Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human skin color – Measurement

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Human skin color – Measurement'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Human skin color – Measurement"

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Wang, Yu Zhao, Ming Ronnier Luo, Safdar Muhammad, Hai Yan Liu, and Xiao Yu Liu. "Physical Measurement and Spectral Reproduction of Human Skin Color." Applied Mechanics and Materials 731 (January 2015): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.731.13.

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This work forms part of large project for measuring the skin colors. This topic has been historically extensively studied due to the strong need from the photographic, digital imaging and medical applications. However there are still many unresolved issues, for example the measuring accuracy and the difference between different measuring methods. The paper focused on one of the measuring methods: camera. The goal is to develop PCA methods to reconstruct the reflectance from images captured by a camera, and the result shows that using three components is enough to acquire high accuracy, and it is possible to have a single skin model to predict all the available skin colors.
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Wang, Yuzhao, Ming Ronnier Luo, Mengmeng Wang, Kaida Xiao, and Michael Pointer. "Spectrophotometric measurement of human skin colour." Color Research & Application 42, no. 6 (July 12, 2017): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.22143.

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Yoshii, Junki, Shoji Yamamoto, Kazuki Nagasawa, Wataru Arai, Satoshi Kaneko, Keita Hirai, and Norimichi Tsumura. "Estimation of Layered Ink Layout from Arbitrary Skin Color and Translucency in Inkjet 3D Printer." Color and Imaging Conference 2019, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-2629.2019.27.32.

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In this paper, we propose a layout estimation method for multi-layered ink by using PSF measurement and machine learning. This estimation can bring various capabilities of color reproduction for the newfangled 3D printer that can apply multi-layered inkjet color. Especially, the control of translucency is useful for the reproduction of skin color that is overpainted flesh color on bloody-red layer. Conventional method of this layer design and color selection depended on the experience of professional designer. However, it is difficult to optimize the color selection and layer design for reproducing complex colors with many layers. Therefore, in this research, we developed an efficiency estimation of color layout for human skin with arbitrary translucency by using machine learning. Our proposed method employs PSF measurement for quantifying the color translucency of overlapped layers. The machine learning was performed by using the correspondence between these measured PSFs and multi-layered printings with 5-layer neural network. The result was evaluated in the CG simulation with the combination of 14 colors and 10 layers. The result shows that our proposed method can derive an appropriate combination which reproduce the appearance close to the target color and translucency.
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Baek, Hyun Jae, JaeWook Shin, and Jaegeol Cho. "The Effect of Optical Crosstalk on Accuracy of Reflectance-Type Pulse Oximeter for Mobile Healthcare." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2018 (October 21, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3521738.

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According to the theoretical equation of the pulse oximeter expressed by the ratio of amplitude (AC) and baseline (DC) obtained from the photoplethysmographic signal of two wavelengths, the difference of the amount of light absorbed depending on the melanin indicating the skin color is canceled by normalizing the AC value to the DC value of each wavelength. Therefore, theoretically, skin color does not affect the accuracy of oxygen saturation measurement. However, if there is a direct path for the light emitting unit to the light receiving unit instead of passing through the human body, the amount of light reflected by the surface of the skin changes depending on the color of the skin. As a result, the amount of crosstalk that varies depending on the skin color affects the ratio of AC to DC, resulting in errors in the calculation of the oxygen saturation value. We made crosstalk sensors and crosstalk-free sensors and performed desaturation experiments with respiratory gas control on subjects with various skin colors to perform oxygen saturation measurements ranging from 60 to 100%. Experimental results showed that there was no difference in the measurement error of oxygen saturation according to skin color in the case of the sensor which prevented crosstalk (−0.8824 ± 2.2859 for Asian subjects, 0.6741 ± 3.2822 for Caucasian subjects, and 0.9669 ± 2.2268 for African American subjects). However, a sensor that did not prevent crosstalk showed a large error in dark skin subjects (0.8258 ± 2.1603 for Asian subjects, 0.8733 ± 1.9716 for Caucasian subjects, and −3.0591 ± 3.9925 for African Americans). Based on these results, we reiterate the importance of sensor design in the development of pulse oximeters using reflectance-type sensors.
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Wu, Yue, Fan Yi, Makio Akimoto, Toshiyuki Tanaka, Hong Meng, and Yinmao Dong. "Objective measurement and comparison of human facial skin color in East Asian females." Skin Research and Technology 26, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/srt.12838.

