Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human skin explant

Academic literature on the topic 'Human skin explant'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Human skin explant"

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Garg, H. G., E. W. Lippay, E. A. Carter, M. B. Donelan, and J. P. Remensnyder. "Proteoglycan synthesis in human skin and burn scar explant cultures." Burns 17, no. 6 (December 1991): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(91)90070-w.

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Lemarquand, Alice, Vincent Gauthier, Nicolas Wilkie-Chancellier, and Stéphane Serfaty. "Mesoscopic Monitoring of Human Skin Explants Viscoelastic Properties." Cosmetics 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics10010013.

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The investigation of the mechanical properties of skin is of great interest for monitoring physiological and pathological changes in the cutaneous barrier function for dermatological and cosmetic issues. Skin constitutes a complex tissue because of its multi-layered organisation. From a rheological point of view, it can be considered to be a soft tissue with viscoelastic properties. In order to characterise ex vivo mechanical properties of skin on the mesoscopic scale, a biosensor including a thickness shear mode transducer (TSM) in contact with a skin explant was used. A specific experimental set-up was developed to monitor continuously and in real-time human skin explants, including the dermis and the epidermis. These were kept alive for up to 8 days. Skin viscoelastic evolutions can be quantified with a multi-frequency impedance measurement (from 5 MHz to 45 MHz) combined with a dedicated fractional calculus model. Two relevant parameters for the non-destructive mesoscopic characterisation of skin explants were extracted: the structural parameter αapp and the apparent viscosity ηapp. In this study, the validity of the biosensor, including repeatability and viability, was controlled. A typical signature of the viscoelastic evolutions of the different cutaneous layers was identified. Finally, monitoring was carried out on stripped explants mimicking a weakened barrier function.
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Wolf Horrell, Erin, and John D'Orazio. "UV-independent induction of beta defensin 3 in neonatal human skin explants." F1000Research 3 (November 21, 2014): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.5794.1.

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In order to determine the effect of UV radiation on β-defensin 3 (BD3) expression in human skin, freshly-isolated UV-naïve skin was obtained from newborn male infants undergoing planned circumcision. Skin explants sustained ex vivo dermis side down on RPMI media were exposed to 0.5 kJ/m2 UVB, and biopsies were taken from the explant through 72 hours after radiation. mRNA expression was measured by qRTPCR and normalized to TATA-binding protein. BD3 expression at each time point was compared with an untreated control taken at time 0 within each skin sample. Extensive variability in both the timing and magnitude of BD3 induction across individuals was noted and was not predicted by skin pigment phenotype, suggesting that BD3 induction was not influenced by epidermal melanization. However, a mock-irradiated time course demonstrated UV-independent BD3 mRNA increases across multiple donors which was not further augmented by treatment with UV radiation, suggesting that factors other than UV damage promoted increased BD3 expression in the skin explants. We conclude that BD3 expression is induced in a UV-independent manner in human skin explants processed and maintained in standard culture conditions, and that neonatal skin explants are an inappropriate model with which to study the effects of UV on BD3 induction in whole human skin.
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Wolf Horrell, Erin, and John D'Orazio. "UV-independent induction of beta defensin 3 in neonatal human skin explants." F1000Research 3 (February 19, 2015): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.5794.2.

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In order to determine the effect of UV radiation on β-defensin 3 (BD3) expression in human skin, freshly-isolated UV-naïve skin was obtained from newborn male infants undergoing planned circumcision. Skin explants sustained ex vivo dermis side down on RPMI media were exposed to 0.5 kJ/m2 UVB, and biopsies were taken from the explant through 72 hours after radiation. mRNA expression was measured by qRTPCR and normalized to TATA-binding protein. BD3 expression at each time point was compared with an untreated control taken at time 0 within each skin sample. Extensive variability in both the timing and magnitude of BD3 induction across individuals was noted and was not predicted by skin pigment phenotype, suggesting that BD3 induction was not influenced by epidermal melanization. However, a mock-irradiated time course demonstrated UV-independent BD3 mRNA increases across multiple donors which was not further augmented by treatment with UV radiation, suggesting that factors other than UV damage promoted increased BD3 expression in the skin explants. We conclude that BD3 expression is induced in a UV-independent manner in human skin explants processed and maintained in standard culture conditions, and that neonatal skin explants are an inappropriate model with which to study the effects of UV on BD3 induction in whole human skin.
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Frade, Marco Andrey Cipriani, Thiago Antônio Moretti de Andrade, Andréia Fernanda Carvalho Leone Aguiar, Flávia Araújo Guedes, Marcel Nani Leite, Williane Rodrigues Passos, Eduardo Barbosa Coelho, and Pranab Kummar Das. "Prolonged viability of human organotypic skin explant in culture method (hOSEC)." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 90, no. 3 (June 2015): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153645.

