Relevant bibliographies by topics / Human rights – Belgium

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Human rights – Belgium'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Human rights – Belgium"

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Verelst, S. "LIFE IMPRISONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN BELGIUM." Human Rights Law Review 3, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/3.2.279.

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Lavrysen, Laurens. "‘Strasbourg was something new, it was an adventure’." Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 86, no. 3-4 (December 5, 2018): 482–547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-08634p07.

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SummaryIn recent years, a burgeoning literature has focused on the history of human rights in general and the history of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in particular. In order to understand how the ECHR gradually managed to gain authority in diverse national settings, it is necessary to complement transnational historical perspectives with studies of national reception histories. The present article approaches the history of the ECHR in Belgium by focusing on the history of the Belgian cases in Strasbourg, which have played an important role in contributing to the ‘discovery’ of the ECHR in the Belgian legal system. On the basis of interviews with actors involved in the early cases against Belgium, it was possible to determine their position in the Belgian legal landscape as well as their motivations and aspirations in going to Strasbourg. Moreover, these interviews allowed gaining insight into the circumstances out of which litigation against Belgium arose.
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Pagotto, Tania. "The “living together” argument in the European Court of Human Rights case-law." Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego 20 (December 23, 2017): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/spw.257.

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This article analyses the three cases where the argument of “living together” was engaged by the ECtHR and accepted as a legal justification for the prohibition of the full-face veils (burqa and niqab): SAS v. France (2014), Belcacemi and Oussar v. Belgium (2017), and Dakir v. Belgium (2017). It analyses the proposed concept of “living together” itself, explaining its content and its development in the French and Belgian contexts. The paper argues that there is a lack of a robust legal analysis sufficient to legitimize this new argument. Finally, it makes the case for more fact-oriented decisions and the need for the Court to engage in evaluating all the knowledge it obtains, including empirical material brought by the third parties’ interventions. This could be beneficial for two reasons: facilitating the application of the proportionality test and protecting the Court itself from dangerous challenges to its authority.
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Reyntjens, Louise. "Citizenship Deprivation under the European Convention-System: A Case Study of Belgium." Statelessness & Citizenship Review 1, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr1002.114.

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In response to Islamic-inspired terrorism and the growing trend of foreign fighters, European governments are increasingly relying on citizenship deprivation as a security tool. This paper will focus on the question of how the fundamental rights of individuals deprived of their citizenship are affected and which protection is offered for them by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (‘ECHR’). In many countries, these new and broader deprivation powers were left unaccompanied by stronger (procedural) safeguards that protect the human rights they might affect. Unlike the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the ECHR does not provide for an explicit right to citizenship. The question therefore rises what protection, if any, is offered by the ECHRsystem against citizenship deprivation and for the right to citizenship. Through a case study of the Belgian measure of citizenship deprivation, the (implicit) protection provided by the Convention-system is demonstrated.
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Ouald Chaib, Saïla, Saïla Ouald Chaib, and Eva Brems. "Doing Minority Justice Through Procedural Fairness: Face Veil Bans in Europe." Journal of Muslims in Europe 2, no. 1 (2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341248.

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Abstract The French and Belgian bans on face veils in public places have been subjected to strong substantive human rights critiques. This article takes a complementary approach, examining the bans from the perspective of procedural fairness. Indeed, the French and Belgian bans are extreme examples of legislative processes taking place above the heads of the people concerned, neglecting the ban’s possible human rights impact. After exploring what the social psychology notion of procedural fairness entails for the judiciary and the legislator, especially in a multicultural context, this article details procedural fairness shortcomings with respect to the face veil ban in France and Belgium. Subsequently, the article sets out how the European Court of Human Rights might compensate for these shortcomings.
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McKenney, Jessica. "Informed Consent and Euthanasia: An International Human Rights Perspective." International and Comparative Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2018-0041.

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Abstract This Paper addresses the right to informed consent regarding euthanasia using international conventions and, to a lesser extent, national laws and policies. Spe­cifically, The United States, Belgium and the Netherlands will be examined. The Paper specifically discusses legal capacity, the right to consent and the right to information. Three stories are used to argue the importance of implementing effective safeguards for these rights and notes that these safeguards are necessary regardless of whether or not euthanasia is legalized in a state. This Paper also argues that patients should not be offered euthanasia for mental illnesses. The ethical debate surrounding whether euthanasia should be permitted generally is not discussed.
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Verdussen, Marc, and Donatienne de Bruyn. "Protecting Human Rights and the Role of Administration in Belgium." International Review of Administrative Sciences 65, no. 3 (September 1999): 422–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852399653010.

