Dissertations / Theses: 'Human Rights and technology'

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Libengood, James. "At the Intersection of Human Agency and Technology| Genetically Modified Organisms." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1605055.

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Since the Neolithic period and the rise of agriculture along Mesopotamia’s “Fertile Crescent,” greater societies have formed thus requiring laws and governance to ensure their continued preservation. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is one such example of how agricultural technologies directly created new social and institutional structures in codifying slavery into law, or how mercantile transactions are to be conducted. Similarly, GMOs are the result of modern agricultural technologies that are altering laws and society as a result of their implementation. This transformation informs the central inquiries of my research question: Why are GMOs necessary, and what influences do they have on the project of human rights? As our age is defined by the products of bioluminescent – or glow-in-the-dark – cats and goats that can excrete spider silk proteins from their mammary glands, these questions become essential. I conclude that the technology does not, at least conceptually, conflict with or undermine human rights. Instrumental reason has firm limitations in biological applications as well as conflict with its inherent anarchical nature. We are now compelled to question the utility of genetic engineering and if it merely places humanity into another precarious “arms race” with weeds and pests, in addition to the pressure of maintaining current dependencies of petrochemicals, fertilizers, and continued observations of ecological homeostasis.

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Ahsan, Mohd Rubayat Copeland Matthew. "Incorporation of rights based approach in development programming : an examination of problems and prospects of ICT4D projects /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd389/4637833.pdf.

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Wagner, Ben. "Liable, but Not in Control? Ensuring Meaningful Human Agency in Automated Decision-Making Systems." Wiley, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poi3.198.

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Automated decision making is becoming the norm across large parts of society, which raises interesting liability challenges when human control over technical systems becomes increasingly limited. This article defines "quasi-automation" as inclusion of humans as a basic rubber-stamping mechanism in an otherwise completely automated decision-making system. Three cases of quasi- automation are examined, where human agency in decision making is currently debatable: self- driving cars, border searches based on passenger name records, and content moderation on social media. While there are specific regulatory mechanisms for purely automated decision making, these regulatory mechanisms do not apply if human beings are (rubber-stamping) automated decisions. More broadly, most regulatory mechanisms follow a pattern of binary liability in attempting to regulate human or machine agency, rather than looking to regulate both. This results in regulatory gray areas where the regulatory mechanisms do not apply, harming human rights by preventing meaningful liability for socio-technical decision making. The article concludes by proposing criteria to ensure meaningful agency when humans are included in automated decision-making systems, and relates this to the ongoing debate on enabling human rights in Internet infrastructure.

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Mora-Gámez, Fredy Alberto. "Reparation beyond statehood : assembling rights restitution in post-conflict Colombia." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37961.

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This thesis is an ethnographic study of rights restitution as an arrangement that establishes boundaries, and how those boundaries are translated, challenged, and exceeded. Following the guidelines of International Humanitarian Law and its version contained in the Law of Victims and Land Restitution (1448/2011), the Colombian government established a wide network of professionals in charge of registration and reparation for claimants registered as victims of the armed conflict (7,999,963 people in April 2016). In these procedures of recognition and reparation, technologies like forms and protocols become crucial for the mediation of rights restitution. As a starting point, I trace the trajectories of technologies of recognition and reparation across assistance centres, governmental offices and sessions of psychosocial assistance. I am interested in functionaries and applicants’ experiences of forms and protocols, the procedures of recognition and reparation, and the circulation of official numbers as narratives of rights restitution. Drawing on Science and Technology Studies, a central concern of this thesis is to ask what technologies of recognition and reparation assemble. I interrogate the translation of experiences of pain and mobility into numbers and the circulation of those numbers by state representatives. I also explore some of the material forms of organisation developed by registered and unregistered interlocutors, as arrangements beyond the boundaries of state interventions. I describe how some of those alternative orders translate state interventions and enact spaces of material justice. Instead of reproducing the notion of reparation as a cornerstone of rights restitution in transitional justice societies, I suggest that a different sort of Reparation might occur beyond the boundaries of post-conflict statehood and within its intersections with alternative arrangements.

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Oliveira, Gustavo Henrique Bahia de. "Implanta??o e avalia??o do curso ?educa??o em direitos humanos?" UFVJM, 2015. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1028.

