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Killander, Ulf Magnus. "The role of the African peer review mechanism in inducing compliance with human rights." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01282010-161254/.
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Makanje, Revai M. "Human rights monitoring in Africa : the African Peer Review Mechanism and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1046.
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"The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is an African Union (AU) mandated programme whose main focus is to address key social, economic, and political issues for the African continent. Within the NEPAD programme and vision is the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), which has been described as a system of self-assessment, constructive peer dialogue, persuasion, and sharing of experience among member states of the African Union. The APRM is the execution mechanism for NEPAD, whose mandate is to monitor the preformance of states in different programme areas including human rights. The mandate on human rights monitoring falls within the political governance component of the NEPAD Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance (NEPAD Declaration). The APRM has been introduced with a human rights monitoring component in a context where there already exist a number of other human rights mechanisms and institutions such as the African Commission. The proposed processes of the APRM in monitoring human rights in some ways resemble those of the African Commission while at the same time there are major differences between these mechanisms. For example, while the Africa Commission is a quasi-judicial body, which engages in legal processes, the APRM is a political process where heads of state are among the main actors. Some analysts have expressed the view that the creation of the APRM as a political process adds a vital component to the human rights monitoring in Africa which, since the creation of the African Commission, has remained purely legal and thus had limited success in ensuring human rights protection in Africa. While some have shared their doubt over the added value and role of the APRM in human rights monitoring, others have hailed it for providing a forum where heads of state will make political commitments for the protection of human rights. In this regard, the aim of this study is to analyse the role that the APRM will play in human rights monitoring in Africa. This analysis is done in relation to the work that is being done by the African Commission and the challenges that it has confonted over the years. In analysing the role of the APRM in human rights monitoring, this study unpacks the concept of peer review and analyse its practical implementation in Africa, especially in the field of human rights. This study also explores the implications on human rights protection and promotion of the co-existence of the African Commission and the APRM. ... Chapter 1 states the research questions/hypothesis, objectives of the study, relevance of study and literature review. It also looks at the scope and limitations of the study. Chapter 2 gives background information to the concept of peer review, how it is used in ensuring compliance with set standards by states and organisation. An analysis of the use of peer review by other international organisations is done. Further it gives an analysis of the APRM with a specific focus on its human rights monitoring role. Chapter 3 provides a brief background of the African Commission, its mandate and the challenges confronting it in its work. Thereafter there is an analysis of the challenges of the APRM in human rights monitoring and protection. Furthermore, the chapter critically analyses and evaluates peer review and its application in human rights monitoring in Africa. This chapter also highlights the similarities, overlaps and differences in the work and mandate of the APRM and the African Commission. Chapter 4 is the concluding chapter, which also provides recommendations for enhancing the efficiency and the co-operation of the APRM and the African Commission." -- Chapter 1.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Mebrahtu, Simon. "New architecture for the UN human rights treaties monitoring mechanisms : merging and partitioning the committees." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1244.
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"In the past 40 years these various procedures and outputs of the United Nations Human Rights Treaty System (UNHRTS) have gradually become sophisticated, developed and strengthened. It has made contributions to the promotion and protection of human rights. Despite its achievements, however, it also faces serious challenges and weaknesses, which induces some insider commentators to evaluate it as 'a system in crisis' and to criticise the whole system as one that urgently needs 'a complete overhaul'. From time to time, several proposals were made to improve the situation. However, the underlying problems persisted. Thus further and radical calls for re-organisation of the monitoring mechanism of the UNHRTS into a Unified and Standing Treaty Monitoring Body (USTMB) was made very recently. A further call for consolidation was made more explicit subsequently. In March 2006 the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) has issued a Concept Paper proposing to consolidate the current treaty monitoring bodies (TMBs) into a USTMB in an attempt to address the persistent problems the UNHTRS monitoring mechanism has been facing. A proposal regarded as too radical by many insiders of the UNHRTS. In view of the serious weaknesses of the UNHRTS monitoring mechanism, the initiated reform is a positive step. However, in seeking to introduce reform, and particularly within the UNHRTS, great caution is important not to throw the baby with water in the reform process. There is real concern about squandering, in the name of reform, the progress achieved over the last decades. In order to introduce an effective reform, it is important to be aware of [what] has worked and what has not, and make strategic choices based on these insights. In view of the proposed USTMB as a solution to the weakness of the system, balancing the reform initiative so that it will inherit the positive legacies while redressing the weakness is, therefore, a major contemporary concern." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Mr. E.Y. Benneh at the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Lihuvud, Svensson Nathalie. "The universal periodic review : a study on the effectiveness of the United Nations Human Rights Council´s monitoring mechanism." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-115624.
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Almakky, Rawa Ghazy. "The League of Arab States and the protection of human rights : a legal analysis." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11067.
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The United Nations has created an abundance of human rights treaties and declarations over the decades to promote a culture of human rights and to set normative provisions of human rights standards for all states to follow. This broad effort is supplemented by the work of regional human rights organisations, which aim to ensure implementation of these fundamental precepts, and to enhance its work to suit its regional circumstances, offering a protective source of jurisprudence at the domestic level. One such organisation, which this thesis examines, is the Arab League. In critically examining the history and the work of the Arab League, the study highlights the deficiencies in promoting and protecting human rights. In this context, this thesis critically examines the Arab League’s development and relationship with the wider international human rights apparatus. It provides a comprehensive overview of the system of the United Nations and its specialised organs that with the resolutions adopted helped the League establish its own regional human rights systems. It traces the history of the application of international human rights discourse in the Arab world. Accordingly, an attempt is made to conceptualise the universality of human rights in the region and the impact of the Shariah discourse. It then attempts to provide an analytic description of the Arab League and background to the region and undertakes an in-depth critical analysis of the structure of the League and assesses its impact in the region, all of which may have incentives to the League’s attempt to institutionalise, promote and protect human rights. The study considers the efforts made by the Arab Permanent Commission on Human Rights and its specialised agencies that ultimately led to the adoption of the Arab Charter on Human Rights (1994). After examining the limitations of the Commission and its work, the scope and structure of the revised Arab Charter on Human Rights (2004) is critically analysed. The study also examines and evaluates the legislative framework of the Arab Human Rights Committee (the Charter’s enforcement mechanism as per Art.45). A case study of the Syrian Arab Republic and the analysis of continuing violations of human rights in the region illustrate the deficiencies and limitations of the Arab League as a regional organisation.
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Winter, Marie. "Die UNESCO-Strategie zu Menschenrechten und Umsetzung ("Monitoring")." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-129985.
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Ist von der Arbeit der UNESCO die Rede, werden ihre Aktivitäten zum Schutz der Menschenrechte häufig vernachlässigt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es deshalb, durch die Beschreibung und Bewertung der menschenrechtlichen Verpflichtungen und Aktivitäten der UNESCO, den Zusammenhang zwischen Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur und den
Menschenrechten aufzuzeigen und damit die Bedeutung der menschenrechtlichen Arbeit der UNESCO zu verdeutlichen.
Dabei wird zunächst auf die, von der UNESCO entwickelten, Strategie zum Schutz der Menschenrechte Bezug genommen und deren Inhalt und Umsetzung kritisch betrachtet. Zudem werden die beiden Monitoring-Verfahren der UNESCO (Staatenberichtsverfahren und Individualbeschwerdeverfahren) vorgestellt und analysiert. Dabei werden vor allem vorhandene Defizite und Probleme der menschenrechtlichen Arbeit der UNESCO hervorgehoben und gezeigt, dass insbesondere im Bereich der Monitoring-Verfahren Reformbedarf besteht.
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Manicom, Charlotte Joan Ogilvie. "Monitoring the unknown : improving adherence to the principle of non-refoulement through a 'monitoring network'." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4717.
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Simpson, James G. R. "Monitoring Marange : human rights surveillance, the Kimberley process, and Zimbabwe's blood diamonds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7d5dd95f-d15c-4111-83df-9c5ac327639a.
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This thesis examines the Kimberly Process (KP), a joint government, industry, and civil society initiative that launched a certification scheme in 2003 to stem the flow of 'conflict diamonds'. It traces its origins and early years and focuses on its later involvement in the politics around Zimbabwe's Marange diamond fields, where it entered into the terrain of human rights. Marange is used as a case study to explore a particular conception of power as it relates to the pursuit of human rights by local and international institutions. I use the debate around Stephen Hopgood's The Endtimes of Human Rights, specifically his argument that we are seeing the beginnings of a transnational rejection of international human rights law and the global institutions imposing it from above, as a springboard for an argument that we need to go beyond his top-down, legal-institutional emphasis if we are to explain the workings of human rights at Marange. I argue instead for a conception of disciplinary power that draws on Michel Foucault's work. The thesis offers a new perspective that focuses on how disciplinary power was exercised through the KP, and the surprising ways in which it came to bear on human rights. I describe the KP as a 'monitoring assemblage' that developed out of the diamond cartel, and rendered industry and state actors more visible as objects of knowledge, thereby disciplining them along norms promoted in the language the KP used to give meaning to its monitoring practices. This language was initially one of 'formalisation', of heightened state regulation with industry cooperation. Yet, the meaning given to the growing corpus of knowledge produced through the assemblage was changeable. This proved to be the case when there was a shift in the KP's founding 'strategic alignment', that is, the field of actors that first sought to constitute the monitoring assemblage by interacting and enabling each other through the common usage of a monitoring language. In making this case, I deploy a close reading of key texts, understood as forms of knowledge production that shaped disciplinary power, that were constructed by KP actors and their interlocutors for a range of public and private audiences. I argue that Marange precipitated a shift in the KP's founding strategic alignment, which brought about a human rights turn at the KP, partially subsuming its assemblage into the much vaster monitoring assemblage of the global human rights 'ecosystem', and giving rise to a new human rights language and knowledge production through the KP that disciplined the Zimbabwean state's behaviour in and around Marange. This outcome reflected forms of power that did not operate solely in top-down ways, through legal-institutional channels, or indeed for the sake of human rights norms. It represented acts of disciplining and self-disciplining that responded to ways in which knowledge and effective monitoring interacted with wider pressures and goals, including those of an ailing diamond cartel, rising international NGOs, Hollywood filmmakers, predatory Zimbabwean elite state actors, imperilled local Zimbabwean civil society actors, and a US-led western government push for Zimbabwean regime change.
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Khayundi, Francis Bulimo Mapati. "The Kenya National Human Rights Commission and the promotion, protection and monitoring of socio-economic rights in Kenya." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/60413.
