Journal articles on the topic 'Human rights, justice, and ethical issues'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Human rights, justice, and ethical issues.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Human rights, justice, and ethical issues.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bremer, Anders, María Jiménez Herrera, Christer Axelsson, Dolors Burjalés Martí, Lars Sandman, and Gian Luca Casali. "Ethical values in emergency medical services." Nursing Ethics 22, no. 8 (October 28, 2014): 928–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014551597.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Ambulance professionals often address conflicts between ethical values. As individuals’ values represent basic convictions of what is right or good and motivate behaviour, research is needed to understand their value profiles. Objectives: To translate and adapt the Managerial Values Profile to Spanish and Swedish, and measure the presence of utilitarianism, moral rights and/or social justice in ambulance professionals’ value profiles in Spain and Sweden. Methods: The instrument was translated and culturally adapted. A content validity index was calculated. Pilot tests were carried out with 46 participants. Ethical considerations: This study conforms to the ethical principles for research involving human subjects and adheres to national laws and regulations concerning informed consent and confidentiality. Findings: Spanish professionals favoured justice and Swedish professionals’ rights in their ambulance organizations. Both countries favoured utilitarianism least. Gender differences across countries showed that males favoured rights. Spanish female professionals favoured justice most strongly of all. Discussion: Swedes favour rights while Spaniards favour justice. Both contexts scored low on utilitarianism focusing on total population effect, preferring the opposite, individualized approach of the rights and justice perspectives. Organizational investment in a utilitarian perspective might jeopardize ambulance professionals’ moral right to make individual assessments based on the needs of the patient at hand. Utilitarianism and a caring ethos appear as stark opposites. However, a caring ethos in its turn might well involve unreasonable demands on the individual carer’s professional role. Since both the justice and rights perspectives portrayed in the survey mainly concern relationship to the organization and peers within the organization, this relationship might at worst be given priority over the equal treatment and moral rights of the patient. Conclusion: A balanced view on ethical perspectives is needed to make professionals observant and ready to act optimally – especially if these perspectives are used in patient care. Research is needed to clarify how justice and rights are prioritized by ambulance services and whether or not these organization-related values are also implemented in patient care.
2
Saukuma, Agnese. "Legal and Ethical Issues in Designing Online Courts." Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 19, no. 1 (September 9, 2021): 138–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897_01901_008.
Full textAbstract:
This research explores and analyses whether online courts perform a judicial function in accordance with the right to a fair trial and the right to fair and secure user’s personal data protection to all groups in society. By adopting a descriptive and critical approach, the author analyses the main operating principles of online courts and legal and ethical issues that may occur in designing and implementing online courts in conjunction with these rights. The result of this research shows that online courts provide greater access to justice to society and they would satisfy the needs of modern society with technological knowledge. At the same time they do not provide access to the most vulnerable groups that may not have or have limited internet access, or have not enough technological and legal knowledge, as a result of not ensuring equal access to justice to all groups in society. Taking into account that online courts perform a judicial function in the traditional court sense, they are bound by Article 6 (1) of the European Convention on Human Rights and the principles of personal data of the General Data Protection Regulation, but at present they cannot ensure their observance in relation to an open, transparent and impartial trial, as a result of a partial violation of the rights enshrined in these norms.
3
Choondassery, Yesudas. "Rights-based Approach: The Hub of Sustainable Development." Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education 8, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dcse-2017-0012.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA rights-based approach to the environmental issues has been gaining momentum since the United Nations’ Environmental Agency proposed a new rights-based agenda for sustainable development in the document,Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development(UN, 2015). Our moral responsibility toward the environment is essential to the project of sustainable development. The Kantian ethical tradition lays the foundations of a rights-based approach to human rights and sustainable development. Human rights are essential to the flourishing of all human beings regardless of their nationality or another status. Linking human rights to environmental justice has been an arduous task, but contemporary environmental ethicists argue that giving a human face to the environment that nurtures and sustains us is a precondition for sustainable development. The concept of sustainability addresses the issue of economic growth at present and how this impacts the future generations. This paper examines the rights-based environmental ethics, which has emerged in the context of a human rights-based approach to human development and forges a link between rights-based ethics and sustainable development that could establish a solid foundation for environmental justice.
4
Sobel, Mark E. "Ethical Issues in Molecular Pathology." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 1076–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-1076-eiimp.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRecent advances in molecular pathology and molecular genetics have created new concerns about the use of human biologic materials in research. Since researchers now have the ability to extract and amplify DNA from minuscule archived samples, virtually any human tissue sample can potentially become the template for a test that provides information that may relate to the inherited genes of an individual. Researchers using human biologic materials should follow the 3 basic principles that have been defined for all ethical human subjects research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Institutional Review Boards are responsible for providing review of the risks and benefits of research proposals to safeguard the rights and welfare of human subjects. Currently, there is considerable debate concerning the role of informed consent procedures and the Institutional Review Board oversight process in situations when researchers use human biologic materials that have been anonymized or coded. In 1999, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission is expected to make recommendations to President Clinton and the National Science and Technology Council that are expected to clarify the balance between respect for personal autonomy and the societal need to pursue biomedical research to improve the health and welfare of all individuals.
5
Barrett, Jessica A. "Multicultural Social Justice and Human Rights: Strategic Professional Development for Social Work and Counseling Practitioners." Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2011): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/jsacp.3.1.117-123.
Full textAbstract:
Social work and counseling practitioners routinely provide services to clients of diverse cultural backgrounds. Multidimensional issues related to human diversity, social justice and human rights often prevent practitioners from providing competent and effective services to all populations. It is vital that these professionals focus on individual leadership development from a multicultural social justice perspective. The concept of social justice challenges existing structures and when paired with the human rights paradigm can significantly impact competent and ethical service delivery and practice. A focus on professional development among students, new professionals, and experienced practitioners can aid individuals in implementing human rights and social justice strategies within individual practice, organizations and communities.
6
Zaslawski, Christopher. "Ethical Considerations for Acupuncture and Chinese Herbal Medicine Clinical Trials: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7, no. 3 (2010): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen055.
Full textAbstract:
Many ethical concerns revolve around the four basic principles of research: merit and integrity, respect for human beings, weighting of risk–benefit and justice. These principles form the basis for any discussion concerning human research ethics and are applicable to all areas of research including acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine. World Health Organisation document,Guidelines for Clinical Research on Acupuncture, states that ‘consideration should be given to the different value systems that are involved in human rights such as social, cultural and historical issues’ and that ‘further studies should be conducted in relation to ethical issues involved in clinical research on acupuncture’. In addition to outlining the four basic principles, this paper will also examine the effect of Asian culture on Western human research ethics and how this may impact upon issues such as informed consent and weighting of risk–benefit.