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A luta pelos direitos humanos, assim como sua consolida??o, acontece desde o princ?pio da humanidade e sofrem modifica??es que indicam avan?o ou, dependendo da situa??o, um retrocesso mediante o esquema governamental vigente. Infelizmente no nosso pa?s, o aumento da viol?ncia, o crescente preconceito entre grupos estigmatizados, como homossexuais, negros, pobres, a intoler?ncia e o desrespeito ? diversidade de cultos religiosos al?m do total descr?dito ? sa?de da popula??o, faz-se ter a necessidade de programar atitudes pedag?gicas para o melhor entendimento dos direitos inerentes ?s pessoas. Diante desse cen?rio, a Secretaria de Educa??o Continuada, Alfabetiza??o, Diversidade e Inclus?o (SECADI) fomenta a cria??o de cursos voltados para a educa??o inclusiva, dos direitos humanos e da sustentabilidade socioambiental utilizando como ve?culos as Institui??es de Ensino Superior. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o curso de Especializa??o em Educa??o em Direitos Humanos (EDH) da Educa??o a Dist?ncia (EaD) da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) utilizando o ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA) Moodle. Este objetivo est? relacionado com a busca do aumento da qualidade docurso para que este possa ser utilizado como modelo em outras institui??es de ensino. As ferramentas de an?lise empregadas foram question?rios estruturados, semiestruturados e entrevistas com as pessoas envolvidas na implanta??o do curso. O resultado do question?rio aplicado aos especialistas em inform?tica demonstrou que o menu de entrada, a sequ?ncia l?gica, apresenta??o visual, programa e a navegabilidade est?o dentro do esperado consistindo em uma op??o de m?dia satisfat?ria, o ?nico problema detectado que foi na velocidade de acesso independe da institui??o proponente. O resultado do question?rio aplicado aos especialistas em conte?do demonstrou que os v?deos apresentados necessitam ser mais coesos e atuais, a acessibilidade e distribui??o do material dentro do ambiente virtual de aprendizado necessita de uma revis?o, as imagens e os exerc?cios devem ser repensados e modificados e o conte?do program?tico precisa de intensifica??o na sua imers?o. O resultado obtido com a entrevista ao colegiado demonstra que a UFVJM precisa melhorar o acolhimento aos programas de especializa??o e repensar a burocracia necess?ria para implanta??o e ades?o ao curso pelos estudantes. Este trabalho serve como base para desenvolvimento de projetos semelhantes em outras institui??es, al?m de melhoria na qualidade do material apresentado aos cursistas
Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Sa?de, Sociedade e Ambiente, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015.
The fight for human rights as for its reinstatement has been developing since the beginning of human kind and has been suffering changes that may indicate advances or retreats depending on the circumstances in view of the current governmental structure. Unfortunately, in our country, the increase of violence, the growing prejudice between minority groups, such as homosexuals, afro-descendants and the poor, the intolerance and violations to religious and politics diversity and the total discredit to public health creates the need to establish academic actions to promote better understanding of the rights inherent to people. In view of such scenario, the ?Secretaria de Educa??oContinuada, Alfabetiza??o, Diversidade e Inclus?o (SECADI)? encourages the development of new courses focused on an inclusive education of human rights and social and environmental sustainability using as vehicles Higher Education Institutions.Therefore, the scope of this study will be to analyze the course designated as Degree in Education in Human Rights (EDH) from the Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) in Distance Learning (EAD)/UFVJM using the virtual platform of learning (AVA) Moodle. This objective is connected to the search of excellence in teaching of the mentioned course so that it can be used as a role model in other Higher Education Institutions. The assessment tools employed will include structured and semi structured questionnaires and interviews with the persons involved in the implementation of the course.The results of the questionnaire applied to computer experts showed that the input menu, the logical sequence, visual presentation, program and navigability are within the expected consisting of a satisfactory media option, the only problem detected which was the access speed is independent the proposing institution. The results of the questionnaire administered to content experts showed that the videos presented need to be more cohesive and current, accessibility and distribution of the material within the virtual learning environment needs an overhaul, images and exercises should be rethought and modified and program content need to intensify the immersion. The results obtained from the interview to the collegiate demonstrates that UFVJM need to improve the reception to specialization programs and rethink the red tape required for implementation and adherence to the course by the students. This work is the basis for development of similar projects in other institutions, and improvement in the quality of the material presented to course participants.

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Olsen, Jacqueline. "Beneath the surface of China's Social Credit System." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22488.

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China has developed a technological Social Credit System that monitors, collects, and analyses behavioural data from citizens and enterprises. The system categorises them trustworthy or untrustworthy according to their behaviour. This paper aims to investigate the technological elements of China’s Social Credit System and analyse its social functions. In doing so, I will address the human rights implications following from the system. The thesis uses a content analysis method and draws on three theoretical studies, including, dataveillance, social sorting and neoliberalism and subjectivity. The study shows that China intends to continue investing in immoral technological elements; might succeed to govern citizens in self-governing; and prioritises the system in front of scarce human rights regulations. The conclusion holds that China intends to continue developing and strengthening the Social Credit System to enhance the behaviour of their society, regardless of some human rights implications, to reach their desired outcome.

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Wagner, Benjamin. "Understanding Internet Shutdowns: A Case Study from Pakistan." USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6661/1/8545%2D33917%2D1%2DPB.pdf.

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This article provides an overview of Internet shutdowns in Pakistan, which have become an increasingly common phenomenon, with 41 occurring between 2012 and 2017. It argues that to understand how shutdowns became normalized in Pakistan, it is necessary to look at the specific dynamics of how the shutdowns take place. In doing so, the concept of communicative ruptures develops to better understand intentional government shutdowns of communications. The article argues that strategic prevention of mobilization is key for short-term shutdowns, whereas long-term shutdowns can be better explained by looking at disciplinary mechanisms and denying the existence of "others". The article then discusses Internet shutdowns in the wider context of authoritarian practices before concluding with the urgent need for further research on this topic, both in Pakistan and beyond.

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Sullivan, Camille. "Two's legal but three's a crowd : law, morality and three-parent embryos: regulation of mitochondrial replacement therapy." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109247.

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Ferreira, Nelson. "A complexidade da memória e do esquecimento na sociedade em rede: os paradigmas digitais." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7061.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Memory combined with the capacity for rationalization and the development of recording techniques played a fundamental role in the development of the human species and resulted in the capacity to create various technological devices that conditioned profound changes in people's way of life. The object of the investigation is the study of information technology impacts and its reflexes on individual and collective memory, as well as to analyze if the digital paradigms result in the need for a re-reading of memory and forgetfulness in the information society. In order to fulfill this desideratum, a bibliographical review of the authors that deal with memory and its relations with silence, forgetfulness and violence in contemporary society is carried out, and these themes are confronted with the reality imposed by the communication through the digital platform, to the end of the research analyze the recent scientific publications regarding memory and forgetfulness in society.
A memória aliada a capacidade de racionalização e o desenvolvimento das técnicas de registros desempenhou um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da espécie humana e resultou na capacidade de criação de diversos aparatos tecnológicos que condicionaram profundas transformações no modo de vida das pessoas. O objeto da investigação é o estudo dos impactos das tecnologias da informação e seus reflexos na memória individual e coletiva, assim como analisar se os paradigmas digitais resultam na necessidade de uma releitura da memória e do esquecimento na sociedade da informação. Para cumprir tal desiderato efetua-se a revisão bibliográfica dos autores que abordam a memória e suas relações com o silêncio, esquecimento e a violência na sociedade contemporânea e confrontam-se esses temas com a realidade imposta pela comunicação por meio da plataforma digital, para ao final da investigação analisar as recentes publicações científicas no que concerne a memória e o esquecimento na sociedade em rede.

