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1
Osmaev, Abbaz. "Socio-Political Processes in the Chechen Republic in the Context of the Counter-Terrorist Operation (1999—2009)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017107-6.
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The events in the Chechen Republic of the late 20th — early 21th century, especially the counter-terrorism operation (the second “Chechen war”), have become the object of close attention of politicians of various levels and political views, as well as historians, political scientists, sociologists of Russia and the world. The existing assessments of the counterterrorist operation in Chechnya are extremely polarized and numerous also because it almost immediately outgrew a local-regional character, becoming a higher-order phenomenon that has a serious impact on the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation. The problems of preserving territorial integrity and the right of nations to self-determination, the need for a tough fight against terrorism and respect for human rights, conducting military operations using the army on their territory and preserving the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens are intertwined in one tangle. The Russian, European and American expert communities have paid and continue to pay considerable attention to various aspects of the problems related to the conduct of the counter-terrorism operation in the Chechen Republic, its consequences, results, and the current situation in the region, giving assessments according to their political views and preferences. However, in general, the huge volume of accumulated sources and various research papers on this problem can be stumped — at least the most preliminary work is required to assess the historiography of the “Chechen wars” and specific problems related to the nature of the source base. The peculiarities of the internal policy of the Russian Federation, its involvement in armed conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, the unstable situation in the Caucasus as a whole, undoubtedly have an impact on the intensification of terrorist manifestations in Russia. Moreover, the roots of a number of emerging problems go back to the period of the counter-terrorist operation in the Chechen Republic. Terrorism has evolved in recent years, destabilizing the internal State security for a long time. And although at present the situation in this direction is steadily normalizing, new threats nevertheless appear, and they require scientific understanding and the organization of counteraction on a scientific basis.
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Hanfling, Oswald. "Rights and Human Rights." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 58 (May 2006): 57–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246106058048.
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The concept of rights, as has often been noted, became prominent at a particular time in our history. It is associated especially with seventeenth and eighteenth century political ideas about the rights of individuals versus those of governments, and with such notable events as the American Declaration of Independence. It was at this time, too, that debates about rights of property and liberty became prominent. What was the role of this concept in earlier times? Has it always existed? Does it have a permanent place in our moral thinking? According to H.L.A. Hart,
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Herindrasti, V. L. Sinta. "21 LESSONS FOR THE 21TH CENTURY HUMAN SEARCH FOR THE MEANING OF EXISTENCE." Sociae Polites 19, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/sp.v19i1.1644.
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Hanfling, Oswald. "Rights and Human Rights." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 58 (March 2006): 57–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100009310.
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The concept of rights, as has often been noted, became prominent at a particular time in our history. It is associated especially with seventeenth and eighteenth century political ideas about the rights of individuals versus those of governments, and with such notable events as the American Declaration of Independence. It was at this time, too, that debates about rights of property and liberty became prominent. What was the role of this concept in earlier times? Has it always existed? Does it have a permanent place in our moral thinking? According to H.L.A. Hart,the concept of a right, legal or moral, is not to be found in the work of the Greek philosophers, and certainly there is no noun or noun phrase in Plato or Aristotle which is the equivalent of our expression ‘a right’, as distinct from ‘right action’ or ‘the right thing to do’.
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Encarnación, Omar G. "Trump and the Retreat from Human Rights." Current History 116, no. 793 (November 1, 2017): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2017.116.793.309.
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Ryblova, Marina A. "Widows in a Traditional Family and the Don Cossack Community." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.117.
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Based on the analysis of materials from the Don periodicals of the second half of the 19th century as well as data from field ethnographic studies of the late 20th — early 21th century collected in places of compact residence of the Don Cossacks, the article reveals the status and functions of widows in the Don Cossack community and family. The cardinal changes in the situation of widowed women in the family and community, in the economic and ceremonial spheres of life are shown, and the mechanisms for their adaptation to the new status are revealed. Features of the militarized way of life in the Don Cossack communities had an impact on the position of widows in the family and community. They determined their high status associated with the main social function — the guardians of the military glory of husbands. The special property rights of widows and their active participation in the life of the community, including Cossack self-government, were associated with this. The community secured widows’ rights to land allotment of the deceased husband and his property, defended the rights of the widow and her children, focusing not only on legislation, but also on customary law. In the Cossack milieu, there were also forms of psychological rehabilitation of widows: their inclusion in the ritual life of the family and community, support through the communities of odnosumy (fellow soldiers) and odnosumok (“female fellow soldiers”). These mechanisms enabled women who found themselves in difficult life situations to find a new place in society, opened opportunities for psychological rehabilitation, spiritual realization and continuation of an active social life.
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Zhussipbek, Galym, and Zhanar Nagayeva. "Epistemological Reform and Embracement of Human Rights. What Can be Inferred from Islamic Rationalistic Maturidite Theology?" Open Theology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opth-2019-0030.