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The promulgation of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya introduced socio-economic rights (SERs) amid widespread poverty and rising inequality. This study seeks to answer the overarching question, what role can the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR) play in promoting, protecting and monitoring SERs in Kenya? Further research questions included whether the KNCHR has the requisite powers to perform its mandate and what lessons could be learned from the South African context. The research sought to understand how the local context affects the ability of KNCHR to carry out its mandate. Likewise, it analyses some of the contributions KNCHR has made in the promotion and protection of SERs while identifying the challenges the Commission faces in carrying out its mandate. Several methodologies were utilised to answer the research questions above. The methodologies included the doctrinal method, analysis of secondary sources and interviews with key informants. A comparative legal research methodology was also employed, with the SAHRC being used as a case study on how NHRIs can promote, protect and monitor SERs. The findings from the research argue that the Paris Principles provide the minimum guidelines on the establishment of NHRIs. Compliance with these Principles has not necessarily guaranteed the effectives of NHRIs. Any assessment of an NHRI should be based on its performance and legitimacy considering the local factors obtaining within its jurisdiction. The domestic protection and judicial enforcement of human rights in Kenya, though crucial to the realisation of SERs, has been fraught with challenges. These challenges have meant that the realisation of SERs has been curtailed and necessitated complementary institutions for human rights to be realised. Given the country’s constitutional architecture, the KNCHR was one such institution that could complement the role of the judiciary given its wide mandate. With SERs a new feature of the 2010 Constitution, the KNCHR had to find ways to promote SERs in the country considering the local peculiarities such as poverty, a highly political climate and lack of political goodwill from the legislature and executive sometime characterised by open hostility. These challenges and the new nature of these rights called for a comparative study with the SAHRC given some similarities between the two jurisdictions. The SAHRC provided valuable lessons having had more experience in dealing with SERs while navigating similar challenges the KNCHR faced or might face. The findings of the research prompted recommendations directed at the KNCHR and other stakeholders, specifically the legislature and executive on how to address the challenges curtailing the performance of the KNCHR in general and particularly ways in which the Commission could go about in promoting, protecting and monitoring SERs.
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Matrosov, Pavel Igorevich. "Comparative analysis of constitutional law mechanism for human rights protection in Canada and Russia." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80941.
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This thesis offers a comparative analysis of the Constitutional law mechanism for human rights protection in Canada and Russia. Russia is experiencing a transition from the former soviet regime towards democracy and civil society. Since the beginning of the transition in 1991 Russia has made three major steps in that direction: the adoption of the Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of the Individual and Citizen of 1991, the Constitution of 1993 and the ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1998. However, the existent constitutional law mechanism for human rights protection is not fully effective due to its novelty for Russian society. A number of lessons can be learned from the Canadian and European experiences of human rights protection. Among them is the necessity to build the mechanism for human rights protection that will be based on the rule of law, direct application of the Constitution, and the creation of a human rights culture, supported by the people's trust in independent judicial institutions.
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Armah, Denise. "The prospects and challenges of a regional human rights mechanism for corporate responsibility in Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/36794.
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Kwenda, Inonge. "Infrequent and inadequate reporting under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: the African Peer Review Mechanism as a solution." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1218.
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"The promotion and protection of human rights is important both at the national and international level. However, at the national level, several factors including government excesses tend to negatively affect the status of implementation of human rights. This has led to national human rights situations being measured against international standards. In this regard, different strategies have been developed to ensure compliance with international norms, the most basic of which is that of state reporting. ... This procedure is found in international and regional human rights instruments. Examples are treaties in the United Nations (UN), European, Inter-American and African human rights systems. In the African system, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights is the core human rights instrument. The African Charter is seen as a 'unique' document that represents the 'African' concept of rights. ... Under article 1 of the Charter, state parties undertake to adopt legislative and other measures to give effect to the rights in the Charter. Article 62 obliges each state party to submit every two years, from the date the Charter comes into force, a report on the legislative or other measures taken with a view to giving effect to the rights and freedoms recognised and guaranteed by the Charter. The organ responsible for evaluation of reports is the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (African Commission). ... It should be noted from the outset that the African Commission's competence to ensure effective implementation of the African Charter by member states has been affected due to various problems affecting the state reporting system. The most endemic of these include infrequent and inadequate reporting. ... Chapter one introduces the study, the framework of the problem that the study seeks to address and the methodology to be employed. Chapter two discusses the concept of state reporting, how the system works under the African Charter and the challenges therein. A comparative analysis of other international and regional reporting systems is also made with the chief objective of identifying how they deal with state reporting problems. Chapter three presents an overview of the APRM which includes an analysis of the human rights aspects of the mechanism. Chapter four critically analyses how the APRM can be utilised to help the African Commission address the problems of infrequent and inadequate reporting under the African Charter, and chapter five contains the conclusion and recommendations of the study." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Alejandro Lorite at the Department of Law, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Flores, Baquero Óscar. "Development of methods for monitoring the water and sanitation sector at different scales through human rights lenses." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/322550.
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El reconocimiento del Derecho Humano al Agua y Saneamiento (DHAS) a través de las resoluciones de la Asamblea General y del Consejo de Derechos Humanos de Naciones Unidas en 2010 representa un gran avance en el sector del Agua, Saneamiento e Higiene ya que otorga a todos los seres humanos el derecho a la provisión de unos estándares mínimos en relación a estos servicios. Tres hechos sientan las bases que motivan la investigación: i) las instituciones internacionales tienen la potestad de supervisar el cumplimiento del Derecho Humano por parte de los Estados pero las herramientas necesarias para esta tarea aún han sido definidas, ii) este hito influye en la gobernanza y la toma de decisiones a diferentes escalas y iii) la medición del acceso al agua en la nueva era de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible exige tomar en cuenta el marco de los derechos humanos. Esto supone por un lado que su contenido debe ser considerado a la hora de conceptualizar el nivel de servicio a través de indicadores adecuados y por el otro, exige dar seguimiento a la reducción de las desigualdades. Este trabajo contribuye de manera significativa a cada uno de los tres retos presentados. En primer lugar, se identifican las plataformas JMP WHO/UNICEF y GLAAS como mecanismos de especial interés para aquellos que tienen el mandato de vigilar el cumplimiento del derecho, lo cual contribuye de alguna forma al desafío planteado. En este sentido, la información que ofrecen ha sido analizada tomando en consideración el marco de los derechos humanos. Se ha construido una matriz para identificar específicamente de qué manera estos datos se podrían combinar para la vigilancia del DHAS en un sentido amplio. La nueva propuesta de JMP contribuye considerablemente con indicadores de resultados para medir el disfrute de los titulares de derechos y GLAAS añade indicadores estructurales y de proceso para medir la conducta de los titulares de deberes. Sin embargo, todavía quedarían vacíos de información y en este sentido la tesis contribuye con algunas ideas acerca de la forma en que se podrían abordar estas deficiencias. En segundo lugar, se propone una metodología para la medición y el seguimiento del acceso al agua en zonas rurales haciendo uso del marco conceptual del derecho humano al agua. Los diferentes criterios del derecho han sido incluidos en encuestas y entrevistas estructuradas que han sido implementadas en hogares y comités de agua rurales, respectivamente. Se analizan y discuten las ventajas y los retos relacionados con la utilización de este marco. Además, el enfoque proporciona elementos con potencial para la definición de políticas que han sido discutidos. Por último, esta investigación desarrolla y testea una metodología para medir disparidades a nivel intra-comunitario basadas en los criterios normativos del derecho humano al agua. Para ello se lleva a cabo un muestreo estratificado donde se definen dos tipologías de casas; aquellas que consumen agua gestionada por los comités de ahia potable y las que se abastece de agua por sus propios medios. Este enfoque implica tomar en consideración poblaciones muy reducidas y por lo tanto se debe prestar especial atención a los tamaños de muestra y las incertidumbres asociadas a las estimaciones. La metodología propuesta es práctica a la hora de localizar y caracterizar con precisión la situación de sectores minoritarios en el seno de las comunidades rurales y permite ir más allá de lo que ofrecen los estimadores de tendencia central. Esto implica mayores costes para la recolección de datos en terreno que los enfoques tradicionales. Éstos son asumibles dada la relevancia de la propuesta desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, la cual exige desarrollar instrumentos adecuados para la definición de políticas con enfoque de equidad en el ámbito local. Además la investigación destaca cómo podrían utilizarse los resultados para los procesos de toma de decisionesThe recognition of the Human right to Water and Sanitation (HRWS) through UN General Assembly and Human rights Council Resolutions in 2010 represents great progress in the Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector as it entitles everyone to the provision of minimum standards of these essential services. Much effort has gone into the recognition of these emerging human rights so it is essential now to shift discussion from legal and conceptual framework to practice. In this sense, three facts give the motivation to this thesis: First, international institutions have the authority to monitor States compliance with the Human right to Water and Sanitation (HRWS) but the necessary tools for this task are not ready yet. Secondly, this milestone influences governance and decision making processes at different scales. And finally, measuring access to water in the Sustainable Development Goals era involves taking into account the human rights framework. Therefore, its content should be considered to conceptualize the level of service through adequate indicators and to follow-up inequities reduction at global, national and local level. Accordingly, this work contributes significantly to each of one the three challenges presented. First, human development sector has a wider experience on using information about progress which provides a perfect opportunity to develop this further. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) and UN Water GLAAS datasets could be used for those with a mandate to monitoring the right, contributing to this challenge. Consequently, the information they offer has been analysed through a human rights lens. A matrix has been constructed to specifically identify in which extend their datasets could be combined to monitoring HRWS in a broad sense. JMP-led post-2015 proposal considerably contributes with outcome indicators to measure right holders' enjoyment of the right and GLAAS adds structural and process ones to measure duty bearers' conduct. However, there are still some critical gaps if both UN Water platforms will be used to report progress on HRWS. The thesis forwards some ideas concerning the way these shortcomings could be addressed.Second, this work proposes a methodology for monitoring access to water in rural areas using the framework of this human right. The practicality of the approach is demonstrated by a case study carried out in Nicaragua. Different criteria of the right to water were included in surveys and structured interviews that were conducted in rural households and water committees, respectively. Discussion analyses advantages and challenges of using this framework. Finally, the approach provides elements for policy making that can be used by different stakeholders from development and human rights sectors. Finally, this research develops and tests a methodology to measure intra-community disparities based on human right to water normative criteria through a stratified sampling, splitting households served by community based organizations and those self-provided. This approach implies considering much reduced populations, thus special care needs to be taken with sample sizes and uncertainty of estimators. The proposed methodology is practical to locate and accurately characterize minority sectors within rural communities and allows moving beyond central-tendency estimators. It implies higher costs for field data collection than traditional approaches, but this can be assumed given the relevance of the approach from a human rights perspective, which calls for adequate tools for equity-oriented policy making at local level. The research point out how results might be used to shape decision-making processes
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Some, Kounkinè Augustin. "Governance assessment, a tool for human rights promotion : a critical look at the African Peer Review Mechanism." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1102.
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"Furthermore, the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) has been proposed as a key element of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The APRM is said to be the most remarkable innovation in the AU and the NEPAD framework designed to promote good governance and human rights. Its central purpose is to ensure the compliance of African states with the standards and practices of governance contained in the Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance (Durban Declaration). Although the APRM has been welcomed by a large number of development actors, there are also some doubts as to this mechanism working in the context of Africa. One of the main reasons for such reservations is that peer review on political governance has never been tested elsewhere before. ... The study is structured into five chapters. This first chapter serves as an introduction and has described the context of this paper by giving the background and general structure of the paper. Chapter two will briefly define the notion of peer review, highligting the founding context and the process of the APRM itself. This summary is necessary for a proper understanding of the paper. Chapter three will endeavor to point out the human rights aspects in the APRM, that is, the substance and potential of the mechanism for human rights protection and promotion, including references to international human rights instruments. Chapter four is a proposal for giving the APRM the best prospect for success; this will include adopting a 'population-based approach', meaning that the citizens are central part and owners of the process of the evaluation of government policies. Such ownership should produce a more realistic evaluation of the outcomes of public policies. Finally, chapter five will conclude this study by providing some recommendations as to how to ensure that APRM is a tool that guarantees human rights." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Doctor Enid Hill, Chair of the Department of Political Science, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
15
Techane, Meskerem Geset. "Where is the African Charter? Assessing the impact of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights in Mauritius." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18643.