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Yang, Peng. "EU Trade : The Issues at Stake with China - With the exploration of International Political Econom." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2494.

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China has been the second largest trading partner of EU in goods and the forth largest

in services since it joined the WTO in 2001. For its part, the European Union has been

China’s largest trading partner since 2004. Despite this, there are a range of issues at

stake between the EU and China who are not only involved into economica l disputes,

but are also at odds on politica l matters . In this paper the authors conduct the study

based on trade hindrances instead of trade achievements with the approaches of IPE

based on the assumption: the tenser of trade-ties, the deeper the politica l dimension

involved and the more delica te the relationship between Economy and Politics

projected to be. Considering the limitation of time and space, the paper focuses

prima rily on the trade issues regarded from three different angles: the internal issues

related to trade (e.g. trade deficit, IPR infringement); the external issues related to

trade (e.g. huma n rights); the ultimate issues rela ted to trade (e.g. technology). Instead

of putting forth feasible resolution to these issues, the ma in feature of this paper lies in

the analysis of trade issues in combination with the approaches of Internationa l

politica l economy. It’s interesting and far-reaching to research EU (trade) from the

perspective of IPE because as Michael Smith argued “The EU’s place in the IPE is

challenging not only in the empirica l sense, but also in the conceptual sense, for

simple reason that (on the one hand) it is not a state and that (on the other hand) it

performs a number of vital state functions in the IPE” (Michael Smith 2006, p.527).

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Nguyen, Theresa Hoai-Thuong. "ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING FOR ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY : Innovative Design for an Ankle Foot Orthosis." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industridesign, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51593.

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The following report presents a Master thesis project about a re-design of an ankle foot orthosis using additive manufacturing as the production method, conducted by a student in Spring 2020 as part of the Master’s programme Industrial Design at Jönköping University’s School of Engineering. Ankle foot orthoses are the most prescribed lower extremity orthoses worldwide and are worn in a visually obtrusive way making patients feel stigmatized for their disability. The social stigma makes it emotionally difficult for many users to wear an AFO frequently enough for proper rehabilitation. Despite its significance and wide spread use, its design has not changed for over 50 years. Traditional manufacturing methods are difficult to work with and make customization options very limited. By using digital additive manufacturing methods like 3D Scanning, 3D printing and computer simulations, it is possible to offer personalized looks for AFOs by implementing almost any custom pattern expressed in cut-outs on the AFO surface. That kind of perforation simultaneously solves the problem of bad perspiration and air flow. The freedom of graphical expression in those patterns invite the patient to participate in the design process themselves to create an ankle foot orthosis that is their own. That revolutionary twist on the manufacturing and design process empowers the user to take control over their disability to the furthest degree possible and returns the human right of self-determination and independence to them.
Följande rapport presenterar ett examensarbete gällade en omdesign av en ankel-fot-ortos med additiv tillverkning som produktionsmetod, genomförd av en student våren 2020 som del av masterprogrammet Industrial Design vid Jönköpings universitets tekniska högskola. Ortoser för fotleden är de mest föreskrivna ortoserna för underkroppen i hela världen och bärs på ett visuellt påträngande sätt vilket gör att patienterna kan känna sig annorlunda eller utanför för sin funktionsnedsättning. Den sociala stigmatiseringen gör det känslomässigt svårt för många användare att bära en AFO ofta nog för korrekt rehabilitering. Trots dess betydelse och breda användning har designen inte förändrats på över 50 år. Traditionella tillverkningsmetoder är svåra att arbeta med och begränsar alternativen för anpassning. Genom att använda digitala metoder för additiv tillverkning som 3D-skanning, 3D-utskrift och datorsimuleringar är det möjligt att erbjuda ett personligt utseende för AFO genom att införa en stor mängd anpassade mönster i form av utskärningar på AFO-ytan. Denna typ av perforering löser samtidigt problemet med svett och dåligt luftflöde. Friheten för grafiskt uttryck genom dessa mönster låter patienten delta i själva designprocessen för att fotledsortosen ska kännas som deras egen. Detta nya synsätt på utveckling på tillverknings- och designprocessen gör det möjligt för användaren att ta kontroll över sin funktionsnedsättning i största möjliga grad och återställer känslan av självständighet.

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Frazier, Grant H. "Armed Drones: An Age Old Problem Exacerbated by New Technology." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/156.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the history behind and the use of militarized drones in modern day conflicts, and to conclude whether the use of these machines, with special attention to the United States, is legal, ethical, and morally defensible. In achieving the aforementioned goals, shortcomings of current policy surrounding drone warfare will be highlighted, acting as the catalyst for a proposal for changes to be made to better suit legal, ethical, and moral considerations. The proposal of a policy to help us work with armed drones is due to the fact that this thesis acknowledges that armed drones, like guns, nuclear weapons, or any type of military technology, is here to stay and that once we acknowledge that fact, the most important step is to make sure we have the right tools to judge the conduct of conflict carried out using armed drones or other weapons that raise similar issues and questions.

