Journal articles on the topic 'Human smuggling – Government policy – Canada'
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1
Lilienthal, Gary. "People Trafficking and Smuggling Crimes in Australia: A Critical Analysis of State Intent." Issues in Legal Scholarship 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ils-2016-0249.
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AbstractThis article’s objective is to expose the rhetorical source of the heavy irony in Australia’s immigration detention regime. The observer might wonder why an isolated and vast land could be so concerned at, and afraid of, small groups of “boat people.” Therefore, the paper poses the question as to what reasoning and public policy purposes might underlie the successful public rhetoric vilifying “boat people,” creating the construct of “people smuggling” and demanding military operations to “turn back the boats.” It tries to correlate with a likely state desire to resurrect the old laws of attainder, civil death and outlawry, in order to create a slave-class of displaced migrants, for solely state interests and purposes. In addressing the question structurally, discussion begins with a brief look at the Australian law. Argument then concentrates on the originating negotiations in the international high councils. After this, the article looks at instances of people smuggling rhetoric in Canada, also addressing briefly the United States law. Then there is a section on modern rhetorical analysis, which argument tries to use to explain what might underlie these government methods. The paper briefs the reader on the old laws of civil death, outlawry and attainder in Australia, with a view to a contextual assessment as to whether they are really what underlie the draconian outcomes of Australia’s human trafficking and people smuggling laws and policies. The research outcome will likely suggest that conveniences to the state such as efficiency in policing, removing likely political opposition from new arrivals, avoiding any dilution of the local culture and skirting unwanted international rights are most likely to be the real state intent.
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Wan Ismail, Wan Nur Ibtisam, Raja Noriza Raja Ariffin, and Kee Cheok Cheong. "Human Trafficking in Malaysia." Administration & Society 49, no. 2 (July 27, 2016): 212–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399714532271.
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Recent studies have suggested that migrants are highly vulnerable to being trafficked. Malaysia, with its large number of migrants is vulnerable and is struggling to implement its Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007. There is also little information on implementation experience so far. Through in-depth interviews with government bureaucrats and other stakeholders, this study seeks to gain some insight into Malaysia’s policy implementation experience. It finds inadequate coordination, limited resources, poor information flow, enforcement approach, hierarchical control structure, and need for change as the major factors constraining effective policy implementation.
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Mandic, Danilo. "Trafficking and Syrian Refugee Smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route." Social Inclusion 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.917.
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As of March 2016, 4.8 million Syrian refugees were scattered in two dozen countries by the civil war. Refugee smuggling has been a major catalyst of human trafficking in the Middle East and Europe migrant crises. Data on the extent to which smuggling devolved into trafficking in this refugee wave is, however, scarce. This article investigates how Syrian refugees interact with smugglers, shedding light on how human smuggling and human trafficking interrelated on the Balkan Route. I rely on original evidence from in-depth interviews (n = 123) and surveys (n = 100) with Syrian refugees in Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, and Germany; as well as ethnographic observations in thirty-five refugee camps or other sites in these countries. I argue that most smugglers functioned as guides, informants, and allies in understudied ways—thus refugee perceptions diverge dramatically from government policy assumptions. I conclude with a recommendation for a targeted advice policy that would acknowledge the reality of migrant-smuggler relations, and more effectively curb trafficking instead of endangering refugees.
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Idoniboye-Obu, Sakiemi A. "Public policy and border management in Nigeria: implications of President Buhari’s 2019 policy on land borders closure." Journal of Global Social Sciences 3, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31039/jgss.v3i12.97.
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Land borders closure policy is a border management policy which is used by countries to preserve their national integrity, protect their socio-political interests, and to enhance their economy and national development. This study accordingly examined public policy and border management in Nigeria with focus on the implications of Buhari’s 2019 policy of land borders closure. The study adopted the human needs theory as theoretical framework for the study. The study employed descriptive survey design and a sample size of 40 respondents purposively selected from Seme, Idiroko, and Mfun border areas using the purposive sampling technique. The study used both primary and secondary data while analyses were made using simple percentage and content analytical model. Based on the data analysis, the study found that the policy on land borders closure has neither improved border management nor reduced the rate of smuggling and insecurity in Nigeria. It equally established that the policy has not significantly improved the national development of the country. The policy did not only cause loss of jobs and shut down of businesses but negatively impacted on the indigenous manufacturing companies and also increased the price of food in the country. Based on the above findings, the study recommended among others that the Nigerian Government should draft a proper plan on how to improve border management in Nigeria and man the unregulated routes. This can be done by expanding and dispatching border security agents to those illegal routes. This would help to reduce smuggling, terrorists and criminal activities in the country. The study concluded that the policy on land borders closure posed negative impacts on both Nigeria and her neighboring countries.
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Ardhana, I. ketut. "HISTORY EDUCATION IN BORDERLINE TERRITORY." Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 14, no. 1 (April 6, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/historia.v14i1.1907.
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Indonesian government policies that emphasize economic growth and national stability, characterized by authoritarian and centralized government in the past, inflict a disparity in regional growth. The control of central government to the region, seems to disturb the sense of justice and the welfare of the people on the borderline territory which are considered retarded, isolated, and marginalized. Moreover, the increasing of smuggling, human trafficking, and terrorism has been disturbing the sense of historical awareness in relation to the issue of nationality. It started from reform era followed by regional autonomy policy gives space to the region government to balance the local development. This article discussed, first: The importance of History education in borderline territory, Second: ethnic historical concept and regional studies in borderline territory, third: ethnical integration based on sociocultural aspect of national character reinforcement in borderline, and fourth: history education development to increase the competitiveness, which also expected to strengthen the nationalism in borderline territory.
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Dimas N. I, Fajar, and M. Irfan Singke. "Enforcement of Immigration Law Against Human Smuggling Especually Illegal Foreign Labor in Indonesia : Normative – Empiric Axiology." Journal of Law and Border Protection 3, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v3i2.278.
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Transnational crime has the potential to occur in Indonesia, which is a developing country. Transnational crime is not only driven by the free trade factor and weak law enforcement in Indonesia, but also by the geographical area of Indonesia itself. In the midst of many national problems that are currently happening and require serious attention, one of the serious concerns is people smuggling or people smuggling. Law enforcement against immigration crimes, especially the problem of misuse of foreign workers' residence permits by law enforcement officers, especially PPNS investigators is still very weak. This can be seen in the development of the issue of illegal foreign workers which is being discussed in the community. This situation needs serious attention from the government, especially law enforcement. Enforcement of illegal foreign workers can be carried out administrative actions in the form of paying fees/fines, deportation, revocation of business licenses, and if the conditions for employing foreign workers are not met, the licensing agency can repatriate foreign workers to their countries of origin, and deterrence or criminal sanctions with the threat of imprisonment. The policy of determining in the future should stipulate a special minimum and a special maximum in criminal sanctions, in addition to mapping the division of roles so that there is no generalization of the imposition of criminal sanctions accompanied by the determination of criminal rules that are oriented towards smugglers and the people being smuggled.
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ROSAASEN, K. A., and J. S. LOKKEN. "ECONOMIC, MARKETING AND POLICY CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN CANADA." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 845–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-095.
