Journal articles: 'Human skin color – Measurement'

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Wang, Yu Zhao, Ming Ronnier Luo, Safdar Muhammad, Hai Yan Liu, and Xiao Yu Liu. "Physical Measurement and Spectral Reproduction of Human Skin Color." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.13.

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This work forms part of large project for measuring the skin colors. This topic has been historically extensively studied due to the strong need from the photographic, digital imaging and medical applications. However there are still many unresolved issues, for example the measuring accuracy and the difference between different measuring methods. The paper focused on one of the measuring methods: camera. The goal is to develop PCA methods to reconstruct the reflectance from images captured by a camera, and the result shows that using three components is enough to acquire high accuracy, and it is possible to have a single skin model to predict all the available skin colors.

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Wang, Yuzhao, Ming Ronnier Luo, Mengmeng Wang, Kaida Xiao, and Michael Pointer. "Spectrophotometric measurement of human skin colour." Color Research & Application 42, no. 6 (July 12, 2017): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.22143.

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Yoshii, Junki, Shoji Yamamoto, Kazuki Nagasawa, Wataru Arai, Satoshi Kaneko, Keita Hirai, and Norimichi Tsumura. "Estimation of Layered Ink Layout from Arbitrary Skin Color and Translucency in Inkjet 3D Printer." Color and Imaging Conference 2019, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2019.27.32.

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In this paper, we propose a layout estimation method for multi-layered ink by using PSF measurement and machine learning. This estimation can bring various capabilities of color reproduction for the newfangled 3D printer that can apply multi-layered inkjet color. Especially, the control of translucency is useful for the reproduction of skin color that is overpainted flesh color on bloody-red layer. Conventional method of this layer design and color selection depended on the experience of professional designer. However, it is difficult to optimize the color selection and layer design for reproducing complex colors with many layers. Therefore, in this research, we developed an efficiency estimation of color layout for human skin with arbitrary translucency by using machine learning. Our proposed method employs PSF measurement for quantifying the color translucency of overlapped layers. The machine learning was performed by using the correspondence between these measured PSFs and multi-layered printings with 5-layer neural network. The result was evaluated in the CG simulation with the combination of 14 colors and 10 layers. The result shows that our proposed method can derive an appropriate combination which reproduce the appearance close to the target color and translucency.

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Baek, Hyun Jae, JaeWook Shin, and Jaegeol Cho. "The Effect of Optical Crosstalk on Accuracy of Reflectance-Type Pulse Oximeter for Mobile Healthcare." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2018 (October 21, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3521738.

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According to the theoretical equation of the pulse oximeter expressed by the ratio of amplitude (AC) and baseline (DC) obtained from the photoplethysmographic signal of two wavelengths, the difference of the amount of light absorbed depending on the melanin indicating the skin color is canceled by normalizing the AC value to the DC value of each wavelength. Therefore, theoretically, skin color does not affect the accuracy of oxygen saturation measurement. However, if there is a direct path for the light emitting unit to the light receiving unit instead of passing through the human body, the amount of light reflected by the surface of the skin changes depending on the color of the skin. As a result, the amount of crosstalk that varies depending on the skin color affects the ratio of AC to DC, resulting in errors in the calculation of the oxygen saturation value. We made crosstalk sensors and crosstalk-free sensors and performed desaturation experiments with respiratory gas control on subjects with various skin colors to perform oxygen saturation measurements ranging from 60 to 100%. Experimental results showed that there was no difference in the measurement error of oxygen saturation according to skin color in the case of the sensor which prevented crosstalk (−0.8824 ± 2.2859 for Asian subjects, 0.6741 ± 3.2822 for Caucasian subjects, and 0.9669 ± 2.2268 for African American subjects). However, a sensor that did not prevent crosstalk showed a large error in dark skin subjects (0.8258 ± 2.1603 for Asian subjects, 0.8733 ± 1.9716 for Caucasian subjects, and −3.0591 ± 3.9925 for African Americans). Based on these results, we reiterate the importance of sensor design in the development of pulse oximeters using reflectance-type sensors.

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Wu, Yue, Fan Yi, Makio Akimoto, Toshiyuki Tanaka, Hong Meng, and Yinmao Dong. "Objective measurement and comparison of human facial skin color in East Asian females." Skin Research and Technology 26, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/srt.12838.

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Nagasawa, Kazuki, Junki Yoshii, Shoji Yamamoto, Wataru Arai, Satoshi Kaneko, Keita Hirai, and Norimichi Tsumura. "Prediction of the layered ink layout for 3D printers considering a desired skin color and line spread function." Optical Review 28, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-021-00679-z.

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AbstractWe propose a layout estimation method for multi-layered ink using a measurement of the line spread function (LSF) and machine learning. The three-dimensional printing market for general consumers focuses on the reproduction of realistic appearance. In particular, for the reproduction of human skin, it is important to control translucency by adopting a multilayer structure. Traditionally, layer design has depended on the experience of designers. We, therefore, developed an efficient layout estimation to provide arbitrary skin color and translucency. In our method, we create multi-layered color patches of human skin and measure the LSF as a metric of translucency, and we employ a neural network trained with the data to estimate the layout. As an evaluation, we measured the LSF from the computer-graphics-created skin and fabricate skin using the estimated layout; evaluation with root-mean-square error showed that we can obtain color and translucency that are close to the target.

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Maitra, Sumit, Diptendu Chatterjee, and Arup Ratan Bandyopadhyay. "Skin color variation: A study on Eastern and North East India." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i3.23256.

