants, which exhibited wild-type growth at 39°C, had this epitope restored, confirming that loss of the P-epitope was correlated with the ts phenotype. Sequence determination of P cDNA clones, produced from RSN-2, ts N19 and ts+ revertant P mRNA by reverse transcription and PCR amplification, identified a single amino acid difference (Gly → Ser at position 172) in the ts N19 P protein. In vitro expression of the sequenced P cDNA clones and immunoprecipitation of the respective P proteins with MAb 3-5 showed that presence of the Gly172 residue was required for MAb- binding. This residue was contained within a C-terminal domain of the P protein which could be independently expressed by internal initiation of in vitro translation at AUG148.
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Henker, Richard. "Human responses to an alternating versus a continuous pattern of total body cooling /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7276.
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Nyberg, Karen LuJean. "Design and evaluation of automatic control for human/liquid cooling garment thermal interaction /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Kwon, Ju Youn. "Human responses to outdoor thermal environments." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/5519.
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This thesis presents a series of studies into the responses of people to outdoor thermal conditions experienced over all seasons in the United Kingdom. The aim was to investigate practical methods for predicting human responses to outside weather conditions, which would be useful in predicting effects on human comfort and health. The studies involved both laboratory experiments and field trials. One particular aspect of outside conditions, not usually investigated in laboratory studies, is the contribution of solar radiation. Single subject and thermal manikin studies were used to determine the contribution of solar radiation to human response. In addition to this, a total of 168 subjects responses were recorded during trials at the Loughborough University weather station compound. (latitude 52.47N and longitude 01.11W). The trials were distributed between July 2007 and October 2008. This provided a comprehensive data-base for the evaluation of thermal indices. The thesis is divided into four parts. Part one provides an introduction to the subject and a comprehensive literature review. It also describes equipment, calibration procedures and methods used. Part two quantified the contribution of solar radiation to the heat load on a person. A human subject and a heated thermal manikin were exposed to outdoor thermal conditions, while in light clothing and (for the person) conducting a step test. They were then exposed to identical conditions in a thermal chamber, but without the contribution of the sun. The conditions outside were 23˚C air temperature, 42˚C mean radiant temperature and 54% relative humidity with an average air velocity of 0.75 ms-1. The difference in sweat rate (person) and heat required (manikin) between outdoor and indoor conditions were used to estimate the contribution of the sun. Using three different analyses estimates were 14 Wm-2, 35 Wm-2 and 50 Wm-2 depending upon the assumptions made. Part three describes current thermal indices that can be used to assess the effects of weather conditions on people. It also presents the results of weather station measurements over the time period considered. In chapters 8 and 9 field trials are described which capture both the thermal conditions and human physiological and subjective responses to those conditions. Chapter 10 uses the data collected to provide an evaluation of current thermal indices for predicting human responses. The range of air temperature and relative humidity (at 2 pm) over a year was -2˚C to 29˚C and 34% to 95% respectively. Wind speed varied and was greater in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. Solar radiation was influenced by the altitude of the sun which depended upon season. Mean solar radiation increased from December to June and decreased from June to December. The subjective and physiological responses for 130 people (65 males and 65 females) over a range of outdoor weather conditions are presented. Physiological responses for females generally showed a stronger relationship with environmental variables and subjective responses than those for males. The subjective and physiological responses of four groups (one in each season of the year - involving a total of 38 people), are presented. It was found that there were significant individual differences in response. Part four provides a suggestion for an improved thermal index. The PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) out of four thermal indices (WBGT, PMV, WCI/tch and Twc) had the strongest relationship with environmental variables and physiological responses but had a weak relationship with subjective responses. A PMVoutdoors index was developed to improve the prediction of subjective responses for the outdoor conditions investigated. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are provided.
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Saw, Wee Hee. "Human thermal experimentation, analysis & control /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1420926.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2003.Accompany CD-ROM contains complete dissertation in Microsoft Word documents. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.
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Niwagaba, Charles. "Human excreta treatment technologies : prerequisites, constraints and performance /." Uppsala : Department of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/10617104.pdf.
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Kobashi, Takuro. "Greenland temperature, climate change, and human society during the last 11,600 years." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3249924.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 4, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Heyns, Gerhardus Johannes. "Influence of macro- versus microcooling on the physiological and psychological performance of the human operator." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016247.
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This study evaluated the effect of a macro- versus a microcooling system on the cognitive, psychomotor and physiological performance of human operators. Male subjects (n = 24) were acclimatized for four days and then subjected to three different environmental conditions: hot ambient (40°C; 40% RH), microcooling and macrocooling. Each environmental condition was repeated twice; once under a rest condition and once while simulating a physical workload of 40 W. Four performance tests (reasoning, eye-hand coordination, memory, reaction time) were conducted once every hour for four hours. Five physiological measurements, viz rectal temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, total sweat loss and sweat rate, were taken. A significant difference existed between the physiological responses under the hot ambient condition and both cooling conditions. For all five physiological parameters he human operator benefitted substantially whatever the cooling condition. The psychological performance results indicated a greater benefit under the cooling conditions, though various external factors may have influenced responses. User perception showed that macrocooling was perceived to be the optimal method of cooling. The results showed that there was no difference in the extent to which both rectal temperature and heart rate (for rest and work conditions) decreased over the 4-hour study period with micro- and macrocooling. In the baseline hot environment both increase. Sweat rate was lowest when resting or working in a microcooled environment and at its highest in the hot baseline environment. Mean skin temperature was lowest (for rest and work conditions) with microcooling and highest in the hot baseline environment. Reaction time and memory/attention were the same under all three environmental conditions. Eye-hand coordination was better with cooling than without, but did not differ between the two cooling conditions. Reasoning ability was poorest under the hot baseline condition and best in the macrocooled environment. User perception showed that the subjects found macrocooling highly acceptable. Microcooling was found to be uncomfortable, particularly because cold air (18 - 21°C) entered the jacket at one point which caused numbness of the skin at that point. Jackets did not always fit subjects well and the umbilical cord restricted free movement.