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H. Avdić, Faruk. "THE EROSION OF THE SALDUZ DOCTRINE IN THE CASES OF IBRAHIM AND OTHERS V. THE UNITED KINGDOM AND BEUZE V. BELGIUM." Journal of Criminology and Criminal Law 59, no. 3 (December 29, 2021): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/rkkp.59.3.5.

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The so-called Salduz doctrine that concerns the right to a fair trial and the right to the defense attorney emerged from the case of Salduz v. Turkey, decided on the part of the European Court of Human Rights where the Grand Chamber found the violation of Article 6, paragraph 3(c) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In this connection, the aim of this paper is twofold. In the first place, the paper aims to demonstrate how the European Court of Human Rights has overturned the two main tenents of the so-called Salduz doctrine derived from its landmark case of Salduz v. Turkey in its later Judgments delivered in the case of Ibrahim and Others v. the United Kingdom and the case of Beuze v. Belgium. The two tenets derived from the Salduz doctrine being examined in the paper are the right to access to the defense attorney as a rule during pre-trial proceedings and the absolute exclusionary rule. In the second place, the paper aims to offer a critique of the standard of compelling reasons employed in the Ibrahim Judgment. In order to achieve its aim, this paper primarily analyses the jurisprudence of the European Human Court of Human Rights in the cases of Salduz v. Turkey, Ibrahim and Others v. the United Kingdom, and Beuze v. Belgium. Besides, the paper also touches upon other judgments of the European Court of Human Rights related to its subject. The paper in question, therefore, primarily relies on the case-law method in achieving its aims. The paper concludes that in overturning the Salduz doctrine in relation to aspects examined in the paper, the European Court of Human Rights has exacerbated the legal standing of the person against whom criminal proceedings are being conducted.
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Bossuyt, Marc, and Willem Verrijdt. "The Full Effect of EU Law and of Constitutional Review in Belgium and France after the Melki Judgment." European Constitutional Law Review 7, no. 3 (October 2011): 355–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019611300028.

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Coincidence of human rights review by national and European courts – Courts questioning and delimiting each other's jurisdiction – Evolution of judicial review of legislation in Belgium and France – Rules giving priority to national human rights review over European human rights review – Melki judgment Court of Justice – Conformity with Union law – Balance between effectiveness of EU review and effectiveness of constitutional review – Effectiveness of human rights – Obligatory a priori human rights review of secondary Union law
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Djukanovic, Andjela. "Protection of human rights of asylum seekers and illegal migrants: Practice of European court of human rights." Medjunarodni problemi 65, no. 4 (2013): 479–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1304479d.

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The European Court of Human Rights plays an important role in protecting the rights of asylum seekers and illegal migrants through a set of different human rights. Requests for interim measures under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court have also great importance. In cases involving illegal migrants and asylum-seekers, the Court was often in a difficult position, given the contradictions that could arise from the protection of human rights and the legitimate aim of the Contracting States to control the entry, residence and expulsion of aliens. The recent Courts judgments in the case of M. S. S. against Belgium and in the case of Jama Hirsi and others v. Italy are particularly important because of their remarkable influence on the perception of the common asylum system in the EU.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human rights – Belgium"

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McQuaid, Katie. "'Another war' : stories of violence, humanitarianism and human rights amongst Congolese refugees in Uganda." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2015. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/54026/.

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Tissier-Raffin, Marion. "La qualité de refugié de l’article 1 de la Convention de Genève à la lumiere des jurisprudences occidentales : (Australie – Belgique – Canada – Etats-Unis – France – Grande-Bretagne – Nouvelle-Zélande)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100092.