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Stoll, Stefan W., Sanjay Kansra, and James T. Elder. "Keratinocyte outgrowth from human skin explant cultures is dependent upon p38 signaling." Wound Repair and Regeneration 11, no. 5 (September 2003): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475x.2003.11506.x.

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Lindsay, CD, and P. Rice. "Assessment of the biochemical effects of percutaneous exposure of sulphur mustard in an in vitro human skin system." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 3 (March 1996): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500309.

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1 Sulphur mustard (HD) is a potent chemical warfare agent which causes incapacitating blisters on human skin. There is no specific pretreatment nor therapy against this agent and the mechanism of dermo-epidermal cleavage is unclear. The aim of this study was to use a human skin explant system to determine the consequences of percuta neous exposure to HD. 2 Increased activities of serine proteases associated with blistering disorders in humans were detected from human skin explants after exposure to HD. The most consistent response and the highest protease activities measured were found for trypsin. This class of enzyme is therefore implicated in the dermo-epidermal separation which is associated with blistering in humans following exposure to HD. 3 An inflammatory response was observed in the skin explants exposed to HD. At low doses of HD it was characterised by the presence of neutrophils in the papillary dermis, culminating in the infiltration of the epidermis by these inflammatory cells at higher concen trations of HD. A variety of other histopathological changes in the explants was found such as focal dermo- epidermal separation, nuclear pyknosis and perinuclear vacuolation. 4 The study indicates that full thickness human skin explants can be used to investigate various aspects of the possible pathogenesis of HD-induced skin damage, in cluding the associated inflammatory response.
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Jacobs, J. J. L., C. Lehé, K. D. A. Cammans, P. K. Das, and G. R. Elliott. "An in vitro model for detecting skin irritants: methyl green-pyronine staining of human skin explant cultures." Toxicology in Vitro 16, no. 5 (October 2002): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00039-5.

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Roychowdhury, Sanjoy, Albert E. Cram, Al Aly, and Craig K. Svensson. "Detection of Haptenated Proteins in Organotypic Human Skin Explant Cultures Exposed to Dapsone." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 35, no. 9 (June 6, 2007): 1463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.107.015560.

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Danso, Mogbekeloluwa O., Vincent van Drongelen, Aat Mulder, Gert Gooris, Jeroen van Smeden, Abdoelwaheb El Ghalbzouri, and Joke A. Bouwstra. "Exploring the potentials of nurture: 2nd and 3rd generation explant human skin equivalents." Journal of Dermatological Science 77, no. 2 (February 2015): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.12.002.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human skin explant"