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Nagasawa, Kazuki, Junki Yoshii, Shoji Yamamoto, Wataru Arai, Satoshi Kaneko, Keita Hirai, and Norimichi Tsumura. "Prediction of the layered ink layout for 3D printers considering a desired skin color and line spread function." Optical Review 28, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-021-00679-z.

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AbstractWe propose a layout estimation method for multi-layered ink using a measurement of the line spread function (LSF) and machine learning. The three-dimensional printing market for general consumers focuses on the reproduction of realistic appearance. In particular, for the reproduction of human skin, it is important to control translucency by adopting a multilayer structure. Traditionally, layer design has depended on the experience of designers. We, therefore, developed an efficient layout estimation to provide arbitrary skin color and translucency. In our method, we create multi-layered color patches of human skin and measure the LSF as a metric of translucency, and we employ a neural network trained with the data to estimate the layout. As an evaluation, we measured the LSF from the computer-graphics-created skin and fabricate skin using the estimated layout; evaluation with root-mean-square error showed that we can obtain color and translucency that are close to the target.
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Maitra, Sumit, Diptendu Chatterjee, and Arup Ratan Bandyopadhyay. "Skin color variation: A study on Eastern and North East India." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v10i3.23256.

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Background: Skin pigmentation is one of the most variable phenotypic traits and most noticeable of human polymorphisms. Skin pigmentation in humans is largely determined by the quantity and distribution of the pigment melanin. The literature review on skin color variation revealed a few works on skin pigmentation variation has been conducted in India from Southern, Western and Northern part. Aims and Objectives: To best of the knowledge, the present discourse is the first attempt to understand skin color variation from Eastern and North Eastern part of India among three populations. Materials and Methods: The present study consisted of 312 participants from Chakma and Tripuri groups of Tripura, North East India, and participants from Bengalee Hindu caste population from West Bengal. Skin color was measured by Konica Minolta CR-10 spectrophotometer which measures and quantifies the colors with a 3D color space (CIELAB) color space created by 3 axes. All the skin color measurements from each participant were taken from unexposed (underarm) left and right to get a mean and exposed (forehead) to sunlight. Results: The distribution of skin color variation among the three populations demonstrated significant (p<0.05) difference in lightness for unexposed and exposed indicating lightness in unexposed area. Furthermore, the present study revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in skin color among the ethnic groups across the body location and all three attributes (lightness, redness and yellowness). Conclusion: Generally, skin color variation may be elucidated by two main factors: individual differences in lightness and yellowness and by and large due to ethnicity, where diversity in redness is due to primarily due to different body locations. Variation in lightness have more characteristic probability. The present study first time reports the wide range of quantitative skin color variation among the three ethnic groups from Eastern and North East India and highest yellowness (b*) among the population from North East India.
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Huang, Wen-Shyan, Yi-Wen Wang, Kun-Che Hung, Pai-Shan Hsieh, Keng-Yen Fu, Lien-Guo Dai, Nien-Hsien Liou, Kuo-Hsing Ma, Jiang-Chuan Liu, and Niann-Tzyy Dai. "High correlation between skin color based on CIELAB color space, epidermal melanocyte ratio, and melanocyte melanin content." PeerJ 6 (May 24, 2018): e4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4815.