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Plus de soixante ans après sa signature, qui sont les personnes bénéficiaires de la qualité de réfugié au sens de l’article 1A de la Convention de Genève relative au statut de réfugié de 1951? En effet, si cette convention compte parmi les plus ratifiées au monde et n’a jamais été remise en cause, celle-ci fait pourtant l’objet de polémiques croissantes portant sur sa capacité à protéger les personnes contraintes de s’exiler. Elle s’applique par ailleurs dans un contexte politique de suspicion grandissante à l’égard des demandeurs d’asile. On peut donc se demander qui sont aujourdh’ui les personnes qui se voient reconnaître la qualité de réfugié ? A cette fin, l’étude s’appuie sur une analyse comparée des jurisprudences de plusieurs pays occidentaux : Australie – Belgique - Canada - Etats-Unis - France – Grande-Bretagne – Nouvelle-Zélande. Elle s’appuie aussi sur une analyse systémique de l’article 1A et ses interprétations jurisprudentielles à la lumière des évolutions du droit international des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire. Ainsi, l’analyse met en lumière plusieurs points. Plus que les motifs invoqués ou la nature des mauvais traitements craints, c’est sur le caractère individuel ou collectif des persécutions que se dessine une ligne de fracture entre les Etats occidentaux. En effet, ces derniers ont, de manière convergente, fait évoluer leur interprétation de la qualité de réfugié quand les requérants invoquent des persécutions individuelles. C’est ainsi que les individus craignant d’être persecutés en raison de l’expression de leurs opinions politiques ou religieuses dissidentes, ou du libre exercice de leurs droits fondamentaux, quel que soit leur genre ou leur orientation sexuelle, se voient aujourd’hui communément reconnaître la qualité de réfugié. Dans le cadre de ces persécutions individuelles, les Etats ont aussi développé de manière convergente une interprétation assouplie des agents de persécution, acceptant ainsi de protéger les personnes fuyant des mauvais traitements perpétrés par des agents étatiques et des personnes privées. En revanche, il existe encore de nombreuses divergences entre les Etats lorsque les individus revendiquent fuir des persécutions collectives. S’appuyant sur la reconnaissance d’une interprétation plus ou moins individualiste de la qualité de réfugié, les personnes craignant d’être persécutées en raison de leur race, de leur nationalité ou de leur appartenance à un groupe religieux ne doivent pas satisfaire aux mêmes exigences pour se voir reconnaître la qualité de réfugié. Et dans le contexte actuel où de plus en plus de personnes fuient des persécutions collectives perpétrées dans un Etat en situation de conflit armé, ces divergences sont d’autant plus importantes
Sixty years after its signatory, who can be qualify as a refugee under the 1951 Refugee Convention relating to the Status of Refugee ? If it is one of the most ratified treaty of the world, it’s relevance have nevertheless recently been questioned and some commentators don’t hesitate to speak of an outdated Convention. Moreover, it applies in a political context of clear suspicion against asylum-seekers. So, we can wonder who can nowadays qualify as a refugee among the million of persons fleeing their home ? To answer to this question, the study focuses on judicial review of many industrialized countries, such as Australia – Belgium – Canada – United States – France – Great-Britain and New Zealand. A systemic interpretation of Article 1A and its judicial interpretation in the light of both international human right law and international humanitarian law also helps to conduce the study. First, the analyse reveals that it is not on the motives of persecution neither the nature of the treatment feared that we can observe similarities or differences between the countries. It is on individual or collective persecutions. When asylum seekers look for international protection based on individual persecutions, States have commonly adopted a dynamic interpretation of article 1A . Persons who have a well-founded fear of being persecuted because they have freely express their dissent political or religious opinion, their sexual orientation, or because they refuse to conform to the roles and identities attributing to their gender, can be recognised as refugees in all the countries of the study. In the context of individual persecutions, States have also commonly developed an evolutive interpretation of the persecution agents. They protect all the persons who risk to be persecuted by state agents or non-state agents. On the contrary, there are many continuing and growing divergences between States when persons flee collective persecutions because of their race, their nationality of their belonging to a religious group. They keep on developing a different interpretation of the individualist definition of the refugee. And while more and more person ask for international protection because they flee collective persecutions during an armed conflict, these divergences are even more important
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LEMMENS, Koen. "La presse et la protection juridique de l'individu : attention aux chiens de garde! : pour un exercice responsable de la liberte de presse a l'aune de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et du droit belge." Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4691.