7
Öztürk, Havva. "Development of an Administrative Ethical Behaviour Scale." Nursing Ethics 19, no. 2 (March 2012): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011419240.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to develop an Administrative Ethical Behaviour Scale (AEBS) and to determine whether nurses found their head nurses’ behaviours ethical and to reveal head nurses’ ethical and unethical administrative behaviour. It was conducted on 264 nurses working in five state hospitals in Trabzon, Turkey. Content validity index of the scale was 0.87, item-to-total correlations ranged from 0.50 to 0.81 and Chronbach Alpha was 0.98. The scale included five subscales, i.e. truthfulness and honesty, liabilities and supremacy of laws, rights and freedom, good human relationships and humanism, justice and equality. Overall, head nurses’ behaviour was considered ethical by nurses; however, their behaviour in terms of justice and equality, good human relationships and humanism was not found ethical. Positions, satisfaction with head nurses’ behaviour and frequency of contact with them affect nurses’ opinions.
8
Kirby, Michael. "Health care and global justice." International Journal of Law in Context 7, no. 3 (September 2011): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552311000127.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAfter outlining his experience in the world of bioethics, the author draws on his role in the UNESCO International Bioethics Committee to explain the new Universal Declaration of Bioethics, adopted by UNESCO in 2005. He describes it as the first global attempt to reconcile the differing sources of bioethical principles: health-care practice and experience and universal human rights. Whilst collecting, and accepting, some criticism of the text of the Declaration, the author sees its chief values as lying in the wider ethical issues that it reflected of concern to the community, the world and biosphere as well as in the adjustment of health-care approaches for consistency with the growing impact of universal human rights law. Whilst acknowledging the differing social experiences of people in different regions of the world, he invokes Amartya Sen to cast doubt on the notion of specific ‘Asian values’, whether in bioethics or human rights.
9
Sharma, Shridhar. "Evolving Ethical Issues in Health and Mental Health." Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India) 53, no. 03 (July 2017): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712754.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTEthics is the Science of morals in human conduct. However, ethics and morals are not same. The ethics is based on certain principles, which include 'Respect for Person and Justice'. This principle is not in total conformity with Hippocratic tradition, where Physician is given a 'Position of Paternalism'. The basic idea of 'justice' is that all human beings are equally valuable. Similarly, the principle of liberty is the right to self determination but what is the use of this right that can not be fulfilled. These basic principles are evolving and are constantly posing problems in every health care institution and are a challenge to every Physician.
10
Burhanuddin, Nunu. "TRANSMISI ETIKA KE TATANAN POLITIK PERSPEKTIF MUHAMMAD ABID AL-JABIRI." ALQALAM 26, no. 1 (April 30, 2009): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v26i1.1549.
Full textAbstract:
Several political issues are presumed having a relationship with the ethical values such as the problems of authority and its distribution, the application of laws, human rights, women emancipation, social justice, the distribution of national wealth, economics justice, and etc. These problems show us the importance of ethical reference to polish the political countenance as well as to straighten up the political manoeuvres that are often full of intrigues, arrogance, and tyranny. The transmission concept from ethics to the political order that has ever been stated by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) in his book “Politea” on political matters, and his “Nicomachean” on moral issues is presumed inspiring the philosophers both in the West and in the East. This article elaborates Muhammad 'Abid Al Jabiri's thought (1936-…), a Muslim thinker from Morocco who classifies ethical values that are transmitted into political order in the Muslim World consisting of four main variants; (1) subservience ethics, an ethical system that is inherited by Persian sultanate; (2) happiness ethics, an ethical system of Greece; (3) transitory ethics, an ethical system developed by Sufi order; and (4) Muru'ah ethics, an ethical system developed in the Arabian World. According to al-Jabiri, these all four systems still left the important matters dealing with the claim of progressive and futuristic -oriented human dynamics. Therefore, al-Jabiri proposed a recommendation for Arabian and Islamic world in order to exceed such ethical systems and to side with the pious deed ethics and profit that became their tendency.
11
Haahr, Anita, Annelise Norlyk, and Elisabeth OC Hall. "Ethical challenges embedded in qualitative research interviews with close relatives." Nursing Ethics 21, no. 1 (June 17, 2013): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013486370.
Full textAbstract:
Nurse researchers engaged in qualitative interviews with patients and spouses in healthcare may often experience being in unforeseen ethical dilemmas. Researchers are guided by the bioethical principles of justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for human rights and respect for autonomy through the entire research process. However, these principles are not sufficient to prepare researchers for unanticipated ethical dilemmas related to qualitative research interviews. We describe and discuss ethically challenging and difficult moments embedded in two cases from our own phenomenological interview studies. We argue that qualitative interviews involve navigation between being guided by bioethics as a researcher, being a therapist/nurse and being a fellow human being or even a friend. The researchers’ premises to react to unexpected situations and act in a sound ethical manner must be enhanced, and there is a need for an increased focus on the researchers’ ethical preparation and to continually address and discuss cases from their own interviews.
12
Collinson, Robert, Alice Diver, and Sharon McAvoy. "Clients, clinics and social justice." Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 8, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-03-2018-0037.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a case study of an innovative, three-module pathway designed by the Department of Law and Criminology at Edge Hill University (England) in 2014. In addition to supporting the work of its campus pro-bono law clinic, the first-two modules aim to enhance and evidence the legal skills of EHU’s undergraduate LLB students, to embed a deeper awareness of the (legal) ethics needed for sustainable legal practice (within PRME), and to highlight the increasing need for socially responsible advocates, able to defend the rights of marginalised, vulnerable clients.Design/methodology/approachThe critical analysis of the content and scope of an innovative, work-based learning LLB module pathway, which furthers the aim of the UN Global Compact and the PRME, and ties them firmly to socio-legal issues and advocacy involving recent jurisprudence.FindingsThe case law used within the modules, and the practical work of the students in the campus law clinic, are relevant to social justice issues and to the promotion of PRME values—they promote awareness of human rights principles, highlight the importance of access to legal services and provide students with knowledge of legal ethics. Enhanced employability skills flow from this.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a narrow case study but still provides a useful analysis of an innovative, PRME relevant module pathway. The model mirrors international trends in clinical legal education and also offers a template for other law schools keen to promote the concept of ethical, just legal practice.Practical implicationsThe paper posits that enhanced employability can flow from real world tasks such as advocacy for marginalised or disadvantaged groups and presents an exemplar for other law schools wishing to embed ethics/clinical law practice into their curriculum.Social implicationsThe paper highlights how the campus law clinic serves the public in a deprived region—it raises awareness of human rights and of social justice issues. It has the potential to feed into litigation on social welfare issues (housing, social security, child welfare, etc.).Originality/valueThe discussion of the human rights case law that is used in the Year 2 “bridging module” (which prepares students for working in the law clinic in their final year) is particularly relevant and is analysed in detail, highlighting how this module pathway is aimed at promoting PRME and UN Global Compact principles.