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Nylander, Stina. "Corporate social responsibility issues management at Vattenfall AB : A study of risks related to technology, value chains, and market." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129387.

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As one of Europe’s largest-producing actors in the energy sector with a wide energy mix, Vattenfall has a great responsibility to contribute to sustainable development of society. To do so, economical, environmental and social aspects need to be balanced in a responsible way. This is done through acting social responsible or in other terms, addressing corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the company’s business activities. Electricity and heat constitute one of the prerequisites for a modern society. However, it has always been a highly debated industry due to its inevitable impact on the environment and society. This makes it crucial for Vattenfall and its operations to act as responsible as possible and listen to the stakeholders and take their expectations into account in the business decisions process. Vattenfall has a long history of being criticised for its activities by NGOs and media. However, Vattenfall´s main task is to deliver electricity and heat to the society, which means that Vattenfall must continue to deliver secure energy supply to its markets, but with as little negative impact on the environment and society as possible.

Vattenfall is through its operations, its value chain, its use of technology and the markets on which it operates, exposed to risks associated with the areas human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption. These “CSR risks” can harm the reputation, brand and image if they are not managed in a proactive and effective way. In order to manage CSR risks and emerging CSR issues, the company needs to catch and respond quickly to new trends and expectations raised by opinion formers, which often are expressed through the media and the Internet. The aim of this study is to provide Vattenfall with a tool to do so. Through identifying the main CSR risks related to its operations, awareness about Vattenfall’s vulnerability areas are created. The result shows that the largest CSR risks for Vattenfall are technology related, i.e., connected to the fuels used in Vattenfall’s power plants and their value chain. This knowledge can be used when addressing CSR in the organization.

Still, a direct solution to manage CSR risks and emerging CSR issue is needed. The second purpose of this study is to propose a process for a CSR issues management at Vattenfall. The aim of such an issues management is to provide the company with a tool to identify, analyse and manage emerging issues. A CSR issues management will provide Vattenfall with a tool to respond to emerging issues before they become public knowledge. It should scan and collect external and internal information, identify relevant information for Vattenfall, monitor ongoing and emerging CSR issues/concerns/debates and report to relevant functions in the Vattenfall organization.

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Rochael, Carlos Henrique Reis. "O DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL À PRIVACIDADE - GARANTIA CONSTITUCIONAL FACE O AVANÇO DAS TECNOLOGIAS DE VIGILÂNCIA E CONTROLE SOCIAL." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2773.

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With the evolution of information technology, modern techniques of surveillance and social control are being used by both the State and by private entities. It is the objective of this dissertation, the analysis of the real scope of protection and effective guarantee of the right to privacy as defined in Article 5, section X, of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, from a neoconstitutionalism perspective. The purpose is to demonstrate that the use of information technology, in the control of social habits, is an unconstitutional activity for violating the right to privacy and thereby the dignity of the human person. The method used was hypothetical-deductive, with the help of comparative and historical ones. The research was entirely theoretical. In the end, it was concluded that the privacy belongs to the group of the human rights and also to the list of fundamental rights, and the constitutional standard that defines the right to privacy does not allow direct or indirect constitutional restrictions. Restrictions are only possible through poise when in collision with another fundamental principle. Any violation of privacy through information technology is unconstitutional.
Com a evolução da tecnologia da informação, modernas técnicas de vigilância e controle social estão sendo usadas, tanto por parte do Estado quanto por entidades privadas. Ante a isso, tem-se como objetivo, nesta dissertação, a análise do real âmbito de proteção e de garantia efetiva do direito à privacidade, conforme definido no artigo 5º, inciso X, da Constituição brasileira de 1988, sob um enfoque neoconstitucionalista. A finalidade é comprovar se o uso da tecnologia da informação no controle dos hábitos sociais é uma atividade inconstitucional, por ser aquela considerada um instrumento que viola o direito à privacidade e, consequentemente, a dignidade da pessoa humana. O método usado na pesquisa foi o hipotético-dedutivo, com auxílio dos métodos comparativos e históricos, uma vez que ela foi integralmente teórica. Ao final, os resultados mostraram que a privacidade pertence tanto ao rol de direitos humanos quanto ao dos direitos fundamentais e que a norma constitucional que define o direito à privacidade em defesa da dignidade da pessoa humana não permite restrições direta nem indiretamente constitucionais. Restrições somente são possíveis pelo sopeso, considerando se há, no caso concreto, colisão com outro princípio fundamental. Os resultados mostraram ainda que toda violação à privacidade por intermédio da tecnologia da informação é inconstitucional.

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Arruda, Jocelaine Espindola da Silva. "Um olhar sobre a lei Maria da Penha no Paraná: avanços e desafios." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1634.