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Examining board: Prof. W. Sadurski (Institut Universitaire Européen, Florence, directeur de thèse) ; Prof. S. Gutwirth (Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Bruxellelles, codirecteur de thèse) ; Prof. J. Ziller (Institut Universitaire Européen, Florence, suffragant) ; Prof. D. Voorhoof (Universiteit Gent, Gand, suffragant)
Defence date: 7 March 2003
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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LONBAY, Julian. "The right to education : an analysis of international law concerning the right to education and its application in Belgium, France and Ireland." Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4695.

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Defence date: 7 February 1989
Examining board: Prof. Geoffrey J. Hand, University of Birmingham, former European University Institute (Supevisor) ; Prof. John M. Kelly, University College, Dublin ; Prof. Margherita Rendel, University of London Institute of Education ; Prof. Antonio Cassese, European University Institute ; Prof. Bruno de Witte, European University Institute
First made available online: 14 September 2015
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Haniaková, Tereza. "Obchodování s lidmi: role EU v přístupech k problému v ČR a Belgii." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-410683.

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This master thesis aims to unveil and examine the interplay between different actors in the fight against human trafficking. These are: the European Union, the Czech Republic and Belgium. A content (text) analysis of the primary sources gives the answers on how those actors work with the definition of human trafficking and to what extent the two member states implemented the EU Directive 2011/36/EU and other documents. In addition to conducting the content (text) analysis, creating a literature review and researching on different discourses linked to this phenomenon, this thesis include two semi-structured interviews with the representatives of the Czech Republic and Belgium. Those offer deeper insight into how those states form this fight in practice. They unveiled different aspects in their own approaches but also aspects that make their approach unique. This thesis examines also how the new strategy - the most important document framing the fight against human trafficking and the country's priorities - is adopted and what generally will those strategies include from the year 2020.
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Books on the topic "Human rights – Belgium"

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vande, Lanotte Johan, Sarkin-Hughes Jeremy, Haeck Yves, Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Vakgroep Publiek Recht. Vakgebied Grondwettelijk Recht., and University of the Western Cape. Dept. of Public Law., eds. The principle of equality: A South African and a Belgian perspective. Antwerpen: Maklu, 2001.

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Belgium. The constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium. Leuven: Acco, 1991.

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Belgium. Constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium: Coordinated text of February 17, 1994. Leuven: Acco, 1994.

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Rexhepi, Behare. Idealistët: Enver Hadri ambasadori i parë kosovar. Prishtinë: Unioni i Shkrimtarëve dhe Kritikëve, 2018.

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Belgium. Constitution de la Belgique: Du 17 février 1994. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1994.

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Belgium. Constitution de la Belgique: Du 17 février 1994. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1999.

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Belgium. De Belgische Grondwet: De tekst van de Grondwet van 17 februari 1994 en het werk van de constituante 1991-1994 : nederlandse en franse teksten = La Constitution belge : le texte de la Constitution du 17 février 1994 et les modifications apportées par la constituante 1991-1994 : versions française et néerlandaise. Leuven: Acco, 1994.

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Belgium. De gecoördineerde grondwet =: La constitution coordonnée. Gent: Mys & Breesch, 1995.

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Belgium. La Constitution belge, avant et après la révision de 1992-1993: Les textes, les votes. [Brussels]: Centre de recherche et d'information socio-politiques, 1993.

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Belgium. Code constitutionnel: Textes en vigueur au 1er mars 1998. 2nd ed. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Human rights – Belgium"

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Molnar, Petra. "Territorial and Digital Borders and Migrant Vulnerability Under a Pandemic Crisis." In Migration and Pandemics, 45–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81210-2_3.