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Background: Skin pigmentation is one of the most variable phenotypic traits and most noticeable of human polymorphisms. Skin pigmentation in humans is largely determined by the quantity and distribution of the pigment melanin. The literature review on skin color variation revealed a few works on skin pigmentation variation has been conducted in India from Southern, Western and Northern part. Aims and Objectives: To best of the knowledge, the present discourse is the first attempt to understand skin color variation from Eastern and North Eastern part of India among three populations. Materials and Methods: The present study consisted of 312 participants from Chakma and Tripuri groups of Tripura, North East India, and participants from Bengalee Hindu caste population from West Bengal. Skin color was measured by Konica Minolta CR-10 spectrophotometer which measures and quantifies the colors with a 3D color space (CIELAB) color space created by 3 axes. All the skin color measurements from each participant were taken from unexposed (underarm) left and right to get a mean and exposed (forehead) to sunlight. Results: The distribution of skin color variation among the three populations demonstrated significant (p<0.05) difference in lightness for unexposed and exposed indicating lightness in unexposed area. Furthermore, the present study revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in skin color among the ethnic groups across the body location and all three attributes (lightness, redness and yellowness). Conclusion: Generally, skin color variation may be elucidated by two main factors: individual differences in lightness and yellowness and by and large due to ethnicity, where diversity in redness is due to primarily due to different body locations. Variation in lightness have more characteristic probability. The present study first time reports the wide range of quantitative skin color variation among the three ethnic groups from Eastern and North East India and highest yellowness (b*) among the population from North East India.

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Huang, Wen-Shyan, Yi-Wen Wang, Kun-Che Hung, Pai-Shan Hsieh, Keng-Yen Fu, Lien-Guo Dai, Nien-Hsien Liou, Kuo-Hsing Ma, Jiang-Chuan Liu, and Niann-Tzyy Dai. "High correlation between skin color based on CIELAB color space, epidermal melanocyte ratio, and melanocyte melanin content." PeerJ 6 (May 24, 2018): e4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4815.

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Background To treat skin color disorders, such as vitiligo or burns, melanocytes are transplanted for tissue regeneration. However, melanocyte distribution in the human body varies with age and location, making it difficult to select the optimal donor skin to achieve a desired color match. Determining the correlations with the desired skin color measurement based on CIELAB color, epidermal melanocyte numbers, and melanin content of individual melanocytes is critical for clinical application. Method Fifteen foreskin samples from Asian young adults were analyzed for skin color, melanocyte ratio (melanocyte proportion in the epidermis), and melanin concentration. Furthermore, an equation was developed based on CIELAB color with melanocyte ratio, melanin concentration, and the product of melanocyte ratio and melanin concentration. The equation was validated by seeding different ratios of keratinocytes and melanocytes in tissue-engineered skin substitutes, and the degree of fitness in expected skin color was confirmed. Results Linear regression analysis revealed a significant strong negative correlation (r = − 0.847, R2 = 0.717) between CIELAB L* value and the product of the epidermal melanocyte ratio and cell-based melanin concentration. Furthermore, the results showed that an optimal skin color match was achieved by the formula. Discussion We found that L* value was correlated with the value obtained from multiplying the epidermal melanocyte ratio (R) and melanin content (M) and that this correlation was more significant than either L* vs M or L* vs R. This suggests that more accurate prediction of skin color can be achieved by considering both R and M. Therefore, precise skin color match in treating vitiligo or burn patients would be potentially achievable based on extensive collection of skin data from people of Asian descent.

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Potash, Alex D., Daniel U. Greene, Gabrielle A. Foursa, Verity L. Mathis, L. Mike Conner, and Robert A. McCleery. "A comparison of animal color measurements using a commercially available digital color sensor and photograph analysis." Current Zoology 66, no. 6 (March 27, 2020): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoaa016.

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Abstract An animal’s pelage, feather, or skin color can serve a variety of functions, so it is important to have multiple standardized methods for measuring color. One of the most common and reliable methods for measuring animal coloration is the use of standardized digital photographs of animals. New technology in the form of a commercially available handheld digital color sensor could provide an alternative to photography-based animal color measurements. To determine whether a digital color sensor could be used to measure animal coloration, we tested the ability of a digital color sensor to measure coloration of mammalian, avian, and lepidopteran museums specimens. We compared results from the sensor to measurements taken using traditional photography methods. Our study yielded significant differences between photography-based and digital color sensor measurements of brightness (light to dark) and colors along the green to red spectrum. There was no difference between photographs and the digital color sensor measurements for colors along the blue to yellow spectrum. The average difference in recorded color (ΔE) by the 2 methods was above the threshold at which humans can perceive a difference. There were significant correlations between the sensor and photographs for all measurements indicating that the sensor is an effective animal coloration measuring tool. However, the sensor’s small aperture and narrow light spectrum range designed for human-vision limit its value for ecological research. We discuss the conditions in which a digital color sensor can be an effective tool for measuring animal coloration in both laboratory settings and in the field.

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Cugmas, Blaž, and Eva Štruc. "Accuracy of an Affordable Smartphone-Based Teledermoscopy System for Color Measurements in Canine Skin." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 6234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216234.

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Quality smartphone cameras and affordable dermatoscopes have enabled teledermoscopy to become a popular medical and veterinary tool for analyzing skin lesions such as melanoma and erythema. However, smartphones acquire images in an unknown RGB color space, which prevents a standardized colorimetric skin analysis. In this work, we supplemented a typical veterinary teledermoscopy system with a conventional color calibration procedure, and we studied two mid-priced smartphones in evaluating native and erythematous canine skin color. In a laboratory setting with the ColorChecker, the teledermoscopy system reached CIELAB-based color differences ΔE of 1.8–6.6 (CIE76) and 1.1–4.5 (CIE94). Intra- and inter-smartphone variability resulted in the color differences (CIE76) of 0.1, and 2.0–3.9, depending on the selected color range. Preliminary clinical measurements showed that canine skin is less red and yellow (lower a* and b* for ΔE of 10.7) than standard Caucasian human skin. Estimating the severity of skin erythema with an erythema index led to errors between 0.5–3%. After constructing a color calibration model for each smartphone, we expedited clinical measurements without losing colorimetric accuracy by introducing a simple image normalization on a white standard. To conclude, the calibrated teledermoscopy system is fast and accurate enough for various colorimetric applications in veterinary dermatology.