13
Ligthart, Sjors, Tijs Kooijmans, Thomas Douglas, and Gerben Meynen. "Closed-Loop Brain Devices in Offender Rehabilitation: Autonomy, Human Rights, and Accountability." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 4 (October 2021): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180121000141.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe current debate on closed-loop brain devices (CBDs) mainly focuses on their use in a medical context; possible criminal justice applications have only received incidental scholarly attention. Unlike in medicine, in criminal justice, CBDs might be offered on behalf of the State and for the purpose of protecting security, rather than realizing healthcare aims. It would be possible to deploy CBDs in the rehabilitation of convicted offenders, similarly to the much-debated possibility of employing other brain interventions in this context. Although such use of CBDs could in principle be consensual, there are significant differences between the choice faced by a criminal offender offered a CBD in the context of criminal justice, and that faced by a patient offered a CBD in an ordinary healthcare context. Employment of CBDs in criminal justice thus raises ethical and legal intricacies not raised by healthcare applications. This paper examines some of these issues under three heads: autonomy, human rights, and accountability.
14
Velasquez, Manuel. "International Business Ethics: The Aluminum Companies in Jamaica." Business Ethics Quarterly 5, no. 4 (October 1995): 865–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857420.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract:I evaluate the adequacy of the three models of international business ethics that have been recently proposed by Thomas Donaldson, Gerard Elfstrom and Richard De George. Using the example of the conduct of the aluminum companies in Jamaica, I argue that these three models fail to address the most important of the ethical issues encountered by multinationals because they focus too narrowly on human rights issues and on utilitarian considerations. In addition I argue that these models also evidence an inadequate understanding of microeconomic theory. I end by proposing that these defects can be remedied by a model of ethics that incorporates a theory of moral rights, a utilitarian-based theory of the market, and a theory of justice.
15
Crigger, Nancy J. "Towards a Viable and Just Global Nursing Ethics." Nursing Ethics 15, no. 1 (January 2008): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733007082121.
Full textAbstract:
Globalization, an outgrowth of technology, while informing us about people throughout the world, also raises our awareness of the extreme economic and social disparities that exist among nations. As part of a global discipline, nurses are vitally interested in reducing and eliminating disparities so that better health is achieved for all people. Recent literature in nursing encourages our discipline to engage more actively with social justice issues. Justice in health care is a major commitment of nursing; thus questions in the larger sphere of globalization, justice and ethics, are our discipline's questions also. Global justice, or fairness, is not an issue for some groups or institutions, but a deeper human rights issue that is a responsibility for everyone. What can we do to help reduce or eliminate the social and economic disparities that are so evident? What kind of ethical milieu is needed to address the threat that globalization imposes on justice and fairness? This article enriches the conceptualization of globalization by investigating recent work by Schweiker and Twiss. In addition, I discuss five qualities or characteristics that will facilitate the development of a viable and just global ethic. A global ethic guides all people in their response to human rights and poverty. Technology and business, two major forces in globalization that are generally considered beneficial, are critiqued as barriers to social justice and the common good. To turn human nature into humanity and righteousness is like turning the willow into cups and bowls. The book of Mencius
16
White, Mary Terrell. "Guidelines for IRB Review of International Collaborative Medical Research: A Proposal." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, no. 1 (1999): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1999.tb01440.x.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in the scope of international collaborative medical research involving human subjects is raising the problem of whether and how to maintain Western ethical standards when research is conducted in countries with very different social and ethical values. Existing international ethical guidelines for research largely reflect Western concepts of human rights, focusing on the bioethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. However, in countries and societies where these values are understood differently or are not expressed in local cultures and institutions, it may be impossible or of no practical value to insert them into the research setting.In the United States, individual informed consent is considered ethically imperative for research involving human subjects. However, this imperative may be difficult to instill in societies that define persons by their relations to others, and important decisions are commonly made by heads of households or group leaders rather than by individuals. The baseline economic and health care conditions in foreign communities may also create ethical conflicts.
17
Palese, Alvisa, Beata Dobrowolska, Anna Squin, Giulia Lupieri, Giampiera Bulfone, and Sara Vecchiato. "Human rights conflicts experienced by nurses migrating between developed countries." Nursing Ethics 24, no. 7 (January 28, 2016): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733015626601.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Some developed countries have recently changed their role in the context of international recruitment, becoming donors due to socio-economical and political factors such as recessions. This is also the case in Italy, where there has been a flow of immigrant nurses out of the country that has been documented over the past several years. In a short time, it has become a donor country to other developed European countries, such as the United Kingdom. Aims: To advance knowledge in the context of human rights conflicts and ethical implications of the decision-making process of nurses who migrate between developed countries, such as from Italy to the United Kingdom, during times of recession. Research design: A case study based on the descriptive phenomenological approach was undertaken in 2014. Participants and research context: A total of 26 Italian newly graduated nurses finding a job in the United Kingdom were interviewed via Skype and telephone. Ethical considerations: The Internal Review Board of the University approved the project. Findings: In accordance with the descriptive phenomenological approach undertaken, three main themes emerged: (1) escaping from the feeling of being refused/rejected in order to be desired, (2) perceiving themselves respected, as a person and as a nurse, in a growth project and (3) returning if the country changes its strategy regarding nurses. Discussion: Ethical implications in the context of human rights, such as autonomy of the decision, social justice and reciprocal obligation, non-maleficence and double effect, have been discussed. Conclusion: The call for investing in nurses and nurses’ care in developed countries facing recession is urgent. Investing in nurses means respecting individuals and citizens who are at risk of developing health problems during the recession.
18
Rizza, Caroline, and Laura Draetta. "The “silence of the chips” concept: towards an ethics(-by-design) for IoT." International Review of Information Ethics 22 (December 1, 2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie116.
Full textAbstract:
In this position paper, we would like to promote the alternative approach positioned between the two extreme positions consisting in refusing any innovation or in adopting technology without questioning it. This approach proposes a reflexive and responsible innovation (von Schomberg, 2013; 2011; 2007) based on a compromise between industrial and economic potentialities and a common respect of our human rights and values. We argue that the “silence of the chips right” (Benhamou, 2012; 2009) is timely, relevant and sustainable to face ethical challenges raised by IoT such as protecting privacy, trust, social justice, autonomy or human agency. We believe this technical solution may support establishing an ethics of IoT embedded in the technology itself. Our position is not ‘technocratic’: we do not agree with discourses arguing technology can fix problems. Through the responsible research and innovation approach we promote the idea that only human agency and user empowerment constitute a valid answer to the ethical, legal and social issues raised by IoT.
19
Rizza, Caroline, and Laura Draetta. "The “silence of the chips” concept: towards an ethics(-by-design) for IoT." International Review of Information Ethics 22 (December 1, 2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/irie125.