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Simmons, Grant H. "Cutaneous vasodilation at simulated high altitude : impacts on human thermoregulation and vasoconstrictor function/." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9495.
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Hopkins, Diane Marie. "Low temperature scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of human urothelial neoplasms." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306296.
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Ito, Akira. "Culture temperature affects redifferentiation and cartilaginous extracellular matrix formation in dedifferentiated human chondrocytes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199220.
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Ariyaratnam, Priyadharshanan. "The effect of oxygen, temperature and hydrogen sulphide on the human pulmonary circulation." Thesis, University of Hull, 2014. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8922.
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Introduction: The human pulmonary circulation is poorly understood at a physiological level which is a shame given that the pathology affecting it, particularly pulmonary artery hypertension, can have detrimental effects not only in the lungs but on the heart. Pulmonary artery hypertension in its acute or chronic form carries a high mortality. Few centres have the luxury to utilise human tissue to study this phenomenon. My thesis looks at the effect of certain stimuli such as oxygen, temperature and hydrogen sulphide to discern their role in governing pulmonary artery reactivity at both the tissue and organ level. Methods: Tissue was supplied from lungs taken from patients with lung cancer following resection of the tumour during surgery. I used a combination of isolated arterial ring models in organ baths and isolated perfused lung models to study the factors governing pulmonary arterial tone and pulmonary artery pressures at a tissue and organ level respectively. Results: At the tissue level, hypoxia caused nitric-oxide independent dilation of human pulmonary arteries whilst hyperoxia caused a vasoconstriction. This hyperoxic vasoconstriction is dependent on both voltage gated calcium-channels in the cell membrane as well as release from intracellular calcium stores. It is also dependent on oxygen-free radicals. Hypothermia blunts this vasoconstrictive response to hyperoxia as well as endothelin-1 and potassium chloride-mediated pulmonary smooth muscle contraction. Hydrogen sulphide dilates pulmonary arteries. At the organ level, oxygen changes either via the perfusate or the ventilator do not affect pulmonary artery pressures. Both hypothermia and hydrogen sulphide reduce both pulmonary artery pressures and bronchial pressures. Conclusions: Compensatory mechanisms within the pulmonary circulation may compensate for hypoxic vasodilation and hyperoxic vasoconstriction or there may be a systemic component to entities such as “hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction” seen in animal models. Hydrogen sulphide may provide a possible treatment avenue for pulmonary artery hypertension.
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Morris, Nathan B. "Do Peripheral Thermoreceptors in the Abdomen Modify Human Sudomotor Responses?" Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30374.
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Previous research has demonstrated that ingesting fluid of different temperatures results in different whole-body sweat losses (WBSL) and transient changes in local sweat rate (LSR) without any parallel differences in core or skin temperatures. The purpose of this thesis was to determine the potential location and relative contribution of gastrointestinal thermoreceptors that modify sudomotor activity. Eight participants cycled for 75 min while cold (1.5°C) and warm (50°C) water was either swilled in the mouth, or delivered directly to the stomach bypassing the mouth using a nasogastric tube, after 15, 30 and 45-min of exercise. Mouth-swilling warm or cold water did not alter sudomotor output, however delivering warm or cold water directly into the stomach led to a temperature-dependent change in sudomotor output, despite similar core and skin temperatures. These data indicate that thermoreceptors independently modulating sudomotor output probably reside within the abdominal area, but not the mouth.
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Husain, Muhammad Dawood. "Development of temperature sensing fabric." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-temperature-sensing-fabric(0e5e8367-c3b2-4cff-bcc9-f32fac97b50f).html.
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Human body temperature is an important indicator of physical performance and condition in terms of comfort, heat or cold stress. The aim of this research was to develop Temperature Sensing Fabric (TSF) for continuous temperature measurement in healthcare applications. The study covers the development and manufacture of TSF by embedding fine metallic wire into the structure of textile material using a commercial computerised knitting machine. The operational principle of TSF is based on the inherent propensity of a metal wire to respond to changes in temperature with variation in its electrical resistance. Over 60 TSF samples were developed with combinations of different sensing elements, two inlay densities and highly textured polyester yarn as the base material. TSF samples were created using either bare or insulated wires with a range of diameters from 50 to 150 μm and metal wires of nickel, copper, tungsten, and nickel coated copper. In order to investigate the Temperature-Resistance (T-R) relationship of TSF samples for calibration purposes, a customised test rig was developed and monitoring software was created in the LabVIEW environment, to record the temperature and resistance signals simultaneously. TSF samples were tested in various thermal environments, under laboratory conditions and in practical wear trials, to analyse the relationship between the temperature and resistance of the sensing fabric and to develop base line specifications such as sensitivity, resistance ratio, precision, nominal resistance, and response time; the influence of external parameters such as humidity and strain were also monitored. The regression uncertainty was found to be less than in ±0.1°C; the repeatability uncertainty was found to be less than ±0.5°C; the manufacturing uncertainty in terms of nominal resistance was found to be ± 2% from its mean. The experimental T-R relationship of TSF was validated by modelling in the thermo-electrical domain in both steady and transient states. A maximum error of 0.2°C was found between the experimental and modelled T-R relationships. TSF samples made with bare wire sensing elements showed slight variations in their resistance during strain tests, however, samples made with insulated sensing elements did not demonstrate any detectable strain-dependent-resistance error. The overall thermal response of TSF was found to be affected by basal fabric thickness and mass; the effect of RH was not found to be significant. TSF samples with higher-resistance sensing elements performed better than lower-resistance types. Furthermore, TSF samples made using insulated wire were more straightforward to manufacture because of their increased tensile strength and exhibited better sensing performance than samples made with bare wire. In all the human body wear trials, under steady-state and dynamic conditions both sensors followed the same trends and exhibited similar movement artifacts. When layers of clothing were worn over the sensors, the difference between the response of the TSF and a high-precision reference temperature were reduced by the improved isothermal conditions near the measurement site.
