Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Human rights – Canada'
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1
Tran, Luan-Vu N. "Human rights and federalism in Canada, two solitudes?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0025/NQ51622.pdf.
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Tran, Luan-Vu N. 1968. "Human rights and federalism in canada : two solitudes?" Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35968.
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Fundamental rights have been traditionally understood as prohibitions of state interference with the private affairs of citizens. Classic liberalism views human freedom generally as the absence of governmental restrictions, maintaining that happiness, prosperity and progress can be achieved only by limiting government.The dissertation challenges these traditional assumptions by showing that the protection of fundamental rights depends on both restraint and intervention of the state. Therefore, the realization of freedom, equality and justice should not be left to market forces but requires active governmental participation. The state assumes positive as well as negative obligations under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This means that governmental authorities, legislatures and courts must respect, protect and promote Charter guarantees. The Charter makes space for economic, social and cultural fights, which presuppose a cooperative and dialogical relationship between the three governmental branches (executive, legislative, and judicial bodies).
The thesis also grapples with another issue in the current Canadian constitutional debate. It is widely believed that federalism is antagonistic to liberal values, in particular the guarantees of the Charter; that the nature and purpose of the Charter imply a superior role of Ottawa vis-a-vis the provinces because cultural diversity and decentralization of power undermine its effectiveness. The dissertation recasts the debate and proposes ways to reconcile human rights with federalism and its underlying objective---the preservation of cultural diversity. It offers an analytical framework that allows us to view fundamental rights and cultural pluralism as interdependent and indivisible values protected by the Canadian Constitution.
The thesis concludes with a proposal for a multicultural interpretation of the Charter on the basis of which cultural differences can be identified and accommodated. It stipulates that a pluralistic constitutional discourse is possible insofar as the Charter is seen as a document establishing substantive and institutional conditions for Canadians to engage in deliberative democracy and, thereby facilitating communicative actions by citizens from all walks of life.
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Rosen, Desa. "Socio-economic rights as constitutional human rights : Canada, India and South Africa." Thesis, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429140.
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Lambertson, Ross. "Activists in the age of rights the struggle for human rights in Canada, 1945-1960 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37352.pdf.
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De, Gruchy Philip R. "Study of Amnesty International, a worldwide movement to defend human rights." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21533.pdf.
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Lambertson, Ross. "Activists in the age of rights, the struggle for human rights in Canada, 1945-1960." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37352.pdf.
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Deziel, Julie. "The effectiveness of mandatory minimum sentences a comparative study of Canada and South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4690.
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Kellett, Ken. "Bilateral aid in Canada's foreign policy : the human rights rhetoric-practice gap." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Political Science, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3298.
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Successive Canadian federal governments have officially indicated their support of human rights in foreign policy, including as they relate to aid-giving. This thesis quantitatively tests this rhetoric with the actual practice of bilateral aid-giving in two time periods – 1998-2000 and 2007-2009. This, however, revealed that Canada has actually tended to give more bilateral aid to countries with poorer human rights records. A deeper quantitative analysis identifies certain multilateral memberships – notably with the Commonwealth, NATO, and OECD – and the geo-political and domestic considerations of Haiti as significant and confirms a recipient state’s human rights performance is not a consideration. These multilateral relationships reflect state self-interests, historical connections, security, and a normative commitment to poverty reduction. It is these factors that those promoting a human rights agenda need to contemplate if recipient state performance is to become relevant in bilateral aid decisions. Thus, it is necessary to turn to international relations theory, in particular liberal institutionalism, to explain Canada’s bilateral aid-giving in these periods.vi, 141 leaves ; 29 cm
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Krasnick, Harry. "English as a second language problem in the Canadian charter of rights and freedoms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27666.
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A research project was designed to identify and analyze the issues which are involved in guaranteeing the equal protection of the law in Canada with respect to the right to be informed of the right to counsel upon detention or arrest and the right to the assistance of an interpreter in legal proceedings in the case of non-native speakers of English.
A comparative, multidisciplinary study design allowed the differences among social science views, practitioners' commonsensical knowledge, and legal viewpoints as expressed in reported judgements to be identified. Each of the three sources of viewpoints on cross-cultural interrogation and courtroom interaction was examined with a view to determining the range of phenomena recognized. The study did not attempt to evaluate the social science studies on their own terms, measure the distribution of commonsense knowledge among practitioners, or determine the state of the law on any particular point. The goal was rather to compare the breadth of the legal system's vision with that of social scientists and practitioners, in order to determine whether there will be a need to supplement the court's view.
The results suggested that court interpreters vary greatly in their overall competence, including language ability, and in their understanding of what their role is. Training and certification of court interpreters appears to be the only solution which will satisfy the constitutional guarantee of equal protection. Informing the suspect of his right to counsel presents substantial linguistic and cultural problems, only some of which are addressed by the courts. In legal proceedings, the right to the assistance
of an interpreter raises fundamental questions concerning the point at
which the right to an interpreter arises and how entitlement is to be
determined.
Practical solutions implied by the research include establishing a bilingual courtroom observer program to safeguard against inadequte interpretation going unnoticed; cautioning the suspect as to his right to counsel in his native language rather than in English, perhaps through audio tape recordings; and establishing a combination translation and legal advice center which could be contacted by calling a toll-free telephone number such as 800-ESL-HELP.Education, Faculty of
Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of
Graduate
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Matrosov, Pavel Igorevich. "Comparative analysis of constitutional law mechanism for human rights protection in Canada and Russia." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80941.
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This thesis offers a comparative analysis of the Constitutional law mechanism for human rights protection in Canada and Russia. Russia is experiencing a transition from the former soviet regime towards democracy and civil society. Since the beginning of the transition in 1991 Russia has made three major steps in that direction: the adoption of the Declaration of Rights and Freedoms of the Individual and Citizen of 1991, the Constitution of 1993 and the ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1998. However, the existent constitutional law mechanism for human rights protection is not fully effective due to its novelty for Russian society. A number of lessons can be learned from the Canadian and European experiences of human rights protection. Among them is the necessity to build the mechanism for human rights protection that will be based on the rule of law, direct application of the Constitution, and the creation of a human rights culture, supported by the people's trust in independent judicial institutions.
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Eastaugh, Érik Labelle. "The rights of official language minority communities in Canada." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7500f091-db99-48ad-b269-3e0b7332705c.
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This thesis explores the meaning and content of s. 41 of the Official Languages Act of Canada, which imposes certain duties on all federal institutions towards French- and English-language minority communities. While vitally important as a component of Canada's language rights archictecture, the nature and content of s. 41 as a legal norm remain woefully unclear. The immediate aim is to determine: (1) whether s. 41 confers a right to specific measures in particular cases; (2) whether such rights are individual or collective; and (3) if collective, what sort of interests are protected. Section 41 presents a number of interpretive challenges. First, it uses terminology which is undefined in the Act and yet has no self-evident meaning. Thus, the nature of the primary legal subject, 'linguistic minority communities' (LMCs), is unclear, as are the nature of the protected interests, 'vitality' and 'development'. Second, the interpretive principles developed by the case-law for official language rights rely on a conceptual framework that is vague and under-theorized. Key components of that framework, like the concept of a necessary link between language and culture, have yet to be fully explored, either in the case-law or in legal scholarship. This presents an acute problem in the case of s. 41, where the content of these concepts will likely prove dispositive. In order to grapple with these challenges, this thesis develops an account of language rights as collective rights. Drawing on the philosophical literature and existing case-law, I argue that LMCs should be conceived of as collectivities rather than mere aggregates of individuals, and that a number of language rights, such as s. 41 of the OLA, and ss. 16.1 and 23 of the Charter, aim to protect the collective interests of these collectivities. I then define some of these interests from both an empirical and a normative perspective. I conclude by arguing that s. 41 of the OLA protects an 'autonomy interest', which both prohibits federal institutions from interfering with existing LMC autonomy, and provides a basis for claiming enhancements to that autonomy, within the confines of the statutory mandate of the institution in question.