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The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights is turning 30 since its adoption. The Charter is also soon turning to its 20 in Mauritius since ratification. The Charter indeed has been hailed for its unique normative content and aspired to be a beacon of human rights in the Continent which has attracted the attention of academicians as well as experts in the field of human rights. The Charter has undoubtedly affected domestic systems through the promotional and protective mandates exercised by the African Commission. How much the Charter has actually influenced domestic human rights practices however, has not yet formed much of the available literature. More so, Mauritius being a party to the Charter for nearly two decades has not enjoyed the attention of writers on the African Charter. Not much is known as to the interactions of Mauritius with the African system which calls for investigation of how much the Charter has influenced the domestic system for two decades long. Beyond formidable normative content, the success of a human rights system depends on the impact it exerts on domestic systems through shaping the behaviours, actions and practice of domestic institutions. Such reflection is therefore, important to gauge the impact of the African Charter and profile its future towards success. This study attempts to enlighten the impact of the African Charter in Mauritius by embarking on examination of the practices of domestic institutions and actors offering unexploited area to ponder critically.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Hoang, Nghia Van. "Jurisprudence of human rights and the mechanism for protection : A comparative study between Vietnam and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516728.
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Novoa, Curich Yvana Lucía. "Corruption as a discrimination mechanism." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117028.
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This research paper deals with the phenomenon of corruption as a crime not only from the perspective of criminal law, but as the cause of violations of fundamental rights. The article explains the concept of corruption and places this phenomenon in the international legal framework. Likewise, the content of the right to equality and the prohibition of discrimination is developed in this article. It exposed, with the help of examples, how that corruption violates Human Rights, affecting vulnerable groups in a particular and special way, and how well it ends up being a mechanism of structural discrimination in Peru.El presente artículo de investigación versa sobre el fenómeno de la corrupción no solo como delito, desde la perspectiva del derecho penal, sino como la causa de vulneraciones de derechos fundamentales. El artículo explica el concepto de corrupción y sitúa este fenómeno en el marco jurídico internacional. De igual manera, se desarrolla el contenido del derecho a la igualdad y la prohibición de discriminación. Se expone, con la ayuda de ejemplos, cómo es que la corrupción vulnera derechos humanos, afectando en mayor medida y de manera particular a grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad, y cómo así termina siendo un mecanismo de discriminación estructural en Perú.
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Phillips, John. "Enhancing the human rights dimension of international education : a holistic approach to the design, implementation and monitoring of the curriculum." Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438615.
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Gutter, Jeroen. "Thematic procedures of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and International Law: in search of a sense of community /." Antwerpen [u.a.] : Intersentia, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0710/2007397605.html.
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Obura, Ken Otieno. "Combating corruption while respecting human rights : a critical study of the non-conviction based assets recovery mechanism in Kenya and South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013159.
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The thesis contributes to the search for sound anti-corruption laws and practices that are effective and fair. It argues for the respect for human rights in the crafting and implementation of anti-corruption laws as a requisite for successful control of corruption. The basis for this argument is threefold: First, human rights provide a framework for checking against abuse of state’s police power, an abuse which if allowed to take root, would make the fight against corruption lose its legitimacy in the eye of the people. Second, human rights ensure that the interest of individuals is catered for in the crafting of anti-corruption laws and practices thereby denying perpetrators of corruption legal excuses that can be exploited to delay or frustrate corruption cases in the courts of law. Third, human rights provide a useful framework for balancing competing interests in the area of corruption control – it enables society to craft measures that fulfils the public interest in the eradication of corruption while concomitantly assuring the competing public interest in the protection of individual members’ liberties – a condition that is necessary if the support of the holders of these competing interests is to be enlisted and fostered in the fight against corruption. The thesis focuses on the study of the non-conviction based assets recovery mechanism, a mechanism that allows the state to apply a procedure lacking in criminal law safeguards to address criminal behaviour. The mechanism is thus beset with avenues for abuse, which if unchecked could have debilitating effects not only to individual liberties but also to the long term legitimacy of the fight against corruption. In this regard, the thesis examines how the human rights framework has been used in Kenya and South Africa to check on the potential dangers of the non-conviction based mechanism and to provide for a proportional balance between the imperative of corruption control and the guarantee against arbitrary deprivation of property. The aim is to unravel the benefits of respecting human rights in the fight against corruption in general and in the non-conviction based assets recovery in particular. Kenya and South Africa are chosen for study because they provide two models of non-conviction based mechanisms with different levels of safeguards, for comparative consideration.
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Andreasson, Tobias Martin English Media & Performing Arts Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Human rights obligations and Australian newspapers: a media monitoring project, using peace journalism to evaluate Australian newspaper coverage of the 2004 HREOC report regarding children in detention centres." Publisher:University of New South Wales. English, Media, & Performing Arts, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41211.
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This research thesis investigates news journalists?? role in the promotion and protection of peace and human rights. I explore how news journalists do not just have the ability, through the discursive selections they make, to be a catalyst for peace and non-violent solutions, it is their obligation under international human rights. My study links arguments about universal ethics for media based on international human rights with the practical and analytical approach of ??peace journalism??. The main argument rests on the idea that objectivity or impartiality in news journalism does not equal ethical neutrality since there is always a discursive selection made by the news journalists. In order to monitor whether news journalists discursive selections comply with the international human rights obligations, I have explored how the Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission (HREOC) report A Last Resort? were covered in three Australian newspapers when it was published in 2004. The HREOC report was a testament of human rights abuses by the Australian Federal Governments towards children in Australian detention centres. I establish that health professionals were a significant group for both HREOC??s main findings and recommendations and a key group for the contextualisation of the human rights violations explored and exposed in the HREOC report. Informed by conflict analysis and peace studies theories I argue HREOC establish how the detention policy equals ??structural violence?? that caused ??direct violence??, which was justified and normalised because ??cultural violence??. I use discourse analysis to explore the discursive selections in the newspapers, and establish that the report received limited coverage and health professionals were omitted in the news while the political conflict was reported. This trivialised the report and health professionals?? role, which led to the naturalisation and normalisation of the violence. I finally reinforce these finding by exploring alternatives to the coverage using a peace journalism framework, which further clarifies the subjective nature of the discursive selection.
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Njoroge, Mercy Waithira. "Ships passing in the night? Opportunities to integrate the African Peer Review Mechanism: early warning findings within the African Union Peace and Security Architecture." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12683.
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The potent nature of the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) as an early warning tool may remain in oblivion unless its peace
and security mandate is identified and benefitted from by the Africa Union (AU) Peace and Security
Architecture. The objectives of this study are:
a) To examine the AU and sub-regional organizational mechanisms on early warning as well as
their strengths and weaknesses.
b) To map out the APRM mandate in peace and security from the concept, instruments,
process and reports.
c) To draw both conceptual and practical links between the Continental Early Warning System
and the APRM reports.
d) To make recommendations of how APRM early warning findings can be integrated within the
AU Peace and Security Architecture for early response.A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Katarina Crause, Institute for Human Rights, Abo Akademi University, Finland.
LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Eba, Patrick Michael. "'The sins of the saviours': formulating a comprehensive and effective response to violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed by ECOMOG peacekeepers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1078.
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"Ideally, peacekeeping operations demonstrate the concern of the international community in situations of instability or conflict arising between or within states. They are conceived to bring about peace and 'ensure the effective promotion and protection of [human] rights'. As a result, peacekeeping operations as well as peacekeepers are expected to comply with standards of human rights and humanitarian law. With respect to the Economic Community of West African States Cease-Fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), its intervention in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau, and Côte d'Ivoire have been generally welcomed as a response to barbaric and devastating wars in West Africa. However, the observation of ECOMOG missions reveals several instances of violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed by ECOMOG peacekeepers. These violations include attacks against civilians, summary executions, rapes, torture, looting, etc. In other words, the saviours have turned into violators of rights. While these violations have provoked concern and indignation, few measures have been taken to address the problem, hold peacekeepers accountable and prevent abuses in the future. ... This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one provides, among other, the background of the study, the statement of the research problem and the significance of the study. Chapter two gives an insight into the creation, structure, mechanisms and evolution of ECOMOG as the peacekeeping organ of ECOWAS. Chapter three examines the basis for the applicability of human rights and international humanitarian law to peacekeepers and shows the violations committed by the ECOMOG peacekeepers since 1990. Chapter four analyses the responses to abuses committed by ECOMOG peacekeepers. It discusses the national, regional and universal responses to these abuses. It investigates both prevention and accountability mechanisms existing to address abuses committed by ECOMOG peacekeepers. It also explores some potential accountability and prevention mechanisms. Finally, chapter five makes some concluding remarks and suggests specific recommendations for the improvement of the existing responses." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Svensson-McCarthy, Anna-Lena. "The international law of human rights and states of exception : with special reference to the "Travaux préparatoires" and case-law of the international monitoring organs /." The Hague ; Boston (Mass.) ; London : M. Nijhoff, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37673121s.
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Nordström, Anders. "The Interactive Dynamics of Regulation : Exploring the Council of Europe's Monitoring of Ukraine." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Political Science, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7485.
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In a time when a host of new and untested democracies seek membership in international organisations founded on liberal norms, the question of how to include new members without jeopardizing community values has become of growing concern, particularly as the regulation of practices in sovereign states often relies on soft moral or political commitment rather than on hard legal obligation. The Council of Europe’s (CoE) monitoring of new members after entry represents a soft method of socialising newcomers. In the case of Ukraine, this process has been unusually difficult, and full of strife and open confrontation. This experience runs contrary to the belief that soft regulation is either harmonic or impossible. The aim of the thesis is to explore how a regulated process of inclusion develops over time, and to discuss how such a process can safeguard community values.
The study shows that an interactive dynamic developed between the European and the Ukrainian levels. The political struggle in Ukraine was, through the actions of the political opposition in Ukraine and the CoE’s monitors, transformed into a contest in the CoE over how to interpret Ukraine’s membership promises. European values were protected by the evolution of a mode of governance based on responsiveness to local concerns and on public discussion. In the process, the legal and political systems of the CoE and Ukraine were intertwined in ever more complex webs of dialogue. By being grounded in both the Ukrainian and European political discourses, the process was able to sustain a critical discussion on the terms of the agreement and maintain its relevance for the actors involved. The monitoring process displays how community values and autonomy of a member state can be combined in an unexpected way without resulting in a hierarchical order. This may not fulfil the requirements of the international rule of law, but it is clearly a case of soft and responsive transnational regulation of state practices.