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Lim, Junghwan 1961. "Evaluation of temperature fields in two dynamic phantoms heated by the ferromagnetic implant hyperthermia." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276908.
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Two experimental dynamic phantoms have been used for studying temperature distributions induced by interstitial ferromagnetic implant hyperthermia at various blood perfusions, Curie point implants, and input power levels. One of the phantoms is an axially perfused hollow cylinder filled with 3 mm diameter glass beads, and the other is a similar cylinder model that is radially perfused. Analytic models have been developed for evaluating temperature profiles within the two phantoms. Experimental results from the phantoms compare reasonably well with the analytical results. A qualitative comparison is made between thermal profiles derived from both a convection energy equation, for a homogeneous porous medium, and a bioheat transfer equation. The adequacy of using a porous material for simulating living tissue is discussed. Parametric studies showing the effects of various implant parameters such as Curie point and applied power are analyzed.
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Gomez-Jacobo, Mercedes Lissette. "ASSESSING EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURE TRENDS IN MAJOR EASTERN US CITIES." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2236.
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Summer (JJA) temperature (T) and equivalent temperature (TE) for 18 of the largest cities in the eastern United States are investigated for two time periods: 1948-2014 and 1973-2014. Because temperature provides an incomplete description of lower tropospheric heat content, we supplement with TE, which also accounts for the energy associated with moisture. An auxiliary investigation using air mass data from the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC) augments the investigation of T and TE trends. The trend analysis revealed significant trends in Tmin at all stations over the 67-year time period and over most stations for the shorter (41-year) period. Minimum TE likewise increases nearly everywhere in the longer series, but at only around half of the stations in the shorter series. Stations with increasing TE in the shorter period are primarily coastal or located in the southern and upper Midwest, where there has also been a noticeable lack of warming. Our results also exhibit a decrease in the diurnal TE range that accompanies the documented decrease in diurnal temperature range over the same period. Trends in T and TE are evaluated in the context of changes in air mass frequency. A heat wave analysis was also conducted to identify changes in intensity and frequency using T and TE Overall, our findings suggest that TE provides a more comprehensive perspective on recent climate change than T alone. With heat wave frequency and intensity projected to increase, we recommend adoption of TE to account for changes in total surface heat content.
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Zeyl, Annerieke. "Temperature effects on human leptin physiology possible implications for the regulation of body composition /." Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060725.111753/index.html.
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Trippel, Tobias Daniel [Verfasser]. "Temporal and spatial dispersion of human body temperature during deep hypothermia / Tobias Daniel Trippel." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1047579154/34.
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Niwagaba, Charles. "Treatment technologies for human faeces and urine /." Uppsala : Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200970.pdf.
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Fallah, Haghmohammadi Hamidreza. "Fever Detection for Dynamic Human Environment Using Sensor Fusion." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37332.
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The objective of this thesis is to present an algorithm for processing infrared images and accomplishing automatic detection and path tracking of moving subjects with fever. The detection is based on two main features: the distinction between the geometry of a human face and other objects in the field of view of the camera and the temperature of the radiating object. These features are used for tracking the identified person with fever. The position of camera with respect to direction of motion the walkers appeared to be critical in this process. Infrared thermography is a remote sensing technique used to measure temperatures based on emitted infrared radiation. This application may be used for fever screening in major public places such as airports and hospitals. For this study, we first look at human body and objects in a line of view with different temperatures that would be higher than the normal human body temperature (37.8C at morning and 38.3C at evening). As a part of the experimental study, two humans with different body temperatures walking a path were subjected to automatic fever detection applied for tracking the detected human with fever. The algorithm consists of image processing to threshold objects based on the temperature and template matching used for fever detection in a dynamic human environment.
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Thaiss, Karl. "The sleep-promoting and temperature effects of human interleukin-1ß fragment 163-171 in cats." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ34064.pdf.
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Basson, Erina. "Effect of ultrasound on transdermal permeation of diclofenac and the temperature effects on human skin." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2166.
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Thesis (MScMed (Pharmacology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.During the last two decades the effects of ultrasound on the transdermal diffusion of a wide variety of drugs have been extensively investigated. Because there is much uncertainty regarding the efficacy of and mechanisms involved in this mode of permeation enhancement, the objective of the study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the transdermal permeation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac. For this purpose a dual-stage experimental design and a continuous flow-through diffusion system was used. Therapeutic levels of continuous ultrasound of 3 MHz at an intensity of 2 W/cm2 for 10 min, were used. It was clear from the present study that ultrasound enhanced the permeability of human skin to diclofenac released from a commercially available gel. These results were in contrast with those obtained for ibuprofen in an in vitro study across human skin, but in agreement with those obtained in two in vivo studies of the latter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Steady state flux values of diclofenac remained approximately 1.26 times higher than those of controls during the 24 h of the experiment. These observations concurred with those made in two previous in vivo studies. Furthermore, the in vitro flow-through diffusion model was shown to have predictive value as an in vivo method for sonophoresis. Temperature-dependent flux rates for 3H2O across human skin were also studied. The mechanistic effects of ultrasound on the permeability characteristics of human skin have been reported on in a number of studies. Although various mechanisms have been proposed, there is no consensus regarding their relative importance. In addition the temperature-dependent flux changes of 3H2O across human skin were investigated using a continuous flow-through diffusion system. The same ultrasound parameters as in the permeability experiments were used. The results obtained showed that temperature increases of approximately 10 °C occurred following sonication. The flux changes of 3H2O across human skin between 37 °C and 42 °C were shown to be reversible. The results from the present study do not support the sonication-heating theory in which permeability changes in skin are primarily attributed to thermally-induced changes in stratum corneum lipids. It was therefore concluded that the enhancement of diclofenac permeation by sonication could not be adequately explained primarily on a thermal basis.
