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1
Stoesz, David, and Howard Karger. "The Corporatisation of the United States Welfare State." Journal of Social Policy 20, no. 2 (April 1991): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400018699.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines the increasing importance of human service corporations within the American welfare state. In particular, the article investigates the historical and philosophical background of the corporatisation of welfare, the expanding social welfare market, and the scope of human service corporations. The consequence of corporatisation, including standardisation, commodification, and the oligarchic nature of human services are also examined. Lastly, the authors explore the implications of corporatisation for the future of the US welfare state.
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Flanzer, Jerry. "Health Services Research: Drug Use and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States." Clinical Infectious Diseases 37, s5 (December 15, 2003): S439—S444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377563.
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BICHLER, LOIS A., KAKAMBI V. NAGARAJA, and BENJAMIN S. POMEROY. "Plasmid Diversity in Salmonella enteritidis of Animal, Poultry, and Human Origin." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.1.4.
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One hundred thirty-eight isolates of Salmonella enteritidis from human, animal, and avian species were analyzed for the presence of plasmid DNA. Plasmid DNA from S. enteritidis isolates were extracted by a modification of a high alkaline extraction procedure. Comparisons were made between samples based on the number of plasmids present and their molecular weights. There were seven different profiles seen among the 15 human isolates from the Centers for Disease Control. These seven profiles were recognized with the animal isolates from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, the chicken isolates from the northeastem (NE) region of the United States, and the turkey isolates from Minnesota (MN). There were no shared profdes between the human isolates and the chicken isolates from MN. The greatest relationship existed between the human isolates and the chicken isolates from the NE region of the United States, sharing four common profiles. Every Centers for Disease Control isolate shared a plasmid profile with chicken isolates from the NE region of the United States. The chicken isolates from MN had no profiles in common with any isolates from any other groups. The majority of animal isolates from National Veterinary Services Laboratory and the turkey isolates from MN possessed the virulence-associated 54 kb plasmid alone. This paper describes how plasmid profiles can be used as a tool in epidemiological investigations.
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Landry, Michel D., Thomas C. Ricketts, Erin Fraher, and Molly C. Verrier. "Physical Therapy Health Human Resource Ratios: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Canada." Physical Therapy 89, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080075.
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Background and Purpose Health human resource (HHR) ratios are a measure of workforce supply and are expressed as a ratio of the number of health care practitioners to a subset of the population. Health human resource ratios for physical therapists have been described for Canada but have not been fully described for the United States. In this study, HHR ratios for physical therapists across the United States were estimated in order to conduct a comparative analysis of the United States and Canada. Methods National US Census Bureau data were linked to jurisdictional estimates of registered physical therapists to create HHR ratios at 3 time points: 1995, 1999, and 2005. These results then were compared with the results of a similar study conducted by the same authors in Canada. Results The national HHR ratio across the United States in 1995 was 3.8 per 10,000 people; the ratio increased to 4.3 in 1999 and then to 6.2 in 2005. The aggregated results indicated that HHR ratios across the United States increased by 61.3% between 1995 and 2005. In contrast, the rate of evolution of HHR ratios in Canada was lower, with an estimated growth of 11.6% between 1991 and 2005. Although there were wide variations across jurisdictions, the data indicated that HHR ratios across the United States increased more rapidly than overall population growth in 49 of 51 jurisdictions (96.1%). In contrast, in Canada, the increase in HHR ratios surpassed population growth in only 7 of 10 jurisdictions (70.0%). Discussion and Conclusion Despite their close proximity, there are differences between the United States and Canada in overall population and HHR ratio growth rates. Possible reasons for these differences and the policy implications of the findings of this study are explored in the context of forecasted growth in demand for health care and rehabilitation services.
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Vawter, Dorothy E. "Fetal Tissue Transplantation Policy in the United States." Politics and the Life Sciences 12, no. 1 (February 1993): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400011278.
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After decades of supporting fetal tissue research, in March, 1988 the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) banned the use of federal funds for fetal tissue transplantation research in humans involving tissue from electively aborted fetuses. The ban was not imposed because it is unethical to transplant tissue from electively aborted fetuses; such tissue may be transplanted into animals. Nor was it imposed because it is unethical for women to donate tissue after elective abortion; women may donate such tissue for purposes other than transplantation into humans. The ban was narrowly focused on the transplantation of tissue from electively aborted fetuses into humans. It stemmed from two beliefs: (1) that it is wrong for women to abort their fetuses for the purpose of donation, and (2) that there is no way to prevent women from aborting their fetuses for the purpose of donation if the tissue may be donated for transplantation.
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Heydari, Mohammad, Yanan Fan, Mahdiye Saeidi, Kin Keung Lai, Xiaoyang Li, Ying Chen, Jiahui Yang, Xinyu Cai, and Xin Zhang. "Emergency and Disaster Logistics Processes for Managing ORs Capacity in Hospitals: Evidence from United States." International Journal of Business and Management (IJBM) 1, no. 1 (July 23, 2022): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.56879/ijbm.v1i1.5.
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Hospitals and the concept of a healthcare delivery system are practically synonymous. Surgical services, emergency and disaster services, and inpatient care are the three main services they offer. Outpatient clinics and facilities are also available at some hospitals, where patients can receive specialty consultations and surgical services. What challenges do hospital administrators face when attempting to balance the supply and demand for medical services while preserving service quality and maintaining low prices? In what ways and to what extent has OM literature contributed to the resolution of these issues? What are the current trends in practice? What additional opportunities and challenges do they present to OM students? This study is an attempt by the authors to answer the aforementioned questions. Although service capacity could be measured by the number of physical and human resources employed, we chose to focus on the three primary types of services provided by hospitals.
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Marten, Lawrence L. "The Privatization of Human Services: Myths, Social Capital and Civil Society." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 27, no. 2 (June 2004): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390402700205.
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It is fashionable to point to privatization and the involvement of for-profits as the parties responsible for many, if not most, of the ills that plague the social welfare system today. This article takes a contrary point of view. Three arguments are made. First, private sector human service delivery and the use of for-profits in the United States predate privatization as a defined public policy. Second, the privatization of the human services is a world wide phenomenon that transcends politics and ideology. Third, the privatization of human services helps to promote civil society and generate social capital.
