Academic literature on the topic 'Human rights – South America – Criminal provisions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Human rights – South America – Criminal provisions"
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Burbidge, Peter. "Justice and Peace? – The Role of Law in Resolving Colombia's Civil Conflict." International Criminal Law Review 8, no. 3 (2008): 557–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181208x308556.
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AbstractThe Colombian Parliament's Justice and Peace law of 2005, introduced by the government of President Alvaro Uribe, allows members of armed groups involved in Colombia's 40-year old conflict to re-enter civilian life by paying an alternative penalty of 5-8 years' prison, even where their crimes concern mass-murder. The process is conditional on a full confession and the proper recompense for the victims. The Law however benefits primarily the pro-state paramilitaries, as the left-wing guerrilla groups have yet to make peace, and has thus been described as a transitional justice system without the transition. This article considers the provisions of the 2005 law against the background of the Constitutional Court's 2006 decision on its validity and the requirements of international criminal law and human rights law. It considers whether it satisfies the requirements of the International Criminal Court, which has jurisdiction over Colombia's conflict but with an opt-out till 2009 for war-crimes. Will the process resolve the problem of Colombia's "impunity" – the failure to prosecute paramilitary crimes - which has been condemned by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights? In conclusion it compares the process to other transitional justice systems in South Africa and Northern Ireland.
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Handika, Sandhy, Muhammad Ibnu Fajar Rahim, and Rudi Pradisetia Sudirdja. "Virtual Court Policy For Criminal Justice on Corona Virus Disease Pandemic." Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 3, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/sjijl.v3i1.67.
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The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic that has plagued the world has changed the mindset, how to behave and how to act, not only in social interaction but also has influenced the law enforcement system. Development in Information Technology (IT) has found a teleconference system as a means of conducting virtual courts as a reaction to social or physical distancing movements which is one way to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Although in practice the use of a virtual court in a trial is considered capable of preventing the spread of viruses, the use of a virtual court must keep be based on applicable laws and regulations. This paper is a normative legal research with legislation approach, case approach, comparative legal approach, and conceptual approach to legal material collected through literature study and then analyzed using grammatical, systematic, and extensive interpretation methods. Based on the results of the study, several countries such as the United Kingdom, China, Australia (New South Wales) and America (New York) and Indonesia (although limited to the examination of witnesses) have applied virtual courts in the justice system. Implementation of the trial using the virtual court method by teleconference did not violate the provisions of the trial set out in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). According to the Draft Law KUHAP has accommodated the trial using the virtual court method as an embodiment of legal principles in the judiciary that is carried out quickly, simply, and at a low cost. The use of virtual court is not the first or primary choice in examining criminal cases in Indonesia, in abnormal emergency conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic as it is today, an examination by the virtual court method is a solution so that the criminal justice system continues to run without reducing the efforts to prevent the spread of the virus. Trials using virtual court facilities continue to accommodate the human rights of victims, witnesses and defendants through their virtual presence so that a fair trial continues in the courtroom.
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Travieso, J. A., A. V. Ferraro, E. N. Trikoz, and E. E. Gulyaeva. "Bioethical Aspects of Human Rights in Modern Latin America." Kutafin Law Review 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2313-5395.2021.1.15.085-098.
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The aim of the paper is to analyze the bioethical aspects of the institution of human rights in Latin America. The result of the present research is the author's conclusion on the necessity of the practical implementation of legal provisions in this area, and their judicial enforcement in many states of Latin America with the aim of compliance with international standards of human rights. In the face of global uncertainty of COVID-19, it is more necessary than ever to maintain a strong commitment to international law and human rights with responsibility in bioethics, and also to seek to preserve and consolidate what has been advanced in the construction of a world order based on rules and shared values, along with a policy structured on common values and international principles. States must take international responsibility for wrongful acts for the violation of human rights in biolaw. The research methodology was based on general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition (the dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, comparative legal and historical legal methods). The biolaw basing on the International Law and Human Rights has its special understanding of the issue, which should be supported by further legislative development in Latin America. Latin American courts will not be able to make judgments on bioethical issues for a long time, while it is closely related to biopolitics and other controversial regional political positions. There are structural and historical problems of Latin American legal culture, a high index of criminal impunity and wide discretion of law-enforcement agencies that do not apply specific principles of biolaw and even bypass official bioethical guidelines in their practice. The author's give overview of the practice of Mexico on the matter of the legislative process in biolaw. The paper focuses on different theoretical approaches.
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Lessa, Francesca. "Operation Condor on Trial: Justice for Transnational Human Rights Crimes in South America." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 2 (November 13, 2018): 409–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000767.