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AbstractPeople on the move are often left out of conversations around technological development and become guinea pigs for testing new surveillance tools before bringing them to the wider population. These experiments range from big data predictions about population movements in humanitarian crises to automated decision-making in immigration and refugee applications to AI lie detectors at European airports. The Covid-19 pandemic has seen an increase of technological solutions presented as viable ways to stop its spread. Governments’ move toward biosurveillance has increased tracking, automated drones, and other technologies that purport to manage migration. However, refugees and people crossing borders are disproportionately targeted, with far-reaching impacts on various human rights. Drawing on interviews with affected communities in Belgium and Greece in 2020, this chapter explores how technological experiments on refugees are often discriminatory, breach privacy, and endanger lives. Lack of regulation of such technological experimentation and a pre-existing opaque decision-making ecosystem creates a governance gap that leaves room for far-reaching human rights impacts in this time of exception, with private sector interest setting the agenda. Blanket technological solutions do not address the root causes of displacement, forced migration, and economic inequality – all factors exacerbating the vulnerabilities communities on the move face in these pandemic times.
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Storme, Matthias E. "The Struggle Concerning Interpretative Authority in the Context of Human Rights – The Belgian Experience." In The Universalism of Human Rights, 223–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4510-0_13.

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De Ridder, Steven, and Maartje van der Woude. "Changing Practices Regarding the Implementation of Entry Bans in Belgian Migration Policy Since 1980." In Immigration Detention, Risk and Human Rights, 171–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24690-1_10.

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Lenaerts, Annekatrien. "The Role of the General Principle of the Prohibition of Abuse of Rights in the Enforcement of Human Rights in Contract Law: A Belgian Law Perspective." In The Constitutional Dimension of Contract Law, 79–121. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49843-0_4.

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Daems, Tom, and Luc Robert. "Europe in Belgian Prisons: Assessing the Impact of the Council of Europe Anti-Torture Committee and the European Court of Human Rights." In Europe in Prisons, 173–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62250-7_7.

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"BELGIUM." In European Human Rights Case Locator, 66–69. Routledge-Cavendish, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843141266-16.

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"Belgium." In The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, 105–20. Brill | Nijhoff, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004478909_010.

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"v Belgium 96/25." In European Human Rights Case Summaries, 164–83. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143987-21.

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"Escoubet v Belgium 99/74." In European Human Rights Case Summaries, 315. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143987-43.

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Schauwer, Elisabeth De, Inge Van de Putte, and Gauthier de Beco. "Inclusive Education in Flanders, Belgium." In The Right to Inclusive Education in International Human Rights Law, 514–29. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316392881.021.

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Conference papers on the topic "Human rights – Belgium"

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Hana, Suela. "ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION POLICIES FOR VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING, THE NECESSITY OF THEIR MULTIDISCIPLINARY EVALUATION." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.413.

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Extensive developments and changes in the economic, political, social, cultural and scientific fields have undoubtedly brought problems and disturbing phenomena in many parts of the world, such as the trafficking and exploitation of human beings. Every year many women, girls and children are illegally transported across the borders of their countries of origin, sold or bought, bringing to mind all the primitive ways of human slavery, seen in stark contrast to the galloping development that society has taken today, as well as aspirations for a worldwide civilization and citizenship. Regarding Albania, the beginning of trafficking in human beings dates in 1995 (Annual Analysis of 2003 of the State Social Service, Tirana), where the country found itself in a situation of instability of political, economic, social and cultural changes, as well as in a transitional geographical position to was used by traffickers, mostly Albanians, as an “open door” for the recruitment, transportation and sale of women, girls and children from Moldova, Russia, Romania, Turkey, Albania, China, etc. Albania is identified as a source and transit country for trafficked women and children. In addition, many NGOs and international organizations report significant increase cases in the trafficking of human beings. In 1999, official sources reported that young women and girls had been lured or abducted from refugee camps in Albania during the Kosovo crisis and then sold for prostitution in Italy and the United Kingdom. Reports from Italy, Germany, Belgium and the UK suggest that Albanian women and girls, which are trafficked for prostitution mostly are from rural areas (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Review Conference, September 1999). It is almost common to talk about the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, about the motivating and attractive factors, the consequences associated with this phenomenon of Albanian society. Given the extent of the trafficking phenomenon during the last 30 years transition period in Albania, the Government has made different legislative and institutional efforts, through a strategic approach to combat and mitigate this phenomenon. However, the elements of identification, protection, reintegration and long-term rehabilitation for victims of trafficking remain issues of concern and still not properly addressed, in the context of the institutional fight against trafficking in persons, which should have as its primary goal the protection of the human rights for victims of trafficking and not their further violation or re-victimization (Annual Report of the European Commission, 2007).
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Reports on the topic "Human rights – Belgium"

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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh, and Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.

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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.
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