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Homer, Mary J., Robert Raulli, Andrea L. DiCarlo-Cohen, John Esker, Chad Hrdina, Bert W. Maidment, Brian Moyer, et al. "UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES BIODOSIMETRY AND RADIOLOGICAL/NUCLEAR MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURE PROGRAMS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 171, no. 1 (September 2016): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncw226.
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Golden, Matthew R., David A. Katz, and Julia C. Dombrowski. "Modernizing Field Services for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 44, no. 10 (October 2017): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000652.
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Bai, Yang, Thomas O. Ochuodho, Jian Yang, and Domena A. Agyeman. "Bundles and Hotspots of Multiple Ecosystem Services for Optimized Land Management in Kentucky, United States." Land 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010069.
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Ecosystem services are benefits that the natural environment provides to support human well-being. A thorough understanding and assessment of these services are critical to maintain ecosystem services flow through sustainable land management to optimize bundles of ecosystem services provision. Maximizing one particular ecosystem service may lead to reduction in another. Therefore, identifying ecosystem services tradeoffs and synergies is key in addressing this challenge. However, the identification of multiple ecosystem services tradeoffs and synergies is still limited. A previous study failed to effectively capture the spatial interaction among ecosystem services as it was limited by “space-to-time” substitution method used because of temporal data scarcity. The study was also limited by using land use types in creating ecosystem services, which could lead to some deviations. The broad objective of this study is therefore to examine the bundles and hotspots of multiple ecosystem services and their tradeoffs in Kentucky, U.S. The study combined geographic data and spatially-explicit models to identify multiple ecosystem services bundles and hotspots, and determined the spatial locations of ecosystem services hotspots. Results showed that the spatial interactions among ecosystem services were very high: of the 21 possible pairs of ecosystem services, 17 pairs were significantly correlated. The seven ecosystem services examined can be bundled into three groups, geographically clustered on the landscape. These results support the hypothesis that some groups of ecosystem services provision can present similar spatial patterns at a large mesoscale. Understanding the spatial interactions and bundles of the ecosystem services provides essential information for evidence-based sustainable land management.
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Patel, Gayatri. "Smoke and mirrors at the United Nations’ universal periodic review process." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 10, no. 5 (December 11, 2017): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-06-2017-0027.
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Purpose In 2006, the United Nations’ Human Rights Council was tasked to establish a new human rights monitoring mechanism: the universal periodic review process. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of discussions held in the process, over the two cycles of review in relation to women’s rights to access health care services. Design/methodology/approach This investigation is a documentary analysis of the reports of 193 United Nations’ state reports, over two cycles of review. Findings The primary findings of this investigation reveal that despite an apparent consensus on the issue, a deeper analysis of the discussions suggests that the dialogue between states is superficial in nature, with limited commitments made by states under review in furthering the protection of women’s right to access health care services in the domestic context. Practical implications Considering the optimism surrounding the UPR process, the findings reveal that the nature of discussions held on women’s rights to health care services is at best a missed opportunity to make a significant impact to initiate, and inform, changes to practices on the issue in the domestic context; and at worst, raises doubts as to whether the core aim of the process, to improve the protection and promotion of all human rights on the ground, is being fulfilled. Originality/value Deviating from the solely technocratic analysis of the review process in the existing literature, this investigation has considered the UPR process as a phenomenon of exploration in itself, and will provide a unique insight as to how this innovative monitoring mechanism operates in practice, with a particular focus on women’s right to access health care services.
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Seal, Lauren M., Sara B. Mullaney, and Sheldon G. Waugh. "Leishmaniasis in the United States military veterinary patient population." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 260, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.21.05.0226.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the presence of Leishmania infection within the animal population receiving care from US Army Veterinary Services. ANIMALS 629 canine, feline, and equine patients of US Army Veterinary Services from 2014 to 2017. PROCEDURES Personnel at the US Army Public Health Center ran a query within the Remote Online Veterinary Record system using previously validated search terms (eg, liesh, leish, and lesh) and returned data on any patient for which the master problem list included those terms. Next, a query was run to identify all leishmaniasis testing. Records identified by queries were reviewed manually, and data were collected on patient signalment, indication for and type of testing, location of testing, and previous locations or country of the patient. RESULTS Only dogs (n = 378), not cats or horses, had been tested for leishmaniasis, 54 (14.3%) of which tested positive for Leishmania infection. More specifically, 39 of 104 (37.5%) privately owned dogs tested positive, compared with 15 of 274 (5.6%) government-owned dogs. Overall, 186 dogs had no clinical signs, 12 (6.5%) of which tested positive. Forty-four of the 54 (81%) test-positive dogs were located in or had traveled to an endemic area. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of leishmaniasis in the various subpopulations of dogs suggested the need for additional prevalence studies. Many animals travel in and out of the US, and repeated introduction of Leishmania spp could lead to this vector-borne disease becoming endemic in the US animal and human populations. Consequently, US veterinarians need to ensure proper testing and follow-up to protect one health.
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Johnson, Tricia J., Jaymie S. Youngquist, Andy N. Garman, Samuel Hohmann, and Paola R. Cieslak. "Factors influencing medical travel into the United States." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-02-2013-0004.
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Purpose – This paper aims to evaluate the potential of 24 country-level measures for predicting the number of outbound international medical travelers into the USA, including health and healthcare system, economic, social and diplomatic and travel pattern factors. Medical travel is recognized as a growing global market and is an important subject of inquiry for US academic medical centers, hospitals and policy makers. Few data-driven studies exist to shed light on efficient and effective strategies for attracting international medical travelers. Design/methodology/approach – This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of the 194 member and/or observer countries of the United Nations. Data for medical traveler volume into the USA between 2008 and 2010 were obtained from the USA Department of Commerce, Office of Travel and Tourism Industries, Survey of International Air Travelers. Data on country-level factors were collected from publicly available databases, including the United Nations, World Bank and World Health Organization. Linear regression models with a negative binomial distribution and log link function were fit to test the association between each independent variable and the number of inbound medical travelers to the USA. Findings – Seven of the 24 country-level factors were significantly associated with the number of outbound medical travelers to the USA These factors included imports as a per cent of gross domestic product, trade in services as a per cent of gross domestic product, per cent of population living in urban areas, life expectancy, childhood mortality, incidence of tuberculosis and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus. Practical implications – Results of this model provide evidence for a data-driven approach to strategic outreach and business development for hospitals and policy makers for attracting international patients to the USA for medical care. Originality/value – The model developed in this paper can assist US hospitals in promoting their services to international patients as well as national efforts in identifying “high potential” medical travel markets. Other countries could also adapt this methodology for targeting the international patient market.