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Background To treat skin color disorders, such as vitiligo or burns, melanocytes are transplanted for tissue regeneration. However, melanocyte distribution in the human body varies with age and location, making it difficult to select the optimal donor skin to achieve a desired color match. Determining the correlations with the desired skin color measurement based on CIELAB color, epidermal melanocyte numbers, and melanin content of individual melanocytes is critical for clinical application. Method Fifteen foreskin samples from Asian young adults were analyzed for skin color, melanocyte ratio (melanocyte proportion in the epidermis), and melanin concentration. Furthermore, an equation was developed based on CIELAB color with melanocyte ratio, melanin concentration, and the product of melanocyte ratio and melanin concentration. The equation was validated by seeding different ratios of keratinocytes and melanocytes in tissue-engineered skin substitutes, and the degree of fitness in expected skin color was confirmed. Results Linear regression analysis revealed a significant strong negative correlation (r = − 0.847, R2 = 0.717) between CIELAB L* value and the product of the epidermal melanocyte ratio and cell-based melanin concentration. Furthermore, the results showed that an optimal skin color match was achieved by the formula. Discussion We found that L* value was correlated with the value obtained from multiplying the epidermal melanocyte ratio (R) and melanin content (M) and that this correlation was more significant than either L* vs M or L* vs R. This suggests that more accurate prediction of skin color can be achieved by considering both R and M. Therefore, precise skin color match in treating vitiligo or burn patients would be potentially achievable based on extensive collection of skin data from people of Asian descent.
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Potash, Alex D., Daniel U. Greene, Gabrielle A. Foursa, Verity L. Mathis, L. Mike Conner, and Robert A. McCleery. "A comparison of animal color measurements using a commercially available digital color sensor and photograph analysis." Current Zoology 66, no. 6 (March 27, 2020): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoaa016.

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Abstract An animal’s pelage, feather, or skin color can serve a variety of functions, so it is important to have multiple standardized methods for measuring color. One of the most common and reliable methods for measuring animal coloration is the use of standardized digital photographs of animals. New technology in the form of a commercially available handheld digital color sensor could provide an alternative to photography-based animal color measurements. To determine whether a digital color sensor could be used to measure animal coloration, we tested the ability of a digital color sensor to measure coloration of mammalian, avian, and lepidopteran museums specimens. We compared results from the sensor to measurements taken using traditional photography methods. Our study yielded significant differences between photography-based and digital color sensor measurements of brightness (light to dark) and colors along the green to red spectrum. There was no difference between photographs and the digital color sensor measurements for colors along the blue to yellow spectrum. The average difference in recorded color (ΔE) by the 2 methods was above the threshold at which humans can perceive a difference. There were significant correlations between the sensor and photographs for all measurements indicating that the sensor is an effective animal coloration measuring tool. However, the sensor’s small aperture and narrow light spectrum range designed for human-vision limit its value for ecological research. We discuss the conditions in which a digital color sensor can be an effective tool for measuring animal coloration in both laboratory settings and in the field.
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Cugmas, Blaž, and Eva Štruc. "Accuracy of an Affordable Smartphone-Based Teledermoscopy System for Color Measurements in Canine Skin." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 6234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216234.

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Quality smartphone cameras and affordable dermatoscopes have enabled teledermoscopy to become a popular medical and veterinary tool for analyzing skin lesions such as melanoma and erythema. However, smartphones acquire images in an unknown RGB color space, which prevents a standardized colorimetric skin analysis. In this work, we supplemented a typical veterinary teledermoscopy system with a conventional color calibration procedure, and we studied two mid-priced smartphones in evaluating native and erythematous canine skin color. In a laboratory setting with the ColorChecker, the teledermoscopy system reached CIELAB-based color differences ΔE of 1.8–6.6 (CIE76) and 1.1–4.5 (CIE94). Intra- and inter-smartphone variability resulted in the color differences (CIE76) of 0.1, and 2.0–3.9, depending on the selected color range. Preliminary clinical measurements showed that canine skin is less red and yellow (lower a* and b* for ΔE of 10.7) than standard Caucasian human skin. Estimating the severity of skin erythema with an erythema index led to errors between 0.5–3%. After constructing a color calibration model for each smartphone, we expedited clinical measurements without losing colorimetric accuracy by introducing a simple image normalization on a white standard. To conclude, the calibrated teledermoscopy system is fast and accurate enough for various colorimetric applications in veterinary dermatology.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human skin color – Measurement"

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O'Mara, David Thomas John. "Automated facial metrology." University of Western Australia. School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2002. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0015.