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Dewar, Paula Fernandes. "Aboriginal Genocide in Canada and Achieving Transitional Justice." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23693.
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The indigenous peoples of Canada have been severely mistreated since the period of European colonization and the founding of the country up to the end of the last century, resulting in serious human rights disparity. Aboriginal leaders, some politicians and members of the public are calling past actions, genocide. Principally a philosophical thesis, this paper deals with the question of the Government of Canada recognizing that their historical treatment of the indigenous peoples of Canada was genocide and whether, in light of the facts that have come to view in the past twenty years, it is the just response from the government; which I contend would result in aiding the nation to heal and move forward. The component parts for understanding this issue – the Aboriginals, history of the Indian Residential School System, genocide and culture, and transitional justice - are viewed through a conceptual analysis of these contexts, with post-colonial discourse narrative. In this way, one can judge based on merit the validity of the argument. I conclude with a philosophical analysis in normative ethics, that transitional justice and equitable rights fulfillment cannot move forward for all Canadians, if the label of genocide is not acknowledged as applicable to the era of the Indian Residential Schools.
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Hunter, Lauren. "From multicultural differences to different multiculturalisms : locating Canada in international debates on gender, antiracism and human rights." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31335.
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State-sponsored multiculturalism has faced significant social and political challenges in recent years, resulting in the scaling back of most multiculturalism policies in Western nations in favour of more assimilationist models. Against the trend, Canada has remained firm in its commitment to its version of the policy, and continues to assert at a governmental level that multiculturalism is highly valued. This raises questions about why Canadian multiculturalism appears to have survived the challenges that are causing the collapse of other state-sponsored multiculturalisms. The thesis suggests that multiculturalism policies contain foundational philosophies, which are informed by historical rationales that originally justified the creation of multiculturalism, many of which have competing goals. On one hand, multiculturalism contains aspects of systemic racism that are based in the way a nation has historically engaged with diversity; on the other hand, it is a policy designed to promote inclusive equality. These two principles manifest throughout the many rationales that created the policy. Canada's capacity to balance competing interests within the policy has enabled Canadian multiculturalism to adapt to challenges in a manner that not all other multiculturalisms have been able to emulate. Among other contemporary challenges, the charge has been laid against multiculturalism that it fosters the spread of excessively patriarchal cultures in liberal national spaces, and subsequently should be abandoned in favour of more assimilationist models that protect against gender abuse, and abuse of liberal principles of individual human rights. By carefully analyzing the foundational philosophies in contemporary Canadian multiculturalism, the thesis shows that in the Canadian case this charge is based on a number of inaccurate assumptions, which, once corrected, indicate that state-sponsored forms of multiculturalism may actually promote gender equality, as well as open increased avenues for advanced levels of cultural human rights. The thesis proposes a framework for advancing human rights through a fresh look at the individual rights versus group rights debate, and demonstrates how Canada is uniquely poised, through multiculturalism, to establish advanced access to equality and freedom of cultural practice for a diverse population.Arts, Faculty of
Gender, Race, Sexuality and Social Justice, Institute for
Graduate
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Gillies, David 1952. "Between ethics and interests : human rights in the north-south relations of Canada, The Netherlands, and Norway." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41264.
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This study examines human rights in the North-South relations of three internationalist countries: Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway. It pays special attention to the integration of human rights in development aid policy, particularly the use of political conditionality. The theoretical framework examines the explanatory power of political Realism. A hypothesis linking policy assertiveness with the perceived costs to other national interests is tested by selecting Western states most likely to disprove Realist assumptions, and by choosing at least two Third World cases for each aid donor: one where economic, political and strategic interests are high, and another where the same interests are minimal or low. Three frameworks to (1) document human rights abuses; (2) evaluate national human rights performance; and (3) gauge foreign policy assertiveness serve as the methodological lenses to analyze Western statecraft and test the hypothesis.Each donor's search for moral opportunity is visible in an emerging agenda to promote human rights and democratic development. However, if the resolve to defend human rights beyond national borders is gauged by a state's willingness to incur harm to other important national interests, then Canada, the Netherlands, and Norway are seldom disposed to let human rights trump more self-serving national interests. The potential for consistent and principled human rights statecraft is frequently undermined by Realism's cost-benefit rationality.
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Provost, René. "Human Rights in Times of Social Insecurity: Canadian Experience and Inter-American Perspectives." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115752.
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Canada’s experience in the war against terrorism goes back to the seventies, and continues to develop nowadays, with the last direct terrorist activity in 2017. The Canadian Government reacted to these terrorist attacks by enacting a number of statutes that reflect a changing international paradigm in relation to the fight against terrorism. Fundamental rights and liberties such as the freedom of expression, the right to private life and to personal freedom have been curtailed by these legislative measures. The practical consequences of these measures are analyzed via a comparative examination of the Inter-American System of Human Rights. In general terms, the war against terrorism produces significant impacts over the human rights.La experiencia de Canadá en la lucha contra el terrorismo se remonta a inicios de la década de los setenta y se desarrolla hasta la época actual (los acontecimientos más recientes han tenido lugar en el año 2017). Las medidas legislativas fueron la vía adoptada por parte de Canadá para contrarrestar los ataques y reflejar el cambio de paradigma político en la esfera internacional con relación al fenómeno del terrorismo. Derechos fundamentales como el derecho a la libre expresión, a la vida privada y a la libertad personal se encuentran particularmente afectados por estas medidas. Un análisis comparativo del sistema canadiense y el sistema interamericano permite identificar las consecuencias de estas medidas. En términos más amplios, la lucha contra el terrorismo genera impactos significativos sobre los derechos humanos en general.
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Penninga, Mark, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "A Judeo-Christian account of human dignity in Canadian law and public policy." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2008, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/671.
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Understanding human dignity is integral to protecting human rights. An examination
of Canada‘s Supreme Court decisions and Canadian public policy debates reveals that human
dignity is being defined synonymously with individual autonomy and equality. This narrow
understanding has serious implications for people who are not able to assert their autonomy.
To understand the philosophical ideas behind these decisions, this thesis examines classical,
modern, and postmodern accounts of human dignity and concludes that they fall short in
providing an objective grounding for dignity that is truly human. It then looks to the Judeo-
Christian account of human dignity to provide a transcendent foundation for human dignity.
With this account, persons are rational and physical, relational, inviolable, and teleological –
a hopeful contrast to the prevailing contemporary accounts. This thesis then defends the place
of this religious perspective in our secular country.vi, 182 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.
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Reynolds, Graham John. "Towards reconsideration of the intersection of the charter right to freedom of expression and copyright in Canada." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b27a9d3a-c0b7-497e-a8ad-29b861b78b32.
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This thesis explores the intersection of freedom of expression (as protected in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Charter)) and copyright in Canada. In this thesis, I argue that both lower Canadian courts and the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) should reconsider their approaches to this intersection. Lower Canadian courts have consistently rejected arguments that provisions of Canada's Copyright Act unjustifiably infringe the Charter right to freedom of expression. The SCC, on the other hand, has consistently interpreted provisions of the Copyright Act in such a manner as to result in expanded protection for the expression interests of non-copyright owning parties. It has done so not by relying explicitly on the Charter right to freedom of expression, but through a process of statutory interpretation. I argue that both approaches merit reconsideration. Specifically, I argue that the approaches adopted by lower Canadian courts to the intersection of the Charter right to freedom of expression and copyright are based on now-invalidated approaches to both copyright and to freedom of expression, and are thus themselves invalid; that to the extent to which the SCC's approach to this intersection assumes that the Charter right to freedom of expression can be protected, in the context of copyright, through statutory interpretation alone, that it fails to adequately protect the Charter right to freedom of expression; that other leading national courts from which the SCC has previously sought assistance have explicitly engaged with this intersection, and that the SCC should follow suit; and that the SCC's own copyright and freedom of expression jurisprudence suggests that provisions of the Copyright Act may unjustifiably infringe the Charter right to freedom of expression. These four arguments, taken together, suggest that the time is ripe for reconsideration of this intersection.