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Chase, Kerry A. "Moving Hollywood Abroad: Divided Labor Markets and the New Politics of Trade in Services." International Organization 62, no. 4 (October 2008): 653–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818308080235.
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Theories of trade and domestic politics have been applied extensively to manufacturing and agriculture; the political economy of trade in services, however, remains poorly understood. This article examines how the “offshoring” of services segments labor markets and places low-skilled and high-skilled labor at odds on trade issues. Drawing from a case where trade has been politically contentious of late—motion picture services in the United States—the article finds that offshoring can aggravate wage inequality, creating incentives for low-skilled workers to demand policy remedies. Consistent with this expectation, an ordered probit analysis of labor-group lobbying reveals that low-skilled occupations in motion picture services were most likely to support countervailing duties and Section 301 action against productions filmed abroad. The findings suggest that when services are tradable, labor-market cleavages are not purely factoral or sectoral, but occupational. This new politics of trade in services has important implications for trade policy in the United States and multilateral rulemaking in the World Trade Organization.
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Martínez-Schuldt, Ricardo D. "Mexican Consular Protection Services across the United States: How Local Social, Economic, and Political Conditions Structure the Sociolegal Support of Emigrants." International Migration Review 54, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 1016–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319901264.
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Scholars have increasingly examined the policies that states adopt to forge relationships with, deliver services to, and protect the rights of emigrants living abroad. Much of this research has focused on explaining the emergence and scope of emigrant policies. This article contributes to existing research by analyzing variation in the outcome of one particular emigrant policy: the Mexican state’s delivery of sociolegal consultations and support through its consular network in the United States. Specifically, I assess how the Mexican state’s provision of consular protection services diverges in frequency and form over time and within local contexts of reception. To address my research questions, I conducted a longitudinal analysis of data representing all 50 Mexican consulate districts in the United States (2010 through 2015). My dataset merges information from a variety of sources, such as the American Community Survey, with an administrative database that documents the Mexican state’s provision of sociolegal services in matters related to human rights, penal, migratory, labor, civil, or administrative issues. I find that the frequency of services across these issues varies in conjunction with the social, political, and economic characteristics of the administrative districts within which Mexican consulates operate. Furthermore, I argue that local contexts of reception can structure the frequency of sociolegal consultations between Mexican migrants living in the United States and the Mexican government through three pathways related to migrant incorporation experiences and vulnerabilities in receiving societies. Overall, my findings reveal how local receiving-society contexts can shape the support sending states provide to emigrants.
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Millington, David S., and Can Ficicioglu. "Addition of MPS-II to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel in the United States." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 8, no. 4 (October 11, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns8040055.
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It has recently been announced that the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has approved the recommendation by the Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (ACHDNC) to add mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS-II, Hunter Syndrome) to the recommended uniform screening panel (RUSP) in the United States [...]
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Norris-Tirrell, Dorothy. "The Changing Role of Private, Nonprofit Organizations in the Development and Delivery of Human Services in the United States." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 37, no. 3 (September 2014): 304–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937391403700302.
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With diverse missions and multiple service provision strategies, nonprofit human services organizations have worked individually and collaboratively to create responses to social problems throughout the history of United States. This article highlights the important historic roots of the sector in understanding the scope and breadth of nonprofit human service organizations today. Challenges influencing this set of organizations, including the competing values of contracting out versus collaboration and the push-pull of grassroots or community-based versus professionalized orientations, are discussed. the article closes with important questions for nonprofit leaders and policymakers about the role of government in the human services arena.
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Karska, Elżbieta, and Karol Karski. "Introduction: The Use of Private Military and Security Companies by the United Nations." International Community Law Review 16, no. 4 (October 24, 2014): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341286.
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The work of private military and security contractors is extremely controversial from the point of view of international law and of practice. Sometimes there are doubts as to whether some of their activities should be considered legal activities or illegal mercenarism. Like any other entities using force, they can violate human rights as well as international humanitarian law. They provide their services to, amongst others, states and intergovernmental organisations, including the un. This requires a precise definition of the rules under which such contractors operate, both with regard to the law of treaties and the domestic law of the entities using their services. A question also arises as to whether there is any legal limit to their services being used by intergovernmental organisations, i.e. entities deriving their competences from the will of their member states. The work of the un is an interesting example here. The organisation uses such contractors, but on the other hand, it undertakes various activities to eliminate any potential threats in this respect.
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Iltis, Ana S. "Justice, Fairness, and Membership in a Class: Conceptual Confusions and Moral Puzzles in the Regulation of Human Subjects Research." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 3 (2011): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00616.x.
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Much of the human research conducted in the United States or by U.S. researchers is regulated by the Common Rule. The Common Rule reflects the decision of 17 federal agencies, including the Department of Health and Human Services (whose regulations appear at 45CFR46), to require that investigators follow the same rules for conducting human research. (The Food and Drug Administration [FDA] has its own rules (at 21CFR50 and 21CFR56), though there is significant overlap with the Common Rule.) Many of the obligations delineated in the Common Rule can be traced back to the work of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (hereafter the National Commission). The National Commission was appointed in 1974 as part of the National Research Act (P.L. 93-348) in response to revelations about serious abuses involving human subjects, most notably the Tuskegee/United States Public Health Service Syphilis Study.
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Harris, Jenine K., Bobbi J. Carothers, Lana M. Wald, Sarah C. Shelton, and Scott J. Leischow. "Interpersonal influence among public health leaders in the United States Department of Health and Human Services." Journal of Public Health Research 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2012.e12.