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The current economic, marketing and policy constraints facing the animal production industry in Canada are examined. An historical review indicates the consequences (sometimes unintended) of economic or policy changes in the past in the areas of land settlement, marketing and grading. Natural factors constraining production such as gestation periods and climate and human factors such as consumption potential both physically and socially are considered. Government policy is identified as a key determinant in the animal production industry and an alternative explanation of the activity of government in the economy is outlined. The effect of economic and policy variables including interest rates, feed prices, economies of scale, productivity gains, trade policy, tax policy, grain and livestock marketing and stabilization on animal production are described. Throughout, the importance of government policy in determining the development of the animal production industry is emphasized. The major areas of tax policy and grain support programs in Western Canada are key determinants of regional livestock production patterns. The future of these policies is uncertain and this uncertainty is a major constraint to animal production in Canada. Uncertainty has always been a major constraint on animal production. Producers have developed mechanisms to deal with market variation, biological factors such as disease, fluctuating interest rates and the whims of the environment. However, a major source of uncertainty has not been addressed: — government policy. In part, this uncertainty is due to the on-again, off-again policies governments have followed. But history indicates it is foolish to believe that all important variables are within the control of government. Policy evolves through a political process that often reflects the interests of special interest groups rather than the long-term interests of producers or consumers. Change occurs slowly, impeded by resistance from those in favored positions within the current system. Policy uncertainty remains as a key variable to be addressed by the livestock industry in Canada. Key words: Animal production, economic constraints, policy constraints, policy uncertainty
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Bavery, Ashley Johnson. "“Crashing America’s Back Gate”: Illegal Europeans, Policing, and Welfare in Industrial Detroit, 1921-1939." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 2 (June 23, 2016): 239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216655791.
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Between 1921 and 1939, the border separating Detroit, Michigan, from Windsor, Canada, represented a key site for undocumented immigration on America’s northern border, and the migrants in question were European. This essay examines industrial urban America in the wake of 1921 and 1924 Immigration Acts to reveal the effects of restriction and policing on America’s emerging welfare state. It finds that in Detroit, after federal policies gave nativism the force of the law, local smuggling, policing, and enforcement practices branded foreign-born Europeans as illegal regardless of their legal status. During the New Deal Era, when the federal government built America’s welfare system, the stakes for belonging to the nation-state became higher than ever. In this moment of transition, local actors drew on rhetoric connecting foreigners to crime and dependence to urge federal policymakers to tie welfare benefits to citizenship. These local initiatives in Detroit and across the nation prompted the federal government to purge non-citizens from the Works Progress Administration, the new welfare program most associated with dependence and relief. Ultimately, this essay argues that a shift in national mood about foreignness in urban America took hold of the United States in the 1920s and shaped federal welfare policy by the 1930s.
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Ayalew, Negesse Asnake. "Special Investigative Techniques For Human Trafficking Investigation In Ethiopia." International Journal of social Sciences and Economic Review 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36923/ijsser.v2i1.50.
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Purpose of the study: The police have the responsibility of balancing the protection of the public from harm with respecting the human right of the suspect during the prevention and investigation of crimes. However; it is difficult to strike absolute balances since it is determined based on government police is due process or crime control model especially the case of special investigation techniques, which are the covert means of investigation of serious crime and criminals based on the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and adequate safeguard. The purpose of this doctrinal article is to evaluate the role of special crime investigation techniques for drug trafficking in Ethiopia.
Methodology: Data were collected through document review and interview crime investigators, who were selected purposively since they have a direct relation. This is qualitative research and descriptive design. The collected data were analyzed thematically.
Findings: The findings of this research revealed that there are some provisions of special investigation techniques in FDRE criminal justice policy, anti-human trafficking, and smuggling of migrant proclamation. However, these legal bases are not comprehensive such as the types of special investigation techniques, who conduct it, and how long the requirements to conduct these were not answered.
Application: Therefore, the house of people representative should enact all-inclusive law on special investigation techniques for human trafficking in Ethiopia. The general attorney also should create awareness to the public about it.
Novelty: Human trafficking investigation is challenging ous in Ethiopia, and nobody studied it. Therefore, this study may use as reference material for students’; the government may use it as input for policy and lawmakers.
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Smith, Heather, and Tari Ajadi. "Canada’s feminist foreign policy and human security compared." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 75, no. 3 (September 2020): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702020954547.
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Canadian federal governments regularly try to craft a unique image of Canada in the world; however, the Trudeau government’s embrace of feminist foreign policy feels strikingly similar to the late 1990s when human security was embraced. There seems to be a “sameness” in the promotion of a progressive values-based discourse that has transformative potential for Canadian foreign policy. The question is, does this sense of sameness bear out when we dig into the comparison? Drawing on speeches given by government ministers; policy documents, such as the Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP); media; and scholarship, we compare and contrast analyses of the sources of the human security and feminist foreign policy discourses and then identify common critiques. We also examine two significant differences. We find there is consistent Liberal articulation of values-based discourses and policies that have unmet transformative potential. In both cases, style and rhetoric are privileged over transformative change.
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Ghanem, Rejean. "Canada - A Long Way To Go: The Designated Country of Origin Policy and Refugee Protection." Contemporary Kanata: Interdisciplinary Approaches To Canadian Studies, no. 1 (September 26, 2021): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2564-4661.23.
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The Designated Country of Origin (DCO) policy was a political response to unwanted migration in Canada. Adapted from Europe, Harper took a liking to the EU’s SCO policy after Canada received a large influx of Middle Eastern and Balkan refugees seeking asylum. He adapted it in Canada, renaming it Designated Country of Origin (DCO). Under the DCO, the government of Canada would decide if a refugee's country of origin was dangerous enough to be considered for asylum. If the asylum seekers country is determined as safe, that person would be disregarded and sent back to their country of origin. Many refugees who had already settled in Canada had their files reopened and were told to return to their country of origin. The DCO policy became an integral part of the refugee status determination process in Canada to which some regarded as faulty, inefficient, and unjust. In 2019, the SCO was deemed unconstitutional and violated The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Ahmed Hussen, Minister of Immigration, wanted to create an asylum system that was considered fair and efficient. While it is important for an asylum seeker to prove they are truthful about the facts of their case, the DCO policy represents a climate of hostility towards migrants in Canada. In this piece, it will be argued that the DCO policy is a discriminatory migration tool used to “weed out” what the government deems as fake migrants. This policy could deny international protection to those who are genuinely in need. The DCO proves that the nation has a misleading reputation of being welcoming to all who come. The DCO threatened the human rights of asylum seekers who sought refuge in Canada.
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Snow, Dave. "The Judicialization of Assisted Reproductive Technology Policy in Canada: Decentralization, Medicalization, and Mandatory Regulation." Canadian journal of law and society 27, no. 2 (August 2012): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjls.27.2.169.
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AbstractThis article examines the effect of two recent constitutional decisions that have altered the course of assisted-reproduction policy in Canada:Reference re Assisted Human Reproduction Act(2010) andPratten v British Columbia(2011). Together, the cases link a socially liberal conception of morality in federalism cases with an interventionist view of the state in Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms cases. This could result in a trend toward judicially mandated provincial, as opposed to federal, government action. These cases also provide further evidence of the judicialization of politics in Canada, whereby controversial moral and public-policy issues are increasingly determined in the courtroom.
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Green, Joyce. "Canaries in the Mines of Citizenship: Indian Women in Canada." Canadian Journal of Political Science 34, no. 4 (December 2001): 715–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423901778067.