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Krstik, Stanko. "The Agreement Concerning Annual Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade Between Canada and Colombia and Home State Responsibility to Prevent Transnational Human Rights and Environmental Harm Caused or Enabled by International Investment Agreements." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30289.
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The Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (CCOFTA) came into force in August 2011 amidst concerns that the provisions protecting Canadian investment in Colombia could exacerbate the precarious human rights situation. The Agreement concerning Annual Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade between Canada and Colombia was negotiated to address such concerns by enshrining the first ever human rights impact assessment (HRIA) of a free trade and investment agreement (TIA) in an internationally binding instrument. This thesis builds on a growing body of international legal scholarship that has considered the duty of home states of private investors to regulate their activity in the host state so as to prevent them from causing or contributing to human rights and environmental harm. It examines state obligations found in human rights, environmental and general principles of international law to propose that while an obligation might exist for the home state to exercise unilateral regulation of its investors, in the presence of a TIA that could cause or enable private human rights or environmental harm, investor regulation through the TIA can be seen as duty for both the home and host states. In view of the absence of such regulation in the CCOFTA, this thesis will consider if the annual HRIA mechanism is an alternative for preventing human rights and environmental harm caused or enabled by the TIA. It is submitted that while HRIAs of TIAs are a novel concept for which little international practice exists, this mechanism has the capacity to provide concrete evidence of human rights or environmental harm caused or enabled by the TIA, but only if based on a methodological model that uses existing state international human rights law obligations as indicators to measure a change in the human rights situation, draws unequivocal causal links between the investment protection provisions and human rights indicators, and allows for broad public participation, especially from the most marginalized and underrepresented groups in the host state to validate its methodology and findings. While under international law all investment-exporting states might have a duty to conduct HRIA on the effects of a proposed TIA as part of the due diligence to prevent transnational harm, the enshrinement of such assessments in an internationally binding instrument triggers a duty for the home state to, on one hand use the HRIA mechanism to prevent transnational human rights or environmental harm and, on the other hand, structure its annual assessments according to the described model in order to give effect to the duty to prevent. Broad and inclusive participation of the local affected communities from the host state in the HRIA becomes an integral component of the home state duty to prevent that can be expected to reveal any negative effects on the human rights situation from the TIA provisions, as well as the type of action required from both states parties to address them.
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Sikka, Annuradha. "Trafficking in Persons in Canada: Looking for a "Victim"." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31786.
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This dissertation looks at the concept of “trafficking in persons” and how it has been created, interpreted and utilized in the international sphere and in Canada. Using the approach of Critical Legal Pluralism (CLP), it examines the legal regulation of trafficking as being created through a bi-directional constitutive process, with paradigmatic conceptions of trafficking having a hand in creating regulation as well as being influenced by it. Through a review of data retrieved using a variety of qualitative methods as well as classic legal analysis, this dissertation explores the operation of various social actors and their effect on the determination of what trafficking is, and who is worthy of protection from it.
In Part One the international framework is outlined through a discussion of the creation of the dominant paradigm of trafficking and implementations of it. Chapter One traces the history of the anti-trafficking movement by looking at the development of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, and by examining the creation of dominant discourses around trafficking. Chapter 2 uses CLP to examine the influences of a variety of actors on the creation of these discourses and the repercussions the discourses have had on the implementation of anti-trafficking policies.
Part Two then turns to the Canadian context. In Chapter Three, classical legal methodologies are employed to discuss Canada’s obligations under international law with respect to trafficking, as well as the creation of definitions of trafficking in the Canadian legal regulatory context. Chapter Four then reviews data from Canada to discuss the ways in which various actors have been involved in the creation and operation of the dominant paradigm and how it in turn affects the operation of trafficking-related legal constructs. Ultimately, it is found that due to the influence of the dominant paradigm and the motivations that aid in its operation, programs and policies framed under the rubric of “trafficking” necessarily fail to achieve meaningful redress for the groups they purport to benefit.
On this basis, an alternative approach is suggested to address phenomena currently being dealt with through anti-trafficking frameworks. A move is suggested away from a focus on “trafficking” to a sectoral approach, accounting for the complexities and histories of individuals subject to exploitative circumstances.
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Aghajanloo, Mahdi. "La mondialisation des politiques des droits de l'homme : une comparaison France-Canada-Turquie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100112.
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L'indivisibilité des droits de l'homme est mentionnée dans tous les instruments internationaux. Toute divergence, en limitant certaines dimensions des droits fondamentaux, mette en danger la réalisation de l'ensemble des droits. En présentant une base juridique et pratique de convergence entre les droits civils et politiques, cette convergence est examinée en comparant le niveau de religiosité sociale et les droits intangibles. Puis, en présentant une histoire résumée de la ratification de deux Pactes, la divergence trouve son origine dans les différences idéologique et politique. Les conditions de la divergence, et, de même, la nature positive différente des droits socio-économiques, sont examinées à partir des droits du travail.La considération d'une responsabilité nationale, selon la nature positive des droits socio-économiques, aboutit au risque de la divergence et de la réalisation inappropriée de ces droits, sous des engagements internationaux non contraignants. Donc, seul le principe de non-discrimination forge une obligation quasi contraignante par rapport aux droits en cause. L'extension du champ d'application de ce principe, au-delà des frontières nationales, peut garantir l'indivisibilité des droits fondamentaux. En revanche, la nature vague des droits socio-économiques et le principe de restrictions accentuent la nécessité d'un besoin objectif pour l'établissement d’engagements internationaux contraignants. L’objectif est souligné à propos de la crise sanitaire causée par la propagation mondiale du Coronavirus.En comparant la liberté religieuse, les droits du travail et le droit à la santé, nous pouvons constater que l'existence d’obligations contraignantes, à propos des droits négatifs, est prise en compte au niveau international. En revanche, il faut un besoin objectif pour persuader les États de prendre des mesures conjointes et établissement des obligations similaires, contraignantes, par rapport aux droits socio-économiques. De fait, le niveau d’obligations internationales des États dépend du type et du niveau de ce besoin objectifIndivisibility and interdependence of human rights have been indicated in all international documents. Any divergence and classification can endanger their execution and globalization by limiting certain dimensions of the fundamental rights and freedoms. This convergence is tested by comparing the level of social religiosity and intangible rights using a legal and practical basis for the convergence between civil and political rights. Still, considering a brief history of the enactment of two international Covenants, it seems that divergence is an inevitable outcome of ideological and political differences. We can investigate the conditions of this divergence and the different positive nature of socio-economic rights by studying labor rights.Considering a commitment at a national level might lead to divergence and unfulfilled rights because of the non-obligatory nature of these international commitments and the positive nature of socio-economic rights. Therefore, it only brings to mind the principle of a half-binding non-discriminatory commitment regarding the socio-economic rights. Extending the scope of this principle beyond the national borders can guarantee the indivisibility of fundamental rights. However, the vague nature of socio-economic rights and restrictions, such as the reciprocity principle, emphasize on an objective need to establish the binding international commitments. This can be investigated with studying the pandemic health crisis caused by the spread of coronavirus worldwide.By comparing the religious freedom, labor and health rights, we find out that the binding commitments have been considered regarding negative rights at international levels. However, there must be an objective need to persuade the governments to consider similar measures and obligations with respect to socio-economic rights. In fact, the level of international obligations of the governments depends on the type and level of this objective need
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Alati, Daniel. "Domestic counter-terrorism in a global context : a comparison of legal and political structures and cultures in Canada and the United Kingdom's counter-terrorism policy-making." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2a37e08e-8463-4000-9fdc-389072bc5960.