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<em>Background</em>. In public health, interpersonal influence has been identified as an important factor in the spread of health information, and in understanding and changing health behaviors. However, little is known about influence in public health leadership. Influence is important in leadership settings, where public health professionals contribute to national policy and practice agendas. Drawing on social theory and recent advances in statistical network modeling, we examined influence in a network of tobacco control leaders at the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). <em>Design and Methods.</em> Fifty-four tobacco control leaders across all 11 agencies in the DHHS were identified; 49 (91%) responded to a web-based survey. Participants were asked about communication with other tobacco control leaders, who influenced their work, and general job characteristics. Exponential random graph modeling was used to develop a network model of influence accounting for characteristics of individuals, their relationships, and global network structures. <em>Results</em>. Higher job ranks, more experience in tobacco control, and more time devoted to tobacco control each week increased the likelihood of influence nomination, as did more frequent communication between network members. Being in the same agency and working the same number of hours per week were positively associated with mutual influence nominations. Controlling for these characteristics, the network also exhibited patterns associated with influential clusters of network members. <em>Conclusions</em>. Findings from this unique study provide a perspective on influence within a government agency that both helps to understand decision-making and also can serve to inform organizational efforts that allow for more effective structuring of leadership.
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Kinyanjui, Benson, Veronica I. Umeasiegbu, and Malachy L. Bishop. "Rehabilitation Needs of Refugees with Disabilities in the United States: Implications for Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.48.2.5.
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The global instability caused by natural and human-made disasters has resulted in increased numbers of refugees who seek shelter in other countries. The United States admits refugees and provides services that enable these refugees to resettle in a new environment. Among these refugees are individuals with various disabilities who require specialized rehabilitation services. This paper reviews the challenges faced by refugees with disabilities before, during and after their resettlement in the US and explores how counselors can better serve this population in order to facilitate more effective and timely integration into American society. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Flanigan, Shawn Teresa. "Staff Perceptions of the Benefits of Religion in Health and Human Services Nonprofits: Evidence from International Development." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 32, no. 2 (June 2009): 164–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390903200202.
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Some argue faith-based organizations (FBOs) provide desirable moral or spiritual components to health and human service provision, and that services are more effective due to staff's more supportive approach. However, the majority of research has been conducted in the United States, and has focused on the experiences of Christian FBOs. This article examines the benefits that FBO staff in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka believe religious identity brings to the work of their organizations, based on interviews with more than 100 staff of Buddhist, Catholic, Druze, Orthodox Christian, Protestant Christian, Shiite Muslim, and Sunni Muslim FBOs, as well as secular NGOs. The interview data indicate that staff members from most of the religious traditions included in the study believe the faith orientation of their organization brings benefits to their service provision. However, these perceived benefits differ based on country context. Some of these benefits are similar to those often mentioned in the literature on FBOs in the United States; however, other benefits are quite different than those discussed in the US literature.
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Shaikh, Naeem. " Response of Undergraduate Human Services Programs to the Mass Incarceration Crisis." Journal of Human Services 40, no. 1 (March 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52678/2021.2.
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Mass incarceration has resulted in the United States having the world’s largest incarcerated population and the highest rate of incarceration. Consequently, nearly 1 in 4 Americans has a criminal record. Racial and ethnic minorities have much higher rates of incarceration than Whites. The collateral consequences of a criminal conviction are colossal and continue well beyond incarceration. Human services students must be well prepared to competently serve clients and families affected by this crisis. This exploratory, qualitative study aimed to determine if undergraduate programs accredited by the Council for Standards in Human Service Education offer course content related to the mass incarceration crisis. Results from a content analysis of course titles and descriptions of 17 accredited programs suggest students are not being adequately prepared to competently serve this population. Implications for human services education, practice, and research are discussed.
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Martins, Jo M. "Health Systems in Australia and Four Other Countries: choices and challenges." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v11i3.155.
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The purpose of health systems is the pursuit of healthy lives. The performance of the Australian health system over the last decade is compared with the United Kingdom and its three other offshoots: the United States, Canada and New Zealand. In the first instance, system performance is assessed in terms of threats to healthy lives from risk factors and changes that have taken place during the decade. In view of the emphasis of the five systems on the return to health after trauma and illness, and the human-resource intensity of health services, an appraisal is made of changes in the number of the major health professionals in relation to the growing populations. Then related changes in hospital, medical practitioner and dentist services are assessed. Changes in pharmaceutical drug prescriptions in Australian are also examined. The levels of national expenditures arising from the provision health services are then considered in the context of the costs of administration of the varied organisational modes, use of expensive medical technologies, pharmaceutical drug consumption and remuneration of health professionals. Finally, health outcomes in Australia and the other four countries are assessed in accordance with their human development level, life expectancy, potential years of life lost from different causes, as well as healthy life expectancies. Further, gaps in health and life expectancy of Indigenous people in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Australia are reviewed, as well as health and survival inequalities among people in different social strata in each country.
Abbreviations: GDP – Gross Domestic Product; HDI – Human Development Index.
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Ly, Alison, Aleta Sprague, Brianna Pierce, Corina Post, and Jody Heymann. "Immigration Detention in the United States: Identifying Alternatives That Comply With Human Rights and Advance Public Health." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 8 (August 2021): 1497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306253.
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Under international law, the United States is obligated to uphold noncitizens’ fundamental rights, including their rights to health. However, current US immigration laws—and their enforcement—not only fail to fulfill migrants’ health rights but actively undermine their realization and worsen the pandemic’s spread. Specifically, the US immigration system’s reliance on detention, which precludes effective social distancing, increases risks of exposure and infection for detainees, staff, and their broader communities. International agreements clearly state that the prolonged, mandatory, or automatic detention of people solely because of their migration status is a human rights violation on its own. But in the context of COVID-19, the consequences for migrants’ right to health are particularly acute. Effective alternatives exist: other countries demonstrate the feasibility of adopting and implementing immigration laws that establish far less restrictive, social services–based approaches to enforcement that respect human rights. To protect public health and realize its global commitments, the United States must shift away from detaining migrants as standard practice and adopt effective, humane alternatives—both amid COVID-19 and permanently.
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Defur, Sharon Hall, and Juliana M. Taymans. "Competencies Needed for Transition Specialists in Vocational Rehabilitation Vocational Education, and Special Education." Exceptional Children 62, no. 1 (September 1995): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299506200104.
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Transition services and interagency service coordination for youth with disabilities have increased significantly during the past 10 years. The development of these services has necessitated the creation of new human services professional roles. One emerging role is that of transition specialist. Competencies for this new role of transition specialist have not been validated. This study was conducted to identify and validate competencies for transition specialist practitioners. Practitioners across the United States from the fields of vocational special education, special education, and vocational rehabilitation identified competencies believed essential to providing effective transition services. “Knowledge of agencies and systems change” was the highest-rated competency.