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Sá, Ofélia de. "Direitos esquecidos:uma análise de experiências de vida das pessoas com dificiência nas regiões do Porto, Lisboa e Algarve." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4425.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Política SocialNo presente estudo procedeu-se à análise de experiências de vida de 32 pessoas com deficiência das regiões do Porto, Lisboa e Algarve, com o intuito de avaliar em que medida estas pessoas encontram ou não oportunidades de realizar os seus direitos humanos na vida quotidiana. Utilizando a metodologia do projeto Disability Rights Promotion International (DRPI), a análise teve por base princípios básicos de direitos humanos - a autonomia, dignidade, não-discriminação e igualdade, participação, inclusão e acessibilidade e o respeito pela diferença das pessoas com deficiência - incidindo nos domínios da Participação Social, do acesso à Segurança Económica e aos Serviços de Apoio e do acesso ao mercado de trabalho. Os relatos recolhidos das entrevistas demonstraram que as pessoas com deficiência encontram sérios obstáculos e limitações ao exercício dos seus direitos humanos. Como fatores de isolamento social e discriminação destacou-se a inacessibilidade aos sistemas de transporte, ao meio edificado e aos sistemas de informação e comunicação. O acesso ao mercado de trabalho é limitado pelos preconceitos, estereótipos e representações negativas que a sociedade portuguesa tem face às pessoas com deficiência. Penalizadora também é a desadequação dos serviços de apoio personalizado, que dificultam a este grupo o acesso a uma vida independente.
In this study we proceeded to analyze the life experiences of 32 disabled people in the regions of Porto, Lisbon and Algarve, in order to assess the extent to which these people have opportunities to realize their human rights in everyday life. Using the methodology of the project Disability Rights Promotion International (DRPI) the analysis was based on basic principles of human rights - autonomy, dignity, non-discrimination and equality, participation, inclusion and accessibility and respect for difference for people with disabilities - focusing on the areas of social participation, access to economic security and support services and access to the labour market. The reports collected from the interviews showed that people with disabilities encounter serious obstacles and limitations to the exercise of their human rights. As factors of social isolation and discrimination the interviewees emphasized the inaccessibility of transport systems and the built environment as well as in the information and communication systems. Access to the labour market is limited by the prejudices, stereotypes and negative representations that the Portuguese society has regarding people with disabilities. It is also penalizing the mismatch of existing support services, which make it difficult for this group to enjoy an independent life.
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Frisell, Marcus. "Information visualization of microservice architecture relations and system monitoring : A case study on the microservices of a digital rights management company - an observability perspective." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233463.
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90% of the data that exists today has been created over the last two years only. Part of the data space is created and collected by machines, sending logs of internal measurements to be analyzed and used to evaluate service incidents. However, efficiently comprehending datasets requires more than just access to data, as Richard Hamming puts it; "The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers." A tool to simplify apprehension of complex datasets is information visualization, which works by transforming layers of information into a visual medium, enabling the human perception to quickly extract valuable information and recognise patterns. This was an experimental design-oriented research study, set out to explore if an information visualization of microservice architecture relations combined with system health data could help developers at a Swedish digital rights management company (DRMC) to find root cause incidents, increase observability and decision support, i.e. simplifying the incident handling process. To explore this, a prototype was developed and user tests consisting of a set of tasks as well as a semi-structured interview was executed by ten developers at DRMC. The results concluded that the proposed solution provided a welcomed overview of service health and dependencies but that it lacked the ability to effectively focus on certain services, essentially making it difficult to find root causes. Visualizations like this seems to be best suited for overview-, rather than focused, comprehension. Further research could be conducted on how to efficiently render large complex datasets while maintaining focus and how to account for external factors.90% av alla data som finns idag har skapats under de senaste två åren. En del av datautrymmet skapas och samlas in av maskiner som genererar loggar innehållandes interna systemmätningar för att utvärdera felaktiga tjänster. För att effektivt förstå ett dataset krävs mer än bara tillgång till data, som Rickard Hamming har sagt; “Syftet med datoranvändning är insikt, inte siffror.” Ett verktyg för att förenkla ens uppfattning av komplexa dataset är informationsvisualisering. Det fungerar genom att transformera lager av information till ett visuellt medium, och på så sätt tillåta mänsklig perception att snabbt extrahera värdefull information och utläsa mönster. Det här var en experimentell, design-orienterad, forskningsstudie med syftet att utforska ifall en informationsvisualisering av mikrotjänsters relationer kombinerat med system-hälso-data kunde hjälpa utvecklare på ett svenskt förvaltningsföretag av digitala rättigheter (DRMC) att hitta grundorsaken till felaktiga mikrotjänster samt utöka observerbarhet och beslutstöd, d.v.s. förenkla felhanteringsprocessen. För att utforska detta problem så utvecklades en prototyp som testades genom att låta tio utvecklare på DRMC utföra ett antal olika uppgifter samt svara på en semi-strukturerad intervju. Resultatet visade på att den föreslagna lösningen möjliggjorde en välkommen överblick över systemets hälsa och relationer, men också att den saknade möjligheten att effektivt fokusera på specifika tjänster, vilket ledde till att grundorsaksproblem var svåra att hitta. Visualiseringar som denna verkar fungera bäst för att presentera en överblick av ett system, snarare än ett fokus på specifika tjänster. Framtida forskning skulle kunna utföras för att utreda hur visualiseringar effektivt kan återge komplexa dataset utan att förlora fokus på specifika delar, samt hur externa faktorer kan integreras.
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Ashley, Louisa Jane. "A critical appraisal of human rights monitoring through the lens of global governance theory : the Universal Periodic Review in relation to Yemen as a state in crisis." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22229/.
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This thesis employs global governance theory to undertake a critical investigation of the function of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) as a governance regime in relation to concepts of legitimacy and authority, particularly in response to the state of Yemen as a state in crisis. Fundamental to this investigation is the conceptualisation of the global human rights framework as an ‘international human rights regime complex’. This contributes to an evaluation of the UPR’s governance function as an entity that supports multi-directional interaction between the institutions within that regime complex. This study evaluates the governance function of the UPR regarding its input (source) legitimacy, procedural legitimacy and output (substantive) legitimacy. It assesses the means by which the UPR commands authority and legitimises other entities within the proposed ‘international human rights regime complex’ and the evolving role of civil society. Alongside this, a central focus is a recognition and exploration of the various challenges to the UPR’s legitimacy and authority. This includes matters of process compliance above substantive compliance, states failing to implement recommendations, politicisation and ritualism, and reprisals against human rights defenders. These matters are variously subject to the historical, cultural and social context of a state or region and the broader geopolitical dynamic, as well as the institutional failings of the United Nations (UN). Whilst a peer review mechanism such as the UPR cannot resolve these challenges of itself, it has an important role to play. Taking account of this context, this thesis concludes with recommendations to strengthen the UPR’s governance function generally and in particular for states in crisis such as Yemen. It closes by contemplating what states such as Yemen might lose in the absence of the UPR.
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Foley, Edmund Amarkwei. "Taking a critical look at conflict resolution and human rights from the Organisation of African Unity to the African Union." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/1083.
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"The Organisation of African Unity (OAU), in spite of its commitments to human rights, failed to develop its institutions for conflict resolution and thus address the problem of massive and grave human rights violations that occurred as a result of conflicts. The OAU failed to actively engage the African Commission, which was established to promote and protect human rights, in addressing any of the conflicts in Africa. The OAU also failed to take action on the reports of the African Commission, in which the Commission had highlighted cases of massive and grave violations of human rights occasioned from conflicts. Consequently, most of the conflicts in Africa have not been fully resolved and there are still instances of sporadic outbreaks of violent conflicts with fatal consequences. The African Union (AU) improves upon the commitment of the OAU to human rights and conflict resolution by incorporating human rights norms into its Constitutive Act and the establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AUPSC). However, the AU is yet to demonstrate its real commitment to human rights and conflict resolution particularly in taking action on reports of violations of human rights occurring as a result of conflicts. ... This thesis is composed of five chapters. This first chapter provides a general introduction to the thesis and outlines its structure. Chapter two looks at the relationship between human rights and conflict resolution and examines some of the tensions that exist between the two fields in terms of their normative standards, objectives and strategies. The third chapter then looks at the mechanisms for conflict resolution in Africa under the OAU, manely the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration (CMCA) and the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution (MCPMR), their successes and failures and the lessons that can be drawn from their performance and also discusses the role of the African Commission in conflict resolution. Chapter four discusses the AUPSC, its structure, powers, organisaton and performance so far. Chapter five covers the conclusions and recommendations of the study." -- Introduction.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Enid Hill at the Department of Political Science, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, American University in Cairo, Egypt
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/llm1.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Podkowik, Jan. "Journalistic monitoring and privilege in the era of new telecommunications technologies under the Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115856.
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The digital age has reconfigured the security services, especially the forms of mass surveillance aimed at preventing various threats to society. However, this scenario may become problematic from the perspective of protecting the freedom of the media and journalistic privilege. The author of this article offers an overview of the scope of the protection of the journalistic privilege pursuant to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as its management in Poland from the developments prepared by its Constitutional Court.La era digital ha reconfigurado los servicios de seguridad, sobre todo las formas de vigilancia masiva que buscan prevenir distintas amenazas para la sociedad. No obstante, este escenario puede convertirse en problemático desde la perspectiva de la protección de la libertad de los medios de comunicación y del privilegio periodístico. El autor del presente artículo nos ofrece un panorama sobre los alcances de la tutela del privilegio periodístico en el Convenio Europeo para la Protección de los Derechos Humanos y de las Libertades Fundamentales, así como sobre su tratamiento en Polonia a partir de los desarrollos realizados por su Tribunal Constitucional.
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Pimenta, de Castro Fonseca Catarina. "The death of the communal handpump? : rural water and sanitation household costs in lower-income countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8512.
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Rural water supply and sanitation in low and middle income countries face the same challenges now as in the 1970s. Despite massive efforts in providing communal “borehole with handpump” and “improved latrines” to improve the lives of millions of people, this traditional approach to development is failing to deliver long lasting improved services - even if for the last 40 years many attempts have been made to solve problems in the approach. The main research question is “Can low-income rural families pay for rural water supply and sanitation?” This thesis has analysed household poverty and costs on water and sanitation services in Mozambique and Ghana based on 3,049 surveys collected between 2009-2010 by the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre WASHCost project. Evidence shows that even extreme poor households can and do pay for improved water and sanitation services. However, households prefer to pay for more expensive services to reduce the distance required to collect water instead of paying for the cheaper maintenance of communal (further away) sources. For sanitation, without targeted support towards the poorest, improved latrines might be unaffordable. Also, without follow up support, behaviour change and health impact will not be sustained. Small increases in the wealth of the poorest have a large impact on the services demanded in terms of quantity, distance and time spend as well as an increase in the level of capital and maintenance expenditure. Ultimately, the world now is not the same as in the 1970s and for achieving universal sustainable coverage for water and sanitation we need to rethink the failed traditional approach to development in low income countries with a deeper understanding of the market segmentation in the lowest quintile of the population and their real aspirations and demand.
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Штирхунова, А. Д. "Місце і роль Національної поліції у соціально-правовому механізмі забезпечення прав людини." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/9825.
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В повідомленні досліджується місце і роль Національної поліції у соціально-правовому механізмі забезпечення прав людини. Даються висновки і рекомендації.В сообщении исследуется место и роль Национальной полиции в социально-правовом механизме обеспечения прав человека. Даются выводы и рекомендации.