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Jonsson, Anton, and Sandra Hedman. "Moderately cold indoor temperatures’ effect on human attention:Immediate decrease in inhibiting erroneous responses." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149550.
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The aim of the study was to investigate whether a moderately cold indoor temperature, 15.5+- °C, has a negative effect on human attention. This was investigated in an experiment where 40 participants (18 women, M = 23.5 years, age range 20–33 years) partook in three commonly used attention demanding cognitive tests, where half of the participants were tested in a normal room temperature environment around 20+-1 °C and the remaining participants in a cooler temperature of 15.5+-2 °C. The three tests that were used were the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test A and B as well as the Dot Cancellation Test. The results from the study suggest that attention is significantly affected in tests where rapid, correct responses are demanded, since the lower indoor temperature in particular significantly affected the performance in the Stroop Test. This effect is suggested to originate from a performance decrease when inhibiting erroneous responses. Additional to this it is interesting to observe that the test time was short, 15-20 minutes in the test environment, thus the effect has been shown to affect rather immediately, during a short time period.
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Paden, Holly Noelle. "Contamination of Fresh Produce with Human Pathogens in Domestic and Commercial Kitchens." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525710038777157.
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Nilsson, Elias. "One-Dimensional Human Thermoregulatory Model of Fighter Pilots in Cockpit Environments." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-125528.
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During flight missions, fighter pilots are in general exposed to vast amounts of stress including mild hypoxia, vibrations, high accelerations, and thermal discomfort. It is interesting to predict potential risks with a certain mission or flight case due to these stresses to increase safety for fighter pilots. The most predominant risk is typically thermal discomfort which can lead to serious health concerns. Extensive exposure to high or low temperature in combination with a demanding work situation weakens the physical and mental state of the pilot and can eventually lead to life-threatening conditions. One method to estimate the physical and mental state of a person is to measure the body core temperature. The body core temperature cannot be measured continuously during flight and needs to be estimated by using for instance a human thermoregulatory model. In this study, a model of the human thermoregulatory system and the cockpit environment is developed. Current thermoregulatory models are not customized for fighter pilots but a model developed by Fiala et al. in 2001, which has previously shown good performance in both cold and warm environments as well as for various activation levels for the studied person, is used as a theoretical foundation. Clothing layers are implemented in the model corresponding to clothes used by pilots in the Swedish air force flying the fighter aircraft Gripen E in warm outside conditions. Cooling garments and air conditioning systems as well as avionics, canopy, and cockpit air are included in the model to get a realistic description of the cockpit environment. Input to the model is a flight case containing data with altitude and velocity of the fighter during a mission. human heat transfer; body temperature regulation; physiological model;cooling garment; cockpit modeling
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Mysza, Róbert. "Termovizní systém pro měření tělesné teploty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445586.
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The COVID-19 pandemic brought increased need for measuring human temperature. This thesis deals with solution of using low-cost thermal camera module FLIR Lepton 3.5 for measuring human forehead temperature and examines the real usability of this in terms of an accuracy. In the beginning, I describe various methods of measuring temperature and factors, which can influence the measurement. Subsequently, I examine various factors influencing human body and surface temperature. As of result of thesis is full design and implementation of thermal image system for temperature measurement, which I tested in different environmental conditions and compared its the precision against medical contactless infrared thermometer.
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Traylor, Caleb. "Investigation on the Effects of Indoor Temperature Modulations on Building Energy Usage and Human Thermal Comfort." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984201/.
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Energy efficiency in the operation of buildings is becoming increasingly important with a growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing environmental impacts of irresponsible energy usage. Improvements have been made both on the technology side of energy efficiency and on the human behavior side. However, when changing human behavior, it is critical to find energy conservation measures that will maintain comfort for occupants. This paper analyzes how this can be done by implementing a modulating temperature schedule based on the concept of alliesthesia, which states that pleasure is observed in transient states. EnergyPlus simulations were used to show that in cooling applications, this type of scheduling can produce significant energy savings. However, energy savings are not predicted for the same type of scheduling for heating applications. Thermal comfort was examined with a cooling experiment and a separate heating experiment, each lasting 45 minutes and taking place during the corresponding season. The experiments showed that modulating temperatures can cause occupants to experience more pleasure than if the temperature remained constant in a cooled space, whereas modulating temperatures had a negative impact on comfort relative to the constant temperature in the heated space. This presents evidence for an ideal opportunity for cooling applications by implementing modulating temperature schedules: an increase in thermal pleasure accompanied by a decrease in cooling energy.
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Peng, Cheng. "Epigenetic and Mitochondrial Biomarkers Linking Air Pollution and Temperature on Human Health: The Normative Aging Study." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:32644535.
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Fine particulate matter (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 micron or PM2.5) exposure, as well as changes in ambient meteorological conditions are associated with adverse health consequences. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been clearly delineated. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress are two of the primary pathways proposed to account for the association of PM2.5 / air temperature with health related outcomes. In this dissertation work, we proposed to use two types of novel molecular biomarkers: (1) nuclear DNA (nDNA) methylation, and (2) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) integrity to assess inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways linking environmental insults and health.