Full textAbstract:
In this position paper, we would like to promote the alternative approach positioned between the two extreme positions consisting in refusing any innovation or in adopting technology without questioning it. This approach proposes a reflexive and responsible innovation (von Schomberg, 2013; 2011; 2007) based on a compromise between industrial and economic potentialities and a common respect of our human rights and values. We argue that the “silence of the chips right” (Benhamou, 2012; 2009) is timely, relevant and sustainable to face ethical challenges raised by IoT such as protecting privacy, trust, social justice, autonomy or human agency. We believe this technical solution may support establishing an ethics of IoT embedded in the technology itself. Our position is not ‘technocratic’: we do not agree with discourses arguing technology can fix problems. Through the responsible research and innovation approach we promote the idea that only human agency and user empowerment constitute a valid answer to the ethical, legal and social issues raised by IoT.
20
Yuliantiningsih, Aryuni, Hartiwiningsih, Ade Maman Suherman, and Emmy Latifah. "Law and Justice for the Oceans: Study on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing and Related Crimes." E3S Web of Conferences 47 (2018): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184706006.
Full textAbstract:
This article examined the ethical and moral dimensions of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing and related crimes and explores the means to realize justice for the oceans. It needed a new paradigm for addressing the issues. The methods of discussion used statute approach and philosophical approach. Based on the research, it was known that IUU fishing related to other crimes and Transnational Organized Crime, so it was necessary to recognize the concept of transnational organized fisheries crime. The IPOA-IUU fishing and UNCLOS 1982 were not adequate to counter it. In the terms of ethics and morals, IUU fishing had violated the ecosystems ethics, the principles of sustainability, values of respect for human rights and justice for the oceans. Justice for the oceans can be realized with recognition of the ocean rights. It meant, the oceans was recognized had the equal position with humans. The oceans needed space to breathe and to breed for recovery itself. The legal consequences of the recognition of oceans rights, among others, extended the legal standing. It provided sanctions for perpetrators and provided obligations for States to protect the ocean rights.
21
Parente, Ferdinando. "LA PACE E LA GIUSTIZIA COME “DIRITTI ESSENZIALI” DELL’UOMO." Civitas et Lex 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/cetl.2925.
Full textAbstract:
The link between peace and justice, in the system of sources of Italian law is often expressed through the two antithetic categories, namely the idea of war and the concept of social injustice. In fact, the Constitution sometimes makes a direct reference to peace; other times, recalls the peace in an indirect way, through its opposite, war, that repudiates firmly. In the history of humanity, the issues of social injustice have been contributory causes expressions of dissatisfaction, in the face of existential human rights ignored, injury and lack of respect for the dignity of the person. Therefore, the phenomenon of peace has become more not only a legal but also economic, ethical and social importance. In this perspective, the right to peace and the right to social justice may be included among the essential rights of man, worthy of absolute protection and unconditional.
22
Shala, Irena, and Kilda Gusha. "The Debate Over Euthanasia and Human Rights." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 8 (March 30, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n8p73.
Full textAbstract:
The present article analyzes the debate on issue of euthanasia (voluntary assisted suicide) and the relevance of international human rights norms to that debate. Euthanasia is one of the most complex issues facing human rights, especially given its ethical, legal, medical and religious dimensions. These include: modern medical technology and the availability of medical measures to prolong life; In historical terms inherit challenging laws by refusing euthanasia; The phenomenon of growing older population and the large the number of people affected by AIDS; And fall the impact of religious organizations that consider life to be sacred: terminating a life, for whatever reason, not only infringes religious beliefs but may transgress divine activities beyond the reach of human beings. Justice system is an essential player in the debate. Although euthanasia is generally unlawful, there is an increasing movement towards legalization, particularly in western jurisdictions. Serious political and legal actions taken by euthanasia advocates and their lawyers have brought assisted suicide to the brink of legal assistance. In fact, legislation allowing voluntary euthanasia has been passed in a small number of jurisdictions, and domestic courts in other countries are being repeatedly asked to consider whether the interests at stake with regard to the right to die should be recognized. Die due to euthanasia in Albania is a criminal offense which is considered a violation of the right to live and punished according to the Criminal Code. But in the Code of Ethics and Deontology of the Order of Physicians, there is a provision, which allows the application of a form of interference, which can be interpreted in as passive euthanasia. And this decision remains entirely to the discretion of the physician.
23
Lee, Lisa M. "Public Health Ethics Theory: Review and Path to Convergence." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 1 (2012): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00648.x.
Full textAbstract:
For over 100 years, the field of contemporary public health has existed to improve the health of communities and populations. As public health practitioners conduct their work – be it focused on preventing transmission of infectious diseases, or prevention of injury, or prevention of and cures for chronic conditions – ethical dimensions arise. Borrowing heavily from the ethical tools developed for research ethics and bioethics, the nascent field of public health ethics soon began to feel the limits of the clinical model and began creating different frameworks to guide its ethical challenges. Several public health ethics frameworks have been introduced since the late 1990s, ranging from extensions of principle-based models to human rights and social justice perspectives to those based on political philosophy. None has coalesced as the framework of choice in the discipline of public health. This paper examines several of the most-known frameworks of public health ethics for their common theoretical underpinnings and values, and suggests next steps toward the formulation of a single framework.
24
Shinagawa, Tetsuhiko. "Towards construction of the richer concept of justice and the effective concept of care." Impact 2021, no. 4 (May 11, 2021): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.4.35.
Full textAbstract:
Professor Tetsuhiko Shinagawa is a professor of philosophy and ethics at the Faculty of Letters, Kansai University, Japan, who is interested in the foundations of ethics. He believes that modern orthodox ethical theories such as liberalism and deontology are founded on justice and right. But he sees flaws in these theories as they presuppose that society consists of equal and self-sufficient members, which is not the case. He is interested in ethical theories that are founded on norms other than justice and can be applied to relation with asymmetry of power, specifically Carol Gilligan's ethic of care and Hans Jonas' principle of responsibility. The former is a normative ethical theory that stems from the interconnected nature of the human condition and surrounds the need for responsiveness to the vulnerability of human beings, while the latter posits that human survival is dependent on our ability to care for the planet as the home of future generations, with our actions having a direct impact on the Earth's future. Shinagawa is investigating how the ethical norms of justice and care can be applied to social issues and aid vulnerable members of society. The two ethical norms are contrasted but mutually supplementing and Shinagawa is interested in how they can lead to overlapping guidelines for aiding the needy as an actual social issue, transforming their respective conceptions. This research is looking to overcome limitations associated with the two social norms and combine the two norms in order to arrive at a richer concept of justice and an effective concept of care.
25
Heisler, Candace J. "ETHICAL DILEMMAS, VULNERABLE ELDERS, AND ELDER ABUSE." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S238—S239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.891.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Elder abuse is a growing concern worldwide. It is described across multiple professional disciplines: as a social justice issue by social workers; as a medical syndrome and public health issue by health care providers; and as a violation of human rights and criminal laws by courts, legislators, and the justice system professionals. Elder abuse assumes different forms, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, financial exploitation, neglect, and abandonment. Forms often co-occur in a variety of settings. This presentation explores key ethical conundrums emerging when different professions address elder abuse. Specifically examined is how the ethical principles of autonomy and non-maleficence conflict with mandatory reporting laws, for example, if their purpose is to incarcerate older offenders who are ill and vulnerable serving lengthy mandated prison terms. The presentation also explores the rights of perpetrators, including how rights of crime victims are weighed against those of perpetrators in a just society.