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OLANIYI, REUBEN OLAYINKA. "Human skin explant model for Staphylococcus aureus vaccine research." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1039184.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen and a member of the human skin microbiota. It is capable of infecting nearly every human tissue to cause a wide spectrum of disease that includes skin and soft tissue infection, infective endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing pneumonia, and osteomyelitis. The success of S. aureus as a pathogen can be attributed to the vast array of virulence factors that enable it to colonize and invade human tissues. Host-specific exotoxins including leukocidins and cytolysins contribute directly to disease by causing inflammation, immune evasion, and tissue damage. The host-specific nature of these factors has made it difficult in translating findings in animals to humans. There is currently a need for alternative models that can be used to better understand S. aureus host-pathogen interactions. We propose the use of human skin explants as an alternative to the currently used in vitro and in vivo models. The skin accounts for the highest incidence of infections caused by S. aureus and human skin colonization has been identified as a risk factor for invasive infections. The first path of this study involves the characterization of human skin explant model. We assessed the viability of skin explants under our experimental conditions. Result revealed well-preserved tissue structure and viability over a period of 7 days. More so, tissue-resident skin dendritic cells and macrophages were phagocytic during this period as these cells were able to ingest E. coli particles injected into the skin. We also isolated and characterized the skin-resident T cell population. FACs analysis revealed the majority of these cells express the memory marker, CD45RO. These cells also produced various types of cytokines in response to polyclonal stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin B. The second path of this study involves the validation of human skin explant model. Staphylococcal α-hemolysin (Hla) is unarguably the most studied staphylococcal exotoxin and was therefore used to validate this model. Its role in diseases and mechanism of action has been well studied. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was used as a control virulence factor as its role in S.aureus infection still remains unclear. Using purified toxins we showed that Hla was able to induce significant toxicity on human skin while PVL induced a milder but significant toxicity. The combination of both toxins resulted in increased tissue toxicity as compared with the individual toxins alone. Treatment of the skin with these toxins also resulted in the decrease of immune cells in skin epidermis. In addition, both toxins were able to elicit the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Hla antibodies were able to block the activity of the toxin in a concentration-dependent manner. In the third part of this work, we tried to understand if Hla plays a significant role during infection and colonization of human skin. Colonization, superficial wound, and deep wound models were used for this purpose. We were able to show that although both wildtype and its isogenic hla mutants were able to induce toxicity and tissue damage, the former induced a significantly higher damage. Wildtype strains also show a significant ability to invade human skin during colonization. Recovered bacteria from each infection model revealed Hla plays no significant role in the ability of S. aureus to colonize and grow on human skin. Fhud2 and Hla, two important virulent factors that are differentially expressed by S. aureus, were used to validate the model for gene expression analysis. Results indicate a 28-fold increase in the expression of hla while fhud2 expression was increased by 2 fold. In sum, we were able to use the human skin explant model to delineate the contributions of key S. aureus virulence factors to human skin tissue pathology and evaluate the protective efficacy of Hla specific antibodies. These studies indicate human skin explant could serve as a replacement or complement for the already existing in vitro and in vivo models currently used to study this pathogen.
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Nikolakis, Georgios [Verfasser]. "Towards the establishment and characterization of a human skin explant co-culture model with SZ95 sebocytes / Georgios Nikolakis." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1056908041/34.

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Gonnet, Jessica. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires de l'immunité innée induits après administration d'un antigène par voie cutanée dans un modèle ex vivo d'explants de peau humaine." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066425.

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La richesse de la peau en cellules présentatrices d'antigènes fait de ce tissu un site prometteur pour la vaccination. Des différences dans les réponses humorales et cellulaires induites par voie transcutanée et intradermique, en comparaison des voies conventionnelles, sont observées in vivo chez l'Homme. Ces observations mettent en évidence la mauvaise compréhension des mécanismes immunitaires induits dans la peau. Un modèle ex vivo d'explant de peau humaine nous a permis d'étudier les évènements précoces de l'immunité innée induits suite à l'administration d'un antigène par voie cutanée. Nous avons mis en évidence un nouveau mécanisme induit en réponse à une stimulation par des agonistes de TLRs. Nous montrons que la production de la cytokine IL- 32 par les kératinocytes contribue à l'activation des cellules de Langerhans. Une analyse protéomique des modifications induites dans le micro-environnement cutané, suite à l'administration intradermique d'un vaccin Influenza, nous a permis d'établir une signature de la réponse inflammatoire cutanée. Nous observons l'expression de protéines impliquées dans l'immunité cutanée mais également dans l'adhésion cellulaire, le métabolisme des glucides et des lipides. Enfin, nous avons observé la capacité de la méthode de rupture de la barrière cutanée « Cyanoacrylate Skin Surface Stripping » (CSSS), utilisée par la voie transcutanée, à induire la surexpression de cytokines et chimiokines cruciales pour la mise en place d'une réponse immunitaire cutanée. Ces données sont importantes pour l'amélioration de la compréhension des mécanismes immunitaires induits dans la peau et pour la mise en place de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales
Skin richness in immune cells in antigen presenting cells make the skin a promising site for vaccination strategies. Differences in humoral and cellular responses induced in vivo were observed in humans, between studies using intradermal and transcutaneous vaccine administration compared to conventional routes. Theses results highlight that immune molecular mechanism induced in the skin remains poorly understood. An ex vivo human skin explant model was used to analyze early immune events induced after cutaneous antigen administration. We have demonstrated, for the first time, the role of IL-32 produced by keratinocytes in Langerhans cell activation, after TLRs agonists skin cells stimulation. A proteomic analysis of modifications induced in skin microenvironment, after intradermal Influenza vaccine administration, showed the detection of new protein biomarkers from cells adhesion signalling and carbohydrates and lipids metabolism associated with known protein biomarkers from cutaneous inflammatory. In addition, we have observed the ability of the Cyanoacrylate Skin Surface Stripping (CSSS) method, a mild skin disruption method, to promote cytokines and chemokines overexpression by epidermal cells, which are crucial in cutaneous immune response establishment. Theses results allow the better comprehension in immune molecular and cellular mechanism induced in the skin and the development of new vaccination strategies
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Reinsberger, Claus. "Do cultured human skin explants elaborate coeliac antigen, possibly even Tissue-Transglutaminase?" [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966537475.