In a report a place and role of the National police is probed in the sociallegal mechanism of providing of human rights. Conclusions and recommendations are given.
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Matias, Daniela de Oliveira Lima. "O Relatório Periódico Universal como novo mecanismo de monitoramento internacional: inovações, funcionamento e o desempenho brasileiro nos dois primeiros ciclos." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4422.
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The central object of the thesis herein is the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), new human rights monitoring mechanism created with the United Nations (UN) reform, in 2005. In order to respond to the selectivity criticisms of the old Comission, which centered its attention towards specific countries, the UPR constitutes a new tool of universal approach, through which all UN member states shall apply periodically, without excepcions. The main problem this research intends to answer relates to the duplicity of obligations gathered by the States, already overloaded with other monitoring duties. As such, the problem may be reduced to the following question: is the UPR indeed innovative or merely represents one more formal obligation to the countries? The hypothesis is that the UPR is a reflection of the natural wear, as well as the development and remodeling of the traditional monitoring mechanisms, notably the committees periodic reports, without, otherwise, dispense their value. Furthermore, as an international law tool, its success depends directly on the States efforts during the review proceedings. The central author of the thesis is Philip Alston, UN independent expert who researched the effectiveness of the UN treaty monitoring system. The methodology chosen reflects a bibliographical and document analysis, through the study of newly written scientific articles related to the subject, as well as the documents used in the brazilian reviews, in Geneva. It is structured in three chapters. The first one focuses on the traditional human rights monitoring tools, in order to provide a general view on the theme. Consequently, the second chapter is exclusively dedicated to the UPR itself, its innovations, peculiarities and functioning. Finally, the last one centers on the brazilian performance on the 2008 and 2012 cicles, after a brief analysis of its international and regional historical commitments to human rights.
O Relatório Periódico Universal (RPU), objeto desta dissertação, é o novo mecanismo de monitoramento dos direitos humanos, criado a partir da reforma da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), em 2005. Com o objetivo de responder os questionamentos acerca da seletividade da antiga Comissão, que concentrava atenções tão somente em alguns países, o RPU constitui ferramenta de avaliação universal, através da qual todos os Estados membros das Nações Unidas se submetem, sem exceções. A questão central deste trabalho refere-se à duplicidade de obrigações para os Estados, já sobrecarregados pelos demais mecanismos de monitoramento onusianos. Dessa forma, o problema reduz-se à seguinte pergunta: seria o RPU realmente inovador ou representa apenas mais uma obrigação formal para os países? Parte-se da hipótese que o RPU é fruto do desgaste natural e do aprimoramento dos mecanismos tradicionais de monitoramento, notadamente dos relatórios periódicos, sem, contudo, prescindí-los. Ademais, como ferramenta de direito internacional, seu sucesso depende diretamente do efetivo compromisso estatal durante os procedimentos de revisão. O marco teórico desta pesquisa é Philip Alston, expert independente das Nações unidas responsável pela elaboração de estudo acerca da efetividade do monitoramento dos mecanismos convencionais de direitos humanos. A metodologia utilizada é essencialmente bibliográfica-documental, baseada em recentes artigos produzidos sobre a temática, bem como na avaliação dos documentos relativos ao Estado brasileiro utilizados nos debates, em Genebra. O trabalho estrutura-se em três capítulos. O primeiro foca nas ferramentas tradicionalmente utilizadas no monitoramento internacional dos direitos humanos, proporcionando visão geral do tema. Por sua vez, o segundo capítulo dedica-se exclusivamente ao RPU, suas inovações, peculiaridades e funcionamento. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo centra-se no desempenho do Brasil nas revisões de 2008 e 2012, após breve análise do seu histórico de comprometimento internacional e regional.
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Souza, Adilson Paes de. "A educação em direitos humanos na polícia militar." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2140/tde-27092012-093421/.
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Com base no que Platão estabelece para a formação do guardião da cidade, neste trabalho, foi analisado o desenvolvimento da educação em direitos humanos, no Curso de Formação de Oficiais da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, seus reflexos na atividade policial e seus efeitos na sociedade. Tendo como referência documentos legais e exemplos práticos, foi proposta uma nova forma de educação em direitos humanos, através da criação, por lei, de uma comissão de monitoramento composta por membros da sociedade civil, cuja finalidade é assegurar a transparência e o efetivo controle social em tão importante tema, visando a supremacia da dignidade humana e do Estado de DireitoTaking into consideration what Plato establishes for the formation of the guardian of the city, this essay analyzed the development of education in human rights, in the Graduation Course for Officers of São Paulo State Military Police, its repercussions on police activity and its effects in society. Considering as reference legal documents and practical examples, it was proposed a new model of education in human rights, through the creation by law of a monitoring committee formed by members of the civil society, whose purpose is to ensure transparency and an effective social control in such an important issue aiming the supremacy of human dignity and the Rule-of-Law.
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Mendes, Carla Sofia Faria. "Monitorizar os direitos humanos das pessoas com deficiência: análise de dados do projecto Disability Rights Promotion International na Cidade de Toronto, Canadá." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4678.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Política SocialA presente dissertação pretendeu analisar as experiências de vida de pessoas com deficiência na cidade de Toronto, no Canadá, explorando as barreiras que estas enfrentam no seu quotidiano e conhecendo a actualidade dos instrumentos de direitos humanos existentes e a sua aplicação no terreno. A partir da análise qualitativa e em profundidade das Experiências Individuais de 43 pessoas com deficiência, foram identificadas as questões de direitos mais prioritárias e importantes para estas, sendo os resultados posteriormente analisados à luz da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência. Os domínios da Participação Social e do Trabalho, tendo sido as áreas que mais se destacaram com o maior número de experiências negativas, revelaram a grande lacuna que existe no acesso aos direitos humanos no meio social e laboral. Apesar do conjunto de princípios regulados pela Convenção, experiências de indignidade, exclusão, inacessibilidade, desigualdade e desrespeito são comuns entre as narrativas pessoais dos cidadãos com deficiência. Não obstante os inúmeros instrumentos de direitos humanos disponíveis, as pessoas com deficiência continuam a experienciar situações de violação dos seus direitos. Impedidas de exercer plenamente os seus direitos, continuam a ser vítimas de uma sociedade que as exclui das suas relações sociais, políticas, económicas e culturais.
This dissertation aims to analyze the life experiences of people with disabilities in the city of Toronto, Canada, exploring the barriers they face in their daily lives and understand the timeliness of existing human rights instruments and their implementation on the ground. Drawing from the qualitative and in-depth analyses of the individual experiences of 43 persons with disabilities this study has identified the rights issues that are more important for them and examined these results in the light of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The domains of Social Participation and Labour are the most outstanding areas with the highest number of negative experiences, revealing the wide gap that exists in access to human rights in these domains. Despite the principles stated by the Convention, the experiences of indignity, exclusion, inaccessibility, inequality and disrespect are common in the personal narratives of people with disabilities. Although there are numerous human rights instruments available to people with disabilities they continue to experience situations of violations of their rights. Prevented from fully exercising their rights, they thus continue to be victims of a society that excludes them from their social, political, economic and cultural life.
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Martin, Céline N. C. "Protection(s) régionale(s) des droits humains en Asie : vers une cour asiatique des droits humains ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0517.
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La naissance du régionalisme asiatique des droits humains n’est pas un mythe. Il est vrai que l’Asie se distingue par l’absence d’un mécanisme régional officiel. Pourtant, malgré des contextes diversifiés et complexes, émane de la plupart des États asiatiques une reconnaissance au moins formelle des droits humains fondamentaux. Les proclamations dans les constitutions, la création –pas encore généralisée– d’institutions nationales des droits humains en témoignent, ainsi que l’acclimatation à l’examen périodique universel, même si ce dernier semble être préféré aux procédés plus intrusifs des comités onusiens… et même si des violations massives de droits humains ont encore lieu. En fait, les éléments d’un régionalisme des droits humains apparaissent en Asie. À l’intérêt croissant que portent à ces droits les associations d’États à vocation économique, notamment l’ASEAN – dont l’attractivité s’élargit –, s’ajoute la transnationalisation des mouvements de la société civile. L’expérience grandissante de la Commission intergouvernementale de l’ASEAN et l’interaction des facteurs interétatiques avec les facteurs transnationaux de changement créent une dynamique, qui fait que la mise en place d’une cour asiatique des droits humains semble n’être plus aujourd’hui qu’une question de tempsThe birth of human rights regionalism in Asia is not a myth. Although Asia distinguished itself with the absence of a formal regional mechanism for the protection of human rights, its relevance shall not to be questioned. Evolving within various challenging contexts, most Asian States formally recognise fundamental human rights while tolerating domestic and international enforcement mechanisms. Thus, a preference is given to constitutions and their courts, NHRIs and UPR against most intrusive mechanisms such as the UN committees. Nevertheless, elements of a human rights regionalism are rising upon Asia’s economic associations increasing interest in human rights – such as the ASEAN – and the civil society broadening interest for transnational movements. A comparative analysis into the Asian States relationships with these mechanisms will reveal worrying signs of massive human rights violations. However, acknowledging the continuous recognition of human rights as well as the growing experience of the ASEAN Intergovernmental commission, it is believed the enactment of an Asian human rights court is now only a matter of time
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Zhang, Qian. "La chine et les droits de l’homme : évolution et perspectives juridiques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111015.
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Dès le sixième siècle avant J.-C. l’homme a été défini comme un « être d’une certaine hauteur, dont la forme de la main est différente de celle du pied, qui possède des cheveux et des dents, et qui peut se déplacer vite et debout ». Il prit alors deux formes de statut : celui de ren pour désigner un homme de vertu ou qui exerce une fonction publique ou privée ; et celui de min pour désigner celui qui n’exerce aucune fonction publique. La société chinoise s’est construite sur cette séparation : les ren, encadré par leur vertu, doivent rendre service aux min et à la société ; et les min disposent de certains droits fondamentaux vis-à-vis des ren. De ce fait, la Chine traditionnelle a mis en place deux mécanismes de protection de ceux-ci : la requête individuelle que les min peuvent utiliser pour valoir leurs droits fondamentaux contre des actes ou des hommes public qui leur ont porté atteinte, et le zuiji zhao par lequel les empereurs s’auto-punissent. Avec le temps, trois formes du contrôle de conformité des actes publics ont été successivement mise en place. A la fin de la dynastie des Qing les droits humains fondamentaux chinois seront confrontés aux droits de l'homme occidentaux auxquels les chinois s’identifièrent parce qu’ils correspondaient à leur tradition temporairement écartée. Trois réformes politico-juridiques principales furent engagées successivement par les Chinois afin de la rétablir et de la concilier avec les théories et les expériences occidentales dans ce domaine. Le point culminant de cette rencontre fut la participation chinoise àl’élaboration de la DUDH et la nomination de son représentant comme vice-président de son comité d’élaboration. En 1949 la République populaire de Chine remplaça la République de Chine. Dans un premier temps ses dirigeants se montrèrent assez sensibles aux droits de l'homme et à leur protection ; mais la Révolution culturelle anéantit cette démarche, créant une situation dont la Chine d’aujourd’hui souffre encore. Ces dernières années, les droits de l'homme connaissent en Chine une forme de renaissance qui se traduit dans les domaines législatif, éducatif, administratif et judiciaire. Le caractère encourageant et constructif de ce mouvement, qui s’appuie sur les exemples étrangers et sur certains progrès régionaux, mais qui se fonde sur les traditions principalement confucéennes chinoises, laisse envisager une protection des droits de l’homme dans le pays analogue à celle qui est garantie dans les pays les plus avancésThe concept of human being was defined in China since the sixth century B.C. as "a living organism which has a certain height, its hands are different from its feet,covered by hair and has developed teeth, capable of moving quickly in an uprightposture". Since then, two categories of men were defined: the ren, to designate a virtuous man or somebody who xercises public or private functions; and the min, to designate men who have no public power. The Chinese society was built on thisdistinction: the ren, known by their virtuosity, might offer their services to the min and the society itself, and the min have some fundamental rights towards ren population. For that reason, ancient China set up two protection mechanisms: min’sindividual queries to request the respect of their fundamental rights against actions from public agents, and the zuiji zhao, mechanism used by the emperors to punish themselves. Over time, three compliance control mechanisms were developed. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, this Chinese approach to fundamental human rights was compared to Western approach to human rights by the Chinese population, who recognized themselves in the western approach, following the disturbance in the Chinese tradition led by the Manchu. For the re-establishment of Chinese tradition, three main political and legal reforms were carried out by the Chinese in order to restore their tradition, abandoned by the Manchus, and to conciliate Western theories and experiences with Chinese approach. A turning point was achieved with thecontribution of China in the development of UDHR, and the nomination of the Chinese representative as vice president of the redaction committee
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Зубарева, Антоніна Євгенівна, Антонина Евгеньевна Зубарева, and Antonina Y. Zubareva. "Міжнародно-правовий статус Комітету ООН з прав людини." Thesis, Одеса, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11300/1964.