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Although both Canada and the United Kingdom had experienced terrorism prior to the attacks that occurred in the United States on September 11, 2001, Roach has argued that the events of that day ‘produced a horrible natural experiment that allows us to compare how international institutions and different countries responded’. Arguably, the most significant international response post-9/11 was the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, which set a 90-day deadline for states to implement measures in accordance with the Resolution. Despite the fact that both Canada and the United Kingdom already had in place extensive provisions to deal with terrorism, both countries responded swiftly and their legislative responses reflect the histories and legal, political and social cultures of each country. This thesis tests the hypothesis that national security remains a bastion of national sovereignty, despite the force of international legal instruments like UN Security Council Resolution 1373 and, as such, the evolution of counter-terrorism policies in different jurisdictions is best analyzed and understood as a product of local institutional structures and cultures. To test this hypothesis, this thesis engages in comparative analyses of legal and political structures and cultures within Canada and the United Kingdom. It analyses variations in the evolution of counter-terrorism policies in the two jurisdictions and explores the domestic reasons for them. In its analysis of security certificates and bail with recognizance/investigative hearings in Canada, and detention without trial, control orders and TPIMs in the UK, this thesis reveals how domestic structures and cultures, including the legal system, the relative stability of government, local human rights culture, and geopolitical relationships all influence how counter-terrorism measures evolve.
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Chinnian, Karin Antoinetie. "Gender persecution as a ground for asylum in South Africa and Canada: Reconceptualising a theoretical framework for assessing refugee claims by women." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8377.
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Doctor Legum - LLDAccording to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, women account for 48% of the refugees globally. "Persecution" is the central tenet in the refugee definition, but the ensuing jurisprudence was initially developed from the male experience. Therefore, the phallocentric nature of international and domestic refugee regimes mean that women's experiences of persecution are often marginalised, first, in their country of origin, and secondly, by the States from whom they seek refuge. Thus, the patriarchal conceptualisation of persecution exists in the content, interpretation and application of refugee law. The critical analysis of international refugee law, together with a comparative study between South Africa and Canada's refugee regimes, confirms that this conceptualisation impacts negatively on the manner in which gender-related asylum claims are assessed. This thesis argues for a reconceptualisation of refugee law through feminist scholarship, to investigate, question and expose the patriarchy residing in refugee laws and processes, and to theorise how gender-related persecution should be determined. Refugee jurisprudence has generally established that gender is socially constructed and based on sex which is biological and unchangeable The arrangement of sex and gender as immutable constructs enable the subordination of women, and within the refugee discourse, underpins gender related persecution specifically. Therefore, the reconceptualisation of sex and gender into malleable and dynamic concepts facilitates a paradigm for the protection of refugee women. The dominance theory and the deconstruction theory, together with feminist methods are used to conceptually explore the construction of sex and gender, recognising how the intersection with other identities, such as race and class, influence the understanding of sex and gender in refugee discourse. This thesis argues that the current construction of sex and gender together with the strategies that are increasingly used by governments to prevent refugees from crossing the borders, mean that asylum-seekers generally, and women, specifically are not receiving adequate protection. The xenophobic rhetoric of officials together with the enactment of restrictive refugee legislation, collectively result in South Africa and Canada creating and maintaining the illegal status of asylum-seekers.
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Chiringa, Kudakwashe E. M. "Human rights implications of the compulsory HIV/AIDS testing policy: a critical appraisal of the law and practice in South Africa, Uganda and Canada." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017298.
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HIV/AIDS has been an obstacle to socio-economic development and a major cause of loss of human life. It has also caused vast inequities and frustration to the public health sector. One of the significant efforts made by the public health sector to combat the epidemic is the implementation of a mandatory HIV/AIDS testing policy to scale-up HIV treatment. This dissertation examines the impact of this policy on the human rights of people infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS. Coercive government policies aimed at controlling the AIDS pandemic often infringe on the rights of individuals known to be or suspected of living with HIV/AIDS and this decreases the effectiveness of public health measures. The research methodology involved the study of written literature and a comparative literature study of the law and practice obtaining in South Africa, Uganda and Canada. It revealed that voluntary testing is effective and suitable in South Africa. This dissertation aimed to show that any public health approach that aims to achieve a comprehensive prevention strategy must be consistent with respect for human rights as enshrined in regional and international human rights law. Public health and human rights should, therefore, not be regarded as opposing forces; rather they should be seen as a unified system of protection of human welfare under the Bill of Rights and the Constitution. The solution to the crisis lies not only in testing every single person but also requires a shift of focus to more pressing issues that include gender equality, stigma and discrimination; prioritizing human rights, institutional capacity and resources; and an end to extreme poverty. A human rights-based approach to HIV/AIDS testing, such as the Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) is recommended. Therefore, failure to adhere to the core principles of testing - which are informed consent, counselling and confidentiality of the test result - will only hinder the global fight against HIV/AIDS. The rights of those affected by HIV/AIDS need to be protected in order to address public health imperatives. This can be done through the use of the law as an instrument of social change as well as education and awareness. Key words, HIV/AIDS, mandatory testing, Voluntary Counselling and Testing, public health, human rights-based approach.
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Bachert, Audrey. "L'équilibre des pouvoirs législatif et juridictionnel à l'épreuve des systèmes de protection des droits et libertés : étude comparée : États-Unis, Canada, Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0155.
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Alors que la protection effective des droits et libertés est souvent conçue comme dépendante de leur garantie juridictionnelle, cette dernière implique une transformation de l'équilibre qui s'établit entre le juge, non élu, et le législateur, représentant du peuple souverain. À travers une analyse pratique des effets du travail juridictionnel sur l'activité législative, tels qu'ils se sont déployés aux États-Unis, au Canada et au Royaume-Uni sur les quinze dernières années, il est possible d'évaluer les conséquences de la consécration de certains droits dans un catalogue opposable par le juge au législateur, en matière d'équilibre entre les pouvoirs législatif et juridictionnel. Si ces trois systèmes, aux traditions constitutionnelles éloignées, disposent chacun de mécanismes spécifiques pour assurer le respect des droits consacrés, plusieurs points de convergence peuvent être mis en lumière. Leur étude sera alors l'occasion d'appréhender dans une perspective renouvelée l'équilibre qui s'établit entre les deux institutions. Elle fera progressivement apparaitre l'idée d'une véritable collaboration du législateur et du juge en matière de protection des droits et libertés dans les démocraties contemporainesEffective human rights protection is often perceived as being dependent upon their judicial enforcement. However, such a mechanism transforms the relationship between unelected judges and electorally accountable legislators. Through an empirical analysis of the effects of judicial review on legislation and legislative decision-making, in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, during the last fifteen years, the actual impact of the entrenchment of human rights in a written bill of rights will be assessed and evaluated. Even though these three countries have different processes to guarantee the respect of entrenched rights, and despite their long-settled and contrasting traditions, their systems are not as conflicting as it is often thought. This study finally leads to a better understanding of the relationship between judges and legislators in contemporary democracies and underlines the idea of a genuine collaboration of powers
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Kraba, Hania. "Les voies de recours à l'encontre des sanctions disciplinaires carcérales en droit français et canadien." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0037.