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O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de implementação da Lei Maria da Penha no Paraná a partir da percepção de pessoas diretamente envolvidas no enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher no estado. Para o alcance deste objetivo foi tomada como principal referência a implementação na cidade de Curitiba, em razão de sua situação de capital, sede dos poderes constituídos e local onde se encontram alguns movimentos sociais feministas. Como metodologia de pesquisa optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa de natureza interpretativa, por ser este um método que permite a análise das respostas e como técnica de coleta de dados. Escolheu-se também como modalidade de entrevista, a individual semiestruturada por entender-se que esta concede maior liberdade ao/a entrevistado/a para discorrer sobre o assunto, mas que fique delimitado aos objetivos da pesquisa. A investigação contou com nove pessoas, entre elas autoridades do Poder Judiciário, Ministério Público, servidores públicos e ativistas. A importância do estudo advém da relevância dos números da violência contra a mulher no Brasil, e mais especificamente, pela significativa ocorrência de atos deste tipo no estado do Paraná, que atualmente ocupa o 3o lugar no ranking entre os estados brasileiros mais violentos. O trabalho discute ainda relações de gênero por entender que a violência contra a mulher é o resultado de uma relação assimétrica de poder entre homens e mulheres; sobre direitos humanos, visto ser a violência um flagrante desrespeito aos direitos humanos das mulheres, sobre políticas públicas e tecnologias de enfrentamento a esta forma de violência. Dentre as políticas se destaca a Lei Maria da Penha como um dos exemplos mais contundentes de política pública de enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher. Verificou-se na pesquisa qual foi a participação do Paraná na discussão e implementação da Lei Maria da Penha, identificando fatos e pessoas relevantes e ainda qual foi a repercussão obtida pela lei. Quanto à implementação no Paraná foi possível apurar-se avanços, dificuldades e desafios do processo. Os maiores avanços até então obtidos são as instalações: do Juizado de Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher no município de Curitiba, da Patrulha Maria da Penha e da Secretaria Municipal Extraordinária da Mulher da Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba. Quanto às dificuldades, são elas relativas, entre outras, à estrutura física, capacitação dos agentes, vontade política, e ainda questões culturais, estas diretamente ligadas a questões de gênero. Desta forma constatou-se que a lei está implementada no estado, mas que ainda existem vários desafios a alcançar, os quais compreendem, principalmente, o incremento de estrutura para o enfrentamento à violência; a sensibilização e mudança de mentalidade dos gestores públicos; a capacitação dos agentes de atendimento e a maior participação social no enfrentamento à violência. Verificou-se, ainda como desafio, a necessidade de modificação nas relações de gênero, o que é um processo educativo e evolutivo social e por isso demorado.
This study aims to analyze the process of implementation of Maria da Penha Law in Paraná from the perception of persons directly involved in combating violence against women in that state. To achieve this goal, the implementation in Curitiba was taken as the main reference, due to its status as capital, being the headquarter of the political powers and the place where are some feminist social movements. We have chosen qualitative approach of interpretative nature as research methodology, because it is a method that allows the analysis of the responses and as a data collection technique. We also have chosen the individual semi-structured interview as interview mode, because it gives greater freedom to the interviewee to discuss the matter, but it is delimited to the study objectives. The research included nine persons, including members of the Judiciary and Public Ministry, public servants and activists. The importance of the study stems from the relevance of the numbers of violence against women in Brazil, and more specifically by the significant occurrence of this kind of acts in the state of Paraná, which currently occupies the 3rd place in the ranking for the most violent states. The paper also discusses gender relations by understanding that violence against women is the result of an asymmetrical power relationship between men and women; human rights because violence is a blatant disregard of women's human rights; on public policies and technologies to confront this form of violence. Among the policies, the Maria da Penha Law is highlighted as one of the most striking examples of public policy for combating violence against women. The research found out which was the participation of Paraná in the discussion and implementation of Maria da Penha Law, identifying relevant facts and people and also what was the repercussion obtained by this law. As for the implementation in Paraná, it was possible to determine progresses, difficulties and challenges of the process. The greatest advances obtained so far are the facilities of: Court of Domestic and Family Violence against Women in Curitiba, Maria da Penha Patrol and Women's Special City Office of Curitiba. As for the difficulties, they are related, among others things, to the physical structure, training of agents, political will, and even cultural issues, which are directly linked to gender issues. Thus it was found that the law is implemented in the state, but there are still several challenges to be achieved, which consist, mainly, of the structure increment for combating violence; awareness and change of mentality of public officials; training of service agents and a greater social participation in combating violence. We concluded that the need for change in gender relations, which is an educational and social evolutionary process and therefore time consuming, is also a challenge.

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Azuma, João Carlos. "O direito à saúde: política pública de desenvolvimento da biotecnologia." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8484.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Carlos Azuma.pdf: 827314 bytes, checksum: f06bc5a9a199d8e072b5e20c30e60883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-25
This study is focused on the realization of the right to health in light of Articles 196 and 200, V, of the Constitution, which gives the state the duty to implement public policies for scientific and technological development in health; focus on the development of biotechnology
O presente estudo tem por objetivo investigar a concretização do direito à saúde à luz dos artigos 196 e 200, inciso V, da Constituição, que atribuem ao Estado o dever de implementar políticas públicas de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico na área da saúde, sob o enfoque do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia

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Villanueva, Kevin Henry Reyes. "Constructing human rights : language in the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7235/.

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Why did ASEAN agree a to a human rights regime? The 10 member countries launched the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights in October 2009, a little less than a year after the ASEAN Charter was ratified, bestowing the organisation legal personality. Article 14 of the Charter provided for the establishment of a “human rights body”. These events transpired just over a decade after the Asian Values Debate reached its apogee in the mid 1990s, and over four decades after the founding of the organisation in 1967. The existing literature points to the plurality of actors in the regional campaign for human rights and power of norms on domestic change. This study looks deeply into the validity of the following hypothesis: ASEAN agreed to an international human rights regime because rights discourse was able to accommodate contradictory notions of human rights and the different social and political orders of the organisation, its member states, elite groups and civil society. The use of text and discourse gave rise to the admissibility of what would otherwise have been, or constantly branded as, a “Western liberal project”. My argument goes against the common observation that rhetoric can become a substitute for real change: one cannot say what one cannot do, one cannot write that which (almost always) one cannot commit to do. Social and political change does not happen without the representational and constitutional power of language. For this I draw up what I call the “language pendulum”. It is a model that explains the power of language and discourse in international politics. I use as a my case study the drafting process of the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (a “bill of rights”) to illustrate how human rights norms are socialised in a variety of transactions through the use of discursive strategies.