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Зубарева А. Є. Міжнародно-правовий статус Комітету ООН з прав людини : дис. ... к.ю.н. : 12.00.11 / Зубарева Антоніна Євгенівна. - Одеса, 2015. - 211 арк.У дисертації досліджено зміст міжнародно-правового статусу Комітету ООН з прав людини. Розглянуто юридичні підстави діяльності Комітету, проведено їх класифікацію. Проаналізовано історичну ретроспективу створення та діяльності Комітету, основні підходи до його місця в системі міжнародного співробітництва в сфері захисту прав людини на різних етапах. Досліджено внутрішньо-організаційний механізм Комітету, основні правові засади його функціонування. Особливу увагу приділено компетенції Комітету, вивченню функцій та повноважень цього міжнародного органу, процедури його діяльності. Вивчено проблеми реалізації повноважень Комітету з розгляду доповідей держав-учасниць Міжнародного Пакту про громадянські та політичні права 1966 р., індивідуальних повідомлень про порушення та міждержавних спорів, а також переваги та недоліки поточної процедури діяльності Комітету. Встановлено, що за юридичною природою рішення Комітету можна вважати «актами м’якого права» нарівні з рішеннями міжнародних організацій. Проаналізовано організаційно-правові засади взаємовідносин Комітету з іншими суб’єктами міжнародного співробітництва із захисту прав людини. Запропоновано шляхи розв’язання проблемних питань співпраці між Україною та Комітетом.
В диссертации исследовано содержание международно-правового статуса Комитета ООН по правам человека. Рассмотрены юридические основания деятельности Комитета, их классификация. Проанализирована историческая ретроспектива создания и деятельности Комитета, основные подходы к определению его места в системе международного сотрудничества в области прав человека на разных этапах. Исследовано внутриорганизационный механизм Комитета, основные правовые принципы его функционирования. Особое внимание обращено на компетенцию Комитета, изучены функции и полномочия этого международного органа, процедуры его деятельности. Проанализированы проблемы реализации полномочий Комитета по рассмотрению докладов государств-участников Международного Пакта о гражданских и политических правах 1966 г., индивидуальных сообщений о нарушениях и межгосударственных споров, а также преимущества и недостатки текущей процедуры деятельности Комитета. Установлено, что по своей юридической природе решения Комитета можно считать «актами мягкого права» наряду с решениями международных организаций. Проанализированы организационно-правовые основы взаимоотношений Комитета с другими субъектами международного сотрудничества по защите прав человека. Предложены способы решения проблемных вопросов сотрудничества между Украиной и Комитетом.
This dissertation reviews the contents of the international legal status of the UN Human Rights Committee. The first Chapter starts with the analysis of the historical background formation and development of the establishment and functioning of UN Human Rights Committee. Main stages of the development of this process are pointed out. Special attention is paid to the United Nations role in this process. Further, the legal grounds of the UN Human Rights Committee functioning are considered. The sources of regulation of the Committee’s legal status are characterized. It is emphasized that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 is the main source of the Committee’s international legal status. The classification of the sources as main and additional is conducted. Particular attention is paid to the intra-organizational mechanism of the Committee. The role of the different elements of this mechanism is compared. The conclusions about the possible directions of the reforming of the Committee’s intra-organizational mechanism are made. In the Chapter II the issues of UN Human Rights Committee’s competence, functions and powers are analyzed. The four main functions of the Committee are pointed out and compared with the functions of other UN treaty Committees. It is concluded that the consideration of reports of ICCPR States parties is the main power of the Committee. The power of Committee to consider the interstate disputes is studied. The main principles of the consideration of the individual claims by the Committee are viewed and the effectiveness of this procedure is estimated. The conclusions about the legal nature of the Committee’s decisions as a soft law are made. The last Chapter deals with the relations between the Committee and other participants of the international legal cooperation concerning the human rights protection. The Committee’s procedures are studied and their effectiveness, including strong and weak sides, is estimated. The legal basis of this cooperation, especially with other UN treaty bodies, is analyzed. Main problems of the relations between Ukraine and UN Human Rights Committee are defined. The possible ways of solving of these problems of Ukraine-UN Human Rights Committee are formulated. It is concluded that the further development of the international cooperation between Ukraine and Committee can be solves by the amendments to the legislation of Ukraine.
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Namwase, Sylvie. "The Principle of Legality and the prosecution of international crimes in domestic courts: lessons from Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9280_1363774835.
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Хайров, Р. М., and R. M. Khairov. "Международно-признанные права человека как элемент государственного управления : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/87576.
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Объектом исследования в настоящей работе являются международно признанные права человека как элемент государственного управления. Цель исследования – сформировать научное представление о международных стандартах прав человека как об элементе государственного управления, обозначить основные проблемы механизма их обеспечения в государственном управлении и пути повышения эффективности данного механизма. В процессе исследования были выявлены проблемы реализации международных стандартов прав человека в сфере образования, здравоохранения, физической культуры и спорта. В заключение содержатся выводы, характеризующие итоги исследования. По итогам исследования в адрес органов государственной власти разработаны рекомендации по обеспечению международно признанных прав человека.The object of research in this paper is internationally recognized human rights as an element of public administration. The purpose of the research is to form a scientific understanding of international human rights standards as an element of public administration, to identify the main problems of the mechanism for ensuring them in public administration and ways to improve the effectiveness of this mechanism. In the course of the research, the problems of implementing international human rights standards in the field of education, health, physical culture and sports were identified. The conclusion contains conclusions that characterize the results of the study. Based on the results of the study, recommendations were made to state authorities to ensure internationally recognized human rights.
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Косиця, О. О. "Адміністративно-правовий механізм забезпечення прав викривачів в Україні." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/74611.
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Дисертацію присвячено аналізу адміністративно-правового механізму забезпечення прав викривачів в Україні. Уточнено поняття викривача, його права та обов’язки, гарантії діяльності та відповідальність, а також принципи викривання. Запропоновано закріпити на законодавчому рівні вичерпний перелік прав та обов’язків викривачів. Визначено сутність, елементи, етапи механізму забезпечення прав викривачів. Удосконалено підходи до адміністративно-правових засобів та способів забезпечення прав викривачів. Розкрито інформаційне забезпечення адміністративної діяльності у сфері забезпечення прав викривачів в публічному та приватному секторах. Розглянуто повноваження Національного агентства запобігання корупції та Уповноваженого Верховної Ради України з прав людини у сфері забезпечення прав викривачів. Охарактеризовано різні види публічного контролю за забезпеченням прав викривачів. Розглянуто забезпечення прав викривачів як складову Європейського адміністративного простору. Узагальнено досвід зарубіжних країн, досліджено політику Європейського Союзу та практику Європейського суду з прав людини у сфері захисту прав викривачів та запропоновано напрями використання позитивного досвіду в українській законотворчості та правозастосуванні.Диссертация посвящена анализу административно-правового механизма обеспечения прав разоблачителей в Украине. Уточнены понятие разоблачителя, его права и обязанности, гарантии деятельности и ответственность, а также принципы разоблачения. Предложено закрепить на законодательном уровне исчерпывающий перечень прав и обязанностей обличителей. Определена сущность, элементы, этапы механизма обеспечения прав разоблачителей, и место в них норм административного права. Усовершенствованы подходы к административно-правовым средствам и способам обеспечения прав обличителей. Раскрыто информационное обеспечение административной деятельности в сфере обеспечения прав разоблачителей в публичном и частном секторах. Рассмотрены полномочия Национального агентства предотвращения коррупции и Уполномоченного Верховной Рады Украины по правам человека в сфере обеспечения прав разоблачителей. Охарактеризованы различные виды публичного контроля за обеспечением прав разоблачителей. Рассмотрено обеспечение прав разоблачителей как составляющую Европейского административного пространства. Обобщен опыт правового регулирования защиты прав разоблачителей в зарубежных странах. Исследованы политика Европейского Союза и практика Европейского суда по правам человека в сфере защиты прав разоблачителей и предложены возможности использования положительного опыта в украинском законотворчестве и правоприменении.