Specifically, in Chapter I, we evaluated the mediating role of promoter region DNA methylation of inflammatory biomarkers (IFN-γ, IL-6, ICAM-1, and TLR-2) linking PM2.5 exposure and abnormal glucose metabolism in The Normative Aging Study. Our study showed that PM2.5 concentrations are associated with higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, and this association was in part mediated through ICAM-1 gene methylation, particularly at the longer (28-day) moving average investigated. Our study demonstrates a novel approach of mediation analysis in epigenetic studies and highlights a mediating role of ICAM-1 gene methylation in air-pollution associated abnormal glucose metabolism.
In Chapter II, we assessed the relative effects of PM2.5 mass and PM2.5 components on a novel oxidative stress-related marker—blood mtDNA abundance in The Normative Aging Study. Our study showed that long-term exposure to PM2.5 mass and specific PM2.5 components is associated with decreased mtDNA abundance. Our findings from multi-pollutant modeling suggest that nitrate (NO3-) was associated with higher mitochondrial oxidative stress independent of PM2.5 mass concentration, and mass alone may not fully capture the oxidation potency of PM2.5.
In Chapter III, we explored short-term changes in daily mean and daily standard deviation (SD) (variability) of ambient air temperature with blood mtDNA lesions in The Normative Aging Study. We observed short-term increases in mean air temperature were associated with higher mtDNA lesions in elderly adults, supporting the hypothesis that changes meteorological conditions may induce pathophysiological responses among susceptible populations.
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Al, Qarni Hamed M. "Investigating human pharmaceutical compounds present in municipal and hospital wastewaters and options for their removal." Thesis, Abertay University, 2015. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/3e005266-63c0-4b98-b154-b7693dc2e37e.
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Pharmaceutical compounds comprise a wide range of substances that are consumed in large quantities by modern societies and are generally released into local sewer networks through excretion. This research aimed to identify the factors affecting the removal efficiencies of these compounds in biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) under different environmental conditions. Of the pharmaceutical compounds selected for this study, the highest influent concentrations measured in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) were for paracetamol, naproxen and bezafibrate (> 1 μg/L), followed by carbamazepine, atenolol, lidocaine, sulfamethoxazole and NACS (<1 μg/L). In hospital wastewater treatment plants (HWWTPs), the highest concentrations measured were for paracetamol and caffeine (> 10 μg/L), followed by ciprofloxacin and NACS (1–6 μg/L), and finally bezafibrate, carbamazepine, atenolol, lidocaine, clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole (< 1μg/L). Antibiotic drugs were detected in HWWTPs, but rarely detected in MWWTPs. In general, the hospital wastewaters contained relatively higher levels of pharmaceuticals than municipal wastewaters. The removal efficiencies of the pharmaceutical compounds ranged widely. This was found to be related to characteristics and operational parameters of the individual WWTPs. The MWWTPs that utilized long aeration and biomass retention times (HRT,SRT), as evidenced by the occurrence of complete nitrification, were more efficient at removing paracetamol, naproxen, bezafibrate and atenolol, than the non-nitrifying plants with relatively shorter HRT and SRT. HWWTPs that operated under elevated ambient temperatures (> 26°C) achieved higher removal efficiencies (90%) for several compounds, including paracetamol, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, NACS, atenolol, carbamazepine and lidocaine. In addition to the elevated ambient temperatures, elevated HRT and SRT and less dilution can lead to increased active biomass and can result in higher removal rates for the pharmaceutical compounds. Overall, the removal efficiencies of pharmaceuticals in WWTPs have been correlated to the type of treatment plant, the plants’ operational parameters (HRT, SRT), the climatic conditions (temperature and dilution effect of rainfall) and characteristics of the micropollutants (type and concentration). Aerobic and anaerobic batch biodegradation experiments were conducted to observe the removal of paracetamol, naproxen, ibuprofen and sulfamethoxazole at various SRTs. The biodegradation rates varied widely ranging from poor, to moderate, to high, depending on the SRT. Paracetamol was highly biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Sulfamethoxazole was poorly biodegradable under aerobic conditions but highly biodegradable under anaerobic conditions. Relatively slow biodegradation rates were observed for ibuprofen and naproxen under both conditions; longer microbial adaptation periods for these two compounds were probably required. The most important factor affecting the removal of the compounds was the SRT. Therefore, the conclusion was drawn that combining anaerobic and aerobic systems with longer SRT and HRT could bring about significant reductions in the emissions of these contaminants into the environment via WWTPs; this is also a cost-effective option.
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Sharifani, Pooya. "Quantification of Human Thermal Comfort for Residential Building's Energy Saving." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862744/.
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Providing conditioned and fully controlled room is the final goal for having a comfortable building. But on the other hand making smart controllers to provide the required cooling or heating load depending on occupants' real time feeling is necessary. This study has emphasized on finding a meaningful and steady state parameter in human body that can be interpreted as comfort criterion which can be expressed as the general occupants' sensation through their ambient temperature. There are lots of researches on human physiological behavior in different situations and also different body parts reaction to the same ambient situation. Body parts which have the biggest reliable linear fluctuation to the changes are the best subject for this research. For these tests, wrist and palm have been selected and their temperatures on different people have been measured accurately with thermal camera to follow the temperature trend on various comfort levels. It is found that each person reaches to his own unique temperature on these two spots, when he/ she feels comfortable, or in other word each person's body temperature is a precise nominate for comfort feeling of that individual. So in future by having this unique comfort parameter and applying them to the HVAC system temperature control, controlling the dynamic temperature and correlating the indoor condition depending on the occupants instant thermal comfort level, would be a rational choice to bring convenience while energy has been saved more.
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Mäkinen, T. M. (Tiina M. ). "Human cold exposure, adaptation and performance in a northern climate." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:951428089X.
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine the amount of cold exposure and factors affecting it at the population level in Finland, to determine what type of cold acclimatisation, if any, develops in urban residents in winter, and to find out whether cold acclimatisation or acclimation has a functional significance on psychological or physical performance. Tasks of low physical activity requiring attention and concentration (cognition, postural control) were assessed in cold.