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Bajor, William J. "Discussing 'human rights' : an anthropological exposition on 'human rights' discourse." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15382.

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This thesis examines how the displaced Sudanese in Egypt, Kenya, and the United Kingdom discuss the topic of "Human Rights". Whereas many studies on "Human Rights" are primarily concerned with the opinions of outsiders, an attempt is made here to provide an alternative perspective in that the focus of this dissertation is on how the displaced Sudanese, themselves, discuss "Human Rights" in view of their situation as exiles. The thesis begins by tracing the historical evolution of the 'Western' concept of "Human Rights" and investigating the historical relationship between Anthropology and "Human Rights". Attention is paid to the role of the doctrine of "cultural relativism" in the discipline of Anthropology. After briefly looking at Sudan's geographical and social makeup, I explain the difficulties I encountered as an independent scholar conducting research on "Human Rights" and Sudan. This is followed by descriptions of the fieldwork locations. What comes next is the heart and soul of the thesis. After giving brief descriptions of the interviewees, 1 analyse how the interviews were conducted and explain how the issue of "Politics" dominated practically every discussion with the interviewees. Next, excerpts from nineteen interviews are presented for the reader to get acquainted with the conversations between the Interviewees and myself. Finally, an examination is made of how "Human Rights" is employed as a manipulative device (or tool) by the interviewees. This is essentially the crux of the study. The chief aim of the thesis is to present various ways the notion of "Human Rights" can be (and is) interpreted and utilised by the displaced Sudanese in the context of their own circumstances as exiles.

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Keet, Andre. "Human rights education or human rights in education a conceptual analysis /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06192007-130614/.

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Marcinkutė, Lina. "Human Rights Versus State Sovereignty in the Lithuanian National Human Rights Policy." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121127_151106-88856.

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After regaining its independence in 1990, Lithuania has demonstrated the will to establish the universal human rights standards in the country as soon as possible. However, taking into account the country’s policy in the later years of independence, it’s not clear whose interests – state of individual – are more important and how these concepts coexist in the framework of Lithuanian human rights policy. The aim of the research is to examine wherever state sovereignty and human rights are (in)compatible with each other in the policy-making context of Lithuanian human rights policy. Aiming to achieve the above mentioned aim the Lithuanian human rights policy-making context, factors affecting this policy, national legal basis on human rights, fourteen programmes of the Government through the prism of human rights are analyzed. In conducting the research the following research methods were used: documents and legal acts analysis, semi-structured interview, as well as comparative analysis. Empirical research data indicates that Lithuanian human rights policy could be described as fragmented, lacking integrity and balanced attention to all human rights; strongly expressed social economical dimension the other key feature of this policy. In the context of such policy the relation between the human rights and state sovereignty is rather mixed. On the one hand, the external sovereignty is compatible with human rights and freedoms; they complement each other. Meanwhile the supremacy... [to full text]
Nors 1990 m. atgavusi nepriklausomybę Lietuva pademonstravo ryžtą kuo greičiau šalyje įtvirtinti visuotinai pripažintus žmogaus teisių principus, visgi įvertinant vėlesniais nepriklausomybės metais valstybės formuojamą politiką, nėra visiškai aišku, kieno interesai – valstybės ar individo – yra aktualesni ir kaip (ar) jie tarpusavyje dera Lietuvos valstybės politikoje. Disertacijos tikslas – ištirti, ar valstybės suverenitetas ir žmogaus teisės yra (ne)suderinami vienas su kitu Lietuvos nacionalinės žmogaus teisių politikos formavimo kontekste. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo analizuojamas Lietuvos žmogaus teisių politikos formavimosi kontekstas, jį įtakojantys veiksniai, nacionalinė žmogaus teisių teisinė bazė, keturiolika Vyriausybės programų per žmogaus teisių prizmę. Atliekant tyrimą naudojama teisės aktų ir dokumentų analizė, pusiau struktūruotas kokybinis interviu, taip pat palyginamoji analizė. Empiriniai tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad Lietuvos politika žmogaus teisių atžvilgiu yra fragmentiška, stokojanti integralumo, tolygaus dėmesio visoms žmogaus teisėms ir joje stipriai išreikšta socialinė, ekonominė dimensija. Tokios politikos kontekste žmogaus teisių ir valstybės suvereniteto tarpusavio sąryšis vertintinas nevienareikšmiškai. Viena vertus, išorinis suverenitetas yra suderinamas su žmogaus teisėmis; jie papildo vienas kitą. Tuo tarpu vidaus politikoje valstybės interesų viršenybė individo atžvilgiu sudaro prielaidas teigti, kad žmogaus teisės nėra suderinamos su vidiniu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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21

Swanson, Alan D. "International human rights law and development : a human rights way to development." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341236.

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Mathabathe, Rethabile. "Profits versus human rights : accountability for corporate complicity in human rights violations." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11819.

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This thesis seeks to examine the interplay between business and human rights within the context of political transitions from authoritarian to democratic rule. In the wake of the globalisation process and the subsequent breakdown of the Westphalian state system, transnational corporations (TNCs) have acquired augmented powers at a global level where previously states had been the only players; and yet TNCs have none of the human rights obligations of states, particularly under international law. This dissertation aims to examine why this accountability lacuna exists in relation to corporations, specifically in relation to state-sponsored human rights violations in which TNCs are complicit.

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Gravely, Janice Marie. "Counterterrorism and Human Rights Committees’ Influence on Terrorism and Human Rights Atrocities." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7652.