The thesis deals with the study of legislative and theoretical issues of the administrative legal mechanism for protecting the rights of whistleblowers in Ukraine. The thesis research aims to improve the notions of "whistleblower" and "whistleblower reporting on corruption", "legal status of the whistleblower", "mechanism for protecting the rights of whistleblowers", "administrative legal methods for protecting the rights of whistleblowers", "administrative legal methods for protecting the rights of whistleblowers", etc. The thesis specifies the concept of the whistleblower, its rights and obligations, guarantees of activity and responsibilities. It is proposed to enshrine the exhaustive list of rights and obligations of the whistleblowers at the regulatory level. The principles of disclosure of corruption cases by whistleblowers are as follows: good faith; honesty; reliability; voluntary participation, and reasonability. It is argued that the whistleblower, as a person, acting warranted by law knowingly and voluntarily, exclusively in the interests of security and welfare of the society, having a reasonable belief that the information is reliable, reports violation of the law by another person, is the subject of police activity. The thesis determines the essence, elements, stages of the mechanism for the protection the rights of whistleblowers, and the place of administrative rules. A mechanism for protecting the rights of whistleblowers is disclosed as a separate area of the legal mechanism for ensuring human rights; as a whole, it is a combination of interconnected regulatory elements, with the help of which conditions and opportunities are created for the implementation and protection of the rights of whistleblowers. The stages and elements of the mechanism for protecting the rights of whistleblowers are highlighted. The thesis improves approaches to administrative legal methods for the protection of the rights of whistleblowers. The information support of administrative activities in the field of protecting the rights of whistleblowers in the public and private sectors is disclosed. The author investigates the powers of the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption and the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights in the field of ensuring the rights of whistleblowers. Various types of public control over ensuring the rights of whistleblowers are characterized. The thesis considers the rights of whistleblowers as a component of the European administrative space. The experience of foreign countries in the legal regulation of the protection of the rights of whistleblowers is summarized. The thesis studies the policy of the European Union and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights in the field of protection of the rights of whistleblowers and proposes areas for using positive experience in Ukrainian lawmaking and law enforcement. The Directive of the European Parliament and the Union on the Protection of Persons Reporting on Breach of the Union Law, adopted in April 2019, was examined, and it was argued that Ukraine should in any form agree to be bound by the rules of this international treaty to create a national concept and further a strategy for ensuring the rights of whistleblowers. The practical significance of the thesis is reflected in the proposals for amendments and supplementation of a number of legislative acts in the terms of the legislative consolidation of the rights of the whistleblowers on the protection of health, life and property, as well as the right to free legal aid. For this purpose, it was proposed to introduce changes and additions to Part 1 of Article 14 of the Law of Ukraine "On Free Legal Aid" No. 3460-VI dated June 2, 2011, as well as Part 1 of Article 2 of the Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Safety of Persons Participating in Criminal Proceedings" No. 3782-XII dated December 23, 1993; to develop and adopt the Law of Ukraine "On Public Anti-Corruption Expertise"; to amend the questionnaire that is contained in the guidelines for organizing work with reporting on corruption by whistleblowers (decision of the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption No. 286 dated July 6, 2017), the issue of evidence (written, electronic, photo, video, audio) and liability for knowingly false reports of a crime, with links to articles of the law with the mandatory indication of sanctions.
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Wadho, Waqar ahmed. "Essays on the economics of corruption." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24005/document.
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Cette thèse est composée de trois essais; dans le premier essai je traite les questions de la détermination, de la variance et des répercussions de la corruption. J’ai montré que la corruption est déterminée par la part des travailleurs non qualifiés sur la population. Si cette part est large alors il existe une corruption, si elle est faible la corruption est inexistante, et pour des niveaux intermédiaires, il existe une multiplicité d’équilibres. La corruption augmente les inégalités salariales entre travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés, et une perte de bien-être. Dans le deuxième essai je traite la question de lutte contre la corruption à travers l’incitation salariale. Avec une technologie de contrôle endogène, je montre que le gouvernement peut mieux accepter la corruption lorsqu’il est coûteux de contrôler. Lorsqu’il est optimal de combattre alors le gouvernement peut le faire soit à travers des salaires d’efficience ou soit par le contrôle. Néanmoins le rôle des salaires d’efficience dans la lutte contre la corruption est moindre dans les sociétés avec un niveau de malhonnêteté élevé. Le troisième essai traite la malédiction des ressources naturelles. Je montre que l'éducation et la corruption sont déterminées conjointement ; les ressources naturelles affectent l’incitation à investir en éducation et en ‘rent-seeking’ ce qui en retour affecte la croissance. En outre, la relation entre une abondance et la malédiction des ressources naturelles n’est pas monotone. Pour un niveau d’inégalité d’accès à l’éducation faible et un coût élevé de participation dans la vie politique, un niveau de croissance élevé et la trappe à la pauvreté coexistentThis dissertation consists of three essays. The topics cover determination, variance and repercussions of corruption (essay one), corruption deterrence through wage incentives (essay two), and natural resource curse (essay three). In the first essay, I show that for a larger population of unskilled labor, there is a widespread corruption and for a smaller population there is no corruption. For the intermediate levels there are multiple equilibria. On its consequences, corruption increases wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers, and results in output and welfare losses. In the second essay, I argue that deterring corruption through efficiency wage may become prohibitively expensive. With endogenous monitoring technology that allows capturing the dual role of auditing, as a complement with and as a substitute for wage incentives, I find that the government is better-off accepting corruption when it is costly to monitor. When it is optimal to deter bribery, the government can do it either through efficiency wages or monitoring. The role of efficiency wages decreases in societies with higher level of dishonesty. In the third essay, I build a theory explaining a resource curse. In contrast to the existing literature which generally considers low education, corruption and natural resources separately, I combine three strands of literature. Natural resources affect incentives to invest in education and rent seeking that in turn affects growth. Second, the relationship between resource-abundance and resource-curse is non-monotonic. For low inequality in access to education and high cost of political participation, high-growth and poverty-trap equilibria co-exist
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Drakopoulos, David. "Appeal mechanisms and Investment Court Systems in Investor-State Dispute Settlement : An analysis of AM and ICS suggestions, in light of contemporary reform." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443417.
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We begin with a short analysis of the history of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). We then discuss the merits and demerits of the regime, such as the arguments between finality, speediness, and correctness. Following from this, historical reforms are discussed, and whether those issues have gotten worse or better since these discussions. The modern problems are discussed, leading to the explanation of the “legitimacy crisis”. As Appellate Mechanisms (AM) and Investment Court Systems (ICS) both propose multi layered systems, we argue whether ISDS must be a “one bite at the apple” system. We expand on the issues of regulatory chill, before showing the contradictions in the granting of awards. From this, a discussion is raised on the advantages of a tenured system of adjudicators, particularly in reference to their apparent bias. We delve deeper into the direct consequences of the perceived issues of ISDS, in the context of human rights, the environment, and other issues of sovereignty.As more reforms are suggested, the question of “what makes arbitration, arbitration?” is raised. From here, we may begin to suggest reforms based on which key factors are to be preserved. Firstly, we discuss current reform options, such as the Mauritius Convention. We take inspiration from existing AM, and prior discussions on the implementation of such a system across the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) frameworks. We analyse whether these discussions have led to change by comparing trends in drafting.Thereon, we offer suggestions of reform. ICS and how this would be implemented, what it would look like structurally, and its positive and negative effects. Using the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and other contemporary ICS reform suggestions, we gain some knowledge of what an ICS regime could and should look like, the implementation of AM previously discussed in this regime, and other. Finally, we offer a different solution to the problems, yet less pragmatic, the termination of arbitration.
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Lukacs, Adrienn. "Protection of employees' right to privacy and right to data protection on social network sites : with special regard to France and Hungary." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D041.
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Les sites de réseaux sociaux en ligne ont acquis une importance considérable dans la vie quotidienne. Leur utilisation conduit à une circulation sans précédent de données personnelles : des individus du monde entier partagent des données à caractère personnel dans une qualité et une quantité jamais vues auparavant. Parmi les utilisateurs de ces réseaux sociaux en ligne se trouvent des salariés et des candidats à l’embauche. Cela pose des problèmes spécifiques dans le contexte de l'emploi en ce qui concerne la vie privée et la protection des données. Bien que les moyens « traditionnels » de surveillance des salariés, tels que la surveillance CCTV ou encore la surveillance de l'utilisation d'internet et du courrier électronique, soient déjà réglementés à la fois au niveau international et au niveau national (français et hongrois), la réglementation complète des réseaux sociaux en ce qui concerne le contexte de l'emploi nécessite encore une élaboration. Les sites de réseaux sociaux ont fondamentalement influencé les conceptions de la vie privée et de la protection des données, ce qui a pour conséquence une dilution des limites entre vie professionnelle et vie personnelle, tant pendant qu'au-delà des heures de travail. Or, le traitement des données personnelles des réseaux sociaux pose de plus en plus la question de la protection des droits des salariés, et notamment la protection du droit au respect de la vie privée et du droit à la protection des données. Ces droits doivent être mis en balance avec les pouvoirs de l'employeur, qui découlent du droit de l'employeur à la propriété (s'assurer que l'équipement fourni par l'employeur est utilisé conformément à la finalité de la relation de travail), du droit de protéger son intérêt économique (par exemple en assurant la productivité, la protection de la réputation) ou encore de la sécurité et la santé au travail (ce qui confère des obligations à l'employeur). Ainsi, la thèse examine comment les règles existantes du droit du travail et du droit de la protection des données en France et en Hongrie peuvent être appliquées aux sites de réseaux sociaux et quels sont les principaux défis qu'ils posent, notamment dans la phase de recrutement et en ce qui concerne l'utilisation des réseaux sociaux pendant et en dehors des heures de travail. La principale question à laquelle la thèse répond est la suivante : à la lumière des frontières de plus en plus floues entre vies privée et professionnelle, où trouver un équilibre entre les droits des salariés et ceux de l'employeur en matière d’usage des réseaux sociaux numériques et des données qui y sont produites ?Online social network sites have gained considerable importance in everyday life. Their use results in the unprecedented share of personal data : individuals from all over the globe share personal information in a quality and quantity never seen before. Employees and prospective employees are amongst users as well, which raises privacy and data protection issues specific to the context of employment. Although the “traditional” ways of employee monitoring, such as CCTV surveillance, monitoring of the use of Internet and e-mail, etc. are already regulated both at the international and at the national (French and Hungarian) level, the comprehensive regulation of social network sites with regard to the context of employment is yet to be elaborated. Social network sites have fundamentally influenced conceptions of privacy and data protection, resulting in the boundaries of work and personal life becoming increasingly blurred, both within and outside working hours. Yet, the processing of personal data obtained from social network sites increasingly raises the question of the protection of employees’ rights – particularly the protection of the right to privacy and the right to data protection. These rights must be balanced notably against the employer’s right to control and monitor, which ensue from the employer’s right to property (ensuring the equipment provided by the employer is used in accordance with the purpose of the employment relationship), the right to protect his/her economic interest (e.g. through ensuring productivity, the protection of reputation) and occupational safety and health (which confers obligations on the employer). Thus, the dissertation examines how the existing rules of labour law and of data protection law in France and in Hungary can be applied to social network sites and what the main challenge posed by them are, particularly in the phase of recruitment and during the use of social networks during and outside working hours. The main question to be answered by the dissertation is: in the light of the increasingly blurred boundaries, where should the balance be struck between the employees’ and the employer’s rights?