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Mitcham, E. J., M. Clayton, and W. V. Biasi. "Comparison of Devices for Measuring Cherry Fruit Firmness." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.723.

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The performance of three relatively new nondestructive cherry firmness devices and a penetrometer were evaluated and compared with the firmness testing performance of an Instron Universal Testing Machine. The inherent variability of the nondestructive devices was estimated by repeated measurement of a uniform, symmetrical, and resilient rubber ball. Analysis of residuals from correlations between each device and the Instron from firmness testing on common samples of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) confirmed the relative variability of the nondestructive devices, and estimated measurement reliability of the penetrometer. Subjective firmness sensing by compression of cherries between the fingers of human evaluators proved to be less reliable than the devices tested. Sweet cherry firmness correlated reasonably well with skin color, with the strength of the correlations from each device agreeing with device ranking in terms of firmness measurement reliability. Firmness correlated poorly with soluble solids, titratable acidity, and specific gravity; soluble solids correlated well with specific gravity; and skin color correlated reasonably well with both soluble solids and specific gravity. Fruit surface pit volume, induced by a specific impact force from a ball bearing, correlated relatively well with fruit firmness measured by the penetrometer, but poorly or inconsistently with measurements from the remaining firmness devices.

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Wilhelm, Klaus P., and Howard I. Maibach. "Skin color reflectance measurements for objective quantification of erythema in human beings." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 21, no. 6 (December 1989): 1306–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(89)80314-7.

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Jeong, Dong-Myong, Yong-Heum Lee, and Myeong Soo Lee. "Development of the Meridian-Visualizing System that Superimposes a Bio-signal upon a Body Image." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 32, no. 04 (January 2004): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x04002260.

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The precise selection and the identification of acupuncture points are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of patients in Oriental medicine. In this study, we have developed a meridian identification system using Single-Power Alternating Current (SPAC), which discriminates between true acupoints and non-acupoints. The SPAC system is not affected by skin resistance or pressure and is more accurate than the existing meridian location system, which uses direct current (DC) excitation current. The accuracy of the meridian location is ensured with the SPAC system because it has the highest sensitivity and the lowest effect on the human body. A microprocessor is used to enhance reliability and increase the accuracy of the SPAC measurements. Current distribution is displayed using an image that overlays the measured skin current on the body image. The positions of the acupoints are then displayed on the body image. This method visualizes the meridian by measuring skin current with an improved electrode using the acupoint discrimination system. A computer display shows the transmitted current as a color related to the electrode position. We demonstrated that by changing the point of measurement on the skin and tracing the electrode on the screen, it is possible to visualize acupoints and meridian phenomena using the color display.

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Listewnik, Paulina, and Adam Mazikowski. "Automatic system for optical parameters measurements of biological tissues." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i3.846.

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In this paper a system allowing execution of automatic measurements of the optical parameters of scattering materials in a efficient and accurate manner is proposed and described. The system is designed especially for measurements of biological tissues including phantoms, which closely imitate optical characteristics of a real tissue. The system has modular construction and is based on ISEL system, luminance and color meter and a computer with worked out dedicated software and user interface. Performed measurements of scattering distribution characteristics for selected materials revealed good accuracy, confirmed by comparative measurements using well-known reference characteristics. Full Text: PDF ReferencesWróbel, M. S., Popov, A. P., Bykov, A. V., Kinnunen, M., Jedrzejewska-Szczerska, M., & Tuchin, V. V. (2015). Measurements of fundamental properties of homogeneous tissue phantoms. Journal of Biomedical Optics CrossRef Wróbel, M. S., Jedrzejewska-Szczerska, M., Galla, S., Piechowski, L., Sawczak, M., Popov, A. P., Cenian, A. (2015). Use of optical skin phantoms for preclinical evaluation of laser efficiency for skin lesion therapy. Journal of Biomedical Optics. CrossRef Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, M., Wróbel, M. S., Galla, S., Popov, A. P., Bykov, A. V., Tuchin, V. V., & Cenian, A. (2015). Investigation of photothermolysis therapy of human skin diseases using optical phantoms. In Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. CrossRef Brown A. M., et al.: Optical material characterization through BSDF measurement and analysis, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 7792, 2010 CrossRef 4-Axis Controller: iMC-S8. Operating Instruction. ISEL Germany AG, 2012. DirectLink Konica Minolta, Inc. (2005-2013). Chroma meter CS-200. Datasheet. DirectLink Malacara D.: Color Vision and Colorimetry; Theory and Applications, SPIE Press, 2002. DirectLink A. Mazikowski, M. Trojanowski: Measurements of Spectral Spatial Distribution of Scattering Materials for Rear Projection Screens used in Virtual Reality Systems, Metrology and Measurement Systems, 20 (3), pp. 443 - 452, 2013 CrossRef

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Brewer, Jonathan, Maria Bloksgaard, Jakub Kubiak, Jens Ahm Sørensen, and Luis A. Bagatolli. "Spatially Resolved Two-Color Diffusion Measurements in Human Skin Applied to Transdermal Liposome Penetration." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, no. 5 (May 2013): 1260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.461.

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Jevnikar, Elizabeta, Dejana Javoršek, and Sabina Bračko. "The Influence of External Factors on Contact Colour Measurement of the Human Skin." Tekstilec 58, no. 2 (June 2015): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec2015.58.121-134.

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Charlton, Matthew, Sophie A. Stanley, Zoë Whitman, Victoria Wenn, Timothy J. Coats, Mark Sims, and Jonathan P. Thompson. "The effect of constitutive pigmentation on the measured emissivity of human skin." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): e0241843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241843.