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The United Nations Counterterrorism and Human Rights Committees’ current collaborative practices have failed to reduce global terrorists’ activities and human rights abuses associated with counterterrorism activities. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore and compare collaborative processes between the committees in combatting terrorism and human rights violations associated with counterterrorism. The researched was centered around two key questions: The similarities and differences with information sharing processes and the impacts of the committees’ collaborative processes on terrorists’ activities and human rights violations. For this study, the pragmatic paradigm theoretical framework was used, focusing on the descriptive exploratory design. Secondary data was used as a source. Additionally, face-to-face and telephonic interviews with subject matter experts were conducted. Eclectic coding was used as the primary coding methodology to integrate other coding methodologies in the analysis process. The research concluded that the current multidisciplinary collaborative process used by the United Nations Counterterrorism Committee and Human Rights Committee creates inefficiencies that enable terrorists’ activities to adapt while reinforcing their terrorist message. Strategically integrating the interdisciplinary process within both committees could expand each committee’s awareness and efficiency in specified areas while positively reducing terrorist activities and human rights violations. Developing an appreciation and understanding beyond one’s individual expertise while melding expert considerations is the basis of the interdisciplinary process that can positively effect social change for a more stable international forum.

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Stoklosa, Arkadiusz. "Human rights in Turkey." Licentiate thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2281.

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This thesis is about Turkish accession to the European Union and criteria to be fulfilled in order to become a member state. At Helsinki summit there were defined four main areas, that are the main obstacles of Turkish membership in the structures of EU – military influence in domestic politics, economy disproportions, the issues of minorities living in Turkey and problems with obeying human rights and fundamental freedoms. In addition the attitude among European countries and Turkish political elites has changed dramatically since 1999. There is a great discussion, whose main purpose is, to show if Turkey should or shouldn’t become a part of united Europe. With the help of created conceptual framework, which is empirically based on qualitative methods and with theoretical approach in form of analysis considering human rights, I have developed a set of three hypotheses, that are based on primary and secondary sources like EU, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International reports considering changes of Turkish attitude to the question of human rights. In the process of testing validity or invalidity of those hypotheses, I have tried to conclude, why the implication of reforms considering human is the main obstacle of Turkish membership in the EU.

The paper may be used free, but it is forbidden to copy or use directly any parts of it without earlier contact with author.

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Hayward, Timothy Patrick. "Philosophy and human rights." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292558.

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Galadámez, Zelada Liliana. "Human Rights significance today." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117759.

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This work drafts some ideas in relation to new perspectives on the notion of human rights. It underlines two fields that show its widening: the sources where rights are born and the extension of its meaning.
Este trabajo esboza algunas ideas en relación a nuevas perspectivas de la noción derechos humanos y destaca, particularmente, dos ámbitos que demuestran su ampliación: las fuentes a través de las cuales estos derechos nacen y la extensión de su significado.

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Borea, Rieckhof Costanza. "Disability and human rights." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108818.

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All persons are subjects of law, but not everyone has the “capacity” to fully exercise them. On this basis, people with disabilities have seen their opportunities for development as human beings limited.Why it that people with disabilities have been historically marginalized by the Law? In this article, the author presents a detailed analysis on the subject, including the legal paradigm change that was the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Todas las personas somos sujetos de Derecho, perono todos tenemos la “capacidad” para poder ejercerlos plenamente. Bajo este argumento, las personas con discapacidad han visto limitadas sus posibilidades de desarrollarse como seres humanos.¿Por qué las personas con discapacidad han sido históricamente marginadas por el Derecho? En el presente artículo, la autora nos presenta un detallado análisis sobre la materia, incluyendo el cambio de paradigma jurídico que supuso la adopción de la Convención sobre los Derechos de la Personacon Discapacidad.

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Blancas, Bustamante Carlos. "Democracy and Human Rights." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123518.

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Human rights and democracy are, today, indissoluble elements of the political reality. However, there are differences of origin and function between the two notions that they can, eventually, cause tensions and difficulties, especially when we try to attribute to the “majority principle” unlimited powers, including the determination and configuration, even pejorative, of the fundamental rights. this risk comes from adopting a purely “formal” or “procedural” conception of democracy, so it is necessary to affirm a “substantial” notion of it, in which fundamental rights are recognized. On the one hand, as a limit to the state power, whatever the source of legitimacy of it, and on the other hand, as indispensable ingredients for the free exercise of political rights on which democracy is based.
Derechos Humanos y democracia son, hoy, elementos inseparables de la realidad política. sin embargo, entre ambas nociones existen diferencias de origen y de función las que, eventualmente pueden plantear tensiones y dificultades, sobre todo cuando se pretende atribuir al “principio de la mayoría” potestades ilimitadas, que incluyen la determinación y configuración, incluso peyorativa, de los derechos fundamentales. Este riesgo proviene de adoptar una concepción meramente “formal” o “procedimental” de la democracia, por lo que se hace necesario afirmar una noción “sustancial” de esta, en la cual se reconozca a los derechos fundamentales. Por un lado, como un límite al poder estatal, cualquiera que sea la fuente de legitimación de este, y, por otro lado, como ingredientes indispensables para el ejercicio libre de los derechos políticos en los quese sustenta la democracia.

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Graffeo, Elizabeth Marie. "Evaluating Human Rights INGOs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30821.

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Over the past several decades, the numbers of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) that focus on tackling human rights issues have grown rapidly. These organizations operate internationally and work with governments, legislatures, social movement leaders, activists, donors, and individual citizens. As the number of operating INGOs has risen dramatically, researchers have simultaneously begun to investigate the possibility of creating a global civil society that would govern itself in order to maintain peace, create global solidarity and achieve human rights. This research investigates the role of nonprofit organizations in developing a global civil society by evaluating U.S.-based organizations that are tapping into an often-uninvolved subset of societyâ American donors.
Master of Public and International Affairs

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Goethals, Samentha. "From business 'and' human rights to human rights 'in' business : framing human rights and business responsibility in the British Hospitality Sector." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2016. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/2570f72d-657a-4bf9-9b91-96f1fdc85832/1/.