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Ji, Liyuan. "Mechanistic Understanding of the Impact of Air Pollution on Human Skin Health." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554213661055432.

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Boccara, David. "Développement de modèles de souris humanisées pour l'étude des cellules immunitaires de la peau in vivo." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066287/document.

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Le développement de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales et le traitement de nombreuses pathologies dermatologiques font partis des enjeux majeurs des années à venir. L'étude et la compréhension des mécanismes de réponses immunitaires cutanées sont ainsi essentielles. Les cellules de Langerhans épidermiques et les cellules dendritiques dermiques jouent un rôle central dans l'immunité adaptative spécifique à un pathogène, et dans l'immunité innée, de par leur fonction de présentation des antigènes (APC), mais également d'activateur et de régulateur de l'action des autres cellules immunitaires. Durant ce travail de recherche, nous avons mis au point et testé plusieurs modèles d'étude des mécanismes de l'immunité cutanée. Un premier modèle de " souris humanisées " a été mis au point, à partir de souris immunodéprimées NSG HLA-A2 tg et de greffes de peau humaine. Une fois le modèle techniquement mis au point, nous avons vérifié de la conservation et de la fonctionnalité des APC. La faible conservation des APC au-delà de plusieurs semaines, nous a conduit à mettre au point un deuxième modèle de " souris humanisées " qui bénéficiaient d'injections intra-hépatiques de progéniteurs hématopoïétiques humains. La colonisation en APCs cutanées humaines n'étant pas suffisante, il a fallu injecter aux souris des APCs provenant du même sang que les progéniteurs hématopoïétiques afin d'obtenir une réponse immunitaire suffisante. La faible concentration en APC cutanées de ce modèle, la lourdeur et le coût de mise au point sont des limites non négligeables pour l'utilisation de ce support d'étude. Ces souris humanisées sont d’excellents modèles d’étude, mais ils présentent chacun leurs limites. Lorsque cela est possible il est ainsi plus simple d’utiliser des explants cutanés frais. Nous avons quantifié les APC cutanées en fonction du site d’origine (abdomen, seins…) et de l’âge du donneur de ces explants issus de chirurgie plastique. Sur les 21 explants testés, nous n’avons pas retrouvé de différence significative dans la concentration en APC quel que soit le site et l’âge du donneur. Ces 3 modèles offrent des possibilités d’étude des mécanismes de l’immunité cutanée, nous les utilisons actuellement au sein du laboratoire pour des tests vaccinaux, et pour l’étude du rôle de l’IL-32 produite par les kératinocytes impliqués dans l’activation des cellules de Langerhans
The development of new vaccination strategies and the treatment of many dermatological pathologies are among the major challenges of the years to come. The study and understanding of the mechanisms of cutaneous immune responses are thus essential. Epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells play a central role in pathogen-specific adaptive immunity, and in innate immunity, by their antigen presenting function (APC), but also as an activator and regulator of the action of other immune cells.During this research, we developed and tested several models for the study of the mechanisms of cutaneous immunity. A first model of "humanized mice" was developed from immunosuppressed NSG HLA-A2 tg mice and human skin grafts. Once the model was technically developed, we verified the conservation and functionality of the APCs. The low PCA retention beyond several weeks, led us to develop a second model of "humanized mice" that benefited from intrahepatic injections of human hematopoietic progenitors. Since colonization in human skin APCs was not sufficient, it was necessary to inject the APCs from the same blood as the hematopoietic progenitors to obtain a sufficient immune response. The low concentration of skin APCs in this model, the cumbersomeness and the cost of development are not insignificant limits for the use of this study support.These humanized mice are excellent models of study, but they each have their limitations. Where possible, it is thus easier to use fresh skin explants. We quantified the cutaneous APCs according to the site of origin (abdomen, breasts ...) and the age of the donor of these explants resulting from plastic surgery. Of the 21 explants tested, there was no significant difference in APC concentration at any site and age of the donor.These three models offer possibilities for studying the mechanisms of skin immunity, we are currently using them in the laboratory for vaccine tests, and for studying the role of IL-32 produced by the keratinocytes involved in l activation of Langerhans cells
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Reinsberger, Claus [Verfasser]. "Do cultured human skin explants elaborate coeliac antigen, possibly even Tissue-Transglutaminase? / vorgelegt von Claus Reinsberger." 2002. http://d-nb.info/966537475/34.