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Abstract The authors argue that there is an epistemological crisis of conservative Islamic scholarship and Muslim mind, rooted in the centuries-old confinement of a role for reason within strict limits, and in the disappearance of rationalistic discursive theology (kalam) as a dynamic science. Moreover, epistemological crisis is exemplified by seriously insufficient level of protection of human rights under Sharia when judged by contemporary principles of human rights. This crisis demands a necessity of undertaking epistemological reform, which denotes the incorporation of international standards of human rights and justice into the epistemology and methodology of producing Islamic norms (usul al-fiqh). It is argued that the key epistemological premises of rationalistic Islam, such as acceptance that human reason can find goodness and badness independently from revelation and non-acceptance of ethical voluntarism, may offer a good ground to make epistemological reform, which would induce the Muslims to critically approach and reinterpret the pre-modern religious interpretations and to construct an Islamic legal and ethical system that is appropriate for the context of the 21th century. In the end, reason, being the human capacity for shaping reality in a humane way, is indispensable to read religious sources from a historical-metaphorical point of view.
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Kelly, Duncan. "Revisiting the Rights of Man: Georg Jellinek on Rights and the State." Law and History Review 22, no. 3 (2004): 493–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141687.
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A century has passed since the publication in Germany of a now famous essay on the rights of man by the Heidelberg professor of public law, Georg Jellinek. Over the course of that century, although a “rights revolution” has undoubtedly taken place, numerous practical problems remain in trying to enforce the basic proposition that “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.” Such problems have led one recent commentator to suggest that perhaps the only meaningful defense of human rights is one based on “moral reciprocity” and secular humanism because any attempts to prioritize human rights on either religious grounds, for example, or that of intrinsic human value, are doomed to failure.
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Borbor, Dariush. "Iran's Contributions to Human Rights, the Rights of Women and Democracy." Iran and the Caucasus 12, no. 1 (2008): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338408x326235.
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AbstractMost scholars generally pre-suppose that the concept of democracy is the exclusive creation of classical Greece and a token of the West to the rest of the world. This concept has originated mainly due to the fact that much of the ancient Iranian history was only known through classical Greek writings before the ever-increasing archaeological finds and decipherments of ancient Near Eastern primary sources, which have shed a very different light on the subject. This paper attempts to alleviate and restore a few of the more vital recurring misunderstandings, misinterpretations and misconceptions in this field, and endeavours to present them in a more realistic historic and historiographic perspective in the light of the latest available scholarship. Beginning in 2200 B.C. Old Elamite Kingdom, was the first manifestation in the world of a structured and, at times, democratically elected heads of state based on matriarchal right of descent. Beginning in Elam and continuing at least to the beginning of the Islamic period, no ancient peoples, including the Greeks and the Egyptians, have surpassed the practice of the rights of women, and the equality of men and women as in Iran. In early 7th century B.C. Iran, the pronouncement by Zoroaster, through Avestan literature, was the first manifestation of the rights of women and unequivocal equality of gender in all aspects and positions of society. In the second part of the 7th century B.C. Media, we encounter the ratification by popular vote of the first constitution for a democratically elected confederated empire, headed by Dioces, who was the first recorded popularly elected emperor. In 539 B.C., we come upon the declaration of the first generally accepted Charter of Rights of Nations by Cyrus the Great. In 522-486 B.C., in the reign of Darius the Great, appeared the first confirmation of a written entrenched democratic constitution. In the 4th century A.D. (or earlier) Sasanian Iran, the first appearance of an advanced system of Common Law based on well-documented jurisprudence was materialised. And finally, the confederated system of government in Iran, which survived the vicissitudes of history and changes of several dynasties, remained in force one way or the other to become the most enduring system of government in world history spanning a period of two-and-half millennia.
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Walton, Charles. "Why the neglect? Social rights and French Revolutionary historiography." French History 33, no. 4 (December 2019): 503–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crz089.
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Abstract Despite the rise of ‘human rights’ histories in recent decades, the subset of social rights has been largely neglected. To the degree that social rights—to subsistence, work and education—are acknowledged, they tend to be treated as ‘second-generation rights’—as mid-twentieth-century additions to the corpus of civil and political rights stretching back to the eighteenth century. This article shows that debates over social rights also stretch back to that period. The author discusses why historians of the French Revolution have largely neglected social rights. One reason has to do with post-Cold War conceptions of human rights, which stress their liberal rather than socio-economic content. Another has to do with the recent tendency to subsume the ‘social’ within late eighteenth-century liberal political economy. In their effort to recast revolutionaries as ‘social liberals’—as espousing free markets and social welfare—historians have obscured deep tensions over social rights and the obligation, or ‘duty’, to finance them.
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Madejski, Jerzy. "Portret, słownik, sylwa… Biografistyka (literacka) na przełomie XX i XXI wieku." Polish Biographical Studies 2, no. 1 (2014): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pbs.2014.05.
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This paper discusses the status of literary biographic studies at the turn of the 21th century in Poland. It points out to how the methodological transition in literature studies influenced changes in literary biographic studies, namely the weakening impact of structuralism and the introduction of new scientific paradigms. The question how the convention of describing characters in other human and social sciences, i.e. history, psychology, sociology and philosophy, influenced the position and concept of literary biographic studies, is also discussed.
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Furaih, Ameer Chasib. "A Poetics of De-colonial Resistance: A Study in Selected Poems by Evelyn Araluen Cor." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES 12, no. 02 (2022): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37648/ijrssh.v12i02.029.