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Background The measurement of body temperature has become commonplace in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Body temperature can be measured using thermal infrared imaging, a safe, non-contact method that relies on the emissivity of the skin being known to provide accurate readings. Skin pigmentation affects the absorption of visible light and enables us to see variations in skin colour. Pigmentation may also affect the absorption of infrared radiation and thus affect thermal imaging. Human skin has an accepted emissivity of 0.98 but the effect of different skin pigmentation on this value is not known. In this study, we investigated the influence of different skin pigmentation on thermal emissivity in 65 adult volunteers. Methods A reference object of known emissivity (electrical tape) was applied to participant’s skin on the inner upper arm. Tape and arm were imaged simultaneously using a thermal infrared camera. The emissivity was set on the camera to the known value for electrical tape. The emissivity was altered manually until the skin temperature using thermal imaging software was equal to the initial tape temperature. This provided the calculated emissivity value of the skin. Participants were grouped according to skin pigmentation, quantified using the Fitzpatrick skin phototyping scale and reflectance spectrophotometry. Differences in emissivity values between skin pigmentation groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA. Results The mean calculated emissivity for the 65 participants was 0.972 (range 0.96–0.99). No significant differences in emissivity were observed between participants when grouped by skin pigmentation according to the Fitzpatrick scale (p = 0.859) or reflectance spectrophotometry (p = 0.346). Conclusion These data suggest that skin pigmentation does not affect thermal emissivity measurement of skin temperature using thermal infrared imaging. This study will aid further research into the application of thermal infrared imaging as a screening or bedside diagnostic tool in clinical practice.

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Ohka, Masahiro, Hiraku Komura, Keisuke Watanabe, and Ryota Nomura. "Two Experimental Devices for Record and Playback of Tactile Data." Philosophies 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6030054.

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A tactile record and playback system will progress tactileology—a new cross-disciplinary field related to tactile sensations—as it will enhance its use in the instruction, archiving, and analysis of human manipulation. In this paper, we describe two key devices for achieving tactileology: a tactile sensor capturing human tactile sense (fingernail color sensor) and a robotic tactile sensor, both of which can detect not only normal force but also tangential force. This is beneficial because people manipulate objects and tools in various ways, such as grasping, picking, and rubbing. The fingernail color sensor registers the three-dimensional (3D) force applied to a fingertip by detecting the fingernail color change caused by blood distribution under the fingernail, which can be observed with green illumination and a miniature camera. Since detecting this color change is more complicated than using a robotic sensor, the relationships between the image and 3D force are learned using a convolutional neural network (CNN). In the robotic sensor, the 3D force applied to a robotic finger transforms into a bright area using an illuminated acrylic core, a rubber robotic finger skin, and a miniature camera. We measure normal force and tangential force by the brightness and movement of the bright area, respectively. Using a force gauge or an electronic scale for measurement, we perform a series of evaluation experiments. The experimental results show that the precision of both the fingernail color sensor and the robotic tactile sensor are sufficient for our system.

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Peng, Bo, Motohiro Kano, and Nobuaki Nakazawa. "Three-Dimensional Measurement of Nostril Positions Based on Stereo-Camera." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1470.

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This paper describes the three dimensional measurement of facial feature points. The nostril part was picked up as a feature point. The humans face was observed by the stereo-camera in real time. The depth position of the nostril was derived by the binocular parallax between the detected positions of the two cameras. Here, a new detection method for a nostril was suggested. First of all, the binalization image obtained from the stereo-camera was changed to the connection ingredient by processing labeling. Next, the system narrowed down the candidate of the nostril as a facial feature point by checking the geometric characteristics such as size, the center of gravity every ingredient. Furthermore, the skin color around the nostril was utilized to enhance the detection system.

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Jeon, Hyeon Seop, Jeong Hwa Kim, Martin B. G. Jun, and Young Hun Jeong. "Fabrication of Thermochromic Membrane and Its Characteristics for Fever Detection." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133460.

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Body temperature is an important indicator of the health status of the human body. Thus, numerous studies have been conducted in various fields to measure body temperature. In this study, a biocompatible thermochromic membrane that changes its color when the temperature becomes higher than the transition temperature for thermochromism was fabricated using an extrusion-based three-dimensional printing process. The printing material was prepared by mixing a thermochromic pigment and a thermoplastic polymer in various ratios. The effects of mixing ratio on the various properties of the fabricated membranes were experimentally investigated. It is presented that the fabricated lattice membrane had excellent thermochromic reaction, which was experimentally evaluated using a measurement of color brightness. The pigment content affected the diameter and surface morphology of the printed filament. The elastic modulus decreased, and thermochromic response became faster as the pigment concentration increased. Subsequently, a patch for fever detection was developed and then attached to the skin to demonstrate its color change according to body temperature. Results show that the fabricated thermochromic patch could be successfully applied to fever detection.

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Ullah, Habib, Shabbir Hussain, and Asrar Ahmad. "Study on Arsenic Poisoning by Worldwide Drinking Water, its Effects and Prevention." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss2.2019.265.

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The present studies were conducted to evaluate the arsenic poisoning worldwide in drinking water. Arsenicnot only contaminates the surface and groundwater but also enters into food chains like vegetables and food staff.Human beings are directly exposed to arsenic poisoning due to consumption of water resources containing arsenic. Seafoods and fish are two main sources of arsenic in human diet. Consumption of arsenic poisoned water can cause severehealth problems like cancer, hyperkeratosis, gangrene and peripheral vascular diseases. The arsenic is excreted from thebody trough skin, hair, urine, breath etc. Arsenic poisoning can be diagnosed by the measurement of total amount ofarsenic in urine. Symptoms of arsenic poisoning include red or swollen skin, changes in the skin color, abdominal pain,vomiting and nausea, diarrhea, cramping of muscles, finger and toe tingling etc. Arsenic poisoning may be relievedthrough steroid ingestion at its early stage or use of selenium. It is very difficult to remove all the arsenic from waterbodies so the main remedy is to stop drinking water having arsenic content. Arsenic poisoning also affects the plant ‘syield, its reproductive capacity, fertility and fruit production. Arsenic accumulation in plants will damage the cellularmembranes and may lead to the leaking of electrolyte.