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Kaufka Walts, Katherine. "Child Labor Trafficking in the United States: A Hidden Crime." Social Inclusion 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.914.
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Emerging research brings more attention to labor trafficking in the United States. However, very few efforts have been made to better understand or respond to labor trafficking of minors. Cases of children forced to work as domestic servants, in factories, restaurants, peddling candy or other goods, or on farms may not automatically elicit suspicion from an outside observer as compared to a child providing sexual services for money. In contrast to sex trafficking, labor trafficking is often tied to formal economies and industries, which often makes it more difficult to distinguish from "legitimate" work, including among adolescents. This article seeks to provide examples of documented cases of child labor trafficking in the United States, and to provide an overview of systemic gaps in law, policy, data collection, research, and practice. These areas are currently overwhelmingly focused on sex trafficking, which undermines the policy intentions of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), the seminal statute criminalizing sex and labor trafficking in the United States, its subsequent reauthorizations, and international laws and protocols addressing human trafficking.
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Austin, Michael J. "Mack Center on Nonprofit and Public Sector Management in Human Service Organizations." Research on Social Work Practice 28, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731517710327.
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This invited set of reflections upon the research carried out under the auspices of a school of social work is part of a series featuring research centers. It reflects 25 years of scholarly work related to both public and nonprofit human service organizations at the only university-based research center in the United States devoted to research on the management of human service organizations. Organized in the predefined categories of center history, structure, past projects, and current projects, it features current and past research in the areas of welfare services, child welfare services, adult and aging services, organizational support for evidence-informed practice, sustainability of nonprofits, international human services, and practice research methodology. Dedicated to the principles of team science by including graduate students, postdoctorate fellows, and consulting researchers, the Mack Center features the processes of practice research in which practitioners play a major role in the research process.
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Afonso, Anoushka M., Joshua B. Cadwell, Steven J. Staffa, David Zurakowski, and Amy E. Vinson. "Burnout Rate and Risk Factors among Anesthesiologists in the United States." Anesthesiology 134, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003722.
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Background Physician burnout, widespread across medicine, is linked to poorer physician quality of life and reduced quality of care. Data on prevalence of and risk factors for burnout among anesthesiologists are limited. The objective of the current study was to improve understanding of burnout in anesthesiologists, identify workplace and personal factors associated with burnout among anesthesiologists, and quantify their strength of association. Methods During March 2020, the authors surveyed member anesthesiologists of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Burnout was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey. Additional survey questions queried workplace and personal factors. The primary research question was to assess rates of high risk for burnout (scores of at least 27 on the emotional exhaustion subscale and/or at least 10 on the depersonalization subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey) and burnout syndrome (demonstrating all three burnout dimensions, consistent with the World Health Organization definition). The secondary research question was to identify associated risk factors. Results Of 28,677 anesthesiologists contacted, 13.6% (3,898) completed the survey; 59.2% (2,307 of 3,898) were at high risk of burnout, and 13.8% (539 of 3,898) met criteria for burnout syndrome. On multivariable analysis, perceived lack of support at work (odds ratio, 6.7; 95% CI, 5.3 to 8.5); working greater than or equal to 40 h/week (odds ratio, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.80 to 2.75); lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual status (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.35 to 3.63); and perceived staffing shortages (odds ratio, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.76 to 2.42) were independently associated with high risk for burnout. Perceived lack of support at work (odds ratio, 10.0; 95% CI, 5.4 to 18.3) and home (odds ratio, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.69 to 2.69) were most strongly associated with burnout syndrome. Conclusions The prevalence of burnout among anesthesiologists is high, with workplace factors weighing heavily. The authors identified risk factors for burnout, especially perceived support in the workplace, where focused interventions may be effective in reducing burnout. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New
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Hale, Kshea, Jelili Ojodu, and Sikha Singh. "Landscape of Spinal Muscular Atrophy Newborn Screening in the United States: 2018–2021." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 7, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns7030033.
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Newborn screening (NBS) programs identify newborns at increased risk for genetic disorders, linking these newborns to timely intervention and potentially life-saving treatment. In the United States, the Health and Human Services (HHS) Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children (ACHDNC) recommends the disorders for state NBS programs to screen. ACHDNC updated the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel to include Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) in July 2018. As of June 2021, 34 state NBS programs had fully implemented SMA newborn screening, and at least 8 programs were pursuing implementation. This article will review current SMA screening processes, considerations, challenges, and status.
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Hoy-Gerlach, Janet, and Lisa Townsend. "Reimagining Healthcare: Human–Animal Bond Support as a Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Public Health Intervention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 5272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075272.
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The emergence of human–animal support services (HASS)—services provided to help keep people and their companion animals together—in the United States has been driven by two global public health crises. Despite such impetuses and an increasing recognition of One Health approaches, HASS are generally not recognized as public health interventions. The Ottawa Charter, defining health as well-being and resources for living and calling for cross-sector action to advance such, provides a clear rationale for locating HASS within a public health framework. Drawing from Ottawa Charter tenets and using the United States as a case study, we: (1) recognize and explicate HASS as public health resources for human and animal well-being and (2) delineate examples of HASS within the three-tiered public health intervention framework. HASS examples situated in the three-tier framework reveal a public health continuum for symbiotic well-being and health. Humans and their respective companion animals may need different levels of intervention to optimize mutual well-being. Tenets of the Ottawa Charter provide a clear rationale for recognizing and promoting HASS as One Health public health interventions; doing so enables cross-sector leveraging of resources and offers a symbiotic strategy for human and animal well-being.
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Korr, Wynne Sandra. "Mental Health Services for Children: Concerns and Challenges." Children Australia 41, no. 3 (July 26, 2016): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2016.23.
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At various times in my career, I have focussed on mental health services for children and their basis in human rights principles. This year I returned to examining best practices and how they could be implemented in a particular place – the State of Illinois, in the United States, where I reside. I found myself reflecting on improvements in services over the last 40 years, but even more, on the significant challenges and gaps in our knowledge that remain. I want to focus this commentary on two topics I found most salient: Contradictions between principles and practice; and need for more research on how to provide services in the most restrictive settings – inpatient and residential.