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Books on the topic "Human skin explant"

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Adhikari, Sapana. Diagnosketch. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197636954.001.0001.

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Abstract Diagnosketch is a one-of-a-kind visual book that helps explain medical diagnoses to a non-medical audience. It simplifies human anatomy and pathophysiology into memorable patient-friendly, understandable images. It intentionally leaves out details that are not clinically relevant and over-emphasizes ones that are. The book consists of over 100 images that are organized into seven different categories by organ system: skin, EENT, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, orthopedics, and neurology. The last section includes miscellaneous images which do not fit into an organ system. There is a section on sample “scripting” that contains sample wording that serves as a starting point for better patient communication. Notice that each title is written in a colloquial language with the medical terminology listed underneath. Notice also that the labels are written in colloquial language to simplify what is happening for a non-medical patient.
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Book chapters on the topic "Human skin explant"

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Vohr, Hans-Werner, and Eckhard Heisler. "Three-Dimensional Human Epidermal Skin Models and Skin Explants." In Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 879–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54596-2_1463.

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Vohr, Hans-Werner, and Eckhard Heisler. "Three-Dimensional Human Epidermal Skin Models and Skin Explants." In Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 1–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27786-3_1463-2.

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Richters, C. D., M. J. Hoekstra, E. C. M. Hoefsmit, and E. W. A. Kamperdijk. "Phenotype of Cells Migrated from Human Skin Explants." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 247–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1971-3_55.

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Boyraz Baykas, Pinar, Ertugrul Bayraktar, and Cihat Bora Yigit. "Safe Human-Robot Interaction Using Variable Stiffness, Hyper-Redundancy, and Smart Robotic Skins." In Service Robotics. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92693.

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In service robotics, safe human-robot interaction (HRI) is still an open research topic, requiring developments both in hardware and in software as well as their integration. In UMAY1 and MEDICARE-C2projects, we addressed both mechanism design and perception aspects of a framework for safe HRI. Our first focus was to design variable stiffness joints for the robotic neck and arm to enable inherent compliance to protect a human collaborator. We demonstrate the advantages of variable stiffness actuators (VSA) in compliancy, safety, and energy efficiency with applications in exoskeleton and rehabilitation robotics. The variable-stiffness robotic neck mechanism was later scaled down and adopted in the robotic endoscope featuring hyper-redundancy. The hyper-redundant structures are more controllable, having efficient actuation and better feedback. Lastly, a smart robotic skin is introduced to explain the safety support via enhancement of tactile perception. Although it is developed for a hyper-redundant endoscopic robotic platform, the artificial skin can also be integrated in service robotics to provide multimodal tactile feedback. This chapter gives an overview of systems and their integration to attain a safer HRI. We follow a holistic approach for inherent compliancy via mechanism design (i.e., variable stiffness), precise control (i.e., hyper-redundancy), and multimodal tactile perception (i.e., smart robotic-skins).
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Cholewka, Armand, Agata Stanek, Karolina Sieroń-Stołtny, and Joanna Kajewska. "Whole-Body Cryotherapy as a Tool to Improving of Infrared Thermography Diagnostics." In Innovative Research in Thermal Imaging for Biology and Medicine, 93–118. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2072-6.ch005.