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This article explores the concept of citizenship in relation to certain Aboriginal women, whose membership in First Nations is subject to Canadian federal legislation and First Nations constitutions and membership codes. In the struggle for decolonization, Aboriginal peoples use the language of rights - rights to self-determination, and claims of fundamental human rights. The state has injected its limited policy of ''self-government'' into this conversation, characterized by the federal government's preference for delegating administrative powers to Indian Act bands. Since the 1985 Indian Act revisions, bands have been able to control their membership. Where prior to 1985 the federal government implemented sexist, racist legislation determining band membership, now some bands have racist, sexist membership codes. In both cases, the full citizenship capacity of affected Aboriginal women, in either the colonial state or in First Nations, is impaired. The bands in question resist criticism by invoking rights claims and traditional practices; the federal government washes its hands in deference to self-government. The rights claims of affected women are scarcely acknowledged, much less addressed. Meanwhile, their citizenship in both dominant and Aboriginal communities is negotiated with the realities of colonialism, racism and sexism. Their experience demonstrates the limitations of citizenship theory and of Canadian citizenship guarantees.
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Lemco, Jonathan. "Canadian Foreign Policy Interests in Central America: Some Current Issues." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, no. 2 (1986): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/165776.
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Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney is faced with a number of difficult choices concerning Canada's foreign policy in Central America. These choices are particularly problematic because their repercussions may have an important impact on Canada- US relations. On the one hand, the Prime Minister must heed public opinion in Canada which favors increased government concern about human rights and economic development in Central America. On the other hand, he must consider American security interests and not irritate or embarrass the United States and President Reagan in particular.Canada's middle power status puts it in a difficult quandary, for it seeks to retain an independent role in Central America, while it finds its influence circumscribed by its proximity to the US superpower. Its ability to wield tangible authority is thus severely attenuated. Canada's asymmetrical relationship with the United States allows it a certain degree of latitude in formulating foreign policy but imposes important constraints as well.
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Mahboubi, Pouyan, Margot W. Parkes, and Hing Man Chan. "Challenges and Opportunities of Integrating Human Health into the Environmental Assessment Process: The Canadian Experience Contextualised to International Efforts." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 17, no. 04 (December 2015): 1550034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333215500349.
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A scoping review of the literature was conducted to identify the most pressing issues pertaining to the application of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) and the integration of health concerns into the Environmental Assessment (EA) process in Canada and internationally. The issues identified include the need for government intervention, gaps in methodology and tools, limitations of capacity and expertise, poor intersectoral, disciplinary and public collaboration/participation, challenges of data quantification and analytic complexity, and the need for process efficiency. The issues presented were also contextualised to the status quo practice of EA in Canada and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA 2012). Recommendations were proposed as a starting point for improved integration. First, a commitment by the actors involved to the protection of human health — aligned with the core mandate of the CEAA. Second, the achievement of intersectoral, disciplinary and public collaboration, led by government, ideally the health sector. The case is made for a new era of Canadian leadership and innovation at the interface of health and EA.
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Blackstock, Cindy. "Should Governments be Above the Law? The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal on First Nations Child Welfare." Children Australia 40, no. 2 (June 2015): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2015.6.
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Many child welfare statutes protect children when caregivers jeopardise their safety and best interests, but what if the risk is sourced in government child welfare policy or practice? Instead of including provisions to hold governments accountable for placing children in harm's way, governments and their agents are largely protected against any systemic maltreatment claims made against them. This paper describes a precedent-setting case before the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal attempting to hold the Canadian federal government accountable for its systemic failure to ensure that First Nations children are protected from maltreatment linked to inequitable federal child welfare funding on reserves. The case is a rare example using an independent judicial mechanism with the authority to make binding orders against the government and enveloping the proceedings in a public education and engagement movement. Implications of the case for child rights in Canada and abroad are discussed.
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Stockwell, Tim, Norman Giesbrecht, Kate Vallance, and Ashley Wettlaufer. "Government Options to Reduce the Impact of Alcohol on Human Health: Obstacles to Effective Policy Implementation." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082846.
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Evidence for effective government policies to reduce exposure to alcohol’s carcinogenic and hepatoxic effects has strengthened in recent decades. Policies with the strongest evidence involve reducing the affordability, availability and cultural acceptability of alcohol. However, policies that reduce population consumption compete with powerful commercial vested interests. This paper draws on the Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation (CAPE), a formal assessment of effective government action on alcohol across Canadian jurisdictions. It also draws on alcohol policy case studies elsewhere involving attempts to introduce minimum unit pricing and cancer warning labels on alcohol containers. Canadian governments collectively received a failing grade (F) for alcohol policy implementation during the most recent CAPE assessment in 2017. However, had the best practices observed in any one jurisdiction been implemented consistently, Canada would have received an A grade. Resistance to effective alcohol policies is due to (1) lack of public awareness of both need and effectiveness, (2) a lack of government regulatory mechanisms to implement effective policies, (3) alcohol industry lobbying, and (4) a failure from the public health community to promote specific and feasible actions as opposed to general principles, e.g., ‘increased prices’ or ‘reduced affordability’. There is enormous untapped potential in most countries for the implementation of proven strategies to reduce alcohol-related harm. While alcohol policies have weakened in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, societies may now also be more accepting of public health-inspired policies with proven effectiveness and potential economic benefits.
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Jeyabalan, Renuka, and Rohaida Nordin. "Protection of the Rights of the Victims of Human Trafficking: Has Malaysia done Enough?" Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 3, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v3i2.9231.
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Human trafficking is a grave threat to human rights. Statistic shows that yearly almost thousands of men, women and children grieve in the hand of traffickers as human trafficking victim, in their own countries or abroad. Thus, there is a need for Malaysia to take the necessary step to combat human trafficking and at the same time to provide effective protection for victims of trafficking as enacted under the Malaysian Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007 (ATIPSOM 2007). The first part of this research examines the international law standards on human rights protection of the victim of human trafficking while the second part analyses any legal and policy measures adopted within the Malaysian context. In this analysis, attention will be made on numerous protection mechanisms such as provision for a shelter, or a place of refuge, appointment of Protection Officers, medical treatment, right to work and safe repatriation. This research further examines and assesses the adequacy and effectiveness of the current measures and laws especially in terms of their enforcement by the relevant enforcement bodies. Analysis on the existing legal framework within other ASEAN States, including Indonesia, is also done so as to provide relevant best practices for consideration and adoption by the Malaysian government. In conclusion, this research provides a number of solutions to address the problems and challenges within the existing legal framework in Malaysia with the ultimate aim at providing better protection for the victims of human trafficking.
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Macklin, Audrey. "Dancing across Borders: ‘Exotic Dancers,’ Trafficking, and Canadian Immigration Policy." International Migration Review 37, no. 2 (June 2003): 464–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00145.x.
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This article analyzes a Canadian immigration program that authorizes issuance of temporary work visas to ‘exotic dancers.’ In response to public criticism that the government was thereby implicated in the transnational trafficking of women into sexual exploitation, Citizenship and Immigration Canada retained the visa program de jure but eliminated it de facto. Using a legal and discursive analysis that focuses on the production of female labor migrants variously as workers, as criminals and as bearers of human rights, the article argues that the incoherence of Canadian policy can only be rendered intelligible when refracted through these different lenses. The article concludes by considering policy options available to the state in addressing the issue.
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Bradley, Doris Miculan, Tony Elenis, Gary Hoyer, David Martin, and James Waller. "Human capital challenges in the food and beverage service industry of Canada." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 9, no. 4 (August 14, 2017): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-04-2017-0017.