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Automated facial metrology is the science of objective and automatic measurement of the human face. There are many reasons for measuring the human face. Psychologists are interested in determining how humans perceive beauty, and how this is related to facial symmetry [158]. Biologists are interested in the relationship between symmetry and biological fitness [124]. Anthropologists, surgeons, forensic experts, and security professionals can also benefit from automated facial metrology [32, 101, 114]. This thesis investigates the concept of automated facial metrology, presenting original techniques for segmenting 3D range and colour images of the human head, measuring the bilateral symmetry of n-dimensional point data (with particular emphasis on measuring the human head), and extracting the 2D profile of the face from 3D data representing the head. Two facial profile analysis techniques are also presented that are incremental improvements over existing techniques. Extensive literature reviews of skin colour modelling, symmetry detection, symmetry measurement, and facial profile analysis are also included in this thesis. It was discovered during this research that bilateral symmetry detection using principal axes is not appropriate for detecting the mid-line of the human face. An original mid-line detection technique that does not use symmetry, and is superior to the symmetry-based technique, was developed as a direct result of this discovery. There is disagreement among researchers about the effect of ethnicity on skin colour. Some researchers claim that people from different ethnic groups have the same skin chromaticity (hue, saturation) [87, 129, 206], while other researchers claim that different ethnic groups have different skin colours [208, 209]. It is shown in this thesis that people from apparently different ethnic groups can have skin chromaticity that is within the same Gaussian distribution. The chromaticity-based skin colour model used in this thesis has been chosen from the many models previously used by other researchers, and its applicability to skin colour modelling has been justified. It is proven in this thesis that the Mahalanobis distance to the skin colour distribution is Gaussian in both the chromatic and normalised rg colour spaces. Most facial profile analysis techniques use either tangency or curvature to locate anthropometric features along the profile. Techniques based on both approaches have been implemented and compared. Neither approach is clearly superior to the other, but the results indicate that a hybrid technique, combining both approaches, could provide significant improvements. The areas of research most relevant to facial metrology are reviewed in this thesis and original contributions are made to the body of knowledge in each area. The techniques, results, literature reviews, and suggestions presented in this thesis provide a solid foundation for further research and hopefully bring the goal of automated facial metrology a little closer to being achieved.
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REEDY, CRYSTAL A. "Kids! On Race: How teaching the evolutionary story of human skin color can challenge children to question arbitrary categories of race and the myth of white supremacy in grade school." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent155592254864772.

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Faria, Rodrigo Augusto Dias. "Human skin segmentation using correlation rules on dynamic color clustering." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-01102018-101814/.