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Ullah, Habib, Shabbir Hussain, and Asrar Ahmad. "Study on Arsenic Poisoning by Worldwide Drinking Water, its Effects and Prevention." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, no. 2 (September 4, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v10i2.265.

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The present studies were conducted to evaluate the arsenic poisoning worldwide in drinking water. Arsenicnot only contaminates the surface and groundwater but also enters into food chains like vegetables and food staff.Human beings are directly exposed to arsenic poisoning due to consumption of water resources containing arsenic. Seafoods and fish are two main sources of arsenic in human diet. Consumption of arsenic poisoned water can cause severehealth problems like cancer, hyperkeratosis, gangrene and peripheral vascular diseases. The arsenic is excreted from thebody trough skin, hair, urine, breath etc. Arsenic poisoning can be diagnosed by the measurement of total amount ofarsenic in urine. Symptoms of arsenic poisoning include red or swollen skin, changes in the skin color, abdominal pain,vomiting and nausea, diarrhea, cramping of muscles, finger and toe tingling etc. Arsenic poisoning may be relievedthrough steroid ingestion at its early stage or use of selenium. It is very difficult to remove all the arsenic from waterbodies so the main remedy is to stop drinking water having arsenic content. Arsenic poisoning also affects the plant ‘syield, its reproductive capacity, fertility and fruit production. Arsenic accumulation in plants will damage the cellularmembranes and may lead to the leaking of electrolyte.

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Vergeest, Joris S. M., Johan J. Broek, and A. Van Voorden. "Body Surface Measurement and Replication by Photogrammetry and Computer Aided Design." Engineering in Medicine 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/emed_jour_1987_016_004_02.

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This article presents and demonstrates a method of measuring the shape of the human skin and of reproducing the form as a real three-dimensional object at any scale. The working system consists of two parts, each normally in use for different disciplines at Delft University of Technology. The two parts, that we have interfaced, are a photogrammetric stereo restitution system and a CAD system integrated with a numerically controlled 3D milling machine. One stereopicture of (an arbitrary part of) the human body is sufficient to obtain any number of digitized points of the visible surface. Our system does not necessarily rely on reference grids, calibration frames, or surface marking points. Repeated measurements have shown that a measurement precision of 0.06 per cent of the observation distance is achieved. The data allow a complete surface representation by the CAD system, which in turn provides facilities for fast interactive viewing, for high quality colour image generation, and reproduction of the shape in foam material.

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Jouventin, Pierre, Paul M. Nolan, Jonas Örnborg, and F. Stephen Dobson. "Ultraviolet Beak Spots in King and Emperor Penguins." Condor 107, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.1.144.

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Abstract In seabirds, colors of feathers and external tissues have only recently been studied, and ultraviolet (UV) color has not yet been detected. Using live individuals as well as museum skins, we found UV peaks of reflectance in two large Aptenodytes species, King (A. patagonicus) and Emperor (A. forsteri) Penguins. UV reflectance did not occur on the feathers, claws, or skin of these species, nor did we find UV reflectance in five other genera of penguins (11 species). UV peaks overlapped with spots of color on the lower beak that appeared orange for human observers, and beak spots differed slightly in location between the two species. Adults of both sexes possessed these UV markings, but they were lacking in juveniles, as was the orange color of the beak spot, and auricular patches used for selecting mates. Finally, measurements of free-ranging King Penguins showed that recently paired birds had higher UV reflectance than courting ones, suggesting possible roles of UV beak spots in pairing and as an indicator of sexual maturity. Manchas Ultravioleta en el Pico de los Pingüinos Aptenodytes patagonicus y A. forsteri Resumen. En las aves marinas, los colores de las plumas y los tejidos externos sólo han sido estudiados recientemente, y el color ultravioleta (UV) todavía no se ha detectado. En individuos vivos así como en pieles de museo, nosotros encontramos picos de reflectancia UV en dos especies de pingüinos, Aptenodytes patagonicus y A. forsteri. El color UV no se encontró en las plumas, las garras o la piel de estas especies, ni encontramos color UV en otros cinco géneros de pingüinos (11 especies). Los puntos UV se encontraban superpuestos con manchas de color ubicadas en la parte baja del pico que parecían anaranjadas para los observadores humanos. Las manchas del pico difirieron levemente en forma y localización entre las dos especies. Los adultos de ambos sexos presentaron las manchas UV, pero éstas no estaban presentes en los juveniles, al igual que el color anaranjado de la mancha del pico y los parches auriculares empleados en la selección de parejas. Medidas tomadas en individuos libres de la especie A. patagonicus demostraron que los que se habían apareado recientemente tenían presentaban reflectancias de UV mayores que las de aquellos que aún estaban cortejando, lo que sugiere un posible papel de las manchas UV del pico en el apareamiento y como indicadoras de la madurez sexual.

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Yamada, Noriko, Hideki Hyodoh, Tomoko Matsuhashi, and Shinichi Oikawa. "COVID-19 Early Detection Tool for Elder Abuse during Epidemics, Digital Analysis of Color Tone on the Surface of the Skin in Elderly People." Global Journal of Health Science 13, no. 5 (March 17, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n5p1.

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The purpose of this study was to attempt a digital analysis of body color tone of elderly subjects, thus demonstrating that nurses and caregivers can easily and reliably record changes in body color tone. This cross-sectional study took place between April 1, 2017 and March 31, 2019. A workshop was set up where observers received explanations from researchers on how to use color charts and recording forms. Measurement instruments (digital cameras) were also standardized in this effort. While the elderly subjects targeted by this study suffered from dementia, they were able to converse and understood the purpose of the study, and the study was conducted with their and their families’consent. In addition, after receiving approval from a research ethics examination from an affiliated university, the target facility gaining this consent was subjected to an ethical review, after which we implemented the study in accordance with ethical guidelines for medical research on humans. Consent was obtained from 30 subjects (20 female (66.7%), 8 male (26.7%) and 2 for which the gender was unknown; average age: 87.8 years (minimum 80 years, maximum 100 years)). We were able to perform digital image analysis of the lesion site and unaffected parts, and present numerical values. Evaluations by observers were significantly different depending on the individual, and subjectivity greatly influenced comparisons with the color chart based on visual evaluations. It was confirmed that numerical evaluation of images taken in hospitals and nursing homes could also be performed using general-purpose software.