In a cross-sectional population study Finns aged from 25 to 74 years (n=6,951) were queried of their wintertime outdoor exposure duration and factors affecting it. In experimental studies seasonal cold acclimatisation (thermal responses) and its effect on cognition were assessed in the laboratory, where 15 young urban subjects were exposed to cold in winter and summer in bright or dim light. A controlled cold acclimation trial (n=10) was performed to study the effects of repeated exposures to cold on cognitive performance and postural control in young urban subjects.
In the Finnish population the average amount of cold exposure in winter represents 4% of the total time. Most of the cold exposure occurs during leisure time and in outdoor occupations (agriculture, forestry, mining, industry, construction). Factors explaining increased occupational cold exposure were: occupation, age and a lesser amount of education. Factors associated with more leisure-time cold exposure were: being employed in outdoor occupations, being a pensioner, housewife, unemployed, practising physical exercise, and reporting at least average health. The experimental studies showed seasonal differences and aggravated thermal responses in urban residents in winter, but did not detect habituation responses typical of cold acclimatisation. In both seasons, acute moderate cold exposure resulted in positive, negative or mixed effects on cognition, reflected as changes in response times and accuracy. Simple cognitive tasks were impaired in cold, and in complex tasks both negative, positive and mixed effects were observed. It is suggested that cold exposure affects cognition through different mechanisms related to either distraction or arousal. Cold exposure increased postural sway by 70-90%, suggesting impaired postural control. Repeated exposures to moderate cold, reducing stress and discomfort and dampening physiological responses, did not markedly affect cognitive performance or postural control.
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Santago, II Anthony Charles. "Characterizing the Biomechanical Response of Liver." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32768.
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Motor vehicle collisions can result in life threatening liver injuries. Dummies are utilized to study injury in motor vehicle collisions; however, no crash test dummies are currently equipped to represent individual solid organs. This has increased the use of finite element models to help reduce these injuries; however, accurate material models need to be established to have accurate injury assessment using these models. This thesis presents a total of 4 studies that explore the biomechanical response of liver. The research on bovine liver is geared to understanding whether or not liver tissue can be frozen prior to testing and what environmental temperature the liver should be tested at. The first study utilized two bovine livers that were each divided in half and one half was tested at 75°F while the other half was tested at 98°F. A total of 24 tensile failure tests were performed on the parenchyma. It was determined that there were no statically significant differences between failure stresses and strains between the testing temperatures. To test the effects of freezing, tensile tests were performed on the parenchyma of a single bovine liver that was divided in half. One half was frozen and then thawed prior to tensile testing while the other was tested fresh. It was determined that freezing reduces average failure strain by 50%. The research on human liver was geared toward understanding the rate dependence during uniaxial tension tests and unconfined compression tests. Samples were constructed of only the parenchyma. A total of 7 livers were used to create the 51 tensile specimens and a total of 6 livers were used to obtain the 36 unconfined compression specimens. For the uniaxial tensile tests, average failure stresses ranged from 40.21 to 61.02 kPa while average failure strain ranged from 24% to 34%. For the unconfined compression tests, average failure stresses ranged from -165 to -203 kPa while average failure strain ranged from -46% to -61%. It is expected that the results presented in this thesis will: 1) Help establish correct transportation and procurement methodology for soft tissue mechanical testing. 2) Provide tension and compression material response of the human liver at multiple strain rates for use as material properties and injury tolerance values to validate finite element models.Master of Science
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DeChant, Mallory. "The Effects of Climate, Psychological, and Physical Stressors on Human Remains Detection Canines." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2276.
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Ten canines were utilized in a repeated design to examine the effects of stress associated with work on activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol. However, only eight canines had valid data results due to the ninth canine having a metabolic syndrome that was not diagnosed. The tenth canine was removed from the study prior to initiation of the search scenario due to aggression. The objective was to observe the impact of stressors associated with work on activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol in human remains detection canines. Nine canines were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 simulated search sites which each had two repetitions 1A) RU (rubble area with two concealed partial cadavers); 1B) RU (open crop field with one concealed partial cadaver); 2A) WA (wooded area with two concealed partial cadavers elevated off the ground); 2B) WA (wooded area with two concealed partial cadavers); 3A) MC (mass casualty area with eight exposed full body cadavers); 3B) MC (mass casualty area with five buried full body cadavers). Canines searched for an average of 90 minutes at each site which was then followed by a 10 minute rotation period where canines randomly rotated to one of the other two sites. Upon completion of the third site, canines repeated the first site location. There was a 69 minute rest period between the second and third rotation. Canines were rotated through search sites such that one canine was actively working (AW), the next canine was waiting to work (WW) and was exposed to visual and auditory stimulation in preparation for work and the third canine in the rotation was not working (NW) and crated in the handler’s vehicle with no visual or auditory stimulation associated with work 100 feet from WW area. Total activity expenditure was not influenced by site (P = 0.89) which may indicate detection canines were efficient in expending energy during this study. This correlated with the walk activity expenditure by site as it did not differ based on site (P = 0.16). The canines expended a similar amount of walk energy at each site and this may demonstrate that canines spent more time searching and in scent of the cadaver(s). Conversely, run activity expenditure was influenced by site (P = 0.03), specifically RU site was greater than MC site. When further comparison of the RU repetitions was analyzed, the second repetition was greater than the first in run activity expenditure (P < 0.0001). Canines at the RU site during the second repetition had an easier ability to run compared to the first repetition because of the nature of the site. Total activity