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Human skin is made of a stack of different layers, each of which reflects a portion of impinging light, after absorbing a certain amount of it by the pigments which lie in the layer. The main pigments responsible for skin color origins are melanin and hemoglobin. Skin segmentation plays an important role in a wide range of image processing and computer vision applications. In short, there are three major approaches for skin segmentation: rule-based, machine learning and hybrid. They differ in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. Generally, machine learning and hybrid approaches outperform the rule-based methods but require a large and representative training dataset and, sometimes, costly classification time as well, which can be a deal breaker for real-time applications. In this work, we propose an improvement, in three distinct versions, of a novel method for rule-based skin segmentation that works in the YCbCr color space. Our motivation is based on the hypotheses that: (1) the original rule can be complemented and, (2) human skin pixels do not appear isolated, i.e. neighborhood operations are taken into consideration. The method is a combination of some correlation rules based on these hypotheses. Such rules evaluate the combinations of chrominance Cb, Cr values to identify the skin pixels depending on the shape and size of dynamically generated skin color clusters. The method is very efficient in terms of computational effort as well as robust in very complex images.
A pele humana é constituída de uma série de camadas distintas, cada uma das quais reflete uma porção de luz incidente, depois de absorver uma certa quantidade dela pelos pigmentos que se encontram na camada. Os principais pigmentos responsáveis pela origem da cor da pele são a melanina e a hemoglobina. A segmentação de pele desempenha um papel importante em uma ampla gama de aplicações em processamento de imagens e visão computacional. Em suma, existem três abordagens principais para segmentação de pele: baseadas em regras, aprendizado de máquina e híbridos. Elas diferem em termos de precisão e eficiência computacional. Geralmente, as abordagens com aprendizado de máquina e as híbridas superam os métodos baseados em regras, mas exigem um conjunto de dados de treinamento grande e representativo e, por vezes, também um tempo de classificação custoso, que pode ser um fator decisivo para aplicações em tempo real. Neste trabalho, propomos uma melhoria, em três versões distintas, de um novo método de segmentação de pele baseado em regras que funciona no espaço de cores YCbCr. Nossa motivação baseia-se nas hipóteses de que: (1) a regra original pode ser complementada e, (2) pixels de pele humana não aparecem isolados, ou seja, as operações de vizinhança são levadas em consideração. O método é uma combinação de algumas regras de correlação baseadas nessas hipóteses. Essas regras avaliam as combinações de valores de crominância Cb, Cr para identificar os pixels de pele, dependendo da forma e tamanho dos agrupamentos de cores de pele gerados dinamicamente. O método é muito eficiente em termos de esforço computacional, bem como robusto em imagens muito complexas.
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Iliescu, Florin Mircea. "Unravelling the genetics of human pigmentation in India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709532.

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Barros, Renan Sales. "Simulation of human skin pigmentation disorders." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78876.

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Nosso trabalho apresenta um modelo de simulação de transtornos de pigmentação humana. Nosso modelo é formado por um conjunto de equações diferenciais que definem um sistema reação-difusão. Nosso sistema simula algumas características do sistema pigmentar humano. Alterações nesse sistema podem levar a desequilíbrios na distribuição de melanina na pele resultando em artefatos conhecidos como lesões de pigmentação. Nosso modelo tem como objetivo reproduzir essas alterações e assim sintetizar lesões de pigmentação humanas. Nosso sistema reação-difusão foi elaborado tomando como base dados biológicos a respeito da pele humana, do sistema pigmentar e do ciclo de vida dos melanócitos, que são as principais células envolvidas nesse tipo de transtorno. A simulação desse tipo de transtorno apresenta diversas aplicações em dermatologia como, por exemplo, suporte para o treinamento de dermatologistas e auxílio no diagnóstico de transtornos de pigmentação. No entanto, nosso trabalho se concentra em aplicações relacionadas com computação gráfica. Assim, nós também apresentamos um método para transferir os resultados do nosso modelo de simulação para texturas e imagens de pele humana. Nesse contexto, o nosso modelo contribui para a geração de texturas de pele mais realistas e consequentemente para a geração de modelos de serem humanos mais realistas. Além disso, nós também comparamos os resultados da nossa simulação com lesões de pigmentações reais objetivando avaliar a qualidade das lesões geradas pelo nosso modelo. Para realizar essa comparação nós extraímos métricas das lesões sintetizadas e das lesões reais e comparamos os valores dessas métricas. Com base nessa comparação, nós observamos que as lesões sintetizadas apresentam as mesmas características das lesões reais. Ainda, para efeito de comparações visuais, nós também apresentamos imagens de lesões reais lado a lado com imagens sintetizadas e podemos observar que o método utilizado para produzir imagens de lesões a partir do resultado do nosso modelo de simulação produz resultados que são indistinguíveis das imagens reais.
Our work presents a simulation model of human pigmentation disorders. Our model is formed by a set of differential equations that defines a reaction-diffusion system. Our system simulates some features of the human pigmentary system. Changes in this system can lead to imbalances in the distribution of melanin in the skin resulting in artifacts known as pigmented lesions. Our model aims to reproduce these changes and consequently synthesize human pigmented lesions. Our reaction-diffusion system was developed based on biological data regarding human skin, pigmentary system and melanocytes life cycle. The melanocytes are the main cells involved in this type of human skin disorders. The simulation of such disorders has many applications in dermatology, for example, to assist dermatologists in diagnosis and training related to pigmentation disorders. However, our study focuses on applications related to computer graphics. Thus, we also present a method to transfer the results of our simulation model for textures and images of human skin. In this context, our model contributes to the generation of more realistic skin textures and consequently for the generation of more realistic human models. Moreover, we also compared the results of our simulation with real pigmented lesions to evaluate the quality of the lesions generated by our model. To perform this comparison we measured some features of real and synthesized pigmented lesions and we compared the results of these measurements. Based on this comparison, we observed that synthesized lesions exhibit the same characteristics of real lesions. Still, for the purpose of visual comparisons, we also present images of real lesions along with images of synthesized lesions. In this visual comparison, we can note that the method used to produce lesions images from the results of our simulation generates images that are indistinguishable from real images.
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Stephen, Ian D. "Skin colour, pigmentation and the perceived health of human faces." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/753.