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The use of low temperature on the whole human body switched on beneficial physiological reactions. Whole-body cryotherapy is used as a part of rehabilitation. There were reported studies of thermal imaging performed due to whole body cooling in case of patients suffering from different diseases that showed a significant enhancement of the skin temperature gradient observed after cryotherapy. That explains that such therapeutic technique like whole-body cryotherapy can be used as a part of infrared thermography diagnostic procedure.
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Cholewka, Armand, Agata Stanek, Karolina Sieroń-Stołtny, and Joanna Kajewska. "Whole-Body Cryotherapy as a Tool to Improving of Infrared Thermography Diagnostics." In Alternative Pain Management, 265–96. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1680-5.ch012.

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The use of low temperature on the whole human body switched on beneficial physiological reactions. Whole-body cryotherapy is used as a part of rehabilitation. There were reported studies of thermal imaging performed due to whole body cooling in case of patients suffering from different diseases that showed a significant enhancement of the skin temperature gradient observed after cryotherapy. That explains that such therapeutic technique like whole-body cryotherapy can be used as a part of infrared thermography diagnostic procedure.
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"Introduction to Heart." In Medical Diagnosis Using Artificial Neural Networks, 96–112. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6146-2.ch008.

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The heart is an important organ in the human body, for pumping the blood throughout the body. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnosis tool that reports the electrical operation of the heart, recorded by skin electrodes at specific locations on the body. The introduction of computer-based methods for the purpose of quantifying different ECG signal characteristics is the result of a desire to improve measurement accuracy as well as reproducibility. In this chapter, the author explains the basic definitions in heart studies and the electrocardiogram signals. In addition, the importance of interpretation and measuring the effective features in heart signals to detect the heart disorders is described. Finally, some of the common disorders of heart are briefly explained.
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Parrington, John. "Class and Division." In Mind Shift, 261–77. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801634.003.0017.

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This chapter discusses how the structure of current society is relevant to discussions about human brain function. One feature of the human brain that might explain why many working people can accept and even acquiesce in their state of exploitation, and even sometimes see other workers as the primary threat, rather than as allies in campaigns for better pay and conditions at work, is the way our brains have evolved to respond to living in a potentially hostile natural environment. There is increasing evidence that many unconscious fears about a perceived threat of people of a different skin colour, sexual persuasion, or even male fears about female equality, involve the amygdala. Because of this, although inflammatory speeches by politicians or media articles may enhance such fears, thereby dividing people who have much to gain by working together for better pay and conditions, they are helped by being able to trigger deep-seated impulses in the human brain. Ultimately, the divisions in current society, by ethnicity and gender as well as class, exert a heavy toll on mental health. This chapter also looks at the phenomenon of alienation, and how this both affects our relationship to modern society and is linked to our wider state of self-conscious awareness.
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Pattnaik, Snigdha, Laxmidhar Maharana, and Manoj Sethi. "Pathogenicity Mechanism of Candida albicans." In Infectious Diseases. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99737.

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In normal human microbiome, the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans is a crucial member. C. albicans resides mostly in individual as harmless commensal life. In specific situations, however, C. albicans can cause diseases that cause contaminations of the skin to life-threatening fundamental contaminations. Pathogenesis of Candida species is contributed by multiple factors. Some of the major contributors are enlisted here. These include host pathogen interaction, receptors molecule like TLR recognition, TLR signaling, C type lectin receptors, Dectin 1,2 and 3, mannose receptor, mincle, DC sign, Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes, soluble molecules in candida recognition, cellular responses to candida such as neutrophils, macrophages. This chapter enlightens all the components of candida pathogenicity by the assessment of Candida species pathogenic determinants. All together these will explain the current knowledge about how these determinant factors and receptors modulate virulence as well as consequent infection. Better understanding of candida pathogenicity mechanism can be the resultant of better treatment guidelines along with development of novel antifungal agents. Overall, in this review we present an update in the current understanding of the insight of pathogenicity mechanisms in this important human pathogen.
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"Brief History of Electrogastrography." In Handbook of Electrogastrography, edited by Kenneth L. Koch and Robert M. Stern. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195147889.003.0005.