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Thirunavukkarasu, Usharani, Snekhalatha Umapathy, Palani Thanaraj Krishnan, and Kumar Janardanan. "Human Tongue Thermography Could Be a Prognostic Tool for Prescreening the Type II Diabetes Mellitus." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (January 14, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3186208.

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Diabetes mellitus is one of the life threatening diseases over the globe, and an early prediction of diabetes is of utmost importance in this current scenario. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reported nearly half of the world’s population was undiagnosed and unaware of being developed into diabetes. In 2017, around 84 million individuals were living with diabetes, and it might increase to 156 million by the end of 2045 stated by IDF. Generally, the diagnosis of diabetes relies on the biochemical method that may cause uneasiness and probability of infections to the subjects. To overcome such difficulties, a noninvasive method is much needed around the globe for primary screening. A change in body temperature is an indication of various diseases. Infrared thermal imaging is relatively a novel technique for skin temperature measurement and turned out to be well known in the medical field due to being noninvasive, risk-free, and repeatable. According to traditional Chinese medicine, the human tongue is a sensitive mirror that reflects the body’s pathophysiological condition. So, we have (i) analysed and classified diabetes based on thermal variations at human tongue, (ii) segmented the hot spot regions from tongue thermogram by RGB (red, green, blue) based color histogram image segmentation method and extracted the features using gray level co-occurrence matrix algorithm, (iii) classified normal and diabetes using various machine learning algorithms, and (iv) developed computer aided diagnostic system to classify diabetes mellitus. The baseline measurements and tongue thermograms were obtained from 140 subjects. The measured tongue surface temperature of the diabetic group was found to be greater than normal. The statistical correlation between the HbA1c and the thermal distribution in the tongue region was found to be r2 = 0.5688. The Convolutional Neural Network has outperformed the other classifiers with 94.28% accuracy rate. Thus, tongue thermograms could be used as a preliminary screening approach for diabetes prognosis.

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Kozlowska, Justyna, Bartosz Tylkowski, Natalia Stachowiak, and Weronika Prus-Walendziak. "Controlling the Skin Barrier Quality through the Application of Polymeric Films Containing Microspheres with Encapsulated Plant Extract." Processes 8, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050530.

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Human skin has protective functions and it is a barrier that protects the interior of the body from harmful environmental factors and pathogen penetration. An important role of the skin is also to prevent the loss of water from the body and if the skin barrier is damaged, the amount of water emitted from the internal environment is increased. Therefore, it is crucial to recovery and maintenance of epidermal barrier integrity. The aim of the current work was to encapsulate Calendula officinalis flower extract in gelatin microspheres and then incorporation microspheres into thin polymeric films made from sodium alginate or mixture of sodium alginate and starch. Such materials may find applications in the cosmetic field for example in the preparation of masks for skin, according to the Calendula officinalis flower extract wide influence on skin condition. Thus, the release profile of this extract from the materials was tested under conditions corresponding to the skin (pH 5.4, 37 °C). The mechanical properties, surface free energy, and moisture content of obtained films were measured. To determine the barrier quality of the stratum corneum, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin color measurements were performed. The loaded microspheres were successfully incorporated into polymeric films without affecting its useful properties. Although the values of Young’s modulus and the moisture content were decreased after film modification by microspheres addition, the skin parameters were much better after application of films with microspheres. The results confirmed that obtained materials can be potentially used in cosmetics to improve the skin barrier quality.

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Kern, Helmut, and Ugo Carraro. "Home-Based Functional Electrical Stimulation of Human Permanent Denervated Muscles: A Narrative Review on Diagnostics, Managements, Results and Byproducts Revisited 2020." Diagnostics 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080529.

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces muscle wasting that is especially severe after complete and permanent damage of lower motor neurons, as can occur in complete conus and cauda equina syndrome. Even in this worst-case scenario, mass and function of permanently denervated quadriceps muscle can be rescued by surface functional electrical stimulation using a purpose designed home-based rehabilitation strategy. Early diagnostics is a key factor in the long-term success of this management. Function of quadriceps muscle was quantitated by force measurements. Muscle gross cross-sections were evaluated by quantitative color computed tomography (CT) and muscle and skin biopsies by quantitative histology, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Two years of treatment that started earlier than 5 years from SCI produced: (a) an increase in cross-sectional area of stimulated muscles; (b) an increase in muscle fiber mean diameter; (c) improvements in ultrastructural organization; and (d) increased force output during electrical stimulation. Improvements are extended to hamstring muscles and skin. Indeed, the cushioning effect provided by recovered tissues is a major clinical benefit. It is our hope that new trials start soon, providing patients the benefits they need.

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Gardner, Reed M., and Marianne Hujcs. "Fundamentals of Physiologic Monitoring." AACN Advanced Critical Care 4, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/15597768-1993-1002.

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For centuries, medical practitioners had no electronic medical instruments and had to rely on their senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch to obtain physiologic measurements. Although it is possible to estimate blood pressure by palpating the pulse at the radial or brachial artery, such estimates are not accurate. Determining arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is more complex: how “blue” a patient appears depends on skin coloration, lighting, and the examiner’s sense of color. Finally, using radiographic images to validate pulmonary edema when clinicians suspect that there is an elevated left atrial or pulmonary artery wedge pressure also challenges human senses. However, today’s medical instruments use transducers and signal processors to convert patient information into a form that clinicians can easily perceive and understand. This article defines terms used with biomedical instrumentation and discusses the components of ideal physiologic patient monitoring systems

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Ballaji, Hattan K., Ricardo Correia, Chong Liu, Serhiy Korposh, Barrie R. Hayes-Gill, Alison Musgrove, and Stephen P. Morgan. "Optical Fibre Sensor for Capillary Refill Time and Contact Pressure Measurements under the Foot." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 6072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186072.