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Weyrich, Tim Alexander. "Acquisition of human faces using a measurement-based skin reflectance model /." Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16741.

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Guo, Xinxin. "Opto-thermal measurement of water in human stratum corneum and other substances." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323903.

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PORTER, CORNELIA PAULINE. "SOCIALIZATION, BLACK SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND THE COLOR CASTE HIERARCHY (SOCIAL COGNITION, PSYCHOLOGY, NURSING)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188010.

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The purpose of the descriptive research was to investigate the relationship between an adherence to the Black community's belief and value system about Black skin tones and Black school-age children's skin tone preferences and perceptions of occupational life opportunities. Six Black skin tones were scaled via Thurstone's method of paired comparisons and the law of comparative judgment. The result was an interval level Skin Tone Scale on which the skin tones were positioned from most to least preferred by the children. The most preferred skin tones ranged from medium to honey brown. The least preferred were the extreme tones of very light yellow and very dark brown. Data collection was accomplished with the Porter Skin Tone Connotation Scale (PSTCS). The instrument was constructed from the forced choice preference paradigm. Data were obtained from a volunteer sample of 98 Black school-age children who resided in a city in Arizona. Data collection and analyses were constructed to test two hypotheses: (1) Black school-age children's skin tone classifications for differential status occupations will be related to gender, age, and perception of own skin tone as indexed by the skin tone values of the Skin Tone Scale, and (2) with increasing age, Black school-age children's skin tone preferences will be more systematically related to the skin tone values of the Skin Tone Scale. Testing of the first hypothesis with multiple regression indicated that the independent variables did not account for enough variance to support the hypothesis. Analysis of the second hypothesis with coefficient gamma suggested a trend toward more systematic agreement with the Skin Tone Scale with increasing age. Results of the first hypothesis were discussed in relation to composition of the sample, gender differences, the achievement value of the Black sociocultural system, and these Black children's lived experience. Results of the second hypothesis reflected those from similar investigations conducted in the 1940s. The results suggested Black children still most prefer brown skin tones and least prefer extreme light and dark skin tones. Black children's preferences for Black skin tones have not altered in approximately forty years.
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Natividad, Beverly Romero. "Rendering whiteness visible in the Filipino culture through skin-whitening cosmetic advertisements." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2974.

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Books on the topic "Human skin color – Measurement"

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Paul, Sharad P. Skin: A biography. Noida: Fourth Estate, 2013.

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Fox, Carles Lalueza i. El color sota la pell. Barcelona: Rubes, 2003.

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Living color: The biological and social meaning of skin color. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.