expenditure was influenced by rotation (P = 0.04) but was not influenced by rotation within site (P = 0.17). The first rotation was greater than the fourth rotation which may indicate a psychological stressor such as anticipation of the work and possible acclimation of the site. The fourth rotation was at the same location site as the first rotation and canines did not have the novelty of the site as a psychological stressor during the fourth rotation. Canines that did not have exposure to full body cadavers prior to this study did not have greater total activity expenditure (P = 0.46) at the MC site compared to canines that did have exposure to full body cadavers prior to the study. There was an effect of phase on core body temperature (P = 0.0003). However, 95.3% of canines had their core body temperature peaked in the NW phase directly after the AW phase. Which demonstrates that core body temperature continued to increase post exercise. There was also a plateau in the core body temperature for 18 minutes post exercise which could indicate peripheral vasodilation. Attenuation of core body temperature occurred 37 minutes after cessation of the AW phase. There was an effect of site (P < 0.0001), rotation (P < 0.0001), and rotation within site (P < 0.0001) on core body temperature. This may indicate that there was a boundary layer stimulus that acted as a psychological stressor. In addition, the second and third rotation were greater than the first and fourth rotation which is most likely due to the increase in humidity during the second rotation. Core body temperature was impacted by total activity expenditure (P < 0.0001) which is to be expected with increased exercise, core body temperature increases. Salivary cortisol was influenced by site (P = 0.003), specifically the WA site was greater than the MC and the RU site. The WA site may have had a stronger psychological stressor with the tree lines compared to the MC and the RU sites. Rotation within site did impact salivary cortisol (P < 0.0001). However, rotation alone did not influence salivary cortisol (P = 0.42). Core body temperature did not impact salivary cortisol (P = 0.18). Total activity expenditure did not affect salivary cortisol (P = 0.73). Salivary cortisol and age of canine did display a pattern (P = 0.003). Salivary cortisol and exposure to prior full body cadaver did not displayed a pattern (P = 0.78). Based on these results, some physical stressors such as site, rotation, and exercise impacted activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol. This thesis provides limited data dissemination on three physiological parameters that may be impacted on independent variables that are associated with search scenario work. More research is needed to confirm if these specific stressors observed impact activity expenditure, core body temperature, and salivary cortisol in human remains detection canines.
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McParland, Laura C. "Utilisation of quantified reflectance values to determine temperature and processes of formation for human produced archaeological charcoal." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531315.
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Broday, Evandro Eduardo. "Proposta de metodologia de predição de sensação térmica dos usuários em ambientes internos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1952.
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CNPqO PMV (Voto Médio Estimado) é um índice que pretende prever a sensação térmica das pessoas expostas a um mesmo ambiente. Entretanto, existem discrepâncias entre o modelo do PMV e as respostas de sensação térmica obtidas em estudos de campo efetuados para algumas populações. Um dos componentes para o cálculo do PMV é o isolamento térmico das vestimentas (Icl), que se utiliza da temperatura de superfície da vestimenta (tcl), que pode ser um fator que contribui para estas discrepâncias. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo apresentar um novo modelo de predição térmica minimizando as imprecisões das trocas térmicas pela correta determinação do tcl, utilizando-se do método de Newton. A coleta de dados contou com um grupo de soldadores, um grupo de trabalhadores de escritório desempenhando atividades sedentárias e um grupo de militares do exército português. Com a coleta de variáveis ambientais e pessoais no Brasil e em Portugal, esta pesquisa desenvolveu o Snovo1, por meio de um valor de tcl sem resíduos gerado pelo método de Newton e substituído nas parcelas de convecção e radiação de perda de calor e o Snovo2, mediante regressão múltipla entre os votos de sensação térmica coletados em estudo de campo, a taxa metabólica e os mecanismos de troca de calor. Depois do confronto entre a sensação térmica real e os valores de PMV calculados, para todos os grupos, os resultados encontrados com o Snovo1 e Snovo2 sempre foram melhores que os resultados encontrados com o PMV original de Fanger. O melhor resultado obtido nesta pesquisa foi com o grupo de militares, onde o Snovo2 apresentou uma melhoria de aproximadamente 46% em relação ao PMV original. Esta pesquisa comprovou que a temperatura superficial da vestimenta é uma variável de influência no modelo do PMV e minimizar imprecisões em sua obtenção diminui as discrepâncias entre os votos de sensação térmica e o PMV.
The PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) is an index which aims to predict the thermal sensation of people exposed to the same environment. However, there are discrepancies between the PMV model and thermal sensation responses obtained in field studies for some populations. One of the components for the calculation of PMV is the clothing insulation (Icl), which uses the clothing surface temperature (tcl), which can be a factor which contributes towards these discrepancies. Therefore, the aim of this research was to show the tcl influence on the PMV index. Thus, this research aimed to present a new thermal prediction model minimizing inaccuracies of thermal exchanges through the correct determination of tcl, by using Newton's method. Data collection featured a group of welders, a group of office workers performing sedentary activities and a group of Portuguese Army Military. Having collected environmental and personal variables in Brazil and Portugal, this research developed the Snew1, through a value of tcl without residues generated by Newton’s Method and replaced in convection and radiation heat loss equations and Snew2, through multiple regression between thermal sensation votes collected in field study, the metabolic rate and the mechanisms of heat exchange. After confrontation between the real thermal sensation and the calculated PMV values, for all groups, the results found with the Snew1 and Snew2 were always better than the results found with the Fanger’s Original PMV. The best result obtained in this research was with the military group, where the Snew2 presented an improvement about 46% over the original PMV. This search proved that the clothing surface temperature is a variable that influences the PMV model and minimizing inaccuracies in its obtaining decreases discrepancies between thermal sensation votes and PMV.
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Van, Zyl Estee Alwelien. "The effect of incubation time and temperature on sperm motility, human sperm DNA and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcome." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96793.