26
Mareková, HermĂna. "ETHICAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL WORK IN MODERN SOCIETY." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1012.
Full textAbstract:
The basic principle for the exercise of professional social work is the respect for human rights and social justice. The social worker's activity is associated with high expectations on the part of society, although the moral standards of society are typically on a lower level. The legislative environment or norms governing the decisions of social workers are determined by legislation as well as generally applicable ethical norms. In practice, this creates ethical dilemmas consisting in the acceptance of a hierarchy or priorities of individual norms, whereas the adopted and applied values and norms can be counterproductive. This situation may cause a conflict between professional ethics and valid social norms. The following article tackles the issues in social work arising from the stereotypes surviving in society and a lack of competence of many social workers.
27
Fauzan, Gagan Aditya. "Guru Honorer dalam Lingkaran Ketidakadilan." Journal on Education 4, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/joe.v4i1.418.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to examine the value of justice for honorary teachers in the world of work and highlight various policies and issues that have strengthened in recent years from an ethical, legal, and human rights perspective. The method in this study is a qualitative method by conducting a literature review. The basic paradigm adopted is Justice as Fairness proposed by John Rawls. Sources of data that are used as references are books, secondary data, observations, and legislation related to research issues with the main reference book being A Theory of Justice as the result of John Rawls's thinking. This research is expected to provide an overview of the reality experienced by honorary teachers in the world of work, provide moral support for the struggle of honorary teachers in Indonesia, and insert an ethical perspective on the problems of honorary teachers in Indonesia. Some of the findings in this study are that the Ministry of Education and Culture as the institution that oversees honorary teachers creates a condition of circumstances of justice where it is necessary to apply the principles of social justice to create social cooperation, as well as a fair distribution of primary values so that it does not cause economic inequality and can fulfill life. worthy. Besides being ethically unfair, the legal perspective also shows that there are still many parts of the law that have not been reflected on honorary teachers as workers.
28
Mullis, Eric C. "Dancing for Human Rights: Engaging Labor Rights and Social Remembrance in Poor Mouth." Dance Research 34, no. 2 (November 2016): 220–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/drs.2016.0160.
Full textAbstract:
There is a tradition of dance artists developing work for the concert stage in order to engage pressing social justice issues and, more specifically, the abuse of human rights. Anna Sokolow's Strange American Funeral (1935), Pearl Primus' Strange Fruit (1945), Katherine Dunham's Southland (1951), Alvin Ailey's Masekela Langage (1969), Jawole Willa Jo Zollar's Womb Wars (1992), William Forsythe's Human Writes (2005), and Douglas Wright's Black Milk (2006) are examples of acclaimed dances that address the manner in which marginalized individuals and social groups have not been granted equal ethical or political consideration. 1 In this essay I consider how dance enacts secular rituals of remembrance for victims of human rights abuses characteristic of a particular community's or nation's historical legacy. This entails discussion of aesthetic strategies used to portray human rights abuse, a consideration of the ethics of memory, and analysis of specific dance work. I discuss my site-adaptive work Poor Mouth (2013) which centers on labor rights issues in the American South during the Great Depression and I argue that dance which presents such issues performs a valuable social function as it encourages audiences to remember the past in a manner that facilitates a historically informed understanding of communal identity. Further, since historical instances of human rights abuse often have contemporary correlates and since remembrance affects the significance of places associated with the history in question, the implications of such work temporally and spatially extend beyond the performance venue and thereby contribute to political discourse in the public sphere. Dance intersects with human rights issues in many ways, but here I focus on dances intended for performance on the concert stage. For the purposes of this essay, the terms ‘dance activism’ and ‘political dance’ refer to dances that intentionally grapple with explicit human rights abuses and that are intended to be performed for a theatre-going audience. Along the way I note what bearing my points have for other forms such as popular dance, dance used in acts of public political protest, site-specific dance, and dance therapy, but I should emphasize that it is beyond the scope of this essay to consider the many ways that dance intersects with human rights and with political activism more generally. Lastly, I should say that my approach to this topic is informed by the personal experience of collaboratively creating and performing dance work in a particular community and that it is interdisciplinary in nature since its draw on aspects of philosophical ethics in order to reflect on that experience.
29
BALLANTYNE, NEIL. "THE ETHICS AND POLITICS OF HUMAN SERVICE TECHNOLOGY: THE CASE OF PREDICTIVE RISK MODELING IN NEW ZEALAND'S CHILD PROTECTION SYSTEM." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 53, no. 01n02 (January 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219246219000044.
Full textAbstract:
This article reviews the political and ethical dimensions of technology applications in social work by focusing on a descriptive case study. The case study is of an initiative undertaken by the New Zealand government between 2011 and 2015 to develop an algorithm that would allow child protection services to predict future child maltreatment at the point of birth and to pre-empt it before it occurs. The paper explores the new threats to human rights and social justice associated with the rise of algorithmic governance and explores the sources of algorithmic injustice. It also outlines some of the key ethical issues and political challenges associated with algorithmic governance.
30
Ratner, Steven R. "IS INTERNATIONAL LAW IMPARTIAL?" Legal Theory 11, no. 1 (March 2005): 39–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325205050032.
Full textAbstract:
The last decade has seen a resurgence of interest among philosophers in the core questions of ethics and justice on the international plane. Issues once discussed primarily in the response to the major global debates of the 1960s and 1970s—the Vietnam War and the North-South economic imbalance—have returned to the domain of philosophers. This engagement has taken place in two distinct but related debates. First, philosophers have devoted attention to the ethical significance of nationality and patriotism, asking whether an impartial morality permits disparate treatment of an individual's co-nationals. Second, scholars have revisited issues of international justice in great detail, including works on human rights as well as just war theory. These works ask, as Brian Barry put it, “given a world that is made up of states, what is the morally permissible range of diversity among them?” One impetus for renewed work on these ideas was the publication of John Rawls's The Law of Peoples.
31
Barlow, Maud, and Peter Söderbaum. "Workshop 4 (synthesis): responsibilities linked to 'human rights approach' to water - rules and roles." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2001): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0203.
Full textAbstract:
Thinking in terms of ethics and Human Rights raises issues of power and justice. It can be argued that there are indisputable human rights, e.g. when the construction of dams is considered, while 'commodification' of water and the 'market mentality' may suggest that everything can be traded.
32
Garrocho-Rangel, Arturo, Bernardino Cerda-Cristerna, and Amaury Pozos-Guillen. "Bioethical Issues in Conducting Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Research." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 42, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/1053-4628-42.2.1.