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Purpose Challenged by a clear shortfall of available employees to be long-term members of the food service industry, this paper aims to establish reasons for the shortage of available employees and curate a number of strategies to improve the situation. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on the perspectives of many industry stakeholders. These professionals collaborated to identify a number of contributing factors to the shortage of employees in the Canadian food and beverage industry. Corresponding solutions were assessed, prioritized and categorized by groups responsible for taking action. Findings There are many strategies that can be implemented in both the short and long term that can increase the draw for potential employees to join this industry. Practical implications Industry members, educators and government policymakers can all play a role in improving the worker shortage in the food service industry. The recommendations range from industry collaboration to redefinition of jobs and to redistribution of wages. Originality/value The co-authors of this paper include the President and CEO of Ontario Restaurant, Hotel and Motel Association and educators with strong industry experiences gained in the positions of food and beverage director, restaurant manager and executive chef. Given the diverse experiences of the author team, this paper creates a more holistic view of the recommendations to consider for this industry to see positive change.
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Seccareccia, Mario. "Growing Household Indebtedness and the Plummeting Saving Rate in Canada: An Explanatory Note." Economic and Labour Relations Review 16, no. 1 (July 2005): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460501600108.
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Much as it has occurred in the United States, over the last two decades the household saving rate in Canada has fallen sharply to unprecedented levels, as it now hovers essentially about the zero rate. Accompanying this fall, we have witnessed a parallel rise in household debt ratios — a phenomenon that some have dubbed a state of “affluenza”. The object of this article is to provide an explanation of this phenomenon by pointing especially to the role played by fiscal policy in shifting the burden of debt from the government to the household sector. Moreover, the article raises serious concern about the sustainability of this particular growth process.
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Laforest, Rachel, and Steven Rathgeb Smith. "Nonprofits in a Time of Turbulence: Challenges and Opportunities." Nonprofit Policy Forum 8, no. 2 (September 26, 2017): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npf-2017-0021.
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AbstractWe have entered a period of turbulent economic and political change. Internationally, slower growth coupled with youth unemployment and rising inequality have driven a renewed interest in social policy. In the US, the preferred policy approach since the 1990s has been to move away from cash assistance to direct service provision spurring demand for nonprofit services at the local level (Smith 2015, “Managing Human Service Organizations in the 21st Century.” Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership, & Governance 39 (5):407–411). Recently, however, we have observed a power backlash against trade, immigration and economic insecurity that is reshaping politics and bringing about significant cuts in social service programs and health care at a time when the need is high. Fiscal scarcity will no doubt create an additional burden for nonprofits working with communities in need. In Canada, the federal government is moving in the opposite direction with greater investment in the social policy fields, including healthcare, childcare, housing and poverty reduction initiative. These investments will mean a greater flow of resources to the nonprofit sector, but the government has been clear that in exchange they want to tie funding to results and performance.
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Nelson, Connie, Charles Z. Levkoe, and Rachel Kakegamic. "The need for contextual, place-based food policies: Lessons from Northwestern Ontario." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v5i3.327.
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In recent years, several reports have highlighted the need for a national food policy that takes a comprehensive approach to addressing food systems (CAC, 2014; Levkoe & Sheedy, 2017; Martorell, 2017; UNGA, 2012). These findings suggest that, at the core, resilient food systems must be built on interconnected knowledge and experience that emerge from place-based interrelationships between human and ecological systems. Drawing on these important learnings, this commentary voices our hopes and concerns around the recent efforts of the Canadian Government to develop a food policy for Canada. While we commend the Government’s desire to “set a long-term vision for the health, environmental, social, and economic goals related to food, while identifying actions we can take in the short-term”, we caution any tendency to develop “best practices” that assume a universal, or “one-size fits all” approach to food policy development. We argue that Canada requires a set of contextual, place-based food policies that emerge from the grassroots, address local needs and desires, and build on the strengths and assets of communities.
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Omoniyi, Kehinde Samuel. "Evaluation of Transborder Crimes in Nigeria." American Journal of Society and Law 2, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v2i1.1137.
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Transborder crimes are criminal activities that transverse borders of two or more countries. Notable crimes that flourish across Nigerian’s borders are illicit drug trafficking, Terrorism, proliferation of small arms and light weapons ( SALWs), Human trafficking, internet fraud, oil theft, smuggling of goods among others. All these activities have precipitated security and economic complications across West Africa sub region. The 2022 Global peace Index ranked Nigeria 143 among 163 independent Nations and Territories according to the level of peacefulness while Cato Institute a Washington DC based public policy research organization rated Nigeria as the most unsafe place on earth after Iraq. This phenomenal rise of criminal ratings of Nigeria had attracted local and international attentions of scholars, policy makers and governments. Thus, this study investigates Transborders crimes in Nigeria using qualitative research methodology by reviewing the existing literature and conducting in-depth interviews of 85 informants selected randomly from government establishments and among stakeholders in Nigeria. The study relied on rational choice theory and behavioural theory as theoretical frameworks. The study revealed that Transborder crimes thrive across the West African nations because of many factors which include but not limited to the implementation of ECOWAS protocol on free movement of persons and goods, porous borders, youth unemployment, poverty, poorly trained and ill-equipped security personnel, corruption, poor inter-agency coordination and collaboration. The study concluded that despite various measures by the Nigerian government and International organizations like ECOWAS, UNO, AU to checkmate the scourge, the desired results have not been achieved. The study therefore recommended effective border monitoring and management, job creation, community policing initiative, increased military actions and surveillance, among others as panacea to Transborder crimes detection, reduction and prevention.
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Bohatyrets, Valentyna. "Embracing multiculturalism of Canada: the roots & the present-day realities." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 35-36 (December 20, 2017): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2017.35-36.32-41.
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The paper provides the framework for embracing multiculturalism as a source of national identity, a political ‘profession de foi’, and an engine for a government to gain positive outcomes, leading to better immigrant integration and economic advantages for any country in the world. Noteworthy, Canadian federal policy of multiculturalism, since its official adoption in 1971, is witnessed to work stunningly and in contrast to developments elsewhere – in Canada, public support for multiculturalism is seeing unprecedented growth. Currently, the diversity of the Canadian populace is increasing faster than at any time in its history; Canada’s ethnic makeup has notably altered over the time due to changing immigration patterns. According to the latest poll findings, 84% of Canadians agree with the statement that ‘Canada’s multicultural makeup is one of the best things about this country’; 61% of Canadians believe multiculturalism ‘strengthens national identity’. Moreover, released data from Environics reveals that 27% of Canadians believe ‘multiculturalism is the one characteristic about Canada that most deserves to be celebrated on its upcoming 150thanniversary. Undeniably, people around the world tend to view Canada as “good”. Importantly, the election of Justin Trudeau is viewed as an excellent opportunity to invigorate brand Canada. Noteworthy, brand Justin Trudeau is currently composed of his belief in and promotion of the values of tolerance, equality and diversity. While recognizing the value for society of the human dignity inherent in each individual, Trudeau’s government aims to push beyond mere tolerance to mutual understanding and respect.
Keywords: Multiculturalism of Canada, immigration, digital diplomacy, brand, national identity, poll, ethnic groups
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DuVal, Gordon. "Institutional Conflicts of Interest: Protecting Human Subjects, Scientific Integrity, and Institutional Accountability." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 32, no. 4 (2004): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb01967.x.