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First Nations peoples in Australia, as in many other colonized countries, were forced to acquired English soon after the arrival of the colonists in their country during the second half of the 18th century. In response to their land dispossession, Indigenous Australian poets adopted and adapted the language and literary forms of colonists to write a politicized literature that tackles fundamental subjects such as land rights, civil, and human rights, to name but a few. Their literary response can be traced back to the early 1800s, and it had continued through the 20th century. One example is the poem “The Stolen Generation” (1985) by Justin Leiber, which has since been considered a motto for the struggle of Aboriginal peoples against obligatory removal of children from Aboriginal families.This paper aims at examining 21th century politicized literary response of Aboriginal poets. It sheds lights on the poetry of Evelyn Araluen as a telling paradigm of decolonial poetics, demonstrating her role in the political struggle of her peoples. Analysing representative poems by the poet, including “decolonial poetics (avant gubba)” and “Runner-up: Learning Bundjalung on Tharawal,” the paper examines the interdisciplinary nature of her poetry, and demonstrates how the poet transgresses the boundaries between poetry and politics, so as to be utilized as an effective tool of political resistance.
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Keys, Barbara. "Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, ed., Human Rights in the Twentieth Century." European History Quarterly 43, no. 2 (April 2013): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691413478542t.
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Guangmiao, X. "China's Arctic Interests and Policy: History, Legal Ground and Implementation." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 2 (2016): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-2-52-62.
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With a brief history review of China’s participation in the 20th century Arctic activities, the article discusses basic directions of China’s Arctic interests in the 21th century, examines their legal grounds and mechanisms for their pursuit. Considering China‘s Arctic interests related to climate change, economic, scientific and political activities, the author emphasizes that the latter primarily serve its desire for a better understanding of climate change dynamics and economic interest. While elaborating on legal issues, the author also admits the existence of legal disputes that impede the pursuit of Chinese interests. Furthermore, when introducing the mechanisms for China’s Arctic interests pursuit as a complex which can be achieved in governmental, academic and commercial aspects, the obstructive practical factors in the process of implementation, and the shortcomings of the according mechanisms are discussed. Attempting to analyze the perspective and summarize the basic position of Chinese government on the present issue, the author adopts the methods of history research, document research, interdisciplinary research and comparison, and draws the conclusion that, as a non-Arctic state, China does not regard Arctic as a foreign policy priority and raises no claims in the region. China shows respect to the sovereignty and sovereign rights of Arctic countries, while insisting that non-Arctic states should also exercise the right of scientific research and navigation. To develop a partnership of cooperation, Arctic and non-Arctic states should recognize and respect each other's rights under the international law. China endorses UNCLOS to be the main legal instrument of the Arctic Governance and considers the Arctic Council as the most influential international forum promoting the development of Arctic Governance and cooperation. Unprepared as China has been to form its official Arctic policy, it will continue to actively participate in all aspects of the governance and cooperation in the region.
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Shah, Rozena Hussain, and Mian Muhammad Ali Awais. "U-21 Concept of Fundamental Human Rights in Western and Islamic Society." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 323–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/u21.v4.02(20).323-334.
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"Human Rights are legal and social principle the society of human being. The concept of human rights is old as the history of mankind. Infact rights and obligations are compulsory for the balance of society. These reciprocal responsibilities give the strength of society. The west has no concept of human rights before the seventeenth century. In the 20th century the western society made a declaration of human rights. But in Islam human rights granted by Almighty Allah. This article aimed for the above discussion."
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Hodson, Loveday. "Chris Moores. Civil Liberties and Human Rights in Twentieth-Century Britain." American Historical Review 123, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhy137.
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Bass, Gary J. "Humanitarian Intervention in the 21st Century." Tocqueville Review 30, no. 1 (January 2009): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.30.1.17.
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What future is possible for the promotion of human rights after Iraq? George W. Bush’s disastrous misadventure has rightly become the prime exhibit of the folly of military means. The fear of interventionism covers both left and right. For some critics of the Bush administration, human-rights-minded liberals are due particular blame for being useful idiots for the Bush agenda.
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Clark, Anna. "Humanitarianism, Human Rights and Biopolitics in the British Empire, 1890–1902." Britain and the World 9, no. 1 (March 2016): 96–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2016.0216.
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The 1890s were a key time for debates about imperial humanitarianism and human rights in India and South Africa. This article first argues that claims of humanitarianism can be understood as biopolitics when they involved the management and disciplining of populations. This article examines the historiography that analyses British efforts to contain the Bombay plague in 1897 and the Boer War concentration camps as forms of discipline extending control over colonized subjects. Secondly, human rights language could be used to oppose biopolitical management. While scholars have criticized liberal human rights language for its universalism, this article argues that nineteenth-century liberals did not believe that rights were universal; they had to be earned. It was radical activists who drew on notions of universal rights to oppose imperial intervention and criticize the camps in India and South Africa. These activists included two groups: the Personal Rights Association and the Humanitarian League; and the individuals Josephine Butler, Sol Plaatje, Narayan Meghaji Lokhande, and Bal Gandadhar Tilak. However, these critics also debated amongst themselves how far human rights should extend.
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Wall, John. "Human Rights in Light of Childhood." International Journal of Children's Rights 16, no. 4 (2008): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181808x312122.