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Mars, Diane. "Heterarchy: An Interorganizational Approach to Securing the United States Against a Pandemic Threat." Policy Perspectives 20 (May 14, 2013): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4079/pp.v20i0.11788.
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United States public health and security capabilities are vulnerable to the magnitude and complexity of infectious diseases. Recently, human cases of a new H7N9 influenza in China have underscored the unpredictability of outbreaks. This article analyzes the federal government’s role in addressing an imminent pandemic threat from an organizational perspective, beginning with the Cabinet Departments of Homeland Security (DHS) and Health and Human Services (HHS), which jointly lead pandemic planning and response. This article recommends that these departments, their agencies, and international partners continue building and maintaining a heterarchy, the most optimal interorganizational structure for securing against and responding to a pandemic threat. This requires establishing clear, yet flexible responsibilities and shared systems, terminology, and tools. Given a hypothetical scenario in which a disease is introduced into the United States by a potentially infected foreign migrant entering through a maritime port of entry, current protocol and operations are promising. However, further heterarchical coordination is necessary to appropriately manage all plausible scenarios.
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Mariner, Wendy K. "Shifting Standards of Judicial Review During the Coronavirus Pandemic in the United States." German Law Journal 22, no. 6 (September 2021): 1039–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.51.
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AbstractEmergencies are exceptions to the rule. Laws that respond to emergencies can create exceptions to rules that protect human rights. In long lasting emergencies, these exceptions can become the rule, diluting human rights and eroding the rule of law. In the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted states to change rules governing commercial and personal activities to prevent the spread of the coronavirus. Many governors’ executive orders were challenged as violations of the constitutionally protected rights of those affected. Judges are deciding whether emergencies can justify more restrictions than would be permitted in normal circumstances and whether some rights deserve more protection than others, even in an emergency. This article analyzes ongoing litigation involving emergency restrictions on religious freedom and access to reproductive health services. These cases suggest that some judges are altering the standards of judicial review of the state’s emergency powers in ways that could permanently strengthen some rights and dilute others in normal circumstances.
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Anasti, Theresa. "Survivor or Laborer." Affilia 33, no. 4 (May 21, 2018): 453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109918778075.
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Regardless of primary population served, human service organizations are likely to come into contact with individuals who have been currently or formerly involved in the sex trade. In the United States, social workers have had a fraught history with this population, either treating them like delinquents or like victims in need of rescue. Sex worker activists in the United States continue to decry the negative treatment provided by individuals in the helping professions, even as harm reduction, the practice of reducing the harm of risky behaviors, has entered the service provision lexicon as an antidote to abstinence-only services. This article uses qualitative interviews with managers of human service organizations in the city of Chicago to determine how they think about their work with sex workers and how they perceive the proposed solutions to “fixing” the sex trade: abolitionism and decriminalization. Findings show that despite the dominant discourse of abolitionism in the United States, most of managers in this project believe full decriminalization of sex work will best assist their sex worker clients. Future research needs to understand how this finding holds in different settings and how this affects current efforts to advocate for decriminalization.
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Townes, Ashley, Mary R. Tanner, Lei Yu, Wayne D. Johnson, Weiming Zhu, Kashif Iqbal, Kenneth L. Dominguez, et al. "Inequities Along the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Services Continuum for Black Women in the United States, 2015–2020." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 79, no. 5 (May 2024): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0000000000001273.
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(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2024;143:294–301 Throughout the United States, racial disparities in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnoses persist. Disproportionately higher rates of diagnosed STIs and HIV infections occur among Black individuals (people who identified as Black or African American were combined into this group).
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Katz, Lawrence F., and Alan B. Krueger. "The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015." ILR Review 72, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 382–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918820008.
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To monitor trends in alternative work arrangements, the authors conducted a version of the Contingent Worker Survey as part of the RAND American Life Panel in late 2015. Their findings point to a rise in the incidence of alternative work arrangements in the US economy from 1995 to 2015. The percentage of workers engaged in alternative work arrangements—defined as temporary help agency workers, on-call workers, contract workers, and independent contractors or freelancers—rose from 10.7% in February 2005 to possibly as high as 15.8% in late 2015. Workers who provide services through online intermediaries, such as Uber or TaskRabbit, accounted for 0.5% of all workers in 2015. Of the workers selling goods or services directly to customers, approximately twice as many reported finding customers through off-line intermediaries than through online intermediaries.
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Oliver, Cassandra D., Peter F. Rebeiro, Bryan E. Shepherd, Jeanne Keruly, Kenneth H. Mayer, W. Christopher Mathews, Bulent Turan, et al. "Clinic-Level Factors Associated With Retention in Care Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Multisite US Cohort, 2010–2016." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 10 (November 23, 2019): 2592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz1144.
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Abstract Background Retention in care (RIC) leads to reduced HIV transmission and mortality. Few studies have investigated clinic services and RIC among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States. We conducted a multisite retrospective cohort study to identify clinic services associated with RIC from 2010–2016 in the United States. Methods PLWH with ≥1 HIV primary care visit from 2010–2016 at 7 sites in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) were included. Clinic-level factors evaluated via site survey included patients per provider/trainee, navigation, RIC posters/brochures, laboratory test timing, flexible scheduling, appointment reminder methods, and stigma support services. RIC was defined as ≥2 encounters per year, ≥90 days apart, observed until death, administrative censoring (31 December 2016), or loss to follow-up (censoring at first 12-month interval without a visit with no future visits). Poisson regression with robust error variance, clustered by site adjusting for calendar year, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and HIV transmission risk factor, estimated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for RIC. Results Among 21 046 PLWH contributing 103 348 person-years, 67% of person-years were retained. Availability of text appointment reminders (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03–1.24) and stigma support services (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04–1.19) were associated with better RIC. Disparities persisted for age, sex, and race. Conclusions Availability of text appointment reminders and stigma support services was associated with higher rates of RIC, indicating that these may be feasible and effective approaches for improving RIC.
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Poole, Alex H. "“Get Our Feet Wet and Hands Dirty”: Black Community‐Based Librarianship and the Fight Against Information Poverty, 1940‐1975." Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology 60, no. 1 (October 2023): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pra2.794.