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Etroitement liée aux droits du détenu, la question des décisions disciplinaires au sein des prisons occupe aujourd’hui une place prééminente dans le débat sur les réformes des politiques pénitentiaires en France et dans d’autres États européens. Le droit au recours est un droit capital, aussi important que les droits garantis dans les textes et conventions relatifs aux droits fondamentaux. Sa valeur n’a d’existence que si sa mise en oeuvre pratique est réelle, en d’autres termes qu’il puisse s’exercer sans réserve tout en réprimant sa violation. Ce droit n’a de cesse, jusqu'à récemment encore, de faire les frais d’une jurisprudence européenne dense, du fait des violations répétées dont il fait l’objet. Ceci est particulièrement le cas concernant les décisions disciplinaires carcérales, lesquelles peuvent produire d’importantes conséquences sur la durée et la qualité de vie du détenu. Réformer le régime juridique des décisions disciplinaires carcérales et sa procédure de manière à ce qu’elle s’applique en accord avec les principes fondamentaux des droits de l’Homme et en harmonie avec les principes de sécurité publique, est progressivement devenu une préoccupation majeure en matière de politique pénitentiaire pour le législateur. Aussi, rechercher le juste équilibre entre les missions de sécurité publique et de maintien de l’ordre d’une population dite « sensible et vulnérable », et cela dans le respect des droits fondamentaux, constitue l’un des objectifs premiers de cette étude. Il s’agit donc de réfléchir à une nouvelle conception de l’application du droit dans les prisons, notamment du droit au recours effectif, au moyen d’une approche comparative portant sur le cas de la France et du Canada. Ce choix est principalement motivé par la dualité des systèmes juridiques en présence, leur considération universaliste des droits de l’Homme, et leur conception différenciée du système pénitentiaireClosely intertwined with the rights of detainees, the issue surrounding penitentiary disciplinary sanctions has taken a prominent place in today’s debate on penitentiary policy reforms in France and other European states. Detainees’ right to effective remedy is as important as all other rights guaranteed by regional and international conventions on fundamental human rights. The very existence of such right only has value its implementation is real, executed without reserved and any violation suppressed. This right incessantly continues to suffer at the hands of an increasingly growing body of European case law due to the recurrent violations it is subjected to. This particularly concerns penitentiary disciplinary sanctions, which can have significant consequences on the length of detention and the detainee’s quality of life. Reforming the legal system as it pertains to penitentiary disciplinary decisions and procedures in order to ensure that they comply with principles of fundamental human rights and public safety has progressively become a major governmental preoccupation. Hence, casting the right balance between the need to ensure public safety and maintaining order within a segment of the population referred to as “susceptible and vulnerable” in relation to compliance with fundamental human rights constitute one of the most prominent objectives of the present study. This investigation is concerned with a novel conception of the application of detainees’ rights within the prison system, more specifically detainees’ rights to an effective remedy, through a comparative analysis between the existing recourses in France and Canada. These jurisdictions were selected due to the duality they represent, their universalist consideration of human rights, and their differentiated conception of the prison system
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Birenbaum, Jordan Daniel. "“Parliamentary sovereignty rests with the courts:” The Constitutional Foundations of J. G. Diefenbaker’s Canadian Bill of Rights." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20672.
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The 1980s witnessed a judicial “rights revolution” in Canada characterized by the Supreme Court of Canada striking down both federal and provincial legislation which violated the rights guaranteed by the 1982 Charter of Rights. The lack of a similar judicial “rights revolution” in the wake of the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights has largely been attributed to the structural difference between the two instruments with the latter – as a “mere” statute of the federal parliament – providing little more than a canon of construction and (unlike the Charter) not empowering the courts to engage in judicial review of legislation.
Yet this view contrasts starkly with how the Bill was portrayed by the Diefenbaker government, which argued that it provided for judicial review and would “prevail” over other federal legislation. Many modern scholars have dismissed the idea that the Bill could prevail over other federal statutes as being incompatible with the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. That is, a bill of rights could only prevail over legislation if incorporated into the British North America Act. As such, they argue that the Diefenbaker government could not have intended the Bill of Rights to operate as anything more than a canon of construction.
However, such a view ignores the turbulence in constitutional thinking on parliamentary sovereignty in the 1930s through 1960s provoked by the Statute of Westminster. This era produced the doctrine of “self-embracing” sovereignty – in contrast to traditional “Dicey” sovereignty – where parliament could limit itself through “ordinary” legislation. The effective author of the Canadian Bill of Rights, Elmer Driedger, was an adherent of this doctrine as well as an advocate of a “purposive” approach to statutory interpretation. Driedger, thus, drafted the Bill based upon the doctrine of self-embracing sovereignty and believed it would enjoy a “purposive” interpretation by the courts, with the Bill designed to be as effective at guaranteeing rights as the Statute of Westminster was at liberating Canada from Imperial legislation.
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Desmarais, Gabrielle. "Religion Drag: The Relevance of “Critical Religion” and Queer Theory to Canadian Law and Religious Freedom." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30438.
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This dissertation analyses the use of the word “religion” in Canadian law and theorises the consequences of its use for the legal protection of religious movements in Canada. Chapter One establishes the problems of the word “religion” in academic discourse by providing an overview of work in the field of critical religion. This dissertation considers whether the critiques of the term “religion” by scholars working within critical religion are equally relevant when considering the role of religion in human rights law. Chapter Two turns an investigative eye toward Canadian case law using the word “religion”, from Chaput v Romain (1959) to Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony (2009). The analysis highlights how the use of “religion” in Canadian law does indeed reflect academic concerns. Chapter Three uses queer theory to speculate the consequences of an unstable concept of religion for the protection of religious freedom, especially as it pertains to new religious movements. Judith Butler’s notions of performativity and drag are applied to theorise the performance of “religion” and its outcomes. Some suggestions for how to proceed conclude the dissertation.
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Hathaway, Andrew D. "Harm reduction, human rights, and Canada's cannabis controversy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ66270.pdf.
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Johnson, Roxanna H. "Experiences of dementia care workers in nursing homes : an exploratory study comparing Canada, Scotland, and the United States." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21884.
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This comparative research explores the work experiences of dementia care workers in nursing homes. The aim of this study is to understand concepts central to care and to gain insights from the care workers‟ perspectives. A comparative framework and symbolic interactionist approach is used to analyse data collected using ethnographic methods from 59 dementia care workers in Canada, Scotland, and the United States. The fieldwork settings are institutionalised; dominated by for-profit ownership; and provide care for a resident population with high cognitive and physical needs. The comparative findings underscore the importance of work conditions that provide care workers with sufficient resources to do their job and enough time to complete their work. The absence of these critical components creates stressful work conditions for the care workers. The lack of time, staff and supplies such as towels, wash cloths, and continence products do not allow the residents‟ choices in their care and disregard their dignity and rights. The inability to deliver care for the residents according to the guaranteed government care standards often result in the violation of human rights for the care workers and residents. The care workers are unable to supply the quality of care they know the residents need and are capable of providing given better circumstances. There are frequently not enough care workers, resources, or time to meet the level of care that relevant standards mandate or the care workers know is possible. The analysis reveals that care workers struggle to provide more than basic physical care and are seldom able to meet essential social care needs for the residents. Unwritten rules are implemented in each setting that include separating people with dementia, placing these residents out of view of the public, not allowing the residents access to go outside, and not providing them with engaging and meaningful interactions. While policies are frequently developed with good intentions, many are counter-productive without dementia knowledge. This comparative research reveals care practices and routines share strong similarities across the fieldwork sites while the care worker characteristics as a workforce vary the most between countries. Some differences involve the training required, average age, pay and mode of dress or appearances. Too often researchers frame stress issues for care workers as problems with attitudes, motivation, training and incentives. Yet, the broader social structures and conditions that set the context in which these problems have their origins are commonly ignored. Good working conditions for care workers are precursors to good care for the residents. This thesis concludes with recommendations for practice, research and policy development.
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Lambertson, Ross. "Repression and resistance : Canadian human rights activists, 1930 - 1960 /." Toronto [u.a.] : Univ. of Toronto Press, 2005. http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0e7v0-aa.
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Bonser, Michael J. "Human rights in Canadian foreign policy, from principle to practice." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37791.pdf.
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Heckman, Gerald P. "A study of administrative gatekeeping in Canadian human rights enforcement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0002/MQ42627.pdf.
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Scharfe, Sharon R. A. (Sharon Ruth Ann) Carleton University Dissertation Law. "Blood on their hands: human rights in Canadian foreign policy?" Ottawa, 1994.
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Strick, Ross. "Canadian international human rights policy, the cases of Cuba and China." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ30989.pdf.
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Wintemute, Robert. "Sexual orientation discrimination and constitutional human rights law : the United States Constitution, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334152.
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Kaosala, Vipada. "L'application interne du principe de non-refoulement : exemples français et canadien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1008.