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Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In all Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) procedures the semen sample is handled, processed, prepared and manipulated before use in the fertilization process. During these incubation times, the sperm cells are exposed to factors that may inflict damage to the sperm structure and DNA integrity, impair its functional abilities and subsequently lead to fertilization failure and poor ART outcome. Two of the very basic, but important factors that may have an impact on the sperm quality are time and temperature exposure. The primary objective of this study was to prospectively determine the effect of different incubation times and temperatures on motility and the DNA profile of the spermatozoa. Non-processed (n=36) and processed (n=33) semen samples were incubated for different time intervals (before: 20, 40, 60 minutes; after: 30, 60, 90 minutes) and at different temperatures (room temperature [RT] and 37°C). After incubation, sperm parameters were assessed, the CMA3 assay was applied to determine chromatin maturity and compaction and the TUNEL assay to assess the level of DNA fragmentation. The results showed that in the non-processed group, incubation led to a time-dependent, significant decline in the motility. The highest motility was seen at 20 minutes (37°C) and motility declined in a time-dependent manner. Incubation time and temperature did not affect the CMA3 and TUNEL values. Incubation of the processed sample led to a significant time-dependent decrease in the motility; 90 minutes (RT) had the lowest motility. The CMA3 and TUNEL values between the different incubation groups did not differ significantly. The secondary objective was to retrospectively investigate the effect of sperm incubation time after preparation on ART outcome. A total of 901 patient ART cycles (January 2010- December 2012) were included. Fertilization rates, embryo quality and pregnancy rates were examined. The results showed that the sperm incubation time before insemination between in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) differed significantly and the incubation time had a significant negative effect on the fertilization rates in IVF, but not in ICSI. Longer incubation times led to an unexpected significant improvement in the quality of day 2 embryos and were significantly associated with pregnancy failure in IVF and ICSI. These combined findings suggest that non-processed semen samples can be incubated at RT or 37°C, but for no longer than 40 minutes and, for IVF, processed samples should not be incubated for longer than 60 minutes at RT or 37°C. The ICSI sample should not be incubated for more than 60 minutes although longer incubation times do not seem to influence the results for IVF. It can therefore also be concluded that sperm incubation time before insemination should be closely monitored, especially in IVF cycles.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In kunsmatige voortplantingstegnieke (ART) word die semen-monster geprosesseer, voorberei en gemanipuleer voordat dit vir die bevrugtingsproses gebruik word. Terwyl die monster geïnkubeer word, word die spermselle blootgestel aan verskeie faktore wat die struktuur van die sperm, die DNS integriteit en die sperm se funksionele vermoë negatief kan beïnvloed. Dit kan lei tot swak bevrugting, embriokwaliteit en swangerskapsyfers. Twee basiese, maar belangrike, faktore wat die spermkwaliteit negatief kan beinvloed is die duur van inkubasie en die temperatuur waarby die spermselle geïnkubeer word. Die primêre doel van die huidige studie was om prospektief te ondersoek wat die effek van verskillende inkubasietye en temperature op die motiliteit en DNA profiel van die sperm het. Monsters is voor en na spermvoorbereiding vir verskillende tydsintervalle (voor: 20, 40, 60 minute; na: 30, 60, 90 minute) en verskillende temperature (kamertemperatuur [KT] en 37°C) geïnkubeer. Na elke inkubasie is ’n spermanalise, ’n CMA3- en ’n TUNEL toets gedoen. Die CMA3 toets bepaal die chromatienmaturiteit en -kompaksie en die TUNEL toets vir die vlak van DNS fragmentasie. Die resultate het getoon dat daar in die voor voorbereiding groep ’n beduidende verskil in motiliteit tussen die verskillende inkubasiegroepe was. Die hoogste motiliteit is in die 20 minute/37°C groep gevind. Die motiliteit het oor tyd afgeneem. Die tyd en temperatuur van inkubasie het nie ’n beduidende effek op die CMA3 en TUNEL uitslae gehad nie. Inkubasie nadat die semen voorberei was het weereens tot ’n beduidende verskil in motilieit tussen die groepe gelei. Die laagste motiliteit is waargeneem by 90 minute/KT. Geen beduidende verskil is tussen die inkubasiegroepe vir CMA3 en TUNEL gevind nie. Die sekondêre doel van die studie was om retrospektief te ondersoek wat die effek van sperminkubasietyd na spermvoorbereiding op die bevrugting, embriokwaliteit en swangerskapsyfers is. 901 pasiëntsiklusse is in die studie ingesluit (Januarie 2010 tot Desember 2012). Die resultate het aangedui dat die inkubasietye van die intrasitoplasmatiese inspuiting (ICSI) en in vitro bevrugting (IVB) beduidend van mekaar verskil het. Langer inkubasietye het ’n beduidende negatiewe effek op die bevrugtinguitslae van IVB siklusse gehad, maar geen effek op ICSI siklusse gehad nie. Langer inkubasietye het ook tot ’n onverwagte verhoging in die kwaliteit van dag 2 embrios gelei en was verder beduidend geassosieer met negatiewe swangerskapuitkoms. Hierdie gesamentlike bevindinge dui aan dat semenmonsters voor voorbereiding by KT of 37°C geïnkubeer kan word, maar nie vir langer as 40 minute nie. Na semenvoorbereiding, behoort die IVB semenmonster vir nie langer as 60 minute voor inseminasie geïnkubeer te word nie (KT of 37°C). Die ICSI semenmonster moet verkieslik binne 60 minute na voorbereiding gebruik word, maar dit wil voorkom asof die tyd hier nie so ’n groot rol speel nie. Daar kan verder afgelei word dat sperminkubasietye voor die gebruik vir inseminasie baie goed gemonitor moet word – veral in IVB siklusse.
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Nimmermark, Sven. "Odour impact : odour release, dispersion and influence on human well-being with specific focus on animal production /." Alnarp : Dept. of Agricultural Biosystems and Technology (JBT), Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a494.pdf.
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