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AbstractThis essay argues that children's rights will adequately transform societies only when the very concept of “human rights” is reimagined in light of childhood. In this case, human rights would be understood as grounded, not in modernist ideas of autonomy, liberty, entitlement, or even agency, but in a postmodern circle of responsibility to one another. This “childist” interpretation of rights is constructed by examining various forms of child-centered ethical theory in Western history; their impacts on major human rights theories of the Enlightenment and today; alternative visions implied in twentieth century international children's rights agreements; new theoretical groundings arising out of postmodern ethics; and the possibility of human rights as truly including all humanity.
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Chessel, Marie-Emmanuelle. "From duties to rights: revisiting the ‘Social Catholics’ in twentieth-century France." French History 33, no. 4 (December 2019): 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fh/crz094.
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Abstract Apropos the history of human rights in France, one spontaneously thinks of the French Revolution and then of left-wing activists, particularly socialists. Their opponents, the Catholics, normally considered to be right wing and usually opposed to socialism, appear as a counterpoint. This article argues that some Catholics, especially those who referred to themselves as ‘social Catholics’, also contributed to the adoption of certain rights, particularly social rights, in France in unexpected and paradoxical ways. Their contribution was made through their social activities, visible in their organizations’ archives more than through their discourse. Social Catholics spoke little of ‘rights’. Yet paradoxically, discourses about ‘duties’ can lead to the defence of rights, especially through the practice of social surveys and the importance of social ‘facts’. Examples are taken from the history of the Ligue Sociale d’Acheteurs, the Union Féminine Civique et Sociale and other French Catholic organizations such as the Secrétariats sociaux.
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Sznaider, Natan. "James Loeffler. Rooted Cosmopolitans: Jews and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century." American Historical Review 125, no. 4 (October 2020): 1388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz856.
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Skourmalla, Argyro-Maria, and Marina Sounoglou. "Human Rights and Minority Languages: Immigrants’ Perspectives in Greece." Review of European Studies 13, no. 1 (February 6, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v13n1p55.
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Human rights and their fortification through conventions and treaties are thought to be one of the greatest achievements of the previous century. A very important category of human rights is the Linguistic Human Rights (LHR). Linguistic Human Rights are connected to basic human rights and are of great importance in policy and planning. There have been numerous researches on language policies and in educational systems around the world. However, minority populations’ opinion, for example refugees’ opinion, is rarely represented in these researches. The present research aims at exploring the existing language policies in Greece in reference to minority languages. For the needs of this research six adult refugees participated in short semi-structured interviews. Even though participants seemed to be unaware of the term “Linguistic Human Rights”, most of them referred to the difficulty they have in exercising major human rights due to the monolingual policies that are followed in Greece. Taking into consideration the importance of Linguistic Human Rights and people’s need to use their mother language(s) in Greece, the last part of this research includes suggestions and ideas towards multilingual practices that come from different countries around the world.
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Sogrin, Vladimir. "Human Rights in the United States: Evolution, Milestones, Contemporary Developments." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 1 (2022): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640018287-3.
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The author seeks to give a professional perspective on the history of human rights in the United States, which has recently acquired considerable significance, but is portrayed from ideological perspectives by competing political movements, groups, and parties. The author believes that in this situation the historical truth is being seriously misrepresented. The author shows that until the middle of the twentieth century, “human rights” in the United States were extended only to white men. Then, under the influence of both internal problems and the Сold War with the USSR, the United States had to extend “human rights” to ethnic minority groups. Multiculturalism was born and a sharp conflict between it and the traditional “melting pot” that secured the dominance of the white race in American civilization, primarily the Anglo-Saxons, was created. At the present stage, the conflict between the Republican party, committed to the priority of the white race, and the Democratic Party, which won the 2020 presidential elections under the slogans of multiculturalism and equal “human rights” for all races, ethnicities, genders, and other groups of Americans, has reached its peak. Approaches of both parties to the American past according to the author contradict historicism.
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Heyne, Elisabeth. "Thanato-Laboratorien. Theorien von Tod und Sterben und Elias Canettis Buch gegen den Tod." Kulturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift 4, no. 1 (June 13, 2020): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kwg-2019-0007.
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AbstractAlthough visual culture of the 21th century increasingly focuses on representation of death and dying, contemporary discourses still lack a language of death adequate to the event shown by pictures and visual images from an outside point of view. Following this observation, this article suggests a re-reading of 20th century author Elias Canetti. His lifelong notes have been edited and published posthumously for the first time in 2014. Thanks to this edition Canetti's short texts and aphorisms can be focused as a textual laboratory in which he tries to model a language of death on experimental practices of natural sciences. The miniature series of experiments address the problem of death, not representable in discourses of cultural studies, system theory or history of knowledge, and in doing so, Canetti creates liminal texts at the margins of western concepts of (human) life, science and established textual form.
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Hassan, Dr Abida, Muhammad Irshad Ijaz, and Sadia Saeed Rao. "Racism and International Human Rights Law." Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.306315.
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Racism is as old as human history. It gives rise to different shapes such as race, caste, color, creed, nationality and origin. Ancient philosophers, namely, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hobbes and Locke have been against racism and supported humanity. Discrimination against humanity is a dark chapter for human rights. Art 1(3) of UN declaration presents to accomplish global collaboration by promoting and encouraging reverence for all human freedoms and rights devoid of difference as to race, sex, language or religion. Art 2 of UDHR speaks that “every person is entitled for all the rights and liberties mentioned in this declaration, without any sorts of distinction.’ 20th Century witnessed the abolition of slavery and trafficking of men in all forms. All the constitutions of the world have provisions of fundamental human rights without any discrimination and distinction, more than that, the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as well as his Last Sermon are the sources of fundamental rights, equality of all races with reference to ancient and modern laws of the world.