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La France a mis en place en juillet 2015 une réforme en vue de transposer le nouveau « paquet asile » européen alors que le Canada a renforcé depuis décembre 2012 ses procédures d’asile en adoptant des changements ayant essentiellement pour objet de lutter contre les abus du système d’asile canadien. En s’orientant vers des politiques dissimulées visant les expulsions expéditives des demandeurs d’asile déboutés et des personnes indignes de la protection, la France et le Canada, connus en tant que terre d’asile, respectent-ils toujours leur obligation international du non-refoulement ? Cette thèse s’appuie sur les lois en vigueur des deux États notamment le Code de l’entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d’asile (France) et la Loi sur l’immigration et la protection des réfugiés (Canada), les jurisprudences nationales et internationales, et les textes internationaux. Elle met en lumière les pratiques et législations nationales relatives à l’octroi de l’asile et à l’éloignement des demandeurs d’asile et des réfugiés qui peuvent ou pourraient porter atteinte au principe de non-refoulement, tel que consacré par le droit international des réfugiés ainsi que par le droit international des droits de l’hommeIn July 2015, France adopted an asylum reform bill in order to transpose the EU asylum legislative package. In comparison, Canada has, since 2012, strengthened its national asylum procedures by introducing a number of changes with the objective of preventing the abuse of Canada’s inland refugee determination system. In moving towards hidden policies aimed at the efficiency of removals of failed refugee claimants and persons unworthy of international protection, are France and Canada, known as safe havens, respecting their international obligations of Non-Refoulement ? This thesis focuses on the laws in force in both States in particular the Code of the Entry and Stay of Foreigners and Asylum Law (France) and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Canada), national and international jurisprudence, and other relevant international documents. The present study aims at highlighting the national legislations and practices relating to the grant of asylum and the expulsion of asylum seekers and refugees which violate or could violate the Principle of Non-Refoulement as enshrined in both International Refugee Law and International Human Rights Law
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Lui, Andrew. "Human rights, interests and identities : the realist-constructivist debate and Canadian foreign policy." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521926.
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This thesis attempts to resolve the existing impasse between neorealist and idealist constructivist approaches to the study of human rights. While neorealists claim that human rights are inconsequential given the primacy of rationalist-materialist notions of the national interest, idealist constructivists argue that human rights have an important constitutive effect on the identities and international norms that shape state behaviour. Thus, this thesis asks as its central research question: are human rights a function of states' material interests or social identities? This thesis juxtaposes neorealism and idealist constructivism theoretically as well as empirically through a study of human rights in Canadian foreign policy since 1945. Its central claim is that realist and constructivist accounts should be regarded as complementary rather than competing and mutually exclusive. Although statist pursuits of material interests remain an enduring part of international relations that inevitably limit the substance and reach of international human rights policies, human rights play an important role in the socialisation and expression of collective identities. In particular, the Canadian case reveals that human rights in both domestic and foreign policy played a crucial part in providing the foundation for national unity. The case also highlights that a multiplicity of theoretical approaches may prove more useful for understanding human rights in foreign policy than any singular line of analysis.
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Lampron, Louis-Philippe. "L’existence d’une hiérarchie juridique favorisant la protection des convictions religieuses au sein des droits fondamentaux canadiens." Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG2029/document.
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Depuis l’arrêt Dagenais c. Radio-Canada, rendu en 1994, la Cour suprême du Canada n’a jamais remis en cause le principe selon lequel il ne doit exister aucune hiérarchie juridique entre les droits et libertés protégés par les chartes canadienne et québécoise. Or, une revue attentive de la jurisprudence canadienne en matière de protection des convictions religieuses nous a permis d’identifier une certaine réticence sinon un « certain malaise » des institutions judiciaires lorsqu’elles doivent déterminer des limites claires au-delà desquelles les revendications fondées sur les convictions religieuses ne peuvent plus bénéficier d’une protection constitutionnelle ou quasi-constitutionnelle. Cette « réticence judiciaire » étant toute particulière aux dispositions protégeant les convictions religieuses au Canada, il nous a semblé plausible que ses impacts juridiques soient symptomatiques de l’établissement implicite – mais bien réel – d’une hiérarchie juridique matérielle (ou systémique) entre les différents droits fondamentaux protégés par les chartes canadienne et québécoise. En nous fondant sur un cadre d’analyse théorique inspiré par les travaux du professeur Rik Torfs, de l’Université catholique de Louvain en Belgique, et au moyen d’une étude focalisée sur le contexte des relations de travail, nous entendons démontrer que l’état actuel du droit canadien et québécois concernant les revendications fondées sur les différentes croyances et coutumes religieuses témoigne de l’application d’un modèle hiérarchique (le « modèle de confiance ») qui assigne aux dispositions concernant la protection des convictions religieuses individuelles une place parmi les plus élevées de cette même hiérarchie. Nous espérons ainsi contribuer de manière significative à la théorie du droit par l’atteinte de trois objectifs principaux : (1) Établir et mettre en œuvre une méthode permettant d’identifier une hiérarchie matérielle entre deux ensembles de droits fondamentaux ; (2) Mettre à jour l’étroite relation susceptible d’exister entre les différents modèles nationaux de gestion du pluralisme religieux et le concept de hiérarchie matérielle entre droits fondamentaux ; et (3) Établir l’existence d’une hiérarchie matérielle entre droits fondamentaux de nature constitutionnelle au Canada, par l’entremise de la démonstration du déséquilibre hiérarchique favorisant les dispositions protégeant les convictions religieuses au sein du plus large ensemble des droits et libertés de nature constitutionnelle au CanadaSince Dagenais c. Radio-Canada, rendered in 1994, the Supreme Court of Canada has never questioned the principle of “no legal hierarchy between the different Human Rights protected by the Canadian and Quebec charters. However, a careful review of Canadian jurisprudence on the protection of religious beliefs permits to detect a certain reluctance if not a "discomfort" of judicial institutions when they must identify clear boundaries beyond which the claims based on religious beliefs can not be constitutionnaly (or quasi-constitutionnaly) protected. This "judicial reluctance" being particular to provisions protecting religious convictions in Canada, it seemed possible to us that its impacts may be symptomatic of the implicit - but real - establishment a legal hierarchy between the various Human Rights protected by the Canadian and Quebec charters. Based on a theoretical framework inspired by the work of Rik Torfs, Professor in the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and through a study focused on the context of labor relations, we intend to demonstrate that the current state of Canadian and Quebec law on claims based on different religious beliefs and customs underlies the application of a hierarchical model (the "trust model") which assigns to the provisions protecting individual religious beliefs a place among the highest in the same hierarchy. In doing so, we hope to contribute significantly to the theory of law by achieving three main objectives : (1) To establish and implement a method permitting to identify a material hierarchy between two sets of fundamental rights, (2) To expose the close relationship that may exist between the different national models of management of religious pluralism and the concept of material hierarchy among human rights, and (3) To establish the existence of a material hierarchy between constitutional Human rights in Canada through the demonstration of hierarchical imbalance favoring the provisions protecting religious beliefs within the broader set of constitutionnal Human Rights in Canada
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Westerman, Marni. "Tempered radicals and porous boundaries: the challenges and complexities of anti-harassment work in Canadian universities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/381.
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Based on research involving an overview of 44 policies at Canadian universities and 21 interviews with anti-harassment practitioners across the country, this thesis explores the challenges faced by anti-harassment practitioners working with legally defined institutional harassment discrimination policies. Anti-harassment work at Canadian universities is complex because practitioners must negotiate institutional demands set out in policy as well as politicized demands from members of marginalized groups both inside and outside the institution. Interviews with practitioners reveal that their daily work in reactive investigation and mediation of complaints as well as their proactive work in educating campus communities may support the less powerful parties to complaints, rather than focusing only on limiting the institution’s legal liability. Therefore, although anti-harassment practitioners occupy a boundary role as defined by Fraser (1989), their work is not entirely “depoliticizing”. Practitioners’ identities, sense of marginalization, and commitment to activist politics contribute to their position as tempered radicals as defined by Meyerson and Scully (1995), helping to explain their commitment to both institutional prerogatives and to empowering marginalized members of the institution.