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Capillary refill time (CRT) refers to the time taken for body tissue to regain its colour after an applied blanching pressure is released. Usually, pressure is manually applied and not measured. Upon release of pressure, simple mental counting is typically used to estimate how long it takes for the skin to regain its colour. However, this method is subjective and can provide inaccurate readings due to human error. CRT is often used to assess shock and hydration but also has the potential to assess peripheral arterial disease which can result in tissue breakdown, foot ulcers and ultimately amputation, especially in people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to design an optical fibre sensor to simultaneously detect blood volume changes and the contact pressure applied to the foot. The CRT probe combines two sensors: a plastic optical fibre (POF) based on photoplethysmography (PPG) to measure blood volume changes and a fibre Bragg grating to measure skin contact pressure. The results from 10 healthy volunteers demonstrate that the blanching pressure on the subject’s first metatarsal head of the foot was 100.8 ± 4.8 kPa (mean and standard deviation), the average CRT was 1.37 ± 0.46 s and the time to achieve a stable blood volume was 4.77 ± 1.57 s. For individual volunteers, the fastest CRT measured was 0.82 ± 0.11 and the slowest 1.94 ± 0.49 s. The combined sensor and curve fitting process has the potential to provide increased reliability and accuracy for CRT measurement of the foot in diabetic foot ulcer clinics and in the community.

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Benaron, David A., Ilian H. Parachikov, Shai Friedland, Roy Soetikno, John Brock-Utne, Peter J. A. van der Starre, Camran Nezhat, et al. "Continuous, Noninvasive, and Localized Microvascular Tissue Oximetry Using Visible Light Spectroscopy." Anesthesiology 100, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200406000-00019.

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Background The authors evaluated the ability of visible light spectroscopy (VLS) oximetry to detect hypoxemia and ischemia in human and animal subjects. Unlike near-infrared spectroscopy or pulse oximetry (SpO2), VLS tissue oximetry uses shallow-penetrating visible light to measure microvascular hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) in small, thin tissue volumes. Methods In pigs, StO2 was measured in muscle and enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (SpO2 = 40-96%), and ischemia (occlusion, arrest). In patients, StO2 was measured in skin, muscle, and oral/enteric mucosa during normoxia, hypoxemia (SpO2 = 60-99%), and ischemia (occlusion, compression, ventricular fibrillation). Results In pigs, normoxic StO2 was 71 +/- 4% (mean +/- SD), without differences between sites, and decreased during hypoxemia (muscle, 11 +/- 6%; P < 0.001) and ischemia (colon, 31 +/- 11%; P < 0.001). In patients, mean normoxic StO2 ranged from 68 to 77% at different sites (733 measures, 111 subjects); for each noninvasive site except skin, variance between subjects was low (e.g., colon, 69% +/- 4%, 40 subjects; buccal, 77% +/- 3%, 21 subjects). During hypoxemia, StO2 correlated with SpO2 (animals, r2 = 0.98; humans, r2 = 0.87). During ischemia, StO2 initially decreased at -1.3 +/- 0.2%/s and decreased to zero in 3-9 min (r2 = 0.94). Ischemia was distinguished from normoxia and hypoxemia by a widened pulse/VLS saturation difference (Delta < 30% during normoxia or hypoxemia vs. Delta > 35% during ischemia). Conclusions VLS oximetry provides a continuous, noninvasive, and localized measurement of the StO2, sensitive to hypoxemia, regional, and global ischemia. The reproducible and narrow StO2 normal range for oral/enteric mucosa supports use of this site as an accessible and reliable reference point for the VLS monitoring of systemic flow.

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Kadyrova, Altynay, Majid Ansari-Asl, and Eva Maria Valero Benito. "Evaluation of the Human Visual System in Cosmetics Foundation Colour Selection." London Imaging Meeting 2020, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2694-118x.2020.lim-22.

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Colour is one of the most important appearance attributes in a variety of fields including both science and industry. The focus of this work is on cosmetics field and specifically on the performance of the human visual system on the selection of foundation makeup colour that best matches with the human skin colour. In many cases, colour evaluations tend to be subjective and vary from person to person thereby producing challenging problems to quantify colour for objective evaluations and measurements. Although many researches have been done on colour quantification in last few decades, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate objectively a consumer's visual system in skin colour matching through a psychophysical experiment under different illuminations exploiting spectral measurements. In this paper, the experiment setup is discussed and the results from the experiment are presented. The correlation between observers' skin colour evaluations by using PANTONE Skin Tone Guide samples and spectroradiometer is assessed. Moreover, inter and intra observer variability are considered and commented. The results reveal differences between nine ethnic groups, between two genders, and between the measurements under two illuminants (i.e.D65 and F (fluorescent)). The results further show that skin colour assessment was done better under D65 than under F illuminant. The human visual system was three times worse than instrument in colour matching in terms of colour difference between skin and PANTONE Skin Tone Guide samples. The observers tend to choose lighter, less reddish, and consequently paler colours as the best match to their skin colour. These results have practical applications. They can be used to design, for example, an application for foundation colour selection based on correlation between colour measurements and human visual system based subjective evaluations.

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Choi, Wanjae, Hyunil Ryu, Ahmed Fuwad, Seulmini Goh, Chaoge Zhou, Jiwook Shim, Masahiro Takagi, Soonjo Kwon, Sun Min Kim, and Tae-Joon Jeon. "Quantitative Analysis of the Membrane Affinity of Local Anesthetics Using a Model Cell Membrane." Membranes 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080579.