Full textAbstract:
Pediatric clinical research on new drugs and biomaterials involves children in order to create valid and generalizable knowledge. Research on vulnerable populations, such as children, is necessary but only admissible when researchers strictly follow methodological and ethical standards, together with the respect to human rights; and very especially when the investigation cannot be conducted with other population or when the potential benefits are specifically for that age group. Clinical research in Pediatric Dentistry is not an exception. The aim of the present article was to provide the bioethical principles (with respect to the child/parents' autonomy, benefit/risk analysis, and distributive justice), and recommendations, including informed consent, research ethics committees, conflict of interest, and the “equipoise” concept. Current and future worldwide oral health research in children and adolescents must be conducted incorporating their perspectives in the decision-making process as completely as possible. This concept must be carefully considered when a dental clinical study research is going to be planned and conducted, especially in the case of randomized controlled trials, in which children will be recruited as participants.
33
Ooms, Gorik. "Why the West is Perceived as Being Unworthy of Cooperation." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (2010): 594–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00514.x.
Full textAbstract:
Natural selection generated a natural sense of justice. This natural sense of justice created a set of natural rights; rights humans accorded to each other in virtue of being members of the same tribe. Sharing the responsibility for natural rights between all members of the same tribe allowed humans to take advantage of all opportunities for cooperation. Human rights are the present day political emanation of natural rights. Theoretically, human rights are accorded by all humans to all humans in virtue of being humans; however, the idea that the corresponding responsibility is now shared among all humans is not broadly accepted. The natural sense of justice creates an ambiguity: on the one hand humans consider the nation they belong to as the social system that should guarantee their human rights (and likewise they do not consider themselves as having responsibility for the human rights of inhabitants of other nations); on the other hand, as cooperation between nations intensifies, expectations of global mutual responsibility increase as well.
34
Burris, Scott, and Evan D. Anderson. "A Framework Convention on Global Health: Social Justice Lite, or a Light on Social Justice?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38, no. 3 (2010): 580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00513.x.
Full textAbstract:
A decade ago, Jonathan Mann made a powerful case that human rights could provide a vocabulary and mode of analysis for understanding and advancing health. He made the case well, and put the idea into inspired practice, but the idea was neither new nor his alone. The idea that social justice — and henceforth in this article we will use that term loosely (and with obvious imprecision) to embrace goods like human rights, social equality, and distributive justice — was intrinsically important to health resonated with the social epidemiology already gathering force (not to mention an enduring theme running through the history of public health work). That social structure and relations of power explain a great deal about the level and distribution of population health was implicit in the work of pioneers like Geoffrey Rose, evident in Marmot’s seminal Whitehall studies, explicit in the writings of Mervyn Susser, and the main thrust of scholars like Nancy Krieger and Meredeth Turshen. Although researchers tend to avoid using a term with such normative weight, it is safe to say that Mann — and Susser, and Marmot and Krieger among others — were right: social justice is central to the proper understanding of health.
35
Ayuningtyas, Dumilah, Raden Roro Mega Utami, and Asri Nur Maulidya. "The readiness of Batang Hari district as a district of human rights care: case study of the Anak Dalam tribe." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-04-2019-0027.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The Regulation of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia No 34, 2016 was issued to regulate the criteria of districts/municipalities care about human rights. Anak-Dalam Tribe (Suku Anak Dalam – SAD), a remote indigenous community in Batanghari, Jambi Province, faces its own challenges in health services. This study aims to assess the readiness of Batanghari as the District of Human Rights Care to fulfill the health care of SAD. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative approach, this study explored the viewpoints of relevant stakeholders equipped with secondary data, literature review and analysis of relevant news in mass media as a form of triangulation. Findings Generally, Batanghari District Government has fulfilled the criteria of preparedness of the District of Human Rights Care about the distribution of health services. Nevertheless, there are still obstacles, such as difficulties in registering the SAD community – the Residence Registration Number and the strong customs in SAD's beliefs and traditions. Local government tries to overcome these problems with affirmative policies that facilitate member of the SAD community. Originality/value This study was supported by the Directorate of Research and Community Service of Universitas Indonesia. The authors have no conflicts of interest with the material presented in this manuscript. The authors declare that no ethical issues may arise after the publication of this manuscript.
36
Elsbernd, Mary. "Social Ethics." Theological Studies 66, no. 1 (February 2005): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056390506600107.
Full textAbstract:
[The survey addresses recent publications in five areas: (1) foundational resources and approaches; (2) Catholic social thought; (3) faith and public life; (4) reconciliation and social conflict; and (5) environmental and economic ethics. Recurring issues include: praxis-based approaches, the common good and human rights, religion's role in public life, restorative justice, as well as attention to the marginalized.]
37
Kopnina, Helen. "Beyond multispecies ethnography: Engaging with violence and animal rights in anthropology." Critique of Anthropology 37, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 333–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x17723973.
Full textAbstract:
Anthropologists have mediated between discriminated communities and outsiders, helping to influence public opinion through advocacy work. But can anthropological advocacy be applied to the case of violence against nonhumans? Ethical inquiries in anthropology also engage with the manifold ways through which human and nonhuman lives are entangled and emplaced within wider ecological relationships, converging in the so-called multispecies ethnography, but failing to account for exploitation. Reflecting on this omission, this article discusses the applicability of engaged anthropology to the range of issues from the use of nonhumans in medical experimentation and food production industry, to habitat destruction, and in broader contexts involving violence against nonhumans. Concluding that the existing forms of anthropological engagement are inadequate in dealing with the massive scale of nonhuman abuse, this article will suggest directions for a radical anthropology that engages with deep ecology, animal rights, animal welfare, and ecological justice.
38
Raghupathi, Viju, Jie Ren, and Wullianallur Raghupathi. "Understanding the nature and dimensions of litigation crowdfunding: A visual analytics approach." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 27, 2021): e0250522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250522.
Full textAbstract:
The escalating cost of civil litigation is leaving many defendants and plaintiffs unable to meet legal expenses such as attorney fees, court charges and others. This significantly impacts their ability to sue or defend themselves effectively. Related to this phenomenon is the ethics discussion around access to justice and crowdfunding. This article explores the dimensions that explain the phenomenon of litigation crowdfunding. Using data from CrowdJustice, a popular Internet fundraising platform used to assist in turning legal cases into publicly funded social cases, we study litigation crowdfunding through the lenses of the number of pledges, goal achievement, target amount, length of description, country, case category, and others. Overall, we see a higher number of cases seeking funding in the categories of human rights, environment, and judicial review. Meanwhile, the platform offers access to funding for other less prominent categories, such as voting rights, personal injury, intellectual property, and data & privacy. At the same time, donors are willing to donate more to cases related to health, politics, and public services. Also noteworthy is that while donors are willing to donate to education, animal welfare, data & privacy, and inquest-related cases, they are not willing to donate large sums to these causes. In terms of lawyer/law firm status, donors are more willing to donate to cases assisted by experienced lawyers. Furthermore, we also note that the higher the number of successful cases an attorney presents, the greater the amount raised. We analyzed valence, arousal, and dominance in case description and found they have a positive relationship with funds raised. Also, when a case description is updated on a crowdsourcing site, it ends up being more successful in funding—at least in the categories of health, immigration, and judicial review. This is not the case, however, for categories such as public service, human rights, and environment. Our research addresses whether litigation crowdfunding, in particular, levels the playing field in terms of opening up financing opportunities for those individuals who cannot afford the costs of litigation. While it may support social justice, ethical concerns with regards to the kinds of campaigns must also be addressed. Most of the ethical concerns center around issues relating to both the fundraisers and donors. Our findings have ethical and social justice implications for crowdfunding platform design.