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ABSTRACTFocusing on information services to marginalized urban communities in the United States between 1940 and 1975, this paper argues that African American librarians played foundational roles in early community‐based librarianship (CBL) initiatives. In doing so, Black librarians skillfully and resourcefully fought information poverty, pushed for social and political equality, and promoted their communities’ well‐being through proactive information provision. By fighting the systemic racism throttling inner‐city Black communities, their labors constituted a seminal contribution to the post‐World War II United States Freedom Struggle. Theirs was a specifically Black CBL. Underpinned by the theoretical work of Elfreda Chatman, this heretofore hidden history offers fruitful lessons for current library and information science practice. It therefore aligns with the annual meeting theme, “Translating Information Research into Practice, Policy, and Action,” particularly its emphasis on “creating effective models of information provision, creating empathetic information services” and on “understanding the power of information to develop human happiness, equality, and wellbeing.”
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Kelemen, Katalin, and Märta C. Johansson. "Still Neglecting the Demand that Fuels Human Trafficking: A Study Comparing the Criminal Laws and Practice of Five European States on Human Trafficking, Purchasing Sex from Trafficked Adults and from Minors." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 21, no. 3-4 (2013): 247–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-21042030.
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This article discusses the implementation of duties to reduce the market for sexual services of trafficked persons, both adults and children. The article begins by describing the duties that stem from international and European obligations. It then presents the legislation and practice of five European states (Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom) regarding human trafficking and the purchase of sexual acts from trafficking victims. The states in the study have introduced measures to combat human trafficking by effective prosecutions and sentencing of traffickers. They have, however, taken few measures to combat demand for the sexual services of trafficked persons; in some countries, no measures at all. As all the countries criminalise the purchase of sexual acts from children below the age of 18, the article examines whether this has afforded trafficked children effective protection against sexual exploitation. One key element in the crime of purchasing sex from a minor is knowledge of the child’s age. The subjective elements that states require range from strict liability (below certain ages) to negligence, and their practice also varies. The article ends by discussing the lacunae that remain before states can be said to secure trafficked persons’ right to effective protection against sexual exploitation.
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Gunawan, Yordan, and Dwilani Irrynta. "International Human Rights Protection: The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Domestic Violence." Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 11, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.58872.
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The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has impacted practically every aspect of life worldwide, particularly Asia. Governments from various States work hard to prevent and mitigate the spread by instituting multiple social distancing and lockdown measures. While those measures have been effective in containing the spread, there are other negative consequences, including the risks associated with domestic violence in the family home, whether physical, psychological, verbal, sexual, or economic violence. Subsequently, there has been a significant increase in online searches for help from intimate partner violence, according to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Moreover, the UN Women also reported that essential services, such as shelters and helplines, have exceeded their capacity. Using a normative legal research methodology that sources are obtained from secondary data, the finding shows that thousands of women living in several Asian States experienced more abuse in domestic violence and had less resilience during the pandemic. Whether national or international, the existing regulations are insufficient to prevent violence and protect victims. Thus, remote services in various sectors, including social, health, and justice, must be further developed and institutionalized by the States to overcome such issues.
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Hoffmann, Jeffrey. "Preemption and the MLR Provision of the Affordable Care Act." American Journal of Law & Medicine 40, no. 2-3 (June 2014): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885881404000207.
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This Note focuses on the medical loss ratio provision (“MLR Provision”) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The MLR Provision states that health insurance companies must spend at least a certain percentage of their premium revenue on “activities that improve healthcare quality” (in other words, meet a minimum threshold medical loss ratio) and comply with reporting requirements determined by the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Because states have historically had authority over the regulation of health insurance, there is an outstanding question as to whether or not the MLR Provision has legal authority to preempt conflicting state MLR regulations.Part II of this Note outlines the major requirements in the MLR Provision and discusses the history of MLR regulation in the United States. Part III discusses the likelihood that the courts will soon resolve the question of preemption regarding the MLR Provision.
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Tyson, Chad D., and Dr Juritsa Ford. "Examination of the Effectiveness of United States Foreign Aid on Human Development in United Nations Least Developed Countries: An Empirical Study." International Journal of Management and Humanities 9, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.c1531.119322.
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The aim of this article is to examine the effectiveness of United States (U.S.) foreign aid on human development in United Nations (U.N.) Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Research Design and Methods: Research of peer reviewed studies on effectiveness of U.S. foreign aid support to U.N. LDCs were conducted using ProQuest and Google Scholar databases. A select literature review of keywords is offered to elucidate understanding of current perspectives. The study approach is based on empirical evidence. This study employs a set of multivariate linear regression models to examine the effects of U.S. foreign aid on health, education, and social services on the Human Development Index (HDI) in LDCs from 2000 to 2020. Findings: The findings show that U.S. foreign aid for health sectors significantly impacted HDI in LDCs for the time period under review. Evidence Limitation/Implications: An important limitation is highlighted by the need for increased research on other variables identified per the HDI. Discussion: The results of this study suggest that U.S. foreign aid has had a positive effect on the achievement of human development goals in the health sectors of LDCs. Past research has linked improved human development outcomes with increased economic development which contributes to the sustainable development of a society. The significance of these findings warrants further research regarding the contribution of U.S. foreign aid to positive human development outcomes and economic growth. Contribution and Value: This article extends contribution and value to LDCs growth and sustainability by providing empirical evidence of the effect of U.S. foreign aid on the U.N. LDCs.
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Alford, Emily. "Beyond HHS: An Analysis of Federal Resources Which Exhibit Impacts of the United States Opioid Epidemic." DttP: Documents to the People 49, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v49i2.7603.
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In recent years, the opioid crisis across the United States has influenced the research of many professional fields. Widely known as a first stop information source for analysts and professionals in the medical and public health worlds, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) gathers and presents extensive data on prescription rates and overdose numbers to the public. However, the opioid crisis is a collective matter. It holds cause and effect economically, environmentally, and socially. This article explores resources developed by federal departments outside of HHS, which provide useful data and information relevant to their fields on such impacts. Departments such as Agriculture, Education, Labor, Housing and Urban Development—even the General Services Administration—make available statistics both the public and researchers can access to learn more about the effects of this crisis.
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Peterson, Meghan, Bella Robinson, and Elena Shih. "The New Virtual Crackdown on Sex Workers’ Rights: Perspectives from the United States." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 12 (April 2, 2019): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.2012191212.