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Local anesthesia is a drug that penetrates the nerve cell membrane and binds to the voltage gate sodium channel, inhibiting the membrane potential and neurotransmission. It is mainly used in clinical uses to address the pain of surgical procedures in the local area. Local anesthetics (LAs), however, can be incorporated into the membrane, reducing the thermal stability of the membrane as well as altering membrane properties such as fluidity, permeability, and lipid packing order. The effects of LAs on the membrane are not yet fully understood, despite a number of previous studies. In particular, it is necessary to analyze which is the more dominant factor, the membrane affinity or the structural perturbation of the membrane. To analyze the effects of LAs on the cell membrane and compare the results with those from model membranes, morphological analysis and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) measurement of CCD-1064sk (fibroblast, human skin) membranes were carried out for lidocaine (LDC) and tetracaine (TTC), the most popular LAs in clinical use. Furthermore, the membrane affinity of the LAs was quantitatively analyzed using a colorimetric polydiacetylene assay, where the color shift represents their distribution in the membrane. Further, to confirm the membrane affinity and structural effects of the membranes, we performed an electrophysiological study using a model protein (gramicidin A, gA) and measured the channel lifetime of the model protein on the free-standing lipid bilayer according to the concentration of each LA. Our results show that when LAs interact with cell membranes, membrane affinity is a more dominant factor than steric or conformational effects of the membrane.

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Komeda, Nobutoshi, Yoshinao Nagashima, Yukihiro Yada, and Michihiro Hattori. "Skin Color Measurement Using Trichromatic LEDs." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 83, no. 11 (1999): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.83.11_813.

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Jablonski, Nina G. "The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color." Annual Review of Anthropology 33, no. 1 (October 2004): 585–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143955.

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Wallace, Marsha D., Neil F. Box, and Gareth L. Bond. "SNPing away at human skin color." Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 27, no. 3 (March 3, 2014): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12229.

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Trivedi, Apoorva, and Jinal Gandhi. "The Evolution of Human Skin Color." JAMA Dermatology 153, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3695.

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Relethford, John H. "Hemispheric difference in human skin color." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104, no. 4 (December 1997): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199712)104:4<449::aid-ajpa2>3.0.co;2-n.

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Chaplin, George, and Nina G. Jablonski. "Hemispheric difference in human skin color." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 107, no. 2 (October 1998): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199810)107:2<221::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-x.

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Yang, Li, Mariko Egawa, Makio Akimoto, and Michio Miyakawa. "An Imaging Colorimeter for Noncontact Skin Color Measurement." Optical Review 10, no. 6 (November 2003): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-003-0554-1.

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Alaluf, Simon, Derek Atkins, Karen Barrett, Margaret Blount, Nik Carter, and Alan Heath. "The Impact of Epidermal Melanin on Objective Measurements of Human Skin Colour." PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 15, no. 2 (April 2002): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.1o072.x.

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AI, IBRAIMOV. "EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SKIN COLOR AND THERMOREGULATION." International Journal of Genetics 4, no. 3 (November 30, 2012): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.9735/0975-2862.4.3.111-115.

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Quevedo, Walter C., Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, and Kowichi Jimbow. "Human skin color: Origin, variation and significance." Journal of Human Evolution 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80094-4.

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McElhinney, Doff B., Stephen J. Hoffman, William A. Robinson, and J. a. n. Ferguson. "Effect of Melatonin on Human Skin Color." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 102, no. 2 (February 1994): 258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371773.

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Barsh, Gregory S. "What Controls Variation in Human Skin Color?" PLoS Biology 1, no. 1 (October 13, 2003): e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0000027.

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Marguier, J., N. Bhatti, H. Baker, M. Harville, and S. Süsstrunk. "Assessing human skin color from uncalibrated images." International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 17, no. 3 (2007): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ima.20114.

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Hajiarbabi, Mohammadreza, and Arvin Agah. "Human Skin Color Detection Using Neural Networks." Journal of Intelligent Systems 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2014-0098.

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AbstractHuman skin detection is an essential phase in face detection and face recognition when using color images. Skin detection is very challenging because of the differences in illumination, differences in photos taken using an assortment of cameras with their own characteristics, range of skin colors due to different ethnicities, and other variations. Numerous methods have been used for human skin color detection, including the Gaussian model, rule-based methods, and artificial neural networks. In this article, we introduce a novel technique of using the neural network to enhance the capabilities of skin detection. Several different entities were used as inputs of a neural network, and the pros and cons of different color spaces are discussed. Also, a vector was used as the input to the neural network that contains information from three different color spaces. The comparison of the proposed technique with existing methods in this domain illustrates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach. Tests were done on two databases, and the results show that the neural network has better precision and accuracy rate, as well as comparable recall and specificity, compared with other methods.

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Dixon, Angela R., and Edward E. Telles. "Skin Color and Colorism: Global Research, Concepts, and Measurement." Annual Review of Sociology 43, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053315.

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ZAQOUT, IHAB, ROZIATI ZAINUDDIN, and SAPIAN BABA. "HUMAN FACE DETECTION IN COLOR IMAGES." Advances in Complex Systems 07, no. 03n04 (September 2004): 369–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021952590400024x.

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In this paper we have used a simple and efficient color-based approach to segment human skin pixels from background, using a 2D histogram-based approach as a preprocess stage for human face detection. For skin segmentation, a total of 446,007 skin samples from the training set is manually cropped from the RGB color images, to calculate three lookup tables based on the relationship between each pair of the triple components (R, G, B). Derivation of skin classifier rules from the lookup tables are based on how often each attribute value (interval) occurs, and their associated certainty values. For face detection, we assume the face-appearance as blob-like, and that the face has an approximately elliptical shape. Accordingly, an ellipse-fitting algorithm is appropriate, which is based on statistical moments, and those blobs that have an elliptical shape are retained as face candidates.

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Leng, Hongjie, and Yingzi Lin. "From human skin to Nano-Skin: an experimental study on human skin temperature measurement." International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials 2, no. 2 (April 19, 2011): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2011.569035.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Human skin color – Measurement'

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