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RENAUD, TERENCE. "HUMAN RIGHTS AS RADICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: PROTESTANT THEOLOGY AND ECUMENISM IN THE TRANSWAR ERA." Historical Journal 60, no. 2 (November 24, 2016): 493–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000303.
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AbstractFrom the 1920s through the 1940s, European and Anglo-American Protestants perceived a crisis of humanity. While trying to determine religion's role in a secular age, church leaders redefined the human being as a theological person in community with others and in partnership with God. This new anthropology contributed to a personalist conception of human rights that rivalled Catholic and secular conceptions. Alongside such innovations in post-liberal theology, ecumenical Protestants organized a series of meetings to unite the world churches. Their conference at Oxford in July 1937 led to the creation of the World Council of Churches. Thus, Protestants of the transwar era supplied the two main ingredients of any human rights regime: a universalist commitment to defending individual human beings regardless of race, nationality, or class and a global institutional framework for enacting that commitment. Through the story of Protestant thinkers and activists, this article recasts the history of human rights as part of a larger history of critical reappraisals of humanity. Understanding why human rights came into prominence at various twentieth-century moments may require abandoning ‘rights talk’ for human talk, or, a comparative history of radical anthropologies and their relationship to broader socio-economic, political, and cultural crises.
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Nguyen Thi, Bich. "History of women: research on the uniqual legal location of American women in modern history (XVI - XIX century)." Journal of Science Social Science 66, no. 2 (May 2021): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1067.2021-0037.
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Today, the values of human rights, civil rights and especially the issue of gender equality (men and women equal rights) have become an urgent and decisive requirement for social progress. However, throughout the centuries, women's legal discrimination has been a historically common phenomenon on a global scale. Even in a country as proud of its democratic traditions as the United States, women are considered “second-class” citizens and their contributions seem to “disappear” in history. It was not until the 1960s - 1970s, under the influence of the Civil Rights Revolution, that the study of American women's history as an independent field attracted the attention of scholars. Within the scope of the article, the author focuses on analyzing two main issues: understanding the “second-class” status of American women in legal terms and trying to explain what causes inequality to exist. world in such a persistent way throughout the modern period (16th - 19th centuries) in the history of this country. From there, it helps readers to systematically and objectively view the efforts of American women in the struggle for their legal citizenship later.
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Md Nor, Ahmad Tarmizi, Farhan Mat Nasir, and Salwa Anuar. "TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS IN AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR IN TERM OF ECO-FRIENDLY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT VEHICLES." Journal of Technology and Operations Management 15, Number 2 (December 29, 2020): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jtom2020.15.2.7.
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This review paper was intended to visit the importance of sustaining the technology of eco- friendly vehicles. To understand the concept of eco-friendly we have first to understand the history of energy exploitation by human being. This review paper emphasize on the transition of energy source exploitation running thru early renaissance until the modern era we are in now. Internal Combustion Engine has served the world since early 20th century driving us into the new millennial that is the 21th century. The depletion of oil reserve indicate a utmost important for us to source for a new energy that we can exploit in abundant yet causes minimal effect to the environment. This review paper also brings in the concept of mature technology and how it can actually be a good thing that push us into innovating and creating new technology to be capable in adopting new ways in ensuring sustainability of humans by means of sustaining the technology.
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Rizzo, Mary, and Martha Swan. "Public History and Mass Incarceration." Public Historian 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2014.36.1.61.
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Nonprofit human rights organization John Brown Lives! uses local and regional history as a tool to raise contemporary questions around racial injustice, inspired by the work of controversial abolitionist leader John Brown. In this interview, founder Martha Swan discusses how John Brown Lives! uses public history, from a series of community conversations around mass incarceration and drug laws to a traveling exhibit on voting rights in nineteenth century New York State, to encourage people to question the narrative of American history, the meaning of freedom, the role of policy in racial issues, and the connections between history and place.
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Balagué, Laurent. "Pour une étude généalogique de la valeur des droits de l'homme : une opposition à l’historicisme et au racisme." Labyrinth 21, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25180/lj.v21i1.169.
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For a genealogical study of the value of human rights: an opposition to historicism and racism The purpose of this article is to focus on human rights as a value in itself that has to fight against other values. We would like to show that human rights have become an intrinsic value only by following a path in human history that distinguish them from historicism. Because human rights became a value through history, it is important to be able to show the lay out of this history. We will illustrate it by means of diverse philosophical theories. We will begin with Leo Strauss' philosophy of natural rights which considers human rights in their opposition to historicism. Then, with the help of Michel Foucault's genealogy we will show how human rights develop themselves against the racist theory elaborated by a fraction of the French aristocracy in the 17th century. Consequently, a tension emerges inside those rights between their natural value and their historical one, which leads to the fundamental question: what is the essence of humankind involved in human rights?
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Morrison, Spencer. "Cormac McCarthy, Marilynne Robinson, and the Responsibility to Protect." American Literary History 31, no. 3 (2019): 458–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajz024.