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If clinical trials become a commercial venture in which self-interest overrules public interest and desire overrules science, then the social contract which allows research on human subjects in return for medical advances is broken.BackgroundIn the past two decades, the involvement of non-academic sponsors of biomedical research, particularly clinical trial research, has increased exponentially. The value of such sponsored research is difficult to ascertain. However, it is estimated that, between 1980 and 2003, overall research and development expenditures by US pharmaceutical companies increased from $2 billion to $33 billion and that, in 2001, clinical trial research expenditures in Canada totaled $800 million to $1 billion.The source of funding for biomedical research has shifted significantly from predominantly government and private foundations to industry. By 2002,70% of funding for clinical trials came from industry. These factors have affected the conduct of research, particularly clinical trial research, in a variety of ways.
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Oko Omaka, Arua. "“Biafrans Are Not Nazis:” The Biafran Humanitarian Disaster and Trudeau’s Analogies." Canadian Journal of History 57, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 220–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh-57-2-2021-0115.
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During the Nigeria-Biafra War, the Nigerian government employed shooting and economic blockade as powerful instruments of uniting the country and defending its territorial integrity. Starvation as a potent weapon was of a magnitude that arguably made it the worst catastrophe since the Second World War. The tension was between sovereignty and human rights. Public opinion in Canada strongly favored humanitarian support for Biafra, but the Canadian government argued that humanitarian aid for Biafra might be offensive to the Nigerian government. This article examines the attitude of Pierre Trudeau to the Biafran humanitarian crisis. It argues that Trudeau’s analogical arguments did not represent the true situation of the war. Although Trudeau’s reliance on information from the Commonwealth secretariat affected his understanding of the crisis, his policies were largely influenced by domestic political issues, particularly the Quebec separatist movement. The paper concludes that Canada’s foreign policy reviews that coincided with the Nigeria–Biafra War informed Trudeau’s kneejerk response to the Biafran humanitarian crisis.
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Firebrace, Sharon. "Issues in Service Delivery for Women Statewide: Koori Context." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 3 (1998): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98034.
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For introduction, let me state what most of us will readily acknowledge as fact: the Koori health profile contains the greatest challenge for health providers on all levels today. This has been the case for decades and current indicators confirm the relatively stagnant health outcomes of Australia's indigenous population. Similarly challenged indigenous populations throughout the world -especially in New Zealand, Canada and USA - have improved their indigenous health profiles while we, in Australia, lag behind. Despite the best intentions of government and indigenous agencies, the state of indigenous health remains a damning indictment of our society's human rights conscience.
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Guidotti, Tee L. "Evaluating Risk After a Hazardous Waste Treatment Plant Released Persistent Organic Pollutants. Part 2. Ecotoxicology and Human Health Risk." Case Studies in the Environment 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001081.
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On 16 October 1996, a malfunction at the Swan Hills Special Waste Treatment Center (SHSWTC) in Alberta, Canada, released an undetermined quantity of persistent organic pollutants to the atmosphere, including PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs. The circumstances of exposure are detailed in Part 1, Background and Policy Issues. An ecologically based, staged health risk assessment was conducted in two parts with two levels of government as sponsors. The first, called the Swan Hills Study, is described in this part, which was conducted by the Government of Alberta to evaluate the human health risks, primarily by determining contaminant levels in wild game and fish and in serum of residents of the area to reflect body burden. A diet and activity survey was conducted by telephone to determine and to inform an initial advisory on consumption of country foods. A subsequent evaluation, called the Lesser Slave Lake Study, focused exclusively on Aboriginal residents in the area and is presented in Part 3 of this case study. Because this is a case study and not a research report, the findings are presented as they became available at the time of the study.
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Burgard, Antoine. "‘The fight on educating the public to equal treatment for all will have to come later’: Jewish Refugee Activism and Anti-Immigration Sentiment in Immediate Post-War Canada." London Journal of Canadian Studies 34, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2019v34.006.
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Canadian immigration policy of the 1930s and 1940s was the most restrictive and selective in the country’s history, making it one of the countries to take the smallest number of Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi persecution. After the war, Canada slowly opened its borders, but only through small token gestures in 1947 and 1948. This article explores how the main Canadian Jewish organization lobbied for the welcoming of more Jewish refugees and migrants in the immediate aftermath of the war. It examines how their perception of the public’s anti-Jewish immigrant sentiment and of the Canadian immigration policy’s discriminatory mechanisms informed their strategies. During that period, the Canadian Jewish Congress prioritized constant and subtle action with the government instead of trying to set up mass mobilization campaigns. This strategic shift is an overshadowed but essential chapter of both Jewish and human rights histories in Canada. This article invites a re-evaluation of Jewish activism’s role in ending ethnic selection in the Canadian immigration policy and promoting refugee rights. It contributes to broadening our understanding of how minority groups lobbied and worked with hostile media and authorities.
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Hebdon, Robert P., and Robert N. Stern. "Tradeoffs among Expressions of Industrial Conflict: Public Sector Strike Bans and Grievance Arbitrations." ILR Review 51, no. 2 (January 1998): 204–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399805100203.
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This examination of industrial conflict in over 9,000 bargaining units in Ontario, Canada, in 1988 yields robust cross-sectional evidence of a trade-off between legal strike bans and forms of industrial conflict other than strikes. Within Ontario's health care and provincial government services sectors, the incidence of grievance arbitrations, especially those concerning economic issues, was significantly higher where striking was prohibited than where it was permitted. The authors argue that researchers and policy makers should be aware that there may be unanticipated changes in expressions of industrial conflict when legal changes restrict specific actions such as strikes. In particular, research and policy models of industrial conflict should be specified to include more than one form of conflict expression at a time.
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McKay, Alina, and Tanyss Knowles. "A Policy Analysis of National Occupancy Standards with a Focus on Their Impact on Women Who Have Experienced Gender-Based Violence in British Columbia." International Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics 19, no. 3 (November 16, 2022): 132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.55521/10-019-309.
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For the past three decades, National Occupancy Standards (NOS) have been the default standard used by government and non-governmental housing organizations in Canada to assess housing suitability. However, there is growing concern that the prescriptive nature of these standards limits access to housing for those most in need, including women+ who have experienced gender-based violence and their families (Knowles et al., 2019). In this paper, we draw on Ginsberg and Miller-Cribbs’ (2005) framework for policy analysis that explores the feasibility, efficacy, quality, access, and ethics of NOS. This work also draws on a feminist ethics of care framework (Tronto, 1994) that places human relationships at its centre (Walker, 2007) and critically explores the extent to which government policies effectively care for its citizens (Sevenhuijsen et al., 2003). Together these frameworks help demonstrate the limitations of NOS, and the role they play as a barrier to housing. This has important implications, especially in light of Canada’s National Housing Strategy Act that recognizes the right to adequate housing as a “fundamental human right affirmed by international law” (National Housing Strategy Act, 2019). We conclude by outlining four recommendations for future policy, including the need to recognize NOS as guidelines, create new housing suitability policies that prioritize safety, create housing suitability policies with families, and reduce family poverty. This policy analysis provides an important reminder of the need to critically examine policies that shape social work practices and the colonial and neoliberal values that are often embedded in them. Keywords: National Occupancy Standards, Gender-Based Violence, Housing Policy, Feminist Ethics of Care, Policy Analysis
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Gallitto, Elena, Patrick Ladouceur, and Seyda Celebi. "Missed opportunities. Why is Canada missing out on the opportunity to implement a National Children’s Rights Commissioner?" Canadian Journal of Children's Rights / Revue canadienne des droits des enfants 8, no. 1 (November 11, 2021): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjcr.v8i1.3146.