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During the first half of the twentieth century, before the availability of computerized literature searches, scientists who were working independently often discovered similar measures, phenomena, or relationships. The electrogastrogram (EGG) was discovered independently by at least three investigators: Walter Alvarez, a gastroenterologist; I. Harrison Tumpeer, a pediatrician; and R. C. Davis, a psychophysiologist. On October 14, 1921, after considerable experimentation with rabbits at the University of California in San Francisco, Walter Alvarez recorded the first human EGG. Figure 1.1 shows this EGG, which was recorded from an elderly woman with an abdominal wall hernia. The woman was so thin that Alvarez could observe gastric contractions of 3 min in the upper abdomen that corresponded to the 3cycles/min (cpm) electrical waves that are clearly seen in the EGG recording. Alvarez did not publish additional studies with the EGG during his long and productive career, probably because of the technical difficulties inherent in recording such a weak signal before the development of good vacuum tube amplifiers. I. Harrison Tumpeer, a pediatrician working at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, reported in 1926 that while he was attempting to record the EGG, “Alvarez of California published his results.” In a subsequent publication, Tumpeer successfully recorded the EGG from a 5-week-old child who had pyloric stenosis. Tumpeer and his coworkers selected this particular subject because they could observe gastric contractions by simply watching the surface of the skin over the abdomen. Figure 1.2 shows a portion of this EGG. Tumpeer described the EGG as looking like an electrocardiogram (EGG) with a slowly changing baseline. Tumpeer mentioned that cardiologists in 1926 often noted a changing baseline in EGG recordings that they could not explain. Thus, the EGG had been recorded, but perhaps not recognized as such, since the time of the first EGG at the turn of the twentieth century. Tumpeer used limb leads to record his EGG (not abdominal leads) because of his concern that each gastric contraction caused physical displacement of the skin over the child's abdomen. Subsequent studies showed that simultaneous recordings from limbs and abdomen are similar except that the amplitude of the EGG is greatly reduced from recordings from the limb leads.
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Conference papers on the topic "Human skin explant"

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Holzer, Timothy R., Leslie A. O'Neill, Angie D. Fulford, Janet M. Grondin, Bradley L. Ackermann, Robert J. Konrad, Kelly M. Credille, and Aejaz Nasir. "Abstract 4567: Demonstration of pharmacodynamic effects of Notch and PI3Kinase inhibitors using robust immunohistochemical assays on human skin explant models." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-4567.

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Ostermeyer, M. R., D. V. Stephens, L. Wang, and S. L. Jacques. "Nearfield polarization effects on light propagation in random media." In Biomedical Optical Spectroscopy and Diagnostics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bosd.1996.sp2.

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Video measurements of the polarized component of back scattered light show a characteristic pattern around an incident linearly polarized laser beam. This pattern can be attributed to early photons which probe only a thin superficial layer of the medium. Mie theory is used to explain the angular polarization pattern. Measurements at two wavelengths on phantoms with different particle sizes and on human skin are reported.
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Jeewantha, Janitha, Chris Emmanuel, Madhubhashitha Herath, Mainul Islam, and Jayantha Epaarachchi. "Development and Characterization of Shape Memory Polymers for Non-Invasive Biomedical Applications." In ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-66024.