Az online közösségi oldalak jelentős szerepet játszanak a mindennapi életben. Használatuk során az egyének soha nem látott minőségben és mennyiségben osztják meg személyes adataikat, szerte az egész világon. A munkavállalók és a leendő munkavállalók szintén a felhasználók közé tartoznak, ami a foglalkoztatás kontextusában specifikus kérdéseket vet fel a magánélet és a személyes adatok védelme terén. Bár a munkavállalók megfigyelésének „hagyományos” módszereit, mint például a kamerás megfigyelést, az internet és az e-mail használatának megfigyelését, már mind nemzetközi, mind tagállami (francia és magyar) szinten szabályozzák, a közösségi oldalak foglalkoztatással összefüggő kimerítő szabályozása még kidolgozás alatt áll. A közösségi hálózati oldalak alapjaiban hatnak a magánéletre és a személyes adatok védelmére, aminek eredményeként a munka és magánélet határai egyre inkább elmosódnak, mind a munkaidőn belül, mind azon kívül. Ugyanakkor a közösségi oldalakról származó személyes adatok kezelése fokozottan felveti a munkavállalók jogainak védelmének kérdését – különös tekintettel a magánélet védelmére és a személyes adatok védelméhez való jogra. Ezeket a jogokat össze kell vetni különösen a munkáltató ellenőrzési és felügyeleti jogával, amely a munkáltató tulajdonhoz fűződő jogából (pl.: annak biztosítása, hogy a munkáltató által biztosított felszerelést a munkavállaló a munkaviszony céljának megfelelően használja), valamint a jogos gazdasági érdekeinek védelméből. (pl. produktivitás biztosítása, jó hírnév védelme) és a munkahelyi biztonság és egészségvédelemből (amely kötelezettségeket ró a munkáltatóra) következik. Következésképp, a disszertáció azt vizsgálja, hogy a Franciaországban és Magyarországon már létező munkajogi és adatvédelmi rendelkezések miként alkalmazhatók a közösségi oldalakra, és melyek az általuk felvetett legfőbb kihívások, különösen a munkaerőfelvétel, valamint a közösségi oldalak munkaidőben és azon kívül történő használata terén. A disszertáció által megválaszolandó fő kérdés az, hogy a fokozottan elmosódó határok fényében hol kell megtalálni az egyensúlyt a munkavállalók és a munkáltatók jogai között?
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Ourigbale, Koué Stéphane. "Les pouvoirs de la Commission africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020042.
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Les pouvoirs de protection de la Commission africaine suscitent diverses critiques en raison de son caractère non juridictionnel. Cependant, elle n’a cessé d’étendre son champ d’action et de renforcer ses pouvoirs de protection en dépit de la création d’une Cour africaine. L’analyse des facteurs de la montée en puissance de cet organe de contrôle a mis en évidence une double dynamique résultant de ses rapports avec les États et de ses interactions avec d’autres acteurs du système africain. Une première dynamique a favorisé la construction de pouvoirs propres à la Commission africaine par une opérationnalisation de sa fonction consultative et une « juridictionnalisation » de sa fonction contentieuse. Une seconde dynamique a consisté en une reconstruction des pouvoirs des États autour de l’idée de l’intangibilité des droits de l’Homme et un rééquilibrage des obligations et des droits des différents acteurs du système africain de protection des droits de l’Homme. Il a été ainsi démontré que la Commission africaine a su s’émanciper de certaines restrictions structurelles et normatives afin de donner l’efficacité nécessaire à sa mission de protection des droits de l’Homme en Afrique. De ce fait, elle demeure le principal organe de sauvegarde susceptible de renforcer l’efficacité du système africain dans une optique complémentaire avec l’action des autres mécanismes. En réalité, l’efficacité de la protection des droits de l’Homme résulte moins de la nature juridictionnelle de l’organe de contrôle ou du caractère contraignant des instruments en vigueur que de la pratique des acteurs du système et de leur capacité à respecter les droits protégésThe protection powers of the African Commission give rise to various criticisms because of its non-jurisdictional nature. However, it has continued to expand its field of action and strengthen its powers of protection despite the creation of an African Court. The analysis of the factors of the rise of this body of control has revealed a double dynamic resulting from its relations with the States and its interactions with other actors of the African system. A first dynamic favoured the construction of powers specific to the African Commission through an operationalization of its advisory function and a ‘jurisdictionalization’ of its contentious function. A second dynamic consisted of a reconstruction of the powers of States around the idea of the inviolability of human rights and a rebalancing of the obligations and rights of the various actors of the African system for the protection of human rights. It has thus been shown that the African Commission has freed itself from certain structural and normative restrictions in order to give the necessary effectiveness to its mission of protecting human rights in Africa. As a result, it remains the main safeguarding body likely to enhance the effectiveness of the African system in a complementary way with the action of the other mechanisms. In reality, the effectiveness of the protection of human rights results less from the jurisdictional nature of the supervisory body or from the binding nature of the instruments in force than from the practice of the actors in the system and their ability to respect the protected rights
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Castillo, Justine. "Les interprètes de la Convention de Genève du 28 juillet 1951 relative au statut des réfugiés : Étude du point de vue de la France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0062/document.
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Plus de soixante ans après son adoption, la Convention de Genève compte 145 États parties.Instrument juridique universel sur le statut des réfugiés, elle est la lex specialis du droit international desréfugiés. Qui est réfugié ? Quelle protection lui est accordée ? Ces deux questions se posent avec uneacuité certaine du fait de l’accroissement des flux migratoires, des crises multiples et de la lutte contre leterrorisme. Le contexte actuel de l’application de la Convention est différent de celui de son adoption.Rédigée par la voie de dispositions générales, elle doit être interprétée pour être appliquée. Cependant, iln’existe pas un interprète. Si les États, le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés et laCour internationale de justice sont les interprètes officiels, ils ne sont pas les seuls. L’Office français deprotection des réfugiés et apatrides et la Cour nationale du droit d’asile jouent un rôle important et la Coureuropéenne des droits de l’homme et la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne jouent un rôle grandissant.Cette multiplicité d’interprètes peut causer une diversité d’interprétations. Or, les interprétationsdivergentes nuisent à la lisibilité et la visibilité de la Convention en tant qu’instrument de définition et deprotection des réfugiés. La présente étude est une analyse de la contribution des interprètes aux évolutionsde la Convention. Dans cette perspective, la prolifération des instruments du droit européen etinternational des droits de l’homme et la complexification des déplacements contraints de personnes sontdes paramètres incontournables, pris en compte par les interprètes, pour éclairer le sens et la portée de laConventionMore than sixty years after its adoption, the Geneva Convention counts 145 States ascontracting Parties. This universal legal instrument on refugee’s status represents the lex specialis ofinternational refugee Law. Who can be a refugee? What can be his level of protection? These questionsare particularly relevant under the influence of the increasing population flows, the multiples crises andthe fight against terrorism. The current context of the Convention’s application is different than the one ofits adoption. And due to its general provisions, this Convention needs to be interpreted in order to beapplied. However, there is no sole interpreter. The States, the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees and the International Court of Justice are indeed the official interpreters, but not the only onesensuring this mission. Not only the French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons andthe National Court of Asylum play an important role in this matter, but the European Court of HumanRights and the Court of Justice of the European Union also play an expanding role. This multiplicity ofinterpreters can induce a variety of interpretations. Nevertheless, a divergent interpretation can affect thereadability and the visibility of the Convention as a refugee defining and protective legal instrument. Thepresent study constitutes an analysis of the interpreters’ contribution to the Convention’s developments. Inthis perspective, the overgrowth of European and International Human Rights Law instrument and thecomplexity of forced migration are ineluctable feature, taken into account by the interpreters, to clarify themeaning and the scope of the Convention
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Kabata, Faith Njoki. "Impact of international human rights monitoring mechanisms in Kenya." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/52417.
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This research titled Impact of international human rights monitoring mechanisms in Kenya explores the influence of the findings of international monitoring mechanisms in Kenya. The research demonstrates that the findings have had limited impact on national legislation, executive policy, court decisions and the constitution making process. Further, the research illustrates that the key factors accounting for impact of the findings of monitoring mechanisms are internalisation in the political, legal and social order, domestic structures and processes and non-state actors. In addition, the research explores the limited impact of the findings despite their legal internalisation through the Kenya Constitution, 2010 and demonstrates that it is as a result of incomplete internalisation in the political and social order. The research adds to existing literature on impact of international human rights monitoring mechanisms and also to the literature on state compliance with international law through theory testing.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
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Centre for Human Rights
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Killander, Magnus. "The role of the African peer review mechanism in inducing compliance with human rights." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25656.
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The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) was developed under the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), the development framework of the African Union (AU) which replaced the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 2002. Through the APRM, the AU has established a system for assessment of governance in participating countries and for the development of programmes of action to address identified shortcomings. The APRM is a voluntary, ‘soft’ mechanism of supervision which combines self-assessment with regional monitoring. The APRM takes a holistic approach to governance with a mandate covering democracy and political governance, economic governance, corporate governance and socio-economic development. This study considers the role that the APRM plays in the realisation of human rights. It examines the manner in which human rights are reflected in the APRM framework documents as well as the manner in which rights-based principles such as participation, accountability and transparency are reflected in the process. The strengths and weaknesses of various methods of international monitoring to ensure compliance with human rights are examined. The APRM country review reports and implementation reports of Ghana, Rwanda and Kenya are studied in conjunction with reports from domestic and international human rights monitoring bodies and national development plans. The aim of the study is to ascertain whether the APRM adds value to mechanisms established with the purport of assisting in the realisation of human rights. This study illustrates that the APRM plays a complementary role in human rights monitoring. It is clear, however, that it is only able to play a meaningful role if the state under review is motivated to undertake reform. Human rights have a role to play with regard to the APRM process itself and in identifying and addressing governance shortcomings. The specific and time-bound commitments in the Programme of Action are unique to the APRM. If these commitments are developed through a rights-based approach and their implementation adequately monitored the APRM could play an important role in inducing compliance with human rights.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Centre for Human Rights
Unrestricted
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Damian, Etone. "African states and the universal periodic review mechanism: a study of effectiveness and the potential for acculturation." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/114029.
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This thesis examines African states’ engagement with the United Nations Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism, at the completion of the first two cycles in 2016. Drawing from a number of inter-disciplinary sources, this thesis seeks to introduce an original conceptual and theoretical framework to evaluate state engagement with the UPR mechanism. This research project undertakes case studies on Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa which address four core issues. First, a five-step approach to measuring the ‘effectiveness’ of state engagement is developed. Second, the potential for the UPR to influence human rights changes through the process of acculturation is examined. Third, the impact of regionalism, cultural relativism and ritualism on the UPR engagement of African states is assessed. Fourth, the role of NGOs/Civil Society Organisations in enhancing the UPR engagement of African States is analysed. The central argument of this thesis is that a compliance-centred theory that relies exclusively on confrontational approaches to human rights implementation is inherently limited. This thesis argues that approaches to human rights implementation which neglect the potential value of cooperative mechanisms such as the UPR, are necessarily incomplete and may be blind to very important human rights mechanisms that emphasise cooperation. I substantiate this conclusion by reference to my major arguments. First, the UPR, which is based on cooperation, can help cause human rights changes within African states in subtle but significant ways, determined in this thesis by the percentage of recommendations that are implemented. Second, African states engage more effectively with the UPR than with other human rights monitoring mechanisms. I argue that the theory of acculturation provides an appropriate theoretical framework to understand the potential impact of state engagement with the UPR mechanism as it does not incorporate any element of coercion. I highlight how the inclusive and cooperative framework of the UPR provides important and effective conditions for acculturation. Findings both within and outside the formal timeframe of the reviews underscore the potential for the UPR to influence human rights changes within states over time. However, evidence of regionalism, cultural relativism and ritualism are aspects which have negatively impacted states’ engagement with the UPR in some instances. Nevertheless, I argue that regionalism can play a positive role, that cognitive reframing can help overcome cultural relativism, and that effective NGO engagement can help counter state ritualism in the UPR. Thus, I argue that the UPR mechanism is a valuable approach to monitoring the human rights implementation of African states.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Law School, 2018
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Eno, Robert Wundeh. "The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights as a mechanism for the protection of human rights in Africa." Diss., 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16753.
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