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AbstractIn May 2016, an Argentine federal court concluded a momentous trial, convicting 15 defendants of illegal kidnappings and torture committed against over 100 victims of Operation Condor, and ofasociación ilícita(‘illicit association’: conspiracy to commit a criminal offence) to perpetrate these violations. Operation Condor was the codename given to a continent-wide covert operation devised in the 1970s by South American regimes to eliminate hundreds of left-wing activists across the region. The Operation Condor verdict of 2016 broke new ground in human rights and transitional justice, for its innovative focus on transnational crimes and for holding state agents accountable for extraterritorial human rights violations. By analysing this pioneering case, the article brings the question of cross-border crimes into academic debate. As borders become more porous, scholars and practitioners can no longer afford to side-line the topic of accountability for transnational crimes.
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Darmin, M. O. "Types of international judicial institutions and their role in ensuring the right to judicial protection." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 64 (August 14, 2021): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.64.66.
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The article is devoted to the study of the types of international judicial institutions and their role in ensuring theright to judicial protection. It is noted that the Manila Declaration provides for a judicial settlement of disputes andarbitration. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The InternationalCriminal Court is the permanent body with jurisdiction over persons responsible for particularly serious crimes, inaddition to national criminal jurisdictions. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an independent, conven-tional body whose function is to protect human rights in the states of North and South America. The Arab Court ofHuman Rights has not yet begun its work, although the Court’s mandate allows States parties to lodge complaints.The African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights is an independent body whose purpose is to protect human rightsin African countries. The jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights extends to all matters of interpretationand application of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its protocols.The Court of Justice of the European Union interprets EU law and provides for the settlement of disputes by the EU’snational government-institutions. It is emphasized that regional judicial institutions are designed to protect the rightsand freedoms of man and citizen. They are part of a subsidiary human rights protection mechanism that can be applied once all national remedies have been exhausted. Recourse to the International Court of Justice or arbitration isnot an unfriendly act in relations between states, but on the contrary indicates the use of peaceful means of dispute settlement. Unlike other international courts, only international criminal tribunals can be joined in a single proceeding.
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Rautenbach, IM. "Regspraak: Die konstitusionele hof verwyder die reg van werknemers om nie onbillik ontslaan te word nie uit die beskermingsveld van die handves van regte – grondwetlike gesigspunte." Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2021, no. 1 (2021): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2021/i1a9.
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Section 39(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, recognises the existence of rights not protected in the bill of rights. The South African bill of rights protects human conduct and interests extensively. Before the AMCU judgment was delivered, no clear example of a right not protected by the bill of rights had been identified in case law and legal literature. In the AMCU case the constitutional court deviated from previous judgments by holding that the interests of employees not to be dismissed unfairly is not covered by the right to fair labour practices in section 23(1) of the constitution. The court based its finding on textual and contextual interpretive considerations. Its interpretation of section 23(1) was not sound. A narrow, grammatical approach, namely that the text of section 23(1) does not refer expressly to such a right, cannot be followed when the meaning of open-ended constitutional phrases like “fair” labour practices is determined. And an extra-textual reference to the protection of the right in ordinary law is not relevant when the meaning of a constitutional provision is determined. Aspects of human dignity and physical and psychological integrity cannot be removed from the protective ambit of the bill of rights because they are protected by ordinary rules of the law of delict and criminal law. Viewed contextually with the other provisions of the bill of rights, the constitutional right to fair labour practices, like the right to access to housing, food, health and social services, children’s rights and criminal and civil procedural rights, protects other constitutional rights in a particular field, in this case in the field of labour relations. Apart from the fact that it can hardly be contested that every employee has a vital interest not to be dismissed unfairly, many other rights, for example, to human dignity, physical and psychological integrity, economic activity, association and audi alteram partem, may be limited factually by dismissals and dismissal procedures. The scheme and ethos of the South African bill of rights is that these special rights that overlap with the general rights are guaranteed separately. Within this context one of the ironies of the artificial exclusion of a right from the protective ambit of the special right is that its violation may, like in systems without these special rights, be challenged on the basis of the unjustifiable limitation of the general rights. A rule of thumb that the protective ambit of constitutional rights should be interpreted restrictively because the application of the weak rational relationship test as part of the rule of law serves the separation of power principle better than the application of the stricter reasonable test for the limitation of constitutional rights (in the separate concurring judgment of Theron J) is questionable. Whereas legality as part of the rule of law is always complied with when the weak rationality relationship exists, reasonableness in terms of section 36 does not always amount to the application of a stricter test. The existence of a very compelling purpose (to combat a pandemic that threatens life and limb) or a factually slight limitation of a right (to stop at a stop sign) could be the basis of a conclusion that the limitation is justifiable when the weak rational relationship test is complied with. The court’s consideration of proportionality under the umbrella of the application of the weak rational relationship test causes more uncertainty in the present somewhat unruly field of the application of rationality tests.