39
Velasquez, Manuel. "Globalization and the Failure of Ethics." Business Ethics Quarterly 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857719.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract:As the 21st century breaks upon us, no ethical issues in business appear as significant as those being created by the rapid globalization of business. Globalization has created numerous ethical problems for the manager of the multinational corporation. What does justice demand, for example, in the relations between a multinational and its host country, particularly when that country is less developed? Should human rights principles govern the relations between a multinational and the workers of a host country, and if so, which principles are the correct ones? How should a multinational deal with a government in which corruption is rife? What are the ethical considerations involved in determining whether and how to transfer a risky technology to a country whose people may not be able to safely absorb that technology? What kind of labor and environmental standards should a multinational adopt when operating in a country whose government legislates only very low standards?
40
Persaud, Priya, Aparna S. Varde, and Weitian Wang. "Can Robots Get Some Human Rights? A Cross-Disciplinary Discussion." Journal of Robotics 2021 (September 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5461703.
Full textAbstract:
An autonomous household robot passed a self-awareness test in 2015, proving that the cognitive capabilities of robots are heading towards those of humans. While this is a milestone in AI, it raises questions about legal implications. If robots are progressively developing cognition, it is important to discuss whether they are entitled to justice pursuant to conventional notions of human rights. This paper offers a comprehensive discussion of this complex question through cross-disciplinary scholarly sources from computer science, ethics, and law. The computer science perspective dissects hardware and software of robots to unveil whether human behavior can be efficiently replicated. The ethics perspective utilizes insights from robot ethics scholars to help decide whether robots can act morally enough to be endowed with human rights. The legal perspective provides an in-depth discussion of human rights with an emphasis on eligibility. The article concludes with recommendations including open research issues.
41
Eisenbeiß, Silke Astrid, and Steffen R. Giessner. "The Emergence and Maintenance of Ethical Leadership in Organizations." Journal of Personnel Psychology 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000055.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper gives a review of empirical research on ethical leadership and shows that still little is known known about the contextual antecedents of ethical leadership. To address this important issue, a conceptual framework is developed that analyzes the embeddedness of organizational ethical leadership. This framework identifies manifest and latent contextual factors on three different levels of analysis – society, industry, and organization – which can affect the development and maintenance of ethical leadership. In particular, propositions are offered about how (1) societal characteristics, notably the implementation and the spirit of human rights in a society and societal cultural values of responsibility, justice, humanity, and transparency; (2) industry characteristics such as environmental complexity, the content of the organizational mandate, and the interests of stakeholder networks; and (3) intra-organizational characteristics, including the organizational ethical infrastructure and the ethical leadership behavior of a leader’s peer group, influence the development and maintenance of ethical leadership in organizations. This list of factors is not exhaustive, but illustrates how the three levels may impact ethical leadership. Implications for managerial practice and future research are discussed.
42
Mohamed, Yasien, and Norman K. Swazo. "Contributing to Islamic Ethics." American Journal of Islam and Society 27, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): i—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v27i3.1305.
Full textAbstract:
Islamic ethics (akhlaq islamiyah), which is concerned with good characterand the means of acquiring it, took shape gradually from the seventh centuryand culminated in the eleventh century with the teachings of Miskawayh(d. 1030), al-Raghib al-Isfahani (d. 1060), and al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Islamicphilosophical ethics combined Qur’anic teachings, the traditions of Muhammad(s), the precedents of Islamic jurists, and classic Greek (Hellenic) ethicalideas.Prophet Muhammad (s) said: “Verily I have been sent in order to perfectmoral character” (Fainnama bu`ithtu-li-utamima makarim al-akhlaq). Suchprophetic traditions, Qur’anic moral exhortations, and Hellenic ethical writingsbecame the main sources of inspiration for Miskawayh, al-Isfahani, andal-Ghazali. Inspired by the Arabic version of Aristotle’s NicomacheanEthics, these moral philosophers Islamized virtue ethics and focused on cultivatingcharacter and purifying the soul (al-nafs). Although al-Isfahaniinspired al-Ghazali and tried to maintain a balance between the justice of thesoul and the justice of society, the latter developed a Sufi ethics that becameincreasingly otherworldly with its focus on purifying the self. This ethicalmodel later became a source of inspiration for St. Thomas Aquinas andMaimonides.This special issue of the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciencesfocuses on Islamic ethics, especially ethics as applied to such contemporaryissues as bioethics, the environment, human rights, and evolution. Thepapers provide insight into how ethical problems are dealt with within ...
43
Da Silva, Michael. "The Complex Structure of Health Rights." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Research on how to understand legally recognized socio-economic rights produced many insights into the nature of rights. Legally recognized rights to health and, by extension, health care could contribute to health justice. Yet a tension remains between widespread international and transnational constitutional recognition of rights to health and health care and compelling normative conditions for rights recognition from both philosophers seeking to identify the scope and structure of the rights and policy scholars seeking to understand how to practically realize such rights (and measure realization of same). This work identifies an overlooked source of these difficulties: the right to health care and other health rights are necessarily ‘complex’, consisting of multiple related, but irreducible, morally valuable components. ‘Complex rights’ do not fit the traditional structure of human rights, so legal recognition of same can appear confused from a philosophical perspective, but there is ample reason to admit complex rights into our moral ontology and doing so can help bridge the divide between global health practices and ongoing work in the philosophy of rights and public policy. Recognition of complex rights admittedly shifts the burden for justifying health rights, but it does so in a way that is instructive for general philosophical analysis of socio-economic rights.
44
Cole, P. "Human rights and the national interest: migrants, healthcare and social justice." Journal of Medical Ethics 33, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.014829.
Full text
45
Serra, Angelo. "Medical genetic engineering and the Catholic Church's teaching." Medicina e Morale 44, no. 2 (April 30, 1995): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.1995.986.
Full textAbstract:
The main steps taken and the goals reached in the field of Human and Medicai genetics, the expected knowledge from the rapidly evolving Human Genome Project, and the new important medicai applications are briefly outlined. Then, the view of the Catholic Church on three controversial ethical problems arising from these new developments is proposed. As to the first problem, concerning the research on early human embryos, it seems clear that- whichever their origin and the type of experimentation- they are considered and treated, contrary to any other experimentation on humans, as pure producible and/or disposable objects, thus violating their human dignity and rights. As to the second problem, conceming the use of preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis with the aim to discover and abort embryos and fetuses who are or shall be affected by some serious disease, beside the patent eugenistic perspective one must recognize that they are innocent human beings who have an absolute right to life. As to the third problem, concerning the epidemiologic genetic surveillance, although this could afford a possible and plausible way of preventing the risk of affected conceptuses, it has already opened the door to a number of abuses against justice an d equity.