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Policies can impact the well-being of children both directly and indirectly. Despite the growing acceptance of children as active citizens, they are often neglected in decision-making regarding policy. The Canadian government, which is built on principles of liberty and respect of human rights has the duty to guarantee that children’s views and needs are taken into account. In this regard, the creation of a National Children’s Rights Commissioner is an essential step to the establishment of a system that is accountable to children and the entire community. In this paper, we present the arguments in support of the need for a National Commissioner of Children and Youth in Canada. Recent research on the beneficial impact of the National Commissioner and their successes across different Commonwealth countries will be presented, and implications will be discussed.
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Larsen, Lisbeth Runge, Jens Troelsen, Kasper Lund Kirkegaard, Søren Riiskjær, Rikke Krølner, Lars Østergaard, Peter Lund Kristensen, et al. "Results From Denmark’s 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, s2 (November 2016): S137—S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0403.
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Background:The first Danish Report Card on Physical Activity (PA) for Children and Youth describes Denmark’s efforts in promoting and facilitating PA and PA opportunities for children and youth.Methods:The report card relies primarily on a synthesis of the best available research and policy strategies identified by the Report Card Research Committee consisting of a wide presentation of researchers and experts within PA health behaviors and policy development. The work was coordinated by Research and Innovation Centre for Human Movement and Learning situated at the University of Southern Denmark and the University College Lillebaelt. Nine PA indicators were graded using the Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card development process.Results:Grades from A (highest) to F (lowest) varied in Denmark as follows: 1) Overall Physical Activity (D+), 2) Organized Sport Participation (A), 3) Active Play (INC; incomplete), 4) Active Transportation (B), 5) Sedentary Behaviors (INC), 6) Family and Peers (INC), 7) School (B), 8) Community and the Built Environment (B+), and 9) Government strategies and investments (A-).Conclusions:A large proportion of children in Denmark do not meet the recommendations for PA despite the favorable investments and intensions from the government to create good facilities and promote PA.
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Ramage, Kaylee, Meaghan Bell, Lisa Zaretsky, Laura Lee, and Katrina Milaney. "Is the Right to Housing Being Realized in Canada? Learning from the Experiences of Tenants in Affordable Housing Units in a Large Canadian City." Societies 11, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11020053.
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Background: Housing is a critical determinant of health and a basic human right. Historically, Canada’s housing policies have not been grounded in a human rights-based approach. In the 1990s, a policy shift prioritized efficiency in government spending and deficit reductions over the provision of many social programs including affordable housing. With various levels of government now acknowledging and recognizing the need for more affordable housing, it is important to understand tenant experiences, perspectives, and needs to ensure policies and practices are supporting individuals appropriately. Methods: In total, 161 individuals participated in this study by completing online or in-person questionnaires. Results: Exploratory analysis of results revealed that although there were some positive benefits to affordable housing, many tenants continued to struggle financially, physically, mentally, and emotionally without adequate supports in place. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for affordable housing to be part of a system of care that provides supports along a continuum. The results further reiterate that placing a person or family in affordable housing does not guarantee that their lives have improved. Without robust affordable housing models that prioritize the empowerment of individuals and families, housing policies may fail to fulfil the right to safe and affordable housing for Canadians, especially when considering historically marginalized populations.
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Kenny, John B. "HRD: Better Service through Credentialling?" Public Personnel Management 15, no. 4 (December 1986): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102608601500413.
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More is and will be expected of public service employees. Human resource developers, trainers and educators can do much to help the public service move more assuredly into meeting the changing demands of the public in what is becoming an information oriented society. One of the ways in which the government of Ontario, Canada has determined it can better serve its public, was in the restructuring of the human resources management of the Public Service. A letter from the Premier of the province to the 80,000-member civil service, outlining some of the objectives of the government, and a summary of the March 1986 Report “Managing Human Resources in the Ontario Public Service” are cited. The call was for more clearly communicated goals and policy priorities, training and workplace enhancement, and regular feedback on employee performance. The author's personal view is that the time is ripe, in both the public and private sectors, for the traditional role of staff developer to likewise be strengthened through an enhanced form of personal professional development, professionalization, and the promotion of a new image of the profession by their professional associations. A key link in the process is found in the credentialling question. A model and a personal appeal to “trainers” is put forward to address this question.
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Pinkerton, Evelyn W. "Local Fisheries Co-management: A Review of International Experiences and Their Implications for Salmon Management in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2363–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-238.
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The theory and practice of community-based self-management and government–community co-management is examined in terms of the potential of these management systems to address some of the major biological, economic, and political problems of the salmon fishery of British Columbia, Canada. Particular attention is given to government–multiparty arrangements that integrate the concerns of multiple interests, while recognizing the special rights of aboriginal communities. Elements identified as key to the success of various arrangements include: (1) logistical arrangements, such as clear boundaries, membership criteria, interception agreements, and management-unit sizes appropriate to the abundance of natural and human resources; (2) cost-sharing arrangements, such as local cost recovery and local volunteerism; (3) power-sharing arrangements through checks and balances between local multiparty boards, a provincial board, and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. The processes engendering social learning, through which government and local bodies could move toward such regimes, are discussed through a review of relevant literature on interorganizational conflict resolution, public policy, and organizational learning. Many of the elements of success of both arrangements and processes are likely to apply to a broad range of fisheries co-management situations.
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Servos, Mark, Peter Delorme, Glen Fox, Roger Sutciffe, and Michael Wade. "A Canadian Perspective on Endocrine Disrupting Substances in the Environment." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.020.
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Abstract Although reproduction and development are major endpoints for environmental and human health assessments in many federal government programs, growing concern about risks posed by endocrine disrupting substances (EDS) has highlighted the need to detect subtle effects mediated through endocrine systems. Internationally, screening and testing programs in the United States, Japan and Europe, and the activities of international agencies such as the OECD, will have a profound influence on how Canada will address this issue in the future. It is critical that Canada be proactive, identify knowledge gaps from a Canadian perspective, and anticipate international developments that may influence Canadian policy. The complexity and urgency of the EDS question spurred the Five Natural Resource Departments Endocrine Disrupting Substances (5-NR EDS) Working Group to hold a multi-departmental, multi-stakeholder, workshop to address key issues in assessing risks of EDS to Canadians and the Canadian environment. The following is a summary of the major conclusions, research priorities and recommendations from the workshop held at the Grandview Inn, in Huntsville, Ontario, February 13–17, 2000.
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Barnett, Allain J., and Melanie G. Wiber. "What Scientists Say about the Changing Risk Calculation in the Marine Environment under the Harper Government of Canada (2006-2015)." Science, Technology, & Human Values 44, no. 1 (June 14, 2018): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0162243918781269.
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This paper examines how the Harper Government of Canada (2006-2015) shut down both debate about threats and research into environmental risk, a strategy that Canadian scientists characterized as the “death of evidence.” Based on interviews with scientists who research risks to the marine environment, we explore the shifting relationship between science and the Canadian government by tracing the change in the mode of risk calculation supported by the Harper administration and the impact of this change. Five themes emerged from the interviews: erosion of science research capacity, resulting limitations in understanding risk, declining influence on policy and regulation, redirection of public science funds to support the private sector, and the need to broaden the science knowledge base. The Canadian death of evidence controversy represents a challenge to science and technology studies (STS) scholars who wish to maintain a critical and reflexive perspective on the scientific enterprise without supporting attacks on evidence. While subsequent Canadian governments may simply return science to an unreflexively privileged knowledge status, we view this as equally damaging to broad risk calculation and democratic science. We suggest instead that a broader gathering of matters of concern will always be essential to risk assessment.