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Stefanchuk, M., and N. Iveruk. "The issue of determination of bail’s size under Ukrainian legislation and legislation of Anglo-American countries: comparatively – judicial analysis." Herald of criminal justice, no. 4 (2019): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2413-5372.2019.4/58-68.
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The legal regulation of bail's institute as a preventive measure in Ukraine and Anglo - American countries, including the aim of its application, bail's size and criteria for its determination, is the subject matter of this article. The authors support a point concerning to the inadvisability of legislative regulation of maximum bail's size as well as a judge's opportunity in certain circumstances to apply bail, size of which is lower than minimum level. The purpose of article is to clarify strengths and weakness of legislative regulation of the bail in Ukraine, England and United States of America, to highlight a separate problems, arising in practice, to express recommendations and proposals regarding to the improvement of valid criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine. Analyzing provisions of criminal – procedural legislation of England and United States of America, the authors provide a few bail's classifications, depending on way of making a deposit. Besides it, the authors detect the drawbacks of legislative technique of Anglo – American countries regarding to not taking by judges into account material and family state of accused and suspected person, that leads to taking into custody a significant number of people, who are not financially secured to make a deposit. The decisions of the European Court on Human Rights as an international judicial institution regarding to determination of the bail's size, which will guarantee an enforcement of duties that a suspected person is obliged to do and will be defined taking into account a material state of a suspected person, are highlighted in this article. The authors also explore an issue of determination of bail's object and emphasizes on the necessity of clarifying of the money origin with the aim to avoid money laundering, which is offence, predicted by art.209 of Criminal Code of Ukraine. Investigating theoretical and practical aspects of the determination of bail's size, the authors make a conclusion regarding to the existence of certain difference in national legislation and legislation of Anglo – American countries, that is a result of belonging Ukraine to continental, and the USA and England – to Anglo – American countries. The authors state that prospective of further explorations of high stated issue are an improvement of legislation, implementation of world's experience, taking into account the legal positions of the European Court on Human Rights, etc.
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De Waal, Elda. "Religious and Cultural Dress at School: A Comparative Perspective." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 14, no. 6 (June 9, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2011/v14i6a2608.
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This article investigates and compares the different approaches towards the dress code of learners[1] in South Africa and the United States of America (US), as the US mainly base litigation concerning school dress code on their freedom of speech/expression clause, while similar South African court cases focus more on religious and cultural freedom. In South Africa, school principals and School Governing Bodies are in dire need of clear guidelines on how to respect and honour the constitutionally entrenched right to all of the different religions and cultures. The crisis of values in education arises from the disparity between the value system espoused by the school and the community, and that expressed in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, which guarantees learners' fundamental rights, including those of freedom of religion, culture, expression and human dignity. On the one hand, the South African Schools Act requires of School Governing Bodies to develop and implement a Code of Conduct for learners, and on the other, that they strictly adhere to the Constitution of the country when drawing up their dress codes. The right of a religious group to practise its religion or of a cultural group to respect and sustain its culture must be consistent with the provisions of the Bill of Rights (which is entrenched in the Constitution) and this implies that other rights may not infringe on the right to freedom of religion and culture. In the US, although there is no legislation that protects learners' freedom of religion and culture at schools, their First Amendment guides the way. Their Supreme Court respects the religious values of all citizens provided that they are manifested off public school premises. While we acknowledge the existence of religious and cultural diversity at South African schools, this paper focuses on the tension among and on the existence of different approaches towards the human rights of learners from different religious and cultural backgrounds in respect of dress codes.[1] The terms learner/s and student/s are used interchangeably in the article, since South Africa uses the one and the US uses the other to indicate school-going persons.
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Cohen, Stanley. "State Crimes of Previous Regimes: Knowledge, Accountability, and the Policing of the Past." Law & Social Inquiry 20, no. 01 (1995): 7–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb00681.x.
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The policy of lustration is set in the context of responses to abuses of power by previous regimes. Using examples from three recent forms of social reconstruction (in Latin America, the former communist states, and South Africa), the author reviews the “justice in transition” debate. How do societies going through democratization confront the human rights violations committed by the previous regime? Five aspects of this debate are reviewed: (1) truth: establishing and confronting the knowledge of what happened in the past; (2) justice: making offenders accountable for their past violations through three possible methods: punishment through the criminal law, compensation and restitution, and mass disqualification such as lustration; (3) impunity: giving amnesty to previous offenders; (4) expiation; and (5) reconciliation and reconstruction. A concluding discussion raises the implications of the subject for the study of time and social control.