46
Pattison, James. "Ukraine, Intervention, and the Post-Liberal Order." Ethics & International Affairs 36, no. 3 (2022): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679422000399.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe conflict in Ukraine indicates some of the features of a potential post-liberal order and raises several potential ethical issues that may arise for international interventions as the world changes. What types of interventions, if any, are justifiable in response to situations such as the one in Ukraine? Can interventions be permissible given the potential undermining of universalist claims that are often used to support them? How should states prioritize between situations if there is an even greater number of global challenges in a post-liberal order? Three new books—Solferino 21 by Hugo Slim, Decolonizing Human Rights by Abdullahi Ahmed An-Naim, and Promoting Justice across Borders by Lucia Rafanelli—can help to navigate these questions. Drawing on their insights, this essay argues that reform interventions can be justified to defend the liberal international order, that intervention can be defended from a relativist basis, and that socioeconomic rights should be given greater priority.
47
Azalia, Savira Nur. "Peran dan Efektivitas Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Asosiasi Perempuan Indonesia untuk Keadilan dalam Pendampingan Kasus Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan." Digest: Journal of Jurisprudence and Legisprudence 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/digest.v1i2.48622.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia as a legal state that applies the basic principles of justice to all its people shows this by making special rules regarding human rights that are owned by everyone. One form of rights that everyone has is the right to get justice and be treated equally before the law, without discriminating against race, ethnicity, religion, or social status. So, everyone both rich and poor, has the right to get justice for the legal problems he faces, with that a legal aid agency (LBH) was formed which is regulated in Law Number 16 of 2011 concerning legal aid, the implementation of law enforcement in it (advocates) as well regulated in accordance with the rules in the code of ethics of the advocate profession. This LBH is tasked with guiding and providing legal assistance until the case is completed and the victim gets justice for their rights free of charge without being charged a fee. One of the LBH located in Jakarta, namely LBH APIK, focuses on handling legal issues against women, of the many cases, the most cases are cases of violence against women. LBH APIK Jakarta's role is to help Indonesian women understand what rights they should have as Indonesian citizens. However, there are still many pros and cons to the operation of LBH in Indonesia. Is it running effectively and really helping the people or is it just a formality institution, and this paper will discuss the effectiveness of one of the LBH's running and review in this discussion in accordance with the applicable legal rules.
48
Ahmad, Nafees. "Refugees and Algorithmic Humanitarianism: Applying Artificial Intelligence to RSD Procedures and Immigration Decisions and Making Global Human Rights Obligations Relevant to AI Governance." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 28, no. 3 (December 24, 2020): 367–435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-bja10007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Artificial intelligence (ai) has created algorithmic-driven humanitarianism without ethics, justice, and morality. Current ai dynamics do not protect humanity and mitigate its sufferings in refugee status determination procedures and immigration decisions, raising a host of data privacy and confidentiality issues. Data from refugees, asylum–seekers and migrants and the stateless might be deployed and manipulated for geostrategic, geopolitical, geo-engineering, medico-research, socio-economic, and demographical purposes by international organisations and governments. ai lacks anthropogenic sensitivity, critical thinking, and human traits of subjectivity and objectivity. The author ruminates on these issues by examining the application of ai and assessing its impact on the global human rights norms. The author adopts a human rights-based approach while espousing the reprogramming of algorithmic humanitarianism within new ai technologies for sustainable artificial intelligence.
49
Nungsari, Melati, Chuah Hui Yin, Nicole Fong, and Veena Pillai. "Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia through an ethical lens: A study of NGOs and organizations involved in aid distribution." Wellcome Open Research 6 (October 12, 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17239.1.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Globally, vulnerable populations have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent responses, such as lockdown measures and mass vaccinations. Numerous ethical challenges have arisen at different levels, be it at the policy-making level or on the ground. For example, policymakers have to contain a highly contagious disease with high morbidity using scarce resources, while minimizing the medium- to long-term social and economic impacts induced by containment measures. This study explores the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations in Malaysia by using an intersectional framework that accounts for overlapping forms of marginalization. Methods: This study utilizes in-depth qualitative data obtained from 34 individuals and organizations to understand the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia. We utilize four principles of ethics to guide our coding and interpretation of the data – namely beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy. We utilize a frequency analysis to roughly understand the types of ethical issues that emerged. Using hermeneutic content analysis (HCA), we then explore how the principles interact with each other. Results: Through the frequently analysis, we found that although beneficence was very prevalent in our dataset, so was a significant amount of harm – as perpetuated through injustice, the removal or lack of autonomy and maleficence. We also unearthed a worrying landscape of harm and deep systemic issues associated with a lack of support for vulnerable households – further exacerbated during the pandemic. Conclusions: Policy recommendations for aid organizations and society to mitigate these ethical problems are presented, such as long overdue institutional reforms and stronger ethical practices rooted in human rights principles, which government agencies and aid providers can then use in the provision of aid to vulnerable populations.
50
Nungsari, Melati, Chuah Hui Yin, Nicole Fong, and Veena Pillai. "Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia through an ethical lens: A study of non-state actors involved in aid distribution." Wellcome Open Research 6 (January 14, 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17239.2.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Globally, vulnerable populations have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent responses, such as lockdown measures and mass vaccinations. Numerous ethical challenges have arisen at different levels, be it at the policy-making level or on the ground. For example, policymakers have to contain a highly contagious disease with high morbidity using scarce resources, while minimizing the medium- to long-term social and economic impacts induced by containment measures. This study explores the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations in Malaysia by using an intersectional framework that accounts for overlapping forms of marginalization. Methods: This study utilizes in-depth qualitative data obtained from 34 individuals and organizations to understand the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on vulnerable populations in Malaysia. We utilize four principles of ethics to guide our coding and interpretation of the data – namely beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy. We utilize a frequency analysis to roughly understand the types of ethical issues that emerged. Using hermeneutic content analysis (HCA), we then explore how the principles interact with each other. Results: Through the frequently analysis, we found that although beneficence was very prevalent in our dataset, so was a significant amount of harm – as perpetuated through injustice, the removal or lack of autonomy and maleficence. We also unearthed a worrying landscape of harm and deep systemic issues associated with a lack of support for vulnerable households – further exacerbated during the pandemic. Conclusions: Policy recommendations for aid organizations and society to mitigate these ethical problems are presented, such as long overdue institutional reforms and stronger ethical practices rooted in human rights principles, which government agencies and aid providers can then use in the provision of aid to vulnerable populations.