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AbstractThis essay describes a new context for understanding the political stakes of US fiction described as postsecular—namely, the emergence of global human rights consciousness in the later twentieth century. Placing Americanist literary criticism’s recent “religious turn” in dialogue with the field of literature and human rights yields new insights for each, I argue. To demonstrate the benefits of this critical dialogue, I interpret two major novels studied by the “religious turn”—Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead—in relation to the United Nations’ responsibility to protect doctrine, which has reshaped the concept and practice of humanitarian intervention in the twenty-first century. Each novel dramatizes a dying father’s strained deliberations over the ethics of intervention on behalf of a vulnerable child—the subject whose maturation provides the figural foundation for human rights consciousness—against potentially grave harm. Each, moreover, deploys language and concepts of spiritual ambiguity to illuminate ethical and epistemological dilemmas that beset decisions regarding whether or not to intervene. Locating sacredness in the subject of human rights, McCarthy’s and Robinson’s texts enmesh rights claims and spiritual idioms in ways that suggest new critical paths for both Americanists and scholars of human rights and literature.
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Meyer, Manuella. "Punishment in Paradise: Race, Slavery, Human Rights, and a Nineteenth-Century Brazilian Penal Colony." Hispanic American Historical Review 99, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-7288193.
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Meckstroth, Christopher. "Hospitality, or Kant’s Critique of Cosmopolitanism and Human Rights." Political Theory 46, no. 4 (July 24, 2017): 537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591717719546.
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Kant’s theory of international politics and his right of hospitality are commonly associated with expansive projects of securing human rights or cosmopolitan governance beyond state borders. This article shows how this view misunderstands Kant’s criticism of the law of nations ( ius gentium) tradition as handed down into the eighteenth century as well as the logic of his radical alternative, which was designed to explain the conditions of possibility of global peace as a solution to the Hobbesian problem of a war of all against all in the state of nature. I resolve longstanding confusion over the meaning and justification of Kant’s right of “hospitality” by showing how it functions not as a freestanding positive claim demanding enforcement but as a way of ruling out specious justifications for war against those the traditional law of nations permitted one to label “enemies.” This poses important questions for contemporary theories of global justice.
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Hilpold, Peter. "‘Humanizing’ the Law of Self-Determination – the Chagos Island Case." Nordic Journal of International Law 91, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 189–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-91020001.
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Abstract Human rights are perceived more and more as a set of norms of all-encompassing effects determining all international action, in particular also those by the United Nations. The recent icj Opinion in the Chagos case seems to suggest, however, that the field of self-determination is not yet really affected by this development. The icj has dealt with this case in a very traditional manner declaring, as it was foreseeable, that the de-colonisation process of the Chagos Islands has not been lawfully completed. At the same time, the icj widely ignored the direful lot of the Chagossians. This article investigates whether it is still tenable to deal with a decolonisation case exclusively from the perspective of ‘classic colonial self-determination’ while barely considering the lot of the people directly affected by these events. The main proposition of this article is that the process of humanization of international law must not stop short from affecting also the law of self-determination. It is suggested, on the contrary, that in the 21th century the law of self-determination has to set the individuals composing the people in the forefront.
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Robinson, Fiona. "Human rights and the global politics of resistance: feminist perspectives." Review of International Studies 29, S1 (December 2003): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021050300593x.
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Talk of human rights is, currently, nearly as ubiquitous as talk of globalisation. While globalisation has been described as ‘the most over used and under specified term in the international policy sciences since the end of the Cold War’, the same could reasonably be said of ‘human rights’. Human rights are a product of the immediate aftermath of World War II, and thus they developed, in their contemporary form, in the context of the Cold War. The philosophical and political roots of human rights, of course, date back at least to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and some would say even further, to the Stoics of Ancient Greece. Globalisation, too, has unfolded mainly in the late twentieth-century and has reached a position of prominence in the post-Cold War context; at this juncture, and according to popular perception, the spread of market capitalism, Western culture and modern technology fit comfortably with the death of socialism and the ‘end of history’. But globalisation too has roots that date back much earlier – as early as, it has been argued, the fourteenth century.
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Dung Le, Van. "Micro-culture and Macro-culture in urban housing architecture." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819301002.
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In the era of information society, the development of urban housing architecture in the world has always associated with the tendency of cultural progress, localizing international architecture in parallel with internationalization of indigenous architecture, while still having a mixture of characteristics of oriental lifestyle with western lifestyle, and vice versa. The study allows determination of the form characteristics, and the mode of functional space organization of urban housing architecture corresponds to the two cultural types: Micro-culture of the East and Macro-culture of the West. This study forms the basis for preserving and recognizing the traditional essence of housing space between two relatively opposite cultures that exist throughout human history, especially in “flat world” conditions of postmodernity of the second half of the 20th and the 21th century.
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Nolan, Mary. "Gender and Utopian Visions in a Post-Utopian Era: Americanism, Human Rights, Market Fundamentalism." Central European History 44, no. 1 (March 2011): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938910001160.
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Utopian visions that produced distinctly dystopic projects are rightly associated with the catastrophically violent and repressive first half of twentieth-century European history— “the age of extremes” in Eric Hobsbawm's apt phrase. National Socialism, fascism, communism, and European colonialism represented totalizing, highly ideological visions of how politics and economics, society and culture should be dramatically reorganized. Each of these projects deployed gendered rhetorics and representations; each was explicitly preoccupied with redefining masculinity and femininity, marriage and family, domesticity and sexuality. Each sought to subordinate individuals to an overarching social project, integrating some, excluding others, always elaborating complex hierarchies of gender, race, and culture.