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Ncube, Caroline B., and Desmond O. Oriakhogba. "Monkey Selfie and Authorship in Copyright Law: The Nigerian and South African Perspectives." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 21 (December 13, 2018): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a4979.
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A photograph taken by a monkey is in the centre of a copyright claim in the famous monkey selfie case in the United States of America. Suing as next friend of the monkey, named Naruto, the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals contended that copyright in the photograph belongs to the monkey as author of the photograph since the monkey created the photograph unaided by any person. On the motion of the defendants, the case was dismissed by the US district court on the ground that the concept of authorship under US Copyright Act cannot be defined to include non-human animals. The dismissal order was confirmed by a three-judge panel of the US Court of Appeal of Ninth Circuit a request for an appeal before a panel of eleven judges of the appellate court was denied. This paper reviews the case in the light of the concept of authorship and ownership, with specific focus on the authorship of photographs, under the Nigerian Copyright Act and South African Copyright Act. In so doing, it examines and relies on Ginsburg's six principles for testing authorship to test the authorship of photographs under the Acts. It also relies on the concepts of subjective rights and legal personality to explain the implication of conferring copyright ownership on non-human animals. It argues that for authorship of and ownership of the copyright in a photograph to be established under the Nigerian Copyright Act and South African Copyright Act, a legal person must have created the photograph. Consequently, for the purposes of argument, the paper proceeds on the assumption that the monkey selfie case originated from Nigeria or South Africa. After analysing relevant statutory provisions and case law, the paper finds that the Nigerian Copyright Act and the South African Copyright Act do not envisage the conferral of authorship in particular, and copyright protection in general, to a non-human animal. It then concludes that the courts in both countries would not reach a different conclusion from the one made by the US courts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human rights – South America – Criminal provisions"
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Greenbaum, B. "Compensation for victims of sexual violence in South Africa : a human rights approach to remedial criminal compensation provisions." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3890.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
The author questioned why state attorneys, prosecutors and magistrates/judges in South Africa rarely review the compensation concerns of sexual violence complainants and witnesses in criminal sentencing matters, and in quasi-criminal civil forfeiture proceedings, as is frequently done for other classes of complainants (namely, commercial crime complainants and victims of violent crime in general). A conclusion was reached, after conducting extensive research for this thesis, that offender and state compensation processes were sparingly utilized in cases of sexual violence, in part, due to institutional biases that resulted in discrimination. The above finding was substantiated by way of twenty-seven (27) interviews with criminal justice role-players, eight (8) court file case studies and forty-seven (47) victim surveys. The above subject matter is important because failures by criminal justice state role-players to review the compensation concerns of sexual violence victims, on account of biases, causes real harm to these vulnerable complainants. For example, research in this thesis confirmed that state and offender compensation can assist sexual violence complainants with their cultural obligations, court appearances and post-assault health expenses and to pre-empt compensation reviews on account of biases disrupts victims' post assault recoveries. Further, compensation can assist sexual violence complainants with security related expenses, including relocation costs, so as to avoid repeated victimization.
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BAKKER, Christine. "Towards the effective prosecution of international crimes : evolving norms and state practice in Argentina, Chile and Peru." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6355.
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Defence date: 19 June 2006Examining board: Prof. Pierre-Marie Dupuy (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Francesco Francioni (European University Institute) ; Prof. Antonio Cassese (University of Florence) ; Prof. Monica Pinto (University of Buenos Aires)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Brinks, Daniel M. "Legal tolls and the rule of law the judicial response to police killings in South America /." 2004. http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04142004-155007/.
Full textBooks on the topic "Human rights – South America – Criminal provisions"
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Ambos, Kai. Straflosigkeit von Menschenrechtsverletzungen: Zur "impunidad" in südamerikanischen Ländern aus völkerstrafrechtlicher Sicht = Impunity and human rights violations : about "impunidad" in South-American states from an international criminal law perspective (English summary). Freiburg im Breisgau: Edition Iuscrim, 1997.
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Gonzales, Rául Cáceres. Linchamientos y justicia comunitaria. La Paz, Bolivia: Redes Estratégicas Consulting Group, 2012.
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Linchamientos y justicia comunitaria. La Paz, Bolivia: Redes Estrategicas, 2012.
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The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
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The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights (Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006.
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Roht-Arriaza, Naomi. Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
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