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Bouman, O. T., G. Langen, and C. E. Bouman. "Sustainable use of the boreal Prince Albert Model Forest in Saskatchewan." Forestry Chronicle 72, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc72063-1.
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Canada recently embarked on a model forest program that is guided by the notion of sustainable development. Ten model forest sites have been established at operational scales (0.1–1.5 million ha) in different ecoregions since 1992. This study presents a framework for advancing both the human welfare and environmental dimensions of sustainable forest use by a localized multi-stake-holdership of First Nations, government and industry in the boreal Prince Albert Model Forest, Saskatchewan. The pressure on the local forest environment has been rising due to timber harvest and tourism. Human welfare has been influenced strongly by colonial legacies such as racial divisions, territorial boundaries, and centralized forest administration. The landbase, productivity and forest value approaches are proposed to advance sustainable forest use; but current data availability favours the land-base approach. Analysis of forest inventory data suggests that management needs to plan for a significant aggregation of harvest areas to sustain ecological and cultural functions which depend on large and continuous patch size. Forest policy-making must address ownership issues, local economic development, and economic philosophies of the stakeholders in order to overcome the colonial legacies and to redefine management responsibilities. The study proposes that the currently dominating government-owned management concepts should evolve into a more localized concept of ownership and management that can be sustainably supported and financed by forest stakeholders, governments, and local communities. Key words: sustainable development, boreal forest, patch size, forest policy-making, stakeholder, First Nation, community
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Benbow, Sarah, Carolyne Gorlick, Cheryl Forchuk, Catherine Ward-Griffin, and Helene Berman. "Ontario’s Poverty Reduction Strategy." Canadian Journal of Nursing Research 48, no. 3-4 (December 2016): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0844562116684729.
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This article overviews the second phase of a two-phase study which examined experiences of health and social exclusion among mothers experiencing homelessness in Ontario, Canada. A critical discourse analysis was employed to analyze the policy document, Realizing Our Potential: Ontario’s Poverty Reduction Strategy, 2014–2019. In nursing, analysis of policy is an emerging form of scholarship, one that draws attention to the macro levels influencing health and health promotion, such as the social determinants of health, and the policies that impact them. The clear neo-liberal underpinnings, within the strategy, with a focus on productivity and labor market participation leave little room for an understanding of poverty reduction from a human rights perspective. Further, gender-neutrality rendered the poverty experienced by women, and mothers, invisible. Notably, there were a lack of deadlines, target dates, and thorough action and evaluation plans. Such absence troubles whether poverty reduction is truly a priority for the government, and society as a whole.
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Brunet, Nicolas D., Gordon M. Hickey, and Murray M. Humphries. "How can research partnerships better support local development? Stakeholder perceptions on an approach to understanding research partnership outcomes in the Canadian Arctic." Polar Record 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247417000407.
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ABSTRACTUnderstanding the benefits and outcomes of Canada's public investment in Arctic science and associated community–researcher partnerships represents a significant challenge for government. This paper presents a capital assets-based approach to conceptualising northern research partnership development processes and assessing the potential outcomes. By more explicitly considering the pre- and post-partnership asset levels (that is, social, human, physical, financial and natural assets) for different collaborators, the potential benefits and challenges associated with community–researcher partnerships can be collaboratively assessed. In order to help refine this approach, we conducted a survey of those involved in developing and maintaining community–researcher partnerships across Arctic Canada. Results indicate that the proposed approach could be useful for research funding agencies seeking to better understand partnership outcomes and promote more effective community–researcher interactions. Challenges include adequately capturing the qualitative nature of different capital assets, pointing to future research and policy needs. Better understanding the role of research in northern development has the potential to improve northern research, policy and practice.
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Arney, Noah D., and Hilary P. Krygsman. "Work-Integrated Learning Policy in Alberta: A Post-Structural Analysis." Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, no. 198 (February 17, 2022): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1086429ar.
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In late 2020 the Government of Alberta’s Ministry of Advanced Education sent a guidance document to Alberta post-secondary institutions to lay out how work-integrated learning was to be conducted. This document also informed the institutions that work-integrated learning should be included in all future program proposals. The guidelines were sent without the context or purpose stated. This paper applies Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be” post-structural policy discourse analysis to the Ministry of Advanced Education guidelines. There is a broad consensus in work-integrated learning research that work-integrated learning is beneficial for participants beyond employment outcomes. However, this analysis shows the Ministry of Advanced Education’s representation of the problem displays an assumption that the purpose of work-integrated learning is to improve labour market outcomes. The analysis also spotlights that the likely effects of the policy have more to do with making work-integrated learning programs easier to assess than to improve student education. This paper proposes an alternative framework that would integrate the constructivist and humanistic origin of work-integrated learning and allow institutions to develop appropriate experiential learning components for their programs while still standardizing work-integrated learning components across and within institutions. This proposed framework can improve work-integrated learning programs in Canada by widening the focus beyond human capital theory.
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Hervieux, Dave. "National recovery strategy for woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), boreal population, in Canada." Rangifer 27, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.27.4.313.
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Recovery planning for the boreal population of woodland caribou is a complex task, spanning eight Canadian provinces and territories. To accommodate unique situations across the country, recovery planning for this Species at Risk Act-listed threatened species is occurring at both provincial/ territorial and national levels. The national recovery strategy strives to identify nationally important issues and provide direction for provinces and territories as they plan and implement boreal caribou recovery within their jurisdictions. The national vision is to conserve and recover boreal caribou and their habitat across Canada. Specific goals are to: 1) Prevent extirpation of local boreal caribou populations from all existing caribou ranges; and 2) Maintain or enhance local boreal caribou populations at or to self-sustaining levels within all existing caribou ranges; and 3) Maintain or enhance boreal caribou habitat to support self-sustaining local populations. Nineteen broad national approaches are identified. These approaches include items relating to: habitat planning and management, caribou population monitoring and management, management of human-caused mortality, management of other wildlife species, consideration of government legislation and policy,promotion of stewardship and public outreach, and research. Specific outcomes are provided for each stated recovery approach. For more information on Canada's national recovery strategy for the boreal population of woodland caribou please see www.speciesatrisk.gc.ca/recovery/default_e.cfm
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Baines, Donna, and Ian Cunningham. "‘How could management let this happen?’ Gender, unpaid work and industrial relations in the nonprofit social services sector." Economic and Industrial Democracy 41, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143831x17715768.
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In order to compete in increasingly tight quasi-markets generated by government cutbacks and contracting-out, management in nonprofit agencies have argued that wages and benefits must be reduced or jobs and services will be cut. These arguments have motivated some of the female-majority workers to join and/or organize unions and undertake strike action. Focusing on two case studies exploring restructuring in the highly gendered nonprofit social services in two liberal welfare states (Scotland and Canada), this article explores shifts in industrial relations at the agency level, as well as workforce resistance and union activism. Through the analysis of gendered unpaid work and gendered forms of social and union solidarity, this article extends feminist political economy and mobilization theory. It also suggests convergences at several layers of practice and policy, including private and nonprofit industrial relations cultures, managerialism and the underfunding of contracted-out government services.
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Hudson, Graham, and Emily Van der Meulen. "SEX WORK, LAW, AND VIOLENCE: BEDFORD V. CANADA AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SEX WORKERS." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v31i1.4318.