The advent of neoliberalism has set the stage for the shift of discourses and practices away from those which value equity to those that underscore traditional divisions of power and challenge the demands of so-called “special interest groups’. This shift is underscored by concerns about “political correctness” that arise within institutional communities and the broader social context. Perhaps the most obvious of the changes relates to the shift from a focus on equity and human rights to what is termed the “respectful workplace model”. The inclusion of personal harassment issues in human rights policies shifts the focus of the policies to issues that are not tied to historical oppressions and can potentially deflect attention from the human rights component of these policies. The challenge is to move beyond a legalistic perspective regarding policy development and to consider changes in the broader social context that influence policy change and the work of anti-harassment practitioners.
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Mishor, Yishai. "Law, poverty and time : the dynamics of poverty in constitutional human rights adjudication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:62ccd8ed-4634-493c-900d-15d5446746e4.
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Poverty is an event in time. Only dynamic thinking can fully capture its reality. This thesis contends that human rights case law is based on a static perception of poverty inconsistent with the dynamic perception of poverty in economics. Failing to notice its temporal aspects, the examined courts consequently produce judgments that overlook essential aspects of this socio-economic phenomenon. This is puzzling, since in other contexts of constitutional human rights adjudication the passage of time bears a significant role. This means that for courts to switch from a static perspective to a dynamic perspective of poverty does not require new legal tools. The duration of poverty and change in poverty can be incorporated into judicial thinking using familiar norms and doctrines. The extent of poverty, whether it is transitory or a long-term situation, the chances of escaping it in the near future, the fluctuations in depth of poverty over the years, the probability that upon emerging from poverty one will be caught up in it again, the inheritance of poverty from parents to children: these are all time-related concerns that bear profound significance on the lives of poor people. A static examination not only overlooks these issues, but also neglects the essence of long-term poverty. Viewing poverty through the lens of time would reveal a broader and more complex human rights picture, producing a richer legal analysis, and, finally, leading to a more suitable remedy. This study examines cases that consider claims relating to the economic situation of poor people, concentrating on examples from France, Canada and Israel. The analysis reveals the temporal approach of each judgment and suggests an alternative, dynamic reading of poverty.
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Simon, Sophie. "Étude comparative de la protection internationale des minorités en Europe et en Amérique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010269.
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Les minorités sont les fruits de l’histoire, des conquêtes, des défaites, des modifications de frontières. Mais si aucune histoire nationale ne ressemble à une autre, les minorités, dans leur diversité, se trouvent dans des situations s’apparentent les unes aux autres. Dans ce contexte global, cette étude a pour objectif d’appréhender dans quelle mesure les droits nationaux et internationaux des minorités répondent effectivement aux besoins des personnes appartenant à ces dernières. Pour ce faire, deux thématiques revenant régulièrement dans les doléances des membres des minorités ont été sélectionnées. Il s’agit, en premier lieu, de la prise en compte des spécificités relatives à l’habitat (dans sa diversité) et, en second lieu, de la possibilité de communiquer dans sa propre langue. Après une présentation du droit international portant sur ces questions, est ici étudiée la façon dont ce droit ou plutôt ces droits sont transposés et mis en œuvre dans les systèmes nationaux (en effet, il existe de fortes variantes entre la protection offerte par les organes universels et celles offertes par les organes régionaux européens et américains). Pour rendre compte de la diversité des situations nationales, six pays sont ici étudiés. Il s’agit de l’Espagne, de la France et de la Lituanie pour l’Europe et du Canada, du Costa Rica et du Paraguay pour l’Amérique. Nous constatons que, feignant de méconnaître l’intérêt que présente une protection convenable des minorités pour la stabilité de leur société nationale et même pour la démocratie en général, les gouvernants ne sont pas toujours prêts à mettre en œuvre les dispositions visant à protéger les personnes appartenant à des minorités et opposent l’intérêt général ou des arguments tirés du caractère unitaire de leur peuple, de leur territoire ou de leur nation. A ceci s’ajoutent des difficultés pratiques lors de la mise en œuvre des normes adoptées, difficultés occasionnées par des raisons financières, par exemple le coût des mesures positives visant à l’égalité effective dans les domaines de l’enseignement, des médias, de la vie privée et familiale ou encore obligation de partage des bénéfices générés par l’extraction minière avec les peuples autochtones. D’autres raisons peuvent être liées à l’intolérance sous-jacente dans la population majoritaire, par exemple les attaques de campements Roms ou l’interdiction de parler une langue minoritaire dans certains contextes ou lieux. Malgré cela, le droit international des minorités est en évolution continue, puisant dans la diversité des contextes régionaux et se fondant tant sur les droits de l’homme et le droit à ne pas être discriminé, que sur une transposition à toutes les minorités d’éléments des droits reconnus aux peuples autochtones en tant que premiers habitants d’un territoire donné. De plus, dans une volonté de promouvoir une démocratie véritable à caractère participatif, les organes de droits de l’homme poussent les autorités nationales à associer toujours plus les membres des minorités aux prises de décision les concernant, et à prendre ainsi en compte les besoins de ces derniers. Ainsi, l’étude comparée de la protection des minorités en Europe et en Amérique permet de se rendre compte des difficultés pratiques empêchant de protéger effectivement les minorités et d’appréhender dans quelle mesure le droit international peut aider les États à surmonter ces difficultésMinorities are the product of history, conquests, defeats and border changes. No two national histories are alike, however, minorities, in their diversity, find themselves in situations that appear similar the one another. In this overall context, the objective of this research is to better understand to what extent national and international minority rights effectively meet the needs of individuals belonging to those minorities. To do so, two issues that reoccure in the grievances of members of minorities have been selected for study. These are firstly the consideration shown towards housing specificities (in their diversity) and secondly, the possibility of communicating in one’s own language. Following the presentation of international law related to these issues, is studied the way this law, or better said these laws, are transposed and implemented in the national systems (in fact, there are major variants between the protection offered by universal organs and the one offered by European and American regional organs). In order to take into consideration the diversity of national situations, six countries were selected for this study. These were Spain, France and Lithuania in the European context, and Canada, Costa Rica and Paraguay in the American context. Our findings show that those who govern pretend to be unaware of the benefits related to adequate protection of minorities for the stability of national societies, as well as for democracy at large. As such, they are not always ready to implement the provisions that aim to protect persons belonging to minorities and claim the interest of the public good or arguments based on the unity of their people, territory or nation as reasons for doing so. In addition, it should be mentioned that some practical difficulties exist in the implementation of adopted norms. These include difficulties caused by financial reasons, for example, the cost of positive measures aiming at effective equality in the field of education, media, private and family life or the obligation to share with indigenous people the benefits generated by mining. Other reasons may be linked to underlying intolerance present in the majority population, for example, attacks on Roma settlements or prohibition on speaking a minority language in some spheres or places. However, the international rights of minorities are constantly evolving, drawing on the diversity of regional contexts and based on human rights and the right not to be discriminated against, as well as on the application, to all minorities, of elements of the rights recognized to indigenous peoples as the first inhabitants of a given territory. Moreover, in an effort to promote genuine democracy of a participatory nature, human rights bodies push national authorities to involve ever more members of minorities in decisions that affect them, thereby taking their needs into consideration. The comparative study of the protection of minorities in Europe and in America enables reporting the practical difficulties preventing minorities from being effectively protected and assists in understanding to what extent international law can help countries overcome these difficulties
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Anderson, Stephanie Blair. "The stories nations tell : historical consciousness and the construction of national identity at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60939.
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As Canada prepares for its 150th birthday, within the context of its colonial legacy, silenced histories, and multiple, shifting identities in the present, Canadian sites of pedagogy are confronting questions around whose national narratives they are communicating. Within this milieu, Canada recently (2014) inaugurated its sixth national museum, the Canadian Museum for Human Rights (CMHR), in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Using a theoretical frame that applied approaches within critical museology and historical consciousness, this investigation interrogated the CMHR as a site of pedagogy that could be read for its representational and spatial meanings, and as a site of historical consciousness that communicates a past, present, and future vision of Canada.