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Lang, Berel. "Rooted Cosmopolitans: Jews and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century James Loeffler." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 33, no. 2 (2019): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcz030.
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Mugali, Sadashiv s. "A PERSPECTIVE STUDY OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 2, no. 1 (October 31, 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v2.i1.2014.3074.
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Human beings are born equal in dignity and rights. These moral claims are articulated and formulated in what is today known as human rights. Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethic origion, colour, religion, language or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. The origin of human rights may be found both in Greek philosophy and the various world religions. In the Age of Enlightenment the concept of human rights emerged as an explicit category. Origin of the idea of human rights in India though the Rigveda Perod. The term Human Rights refer to those rights are considered universal to humanity, regardless of citizenship, residency status, ethnicity, gender, or other considerations. The present topic is a burning issue and has a great significance in the world especially the developing nations like India. The experience of the last five decades in the area of human rights has become a matter of deep concern. The early history of human rights movement can be traced from 13th century. India was closely and actively participating in all these developments, Finally Government of India introduced the Human Rights Commission Bill in the Lok Sabha on 14th May 1992.
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Mackinnon, Emma Stone. "Declaration as Disavowal: The Politics of Race and Empire in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Political Theory 47, no. 1 (June 20, 2018): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0090591718780697.
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This article argues that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), by claiming certain inheritances from eighteenth-century American and French rights declarations, simultaneously disavowed others, reshaping the genre of the rights declaration in ways amenable to forms of imperial and racial domination. I begin by considering the rights declaration as genre, arguing that later participants can both inherit and disavow aspects of what came before. Then, drawing on original archival research, I consider the drafting of the UDHR, using as an entry point the reception of the NAACP’s Appeal to the World petition, edited by W.E.B. DuBois. I reconstruct conversations within the drafting committee about the right to petition, self-determination, and the right to rebellion, and the separation of the Declaration from the rights covenants, to illustrate the allegiances between US racial politics and French imperial politics, and their legacies for our contemporary conceptions of human rights.
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Simpson, Brad. "Book Review: Human Rights in Twentieth Century Australia by Jon Piccini." Journal of Contemporary History 57, no. 1 (January 2022): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220094221084149h.
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Cohen, G. Daniel. "Rooted Cosmopolitans: Jews and Human Rights in the Twentieth Century by James Loeffler." AJS Review: The Journal of the Association for Jewish Studies 44, no. 1 (April 2020): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ajs.2020.0017.
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Surgova, Svitlana, and Olena Faichuk. "STATE POLICY OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN AS A SOCIAL SAFETY FACTOR: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FROM THE 17th to 21th CENTURIES." Public Administration and Regional Development, no. 13 (September 8, 2021): 752–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34132/pard2021.13.09.
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The historical aspect of the development of state social policy of social protection of children in Europe from the 17th to 21th centuries is considered in the article. The purpose of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the historical development of the state policy of social protection of children in European countries of the 17th to 21th centuries and learning from the experience of social protection of children in the context of Ukraine's European integration. The regulatory framework of the system of social protection of children in Ukraine has been studied. The statistic on different categories of children in need of social protection by the state is analyzed. The structure of the system of social protection of children in Ukraine is considered. The research methodology is based on the principle of priority of universal human values. As part of the tools of the proposed work the theoretical one is the analysis and generalization of scientific sources, educational and methodological publications on the theme and synthesis, as well as comparison and generalization of data. Based on the analysis of materials on the peculiarities of social protection in the UK, Germany, France, Sweden and Norway, it was determined that the social protection of children in Europe is characterized by assistance to them in providing conditions for the realization of their rights and freedoms. Equally important is the setting up of various charitable institutions, schools, penal colonies that help children change, as well as the emergence of social services that protect the rights and interests of children. The authors suggest that in the course of the studying the history of the issue of state policy of children’s social protection, there is an opportunity for analogies, the implementation of already proven steps on the path of democratization of national social protection policy. The researchers see the prospects for further research in the study of global innovative forms of social protection and support for at-risk children.
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Cook, Ramsay, and Ann Braude. ""Radical Spirits": Spiritualism and Women's Rights in Nineteenth Century America." Labour / Le Travail 28 (1991): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143537.
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Maleshina, Anastasia. "Taking Human Reproductive Rights Seriously: The Russian Perspective." Russian Law Journal 8, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 25–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-1-25-59.
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The very idea of human reproductive rights seems challenging. For much of human history, they were not discussed seriously as being a part of the right to privacy, liberty, security, equality, health, and non-discrimination. The situation changed drastically in the 1990s with the development of reproductive technologies. These technologies do not only help infertile couples to conceive, they allow single men and women, no matter their status and sexual preferences, to have offspring of the same genetic origin. We can affirm that in the 21st century assisted reproductive technology (ART) has completely changed what it means to have a baby and to be a parent. Despite their benefits, reproductive technologies leave space for ethical and medical concerns. A few of the many issues raised by reproductive technologies include: the reproductive right to abortion, legal status of the human fetus, ethical aspects regarding the use and storage of embryos, sex selection, surrogacy and gamete donation, and the right and accessibility to medical sterilization. This article sets forth the existing ethical and human rights standards on these issues and illustrates the need for further development and clarity on balancing these rights and interests in the Russian Federation.