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On 11 April 2018, the Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act (FOSTA) was signed into law in the United States. FOSTA introduced new provisions to amend the Communications Act of 1934 so that websites can be prosecuted if they engage ‘in the promotion or facilitation of prostitution’ or ‘facilitate traffickers in advertising the sale of unlawful sex acts with sex trafficking victims.’ While supporters of the law claim that its aim is to target human traffickers, its text makes no effort to differentiate between trafficking and consensual sex work and it functionally includes websites where workers advertise services or share information, including safety tips.[3] Following the law’s passage—and even before its full implementation—sex workers felt its impact as websites began to eliminate platforms previously used to advertise services. Backpage, an adult advertising website, was pre-emptively seized by the FBI. Other platforms began to censor or remove content related to sex work, including Google, Craigslist, and many online advertising networks. Sex workers in the United States have denounced the passage of FOSTA for reducing workers’ ability to screen clients and ensure safety practices. This paper provides an overview of the findings of a recent survey with sex workers in the United States, details the advent of similar initiatives in other countries, and explores how the legislation conflates trafficking with consensual sex work.
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Rao, Shubha, Wei Song, Mesfin S. Mulatu, Emilie Seena, Aba Essuon, and Janet Heitgerd. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing, Diagnosis, Linkage to Care, and Prevention Services Among Persons Who Inject Drugs, United States, 2012–2017." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, Supplement_5 (September 2, 2020): S268—S277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa143.
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Abstract Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and early diagnosis is associated with effective disease management and reduction in HIV transmission among persons who inject drugs (PWID). We examined trends in HIV testing outcomes among PWID during 2012–2017. Methods Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-funded HIV testing data submitted by 61 health departments and 150 directly-funded community-based organizations during 2012–2017 were analyzed. We calculated estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) to assess trends for HIV testing and testing outcomes. Results A total of 19 739 857 CDC-funded HIV tests were conducted during 2012–2017. Of these, 529 349 (2.7%) were among PWID. The percentage of newly diagnosed HIV increased from .7% in 2012 to .8% in 2017 (EAPC, 4.15%). The percentage interviewed for partner services increased from 46.7% in 2012 to 66.3% in 2017 (EAPC, 1.81%). No significant change was identified in trends for linkage to HIV medical care ≤90 days after diagnosis (EAPC, 0.52%) or referral to HIV prevention services (EAPC, 0.98%). Conclusions Human immunodeficiency virus testing data revealed an increasing trend in newly diagnosed HIV among PWID but not linkage to HIV medical care or referral to prevention services. Expanding efforts to increase HIV testing and enhance linkage to services can lead to reductions in HIV transmission and improved health outcomes.
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Zelnick, Jennifer R., and Mimi Abramovitz. "The Perils of Privatization: Bringing the Business Model into Human Services." Social Work 65, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/swaa024.
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Abstract During the last three decades in both the United States and Europe, neoliberal policies, especially privatization, have restructured services in ways that dramatically affect the capacity of human services workers and agencies to serve all clients. Privatization means not only transforming public programs such as Social Security, but also managerialism—the incorporation of business principles, methods, and goals into public and nonprofit human services organizations. Few researchers have looked at the impact of market-based managerialism (focused on productivity, accountability, efficiency, and standardization) on social work’s mission and the effectiveness of human services workers and organizations. Using an anonymous survey of 3,000 New York City human services workers, authors examined the impact of managerialist practices including performance measures, quantifiable short-term outcomes, and routinized practices on frontline workers and service provision. A troubling trend emerged. Workers in agencies with a high commitment to managerialism found it considerably more difficult to adhere to social work’s mission and fundamental values. This conflict between the “logic of the market” and the “logic of social work” subsided dramatically in agencies with a low commitment to managerialism, indicating that even in today’s competitive environment, agencies can protect the social work mission.
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Messersmith, Jessica J., and Lindsey Jorgensen. "The Impact of the Affordable Care Act on Insurance Coverage of Hearing Healthcare." Perspectives on Public Health Issues Related to Hearing and Balance 15, no. 1 (November 2014): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/phi15.1.19.
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Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) impacts the profession of audiology beyond individual audiology practice patterns in the clinic. The legislation and further required implementation of the ACA may dictate coverage of audiologic services and devices now and into the future. Audiologic (re)habilitative services and devices have not historically been covered and are unlikely included in benchmark plans. Under the current language of the ACA, states without mandated coverage of hearing healthcare prior to 2011 will face significant challenges in creating mandates. Arguments for including audiologic services and devices as an Essential Health Benefit (EHB) include quality care, improved patient outcomes, and improved consistency in coverage patterns across the United States. Due to the limited definition of EHB from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and loopholes in plans required to follow ACA guidelines, it is very possible that the inconsistencies across plans and states may increase and that financial repercussions at the state level may hinder passage of state-level mandated coverage of hearing healthcare.
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DeCarlo, M. P., M. D. Bogenschutz, J. A. Hall-Lande, and A. S. Hewitt. "Implementation of Self-Directed Supports for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the United States." Journal of Disability Policy Studies 30, no. 1 (August 12, 2018): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044207318790061.
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Self-direction is an approach to human service delivery within long-term services and supports that aims to provide greater control for individuals with disabilities and their closest supporters. The purpose of this study was to understand the implementation of self-directed supports for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Researchers interviewed state developmental disabilities administrators in 34 of 42 states that currently operate self-directed service options and used qualitative analysis to arrive at a thematic map of the strengths and challenges currently experienced by state administrators. Common strengths identified by state administrators were increased opportunities for participant self-determination and improved relationships with support staff. Common challenges included restructuring case management relationships, as well as rulemaking and enforcement. Administrators’ suggestions for the future of self-direction focused on increasing program size and streamlining services using technology.
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Robinette, Martin S. "Letter to the Editor." Pediatrics 94, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 952–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.94.6.952.
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The importance of early identification of hearing loss is summarized in the report issued by the United States (US) Department of Health and Human Services,1 entitled "Healthy People 2000." The goal is to reduce the average age at which children with significant hearing impairment are identified to no more than 12 months. The report states: The future of a child born with significant hearing impairment depends to a very large degree on early identification (ie, audiological diagnosis before 12 months of age) followed by immediate and appropriate intervention.