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Wright, Thomas A. Erase ethnic color labels. Ocala, Fla: Special Publications, 1994.

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Davis, Donald H. 1954. The powers of black skin pigmentation: A psychological journey into the epidermis skin. Kingston, Jamaica, W.I: Conscious Movement Publication, 1994.

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Rogers, Spencer Lee. The colors of mankind: The range and role of human pigmentation. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: Thomas, 1990.

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Alexis, Andrew F., and Victoria Holloway Barbosa. Skin of color: A practical guide to dermatologic diagnosis and treatment. New York: Springer, 2013.

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Dreser, Elena. Manuela: Color canela. 2nd ed. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1996.

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Biological perspectives on human pigmentation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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Robins, Ashley H. Biological perspectives on human pigmentation. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Human skin color – Measurement"

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Agache, Pierre. "Skin Color Measurement." In Measuring the skin, 33–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08585-1_4.

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Kasraee, Behrooz. "The Measurement of Skin Color." In Agache's Measuring the Skin, 49–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32383-1_6.

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Yang, Ming-Hsuan, and Narendra Ahuja. "Skin Color Model." In Face Detection and Gesture Recognition for Human-Computer Interaction, 83–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1423-7_4.

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Isales, Maria Cristina, Timothy Tan, and Lily Marsden. "Skin." In Color Atlas of Human Fetal and Neonatal Histology, 377–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11425-1_34.

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Strickland, Amanda, and Gabriela Blanco. "Human Papillomavirus (HPV)." In Dermatology Atlas for Skin of Color, 201–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54446-0_34.

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Amani, Mahdi, Håvard Falk, Oliver Damsgaard Jensen, Gunnar Vartdal, Anders Aune, and Frank Lindseth. "Color Calibration on Human Skin Images." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 211–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34995-0_20.

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Cunliffe, W. J. "Measurement of Human Sebaceous Gland Function." In Pharmacology of the Skin II, 23–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74054-1_4.

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Doi, Motonori, Akira Kimachi, Shogo Nishi, and Shoji Tominaga. "Human Skin Color Simulator Using Active Illumination." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 75–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20404-3_6.

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Cavalcanti, Pablo G., Jacob Scharcanski, and Carlos B. O. Lopes. "Shading Attenuation in Human Skin Color Images." In Advances in Visual Computing, 190–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17289-2_19.

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Subban, Ravi, and Richa Mishra. "Human Skin Segmentation in Color Images Using Gaussian Color Model." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 13–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01778-5_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Human skin color – Measurement"

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Hattori, Kazuhisa, Tomohiro Kuwahara, Masato Ohmi, Masamitsu Haruna, Shinpei Okawa, Kazuto Masamoto, and Yukio Yamada. "Measurement of Optical Properties of Human Skin." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44475.

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In order to predict the skin colors, we need to analyze the reflection spectra of the skins. For the diffuse reflection, it is essential to know the skin optical properties that describe the propagation of light in the skin. We measure the absorption coefficient μa, scattering coefficient μs, scattering phase function p(θ) and refractive index n of human skins in this study. We attempt to build a measurement system which can accurately measure the optical properties of the skin samples with a size of as small as 5 mm and a thickness of as thin as 50 micrometer in the visible wavelength range with the wavelength step of 50 nm. Then we measured the optical properties of stratum corneum obtained from a cultured model of human epidermis and those of epidermis obtained from human skin. The effect of the exposure of epidermis to sunlight on the optical properties is discussed.
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Hoviattalab, Maryam, Roya Narimani, Azadeh Yadollahi, and Arash Abadpour. "New Image-Based System for Vibration Measurement, Specially Developed for Forced Human Vibration Analysis." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59315.