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Abstract This paper details a shape memory polymer (SMP) synthesis and characterization process has been undertaken to develop a bio-medical material for fabricating non-invasive custom prosthetic components and orthosis devices. The glass transition temperature of a one-way SMP epoxy is tailored for external biomedical applications since human skin is sensitive to high temperature (> 45°C). The key shape memory properties of shape fixity ratio, shape recovery ratio and shape retention properties were comprehensively analyzed, and thermomechanical properties were verified. SMPs can be customized for the purpose; thus, SMP prosthetic and orthosis devices will be ideal for first aid and emergency treatments until proper medical attention is received. Finally, brief details of an SMP bone immobilization casting method are provided to explain the application further.
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YASUNO, TAKATO, JUNICHIRO FUJII, MICHIHIRO NAKAJIMA, and KAZUHIRO NODA. "BRIDGE SLAB ANOMALY DETECTOR USING U-NET GENERATOR WITH PATCH DISCRIMINATOR FOR ROBUST PROGNOSIS." In Structural Health Monitoring 2021. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2021/36276.

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More than 50 years aging civil infrastructures have deteriorated, then structural diagnosis and periodic prognosis become critical for predictive maintenance. In terms of the bridge inspection every 5 years in Japan, we have collected a lot of human eye inspection. In context of digital structural monitoring, in addition to the past human inspection we make the most of drone flight images. However, human subjective judge includes individual bias, then a measurable objective score should be quantified using a unified anomaly distance from a health condition. Supervised learning, e.g. classification and semantic segmentation method is not always robust for unseen data. If we address the unlearned blind feature without any experience, prediction error might be a higher hurdle to overcome low precision and less recall problem. The generative anomaly detection via unsupervised learning has been growing in various fields, e.g. medical, manufacturing, food, and materials. If the distance and angle to the target damage interest could be controlled among a feasible range, and if the background noise could be removed and relaxed, then concrete surface damage and steel paint peel or corrosion would enable to discriminate them for predictive maintenance. In this paper, we propose a steel anomaly detector method to compute anomalous scores automatically, where we customize several U-shape skip-connected generator network with patch GAN discriminator. Exactly, we have create an encoder-decoder network using the VGG19 based U-Net generator with a patch discriminator. Furthermore, we explore robust unified anomaly score indicator for the target concrete and painted steel parts to analyze deterioration prognosis, so as to monitor the current status far from a health condition. Finally, focusing on the bridge slab, we exploit toward the inspection images with the number of 10,400, where they contains reinforcement concrete slab at 400 bridges under the direct control of national managers. In order to be stable learning and robust structural health monitoring, we demonstrate to visualize several anomalous feature map for precisely and full-covered digital inspection.
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Curina, Francesco, Elia Abdo, Ajith Asokan, and Hadi Mustapha. "Coupling Psychological Factors With Machine Learning to Improve Rig Technical Training." In IADC/SPE International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208689-ms.

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Abstract Technical training is an essential activity for optimizing rig operations. Recently, the use of drilling simulators has revolutionized the way training is done and, accompanied with on-site assistance, it has ensured near optimal performance from the trained crews. This paper explains how machine learning and physiology can be used to improve rig technical training by monitoring the operator's stress, identifying the key operations where situational awareness is low and targeting these operations with dedicated exercises. The developed methodology is based on a study of human psychological indicators captured through light biometric devices. These indicators are fed to a machine learning algorithm that calculates a stress index for the observed operator and uses this index to identify key operations where the operator lacks focus, is under high stress or feels a lack of preparation. The measured indicators are skin temperature, specific face movements, heart rate, and sweat. The model uses machine vision to identify key physiological parameters and a convolutional neural network to interpret them. Finally, a third algorithm correlates the stress index to specific operations. The system can be used either in simulation environment or on the rig itself during operational studies. The primary results show high detection accuracy with minimal errors. Using this methodology for well control simulation, the main periods of high stress and low concentration were correctly identified. The repeated tests showed that different drillers or supervisors respond differently to the situation and may be stressed out by different operations. This highlighted a key drawback of the training that focuses on the same main operations for all participants. By customizing the second training session for each participant's needs, the high stress levels were significantly reduced. From the initial trials, a key point needed to be highlighted: for the study to be as non-intrusive as possible, the biometric devices used for monitoring stress need to be as light as possible. This led to a review of the devices used and a compromise between accuracy and lightness. As with advanced military training, targeted training for drilling rig crews can deeply impact the outcome of the training and preparedness of the crew. Today, biometric devices combined with machine learning models finally, allow for an accurate detection and evaluation of human stress. Using this analysis methodology to customize training will prove essential soon and may revolutionize the way rig crews are trained.
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