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In Bedford v. Canada, two levels of Ontario courts ruled that a selection of criminal laws prohibiting prostitution-related activities unjustifiably deprive sex workers of their right to liberty and security of the person.The courts struck down or modified some of the offending provisions to ensure that sex workers are better able to take precautions against violence. While sex workers consider the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruling a victory and the Ontario Court of Appeal ruling a partial victory, the government, some women’s rights groups, and other defenders of the provisions argue that courts ventured into a “policy thicket”, which is to suggest that they had stepped outside of their legitimate institutional role. Associated concerns include that the decisions effectively constitutionalize prostitution and will pre-empt or curtail Parliament’s consideration of legislative options. In this paper, the authors clarify misconceptions about the constitutional foundations and implications of Bedford, and explore how the ruling might affect legal and policy-based interactions among various stakeholders. Approaching constitutional rights as discursive mechanisms, rather than as “trumps”, we argue that Bedford will not hinder the continuation of democratic debate about whether, how, and why aspects of sex work should be regulated. To the contrary, Bedford is more likely to enhance the quality of debates by making them more inclusive of the perspectives of sex workers as well as accommodative of growing empirical research that has hitherto been ignored or misrecognized. Dans l’affaire Bedford v. Canada, deux tribunaux ontariens ont conclu que des dispositions législatives du droit criminel interdisant les activités liées à la prostitution privaient de façon injustifiée les travailleurs et travailleuses du sexe du droit à la liberté et à la sécurité de leur personne. Ces tribunaux ont déclaré inconstitutionnelles certaines des dispositions constestées ou les ont modifiées dans le but d’assurer que les travailleurs et travailleuses du sexe puissent prendre des mesures pour se protéger contre les actes de violence. Si les travailleurs et travailleuses du sexe considèrent cette décision comme une victoire partielle, le gouvernement, certains groupes de défense des droits des femmes et d’autres défenseurs desdites dispositions prétendent, pour leur part, que les tribunaux se sont aventurés en « terrain politique », ce qui suggère qu’ils ont outrepassé leur rôle institutionnel légitime. Il en découle des préoccupations parmi lesquelles ces décisions rendraient effectivement constitutionnelle la prostitution et qu’elles écarteraient ou limiteraient toute considération d’options législatives par le Parlement. Dans le présent document, les auteurs dissipent les malentendus sur les fondements et répercussions constitutionnels de l’affaire Bedford, et explorent les incidences que pourrait avoir cette affaire sur les interactions aux niveaux juridiques et politiques des différentes parties intéressées. Nous sommes d’avis que, en abordant les droits constitutionnels comme des mécanismes discursifs et non comme des droits primordiaux, la décision Bedford n’empêchera pas la poursuite du débat démocratique sur les questions de savoir si oui ou non, comment et pourquoi les divers aspects du travail du sexe devraient être soumis à une réglementation ou, même, criminalisés. Bien au contraire, l’affaire Bedford est susceptible d’améliorer la qualité des débats en les rendant plus inclusifs des perspectives des travailleurs et travailleuses du sexe de même que plus ouverts à la recherche em
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Macdonald, Fiona, and Sara Charlesworth. "The Decent Work Agenda and the Advancement of Gender Equality: For Emerging Economies Only?" International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 1 (March 1, 2015): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015002.
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The International Labour Organization's Decent Work Agenda offers a valuable alternative to the traditional framing of most contemporary employment regulation. It moves beyond the standard employment relationship to include workers in non-standard employment and the attainment of gender equality has a central place, illustrated in the ILO's 2009 campaign around 'gender equality at the heart of decent work'. While most OECD countries have endorsed the Decent Work Agenda (DWA), few have taken it up at the domestic level, apparently seeing it as something of benefit to emerging economies only. Our article draws on interviews with key government, employer, union and civil society stakeholders in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and an analysis of relevant policy documents to tease out this 'othering' of the DWA and how different understandings of gender (in)equality relate to views about its utility in the national context. We argue that assumptions that the DWA has little to offer developed economies represent a missed opportunity to rethink the gendered policy underpinnings of domestic employment regulation that are shaped by and contribute directly to gender inequality.
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Stoddart, Mark C. J., Liam Swiss, Nicole Power, and Lawrence F. Felt. "Taking Care of Companion Animals." Society & Animals 24, no. 5 (October 11, 2016): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341425.
Full textAbstract:
Focusing on local government and non-governmental nonhuman animal welfare organizations, this paper reports survey results on institutional policies, interpretive frameworks, and practices regarding companion animals in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The findings suggested that local governments and animal shelters use different interpretive frameworks of companion animal welfare, with the former taking a human-centric position and the latter focusing on animal well-being. The results showed that most local governments are not well engaged with animal welfare issues. Instead, these issues are more often dealt with by non-governmental organizations that operate on limited budgets and rely heavily on volunteer labor. Whereas federal and provincial governments are responsible for legislating companion animal welfare, practical implementation of animal welfare has been largely the responsibility of non-governmental organizations. Our findings demonstrated that the ways that animal welfare policy is interpreted and enacted at the local level have significant implications for animal well-being more broadly.
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Weekes, Khafi, and Gail Krantzberg. "Twenty-First Century Science Calls for Twenty-First Century Groundwater Use Law: A Retrospective Analysis of Transboundary Governance Weaknesses and Future Implications in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin." Water 13, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131768.
Full textAbstract:
How has groundwater use been historically governed by the binational to municipal government levels across the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin (GLB)? To what extent have they contemplated the physical–environmental requirements to maintain aquifer storage in devising policies and making decisions governing groundwater use? Although it is amongst the largest freshwater stores in the globe, cases of groundwater shortages are increasingly being reported across GLB communities, raising questions on the fitness of governance approaches to maintain groundwater storage (GWS) with growing climate and human pressures. Applying retrospective analytical methods to assess the century-old collaboration of the United States and Canada to maintain GLB water quantities, we characterize long-term trends and undertake systematic diagnosis to gain insight into causal mechanisms that have persisted over the years resulting in current GWS governance gaps. We reveal the surprising prominence of policies originally intended to safeguard surface water quantities being used to govern groundwater use and thereby maintain GWS. We also connect these, based on sustainable aquifer yield theory, to growing groundwater insecurity in the Basin’s drought-prone and/or groundwater-dependent communities. Based on deep understanding of long-standing policy pathologies, findings inform transboundary GWS governance reform proposals that can be highly useful to multiple levels of government policymakers.
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Walby, Kevin, and Jeffrey Monaghan. "“Haitian Paradox” or Dark Side of the Security-Development Nexus? Canada’s Role in the Securitization of Haiti, 2004–2009." Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 36, no. 4 (November 2011): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0304375411431760.
Full textAbstract:
Drawing on analysis of government records obtained using Access to Information Act requests, the author examines the securitization of Canada’s aid program to Haiti between 2004 and 2009. The author discusses how Canadian agencies, including the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Correctional Service of Canada (CSC), and the Canadian International Development Agency, were involved in capacity-building initiatives that focused on police reform, border surveillance, and prison construction/refurbishment across Haiti in the aftermath of a coup that ousted the democratically elected President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. The author demonstrates how these efforts at securitization resulted in what officials referred to as the “Haitian Paradox,” whereby reorganization of the Haitian National Police force led to higher arrest rates and jail bloat, creating conditions that violated rather than ameliorated human rights. While the securitization project may have been based on the rule of law and human rights in Canadian policy makers’ official discourse, in practice these securitization efforts exacerbated jail overcrowding, distrust of police, and persecution of political opposition. The author therefore demonstrates one way that international development, aid, and criminal justice intersect, with emphasis on the transnational aspects of RCMP and CSC activities.