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The human being in the environments of modern technology has to endure stresses of many and varied kinds of vibrations [1]. Measuring vibration is an important tool in rehabilitation and biomechanical fields of research. We have proposed image processing as a new method to record and determine the frequency response of human body. The subjects were exposed to whole body periodical vibration while standing on a shaking table. Two digital camcorders were used to capture the motion of colored pencil-dot markers on the skin of human body (forehead) and on the edge of the shaking table. After color spotting each frame, the binary image results were processed using new circle factor criteria proposed in this work, for fast finding circles based on second order statistics. The extracted points were calibrated using our own extended version of the direct linear transformation (DLT) method. We subsequently used Borland Delphi 5.0 language to develop useful software for measuring and analyzing human body vibration. As a result, it was clear that the proposed method was lower noise-sensitive in comparison to accelerometer. In order to investigate the validity of the software, the obtained mechanical impedance of the body were compared with other investigations in literature and showed to be compatible. The main advantage of this method is working with a simple user-familiar hardware with no external device attached to the subject and also a user-friendly-software.
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Narimani, Roya, Maryam Hoviattalab, Arash Abadpour, and Azadeh Yadolahi. "Vibration Measurement and Analysis Using Image Processing Method." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58233.

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A large number of people are exposed to whole body vibration in their occupational life. Measuring vibration is an important tool in rehabilitation and biomechanical fields of research. We have proposed image processing as a new method to record and determine the frequency response of human body. The arranged set up for forced vibration consisted of an AC motor, a variable speed drive unit and a shaking table for producing one directional sinusoidal vibration. Volunteers were asked to stand on the shaking table at a relaxed posture. Two digital camcorders were used to capture the motion of colored pencil-dot markers on the skin of human body (forehead) and on the edge of the shaking table. After color spotting each frame, the binary image results were processed using new circle factor criteria proposed in this work, for fast finding circles based on second order statistics. The extracted points were calibrated using our own extended version of the direct linear transformation (DLT) method. Subsequently Vibration measuring software has been completely developed in Borland Delphi 5.0. Finally obtained displacement function of the body and the shaking table has been used in conjunction with Matlab 6.5 to prepare a proper algorithm for analyzing human body vibration. We discussed mechanical characteristics of the body by obtaining mechanical impedance and transmissibility from the shaking table to the head as example applications of the conducted software. The important point is the fact that all devices used in our developed measurement system are usually available in a biomechanics laboratory where a Gait system is functioning. This gives the opportunity for such laboratory to add vibration measurement to its capabilities without much excessive costs. The system has the advantage of lower noise sensitivity in comparison to accelerometer. The main advantage of this method is working with a simple user-familiar hardware with no external device attached to the subject and also a user-friendly-software.
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Angelopoulou, Elli. "Understanding the color of human skin." In Photonics West 2001 - Electronic Imaging, edited by Bernice E. Rogowitz and Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.429495.

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Boaventura, I. A. G., V. M. Volpe, I. N. da Silva, and A. Gonzaga. "Fuzzy Classification of Human Skin Color in Color Images." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2006.385112.

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Shehadeh, Hakam, Audai Al-khalaf, and Mahmood Al-khassaweneh. "Human face detection using skin color information." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology (EIT 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eit.2010.5612128.

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Utz, Sergei R., Peter Knuschke, Albert H. Mavlyutov, Helena A. Pilipenko, and Yurii P. Sinichkin. "In vivo human skin autofluorescence: color perception." In BiOS Europe '96, edited by Hans-Jochen Foth, Renato Marchesini, and Halina Podbielska. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.260646.

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Guan, Yu, Koji Mizukoshi, Koji Suizu, and Kodo Kawase. "THz techniques for human skin measurement." In SPIE BiOS, edited by E. Duco Jansen and Robert J. Thomas. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.873124.

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Kawase, Kodo, and Shin'ichiro Hayashi. "THz techniques for human skin measurement." In 2011 36th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2011.6104843.

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Tanaka, Satomi, Akihiro Kakinuma, Naohiro Kamijo, Hiroshi Takahashi, and Norimichi Tsumura. "Illuminant color estimation based on pigmentation separation from human skin color." In IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging, edited by Bernice E. Rogowitz, Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas, and Huib de Ridder. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2077854.

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