This research also introduced and utilized a Framework of Canadian National Narratives capturing current constructions of Canadian national identity. This framework identified two master national narrative templates—Master National Narrative Template 1.0 (the progressive, unified, Euro-Western colony-to-nation narrative of Canada), Master National Narrative Template 2.0 (Canada as a progress-oriented, generous, tolerant, multicultural mosaic)—and a third dimension titled Counter National Narratives 3.0, that is not a narrative template. Rather, NN 3.0 captures competing, or silenced aspects of Canadian history through national narratives that contest, rebuke or, intervene in the storylines of Master National Narrative Templates 1.0 and 2.0, thereby providing a more nuanced account and multiple perspectives on Canadian identity. In other instances, NN 3.0 throws into question taken-for-granted notions around the concepts of nationhood and national identity, through narratives grounded in land, place, or global forces.
This study offers a new research approach for the identification, and analysis of national narratives in sites of pedagogy—classrooms, textbooks, monuments, national historic sites, museums, news media, architectural spaces, arbitrated cityscapes, Indigenous landscape features, and public performances. It suggests a new curricular imperative coined The Narrative Dimension for history education that might also be used in museology and public history. Part of The Narrative Dimension includes critical engagement with a country’s master national narrative templates and those that problematize them. This investigation further concludes that museum attempts to use this aspect of The Narrative Dimension offer an innovative way to curate difficult knowledge.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
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Spencer, Jennifer Michelle. "For better or worse?, the marriage of human rights and social movements; a case study in Canadian equality litigation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58549.pdf.
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Holmes, Erin. "The Politics of Torture, Human Rights, and Oversight: The Canadian Experience with the UN's Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT)." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23800.
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Torture has long been denounced by the international community; the need to protect citizens from abuse at the hands of the state is a principle enshrined in international law. One area where abuse is common is within the correctional system and as a result, there is a need for oversight in places of detention. The Optional Protocol to the UN’s Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) is an international human rights instrument that acts as a preventive measure to monitor all places of detention through regular visits. Supportive of the OPCAT since its adoption, Canada has considered signature/ratification since 2002 but has yet to commit. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that have led to a delay in Canada becoming State Party to the OPCAT despite adherence to the principles that this instrument embodies. A policy analysis framework was utilized to conduct stakeholder interviews and review government documents. The concept of agenda-setting received special attention and content analysis of media reports and a review of government legislative activity were conducted to provide insight into the prevalence of the issue on the public and political agendas. The author argues that while there are real challenges that policymakers must overcome, the absence of political leadership has resulted in stagnation in the decision-making process. As a result, the issue has disappeared from both the public and political agenda. In order for progress to be made, political will must be created and the impetus to act (‘re-setting the agenda’) must come from civil society in the absence of government engagement on this issue.
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Chen, Ashley Lai Ming. "Is It Any of Our Business? Canadian Perspectives on Transnational Corporate Accountability." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35578.
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This study explores conceptualizations of transnational corporate accountability in the responses of Canadian organizations to a crisis in global capitalism. Empirically this study focuses on discussion and debate concerning the involvement of Canadian retail companies in the Rana Plaza disaster, which killed over 1,100 Bangladeshi garment workers on 24 April 2013. Information was drawn from Canadian Parliamentary Committee sessions, documents published by Canadian retail companies, governmental departments and civil society organizations, and nine semi-structured interviews with individuals possessing professional knowledge about corporate governance in global supply chains. A critical discourse analysis method, theoretically informed by the corporate crime literature, Gramsci’s concept of hegemony and Foucault’s notion of knowledge and power, examined the economic, political, and legal assumptions that characterized discussions about transnational corporate crime and accountability. Overall, dominant voices reinforced neoliberal beliefs about the effectiveness of allowing corporations to develop and implement their own means of transnational regulation. Claims describing the social benefits of free markets and flexible regulatory regimes overshadowed concerns about the dangerous and exploitive practices inherent in the production of private capital, which effectively reproduced the (de)regulation of multinational corporations.
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Mendes, Carla Sofia Faria. "Monitorizar os direitos humanos das pessoas com deficiência: análise de dados do projecto Disability Rights Promotion International na Cidade de Toronto, Canadá." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4678.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Política SocialA presente dissertação pretendeu analisar as experiências de vida de pessoas com deficiência na cidade de Toronto, no Canadá, explorando as barreiras que estas enfrentam no seu quotidiano e conhecendo a actualidade dos instrumentos de direitos humanos existentes e a sua aplicação no terreno. A partir da análise qualitativa e em profundidade das Experiências Individuais de 43 pessoas com deficiência, foram identificadas as questões de direitos mais prioritárias e importantes para estas, sendo os resultados posteriormente analisados à luz da Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência. Os domínios da Participação Social e do Trabalho, tendo sido as áreas que mais se destacaram com o maior número de experiências negativas, revelaram a grande lacuna que existe no acesso aos direitos humanos no meio social e laboral. Apesar do conjunto de princípios regulados pela Convenção, experiências de indignidade, exclusão, inacessibilidade, desigualdade e desrespeito são comuns entre as narrativas pessoais dos cidadãos com deficiência. Não obstante os inúmeros instrumentos de direitos humanos disponíveis, as pessoas com deficiência continuam a experienciar situações de violação dos seus direitos. Impedidas de exercer plenamente os seus direitos, continuam a ser vítimas de uma sociedade que as exclui das suas relações sociais, políticas, económicas e culturais.
This dissertation aims to analyze the life experiences of people with disabilities in the city of Toronto, Canada, exploring the barriers they face in their daily lives and understand the timeliness of existing human rights instruments and their implementation on the ground. Drawing from the qualitative and in-depth analyses of the individual experiences of 43 persons with disabilities this study has identified the rights issues that are more important for them and examined these results in the light of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The domains of Social Participation and Labour are the most outstanding areas with the highest number of negative experiences, revealing the wide gap that exists in access to human rights in these domains. Despite the principles stated by the Convention, the experiences of indignity, exclusion, inaccessibility, inequality and disrespect are common in the personal narratives of people with disabilities. Although there are numerous human rights instruments available to people with disabilities they continue to experience situations of violations of their rights. Prevented from fully exercising their rights, they thus continue to be victims of a society that excludes them from their social, political, economic and cultural life.
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Roberts, John Maurice. "Nation-building and monumentalization in the contemporary capital, the case of Ottawa-Hull, with particular reference to the Peacekeeping Monument and the Canadian Tribute to Human Rights." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36871.pdf.
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Armstrong, Sally. "Missing in access, a feminist critique of international documents that pertain to the human right of adolescent girls to access to health services and their impact on young women in Afghanistan and in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63042.pdf.
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Astolfi, Roberta Corradi. "Povo e polícia, uma só direção: os estreitos canais de participação dos Conselhos Comunitários de Segurança da cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-30042014-114706/.
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Os Conselhos Comunitários de Segurança são uma das várias instituições participativas que apareceram no país desde a década de 1980. Já foram objetos de grande entusiasmo e de igual decepção. Esse trabalho busca compreender os Consegs da cidade de São Paulo de uma forma transversal, com método quantitativo buscando entender seu funcionamento e prática nos diferentes contextos de renda, escolaridade e crime. Dessa forma serão testados os diagnósticos mais pessimistas de que os Consegs são espaços propícios para a reprodução de representações preconceituosas e estigmatizadoras de certos grupos sociais. E também aqueles mais otimistas de que os Consegs produzirão, pela prática do diálogo, comportamentos cívicos e racionais. Além disso, informações históricas serão mobilizadas para propor uma explicação sobre a situação atual dessas instituições.The Community Councils of Public Security are one instance among others of participative institutions that flourished in Brazil since 1980. They have been considered sometimes with great hope and enthusiasm and other times with exaggerated criticism. This research sought describe and understand how this institutions work throughout the various contexts of the city of São Paulo regarding differences in income, education and crime rates. The intention is to test previous diagnoses: first, those that are more pessimistic and believe that these spaces tend to worsen prejudice and segregation against certain social groups of people. Also will be challenged those diagnoses that are more optimistic and believe that the dialog and reason will produce civic learning. Also, historic information are retrieved in order to propose an explanation for the present situation of these institutions.