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Pietrzykowski, Tomasz. "Przeszłość i przyszłość filozoficznoprawnej idei praw człowieka." Filozofia Publiczna i Edukacja Demokratyczna 2, no. 2 (July 14, 2018): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fped.2013.2.2.24.
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The idea of human rights has interesting history and even more interesting, if dim, future. The paper examines the main conceptual problems involved in the human rights-talk, its origin (in particular Ockham’s thought), evolution and critique (including Bentham’s argument commonly known as “nonsense upon stilts”, Marx’s attempt to demistify superficiality of the formal guarantees of freedom as well as Burke’s warnings against purportedly universal and abstract truth of such artificial ideological inventions). The main concern for the future of the idea of human rights seem to relate, however, to gradual naturalisation of the image of human being and human life. Therefore, it is less and less clear why any rights may be reasonably founded on brute fact of membership in a given biological species. As a result, it becomes more and more doubtful why human rights are to conceived as inherently (conceptually) solely human privilege. Nowadays, this question emerges as the most important challenge for the idea of human rights in the XXI century.
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MELNIKOV, Viktor Yu, Yuri A. KOLESNIKOV, Alla V. KISELEVA, Bika B. DZHAMALOVA, and Aleksandra I. NOVITSKAYA. "Formation of the Institute of Human Rights in Russia: Historical Aspects and Modernity." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 9, no. 1 (September 23, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v9.1(31).20.
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Without understanding the past can be neither a viable present and no decent future. The appeal of the nation to its history – this is not an attempt to escape from the present and uncertainty about the future. This understanding of who we are, where we came from. Based on our experience, we can confidently move forward. Not happen in the Russian revolution, which way went the history of the world? Can we learn from the past to prevent another disaster? The lessons of history are there – they just need to be able to retrieve. The main lesson we can learn from what happened in 1917 – the need to value human life. Russia of the late XIX – early XX century was an incredible human potential.
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Candia, Gonzalo. "Regional human rights institutions struggling against populism: The case of Venezuela." German Law Journal 20, no. 2 (April 2019): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2019.10.
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AbstractLatin American history is full of populist experiments. The result of this history is a political culture across the continent characterized by conflict and polarization. The most recent wave of Latin American populism is represented by neo-populism. Neo-populism identifies itself as the “socialism of the 21st century.” Its most representative expression is the Chavista regime, which was led first by Hugo Chávez, and then by Nicolás Maduro. This Article, after examining what populism is, considers how regional human rights institutions of the Americas have dealt with the Chavista regime. In doing so, this Article describes the efforts deployed by both the Inter-American Commission and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to keep Chávez under control. This Article concludes that regional human rights supervision, being relevant in the context of the Venezuelan experience, was finally incapable of either preventing or stopping the authoritarian path adopted by Chávez. This was because: (a) early supervision over the Chavista regime did not avert its leaders from abusing human rights afterwards; and (b) intensifying regional supervision over the regime became paradoxically self-defeating after it took full control of the State apparatus.
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Hellerstedt, Andreas. "'Ihre defension zu führen'." 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 19 (December 29, 2022): 8–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.6545.
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This article discusses two lesser known proponents of animal rights in early eighteenth-century Northern Europe. In Sweden, Johan Upmarck argued for an “analogy” of rights of animals in 1714. German scholar Immanuel Proeleus proposed a set of animal rights and human duties towards animals in 1709. Both authors place restrictions on these rights. In the case of Upmarck, the rights are described through the notion of an “analogy”. The rights of animals are only rights in an improper sense, and not comparable to the rights humans have. In the case of Proeleus, animal rights are placed on a foundational level, as a category of rights that are common to both men and other animals. This gives them a stronger position than is the case in Upmarck’s argument, but animal rights are in the final analysis nonetheless relegated to a subordinate status. However, Proeleus goes much further in detailing the exact nature of the rights of animals and the duties of humans to care for and protect them, although Upmarck also delineates what constitutes “illicit cruelty” towards animals and discusses their experience of suffering.
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Greenwald, Brian H., and John Vickrey Van Cleve. "“A DEAF VARIETY OF THE HUMAN RACE”: HISTORICAL MEMORY, ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, AND EUGENICS." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 1 (December 19, 2014): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781414000528.
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AbstractAlexander Graham Bell stood at the intersection of two late nineteenth-century American social developments. First, a nascent deaf community, threaded by residential schools and the use of a shared visual language, began to form by the 1850s, drawing deaf people into regular interaction and intermarriage. Second, the American eugenics movement, determined to eliminate perceived social problems through reproductive restrictions, came to prominence as the century neared its end. Bell's role in publicly connecting these two historical threads has earned him the approbation of the American deaf community and historians of disability.This article examines Bell's words and actions closely over thirty years to argue that a combination of Bell's own hubris and historians' tendency to conflate two aspects of his complex attitude toward disability has distorted historical memory. Bell feared that difference alone led to inequality, and he hoped that society could be improved through informed reproductive decisions. Ultimately, Bell found himself entangled in an alarming eugenic environment and sought to thwart eugenicists who would interfere with deaf reproductive rights.