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In 2011, the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council endorsed the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, which set out the norm of ‘corporate responsibility to respect human rights’. This interpretive qualitative study explores the meaning-making processes of human rights and business responsibility as articulated in governmental and corporate policy documents and by a variety of staff in the hospitality sector in the United Kingdom (UK). It aims to contribute to the literature on business and human rights by studying the context-specific meaning-making and implementation of human rights responsibility principles within hospitality organisations in the UK. I conducted interviews with people working in various positions in hospitality businesses (London and Oxford), investigated the policy documents of nine leading international hotel groups and examined the policy statements of the UK Government. I used framing analysis to explore and explain how human rights and business responsibility policies and ideas are understood, interpreted and articulated across these communities of meaning. Emphasising the socio-political nature of organisations, I identified significant differences and some overlaps between the expectations and experiences of these actors. Human rights policies and language are little known or used by work-floor participants and managers, and, conversely, their local knowledge of harms and ethical practice do not seem reflected in the more generic, legally responsive, public and overseas-oriented policies of the international hotel groups and the UK Government. While all actors use the language and/or ideas of human rights as means to craft and perform identities, the meanings of, knowledge about and ability to articulate human rights all depend on their social and organisational positionalities and political objectives. To overcome critical barriers in the development of human rights practice and consciousness in business, I propose a paradigm shift to human rights in business. This enhances a more participatory and contextual approach to human rights due diligence which is inclusive of and more sensitive to local knowledge of human rights.

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Metcalfe, Eric William. "Are cultural rights human rights? : a cosmopolitan conception of cultural rights." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c2002d1f-98de-4131-a758-58a8bb84d85d.

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The liberal conception of the state is marked by an insistence upon the equal civil and political rights of each inhabitant. Recently, though, a number of writers have argued that this emphasis on uniform rights ignores the fact that the populations of most states are culturally diverse, and that their inhabitants have significant interests qua members of particular cultures. They argue that liberals should recognize special, group-based cultural rights as a necessary part of a theory of justice in multicultural societies. In this thesis I examine the idea of special cultural rights. In the first part (Chapters 1 to 4), I begin by setting out some of the different conceptions of culture and multiculturalism that are involved in the debate over cultural rights. I then discuss three claims made by supporters of special cultural rights: (1) that having culture is an essential part of individual autonomy; (2) that people have morally significant interests qua members of particular cultures; and (3) that these interests are inadequately protected by existing liberal conceptions of human rights. Although I conclude that (1) is correct, I argue that both (2) and (3) are mistaken. Among other things, I suggest that the version of culture relied upon by supporters of special cultural rights is an implausible one and I outline what I take to be a more plausible, cosmopolitan conception of culture. In the second part (Chapters 5 to 9), I begin by looking at specific instances of cultural rights-claims, and analyzing the concept of cultural rights qua rights. I consider the practical and conceptual difficulties with special cultural rights at great length. But the core of my thesis is that our interest in culture lies in its contribution of worthwhile goals and options, and that this interest lies in culture generally rather than in particular cultures. Hence, adopting a special or group-based distribution of any right to culture would seem to be inconsistent with liberal egalitarian principles. If there are such things as cultural rights, I argue, they are general rather than special rights. I conclude by offering a very preliminary account of what a cosmopolitan conception of cultural rights might involve in the case of the right to free association and language rights.

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Lorenzi, Mariana de. "El derecho a conocer los orígenes biológicos. La necesidad de su reconocimiento para garantizar el derecho a la identidad personal de los adoptados y nacidos por reproducción humana asistida." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/368170.

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La identidad personal comienza a forjarse en el pasado del ser humano, en sus mismos orígenes biológicos. Desde este axioma, la verdad biológica ha devenido un principio clave del Derecho de Familia occidental. Tradicional paradigma de la filiación por naturaleza, su trascendencia se extiende en la actualidad a los supuestos de filiación adoptiva y por reproducción humana asistida, en gran medida, impulsada por la C.D.N. Este instrumento ha sido esencial, ante todo, para reafirmar el carácter universal de los derechos fundamentales. En segundo lugar, evidencia una comunión entre los países del entorno en edificar el Derecho de Familia actual sobre tres pilares: el protagonismo de la persona, el mayor valor de la autonomía de la voluntad en las relaciones familiares y el orden público como medio —funcional a ella— para garantizar los derechos fundamentales. Finalmente, un cambio en la noción misma de infancia y adolescencia enaltece el carácter de sujetos de derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Sus derechos fundamentales reciben una doble protección, puesto que les son reconocidos no solo en cuanto personas sino también en virtud de la etapa vital por la que atraviesan. Entre los derechos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes destaca la consagración que la C.D.N. hace del derecho a conocer los orígenes biológicos (artículos 7 y 8). Estos preceptos, junto a la prohibición de realizar distinciones por razón del nacimiento o cualquier otra condición (artículo 2.1), exigen la expansión del principio de la verdad biológica a favor de todas las personas, incluidas las concebidas de forma natural que gozan de una filiación adoptiva y las nacidas por reproducción humana asistida. La voluntad parental como fuente de la filiación y la discordancia entre el vínculo jurídico y el biológico, características de estos dos casos, motivan un estudio conjunto de este derecho, fuera del ámbito de la filiación y escindiendo el conocimiento de los orígenes genéticos y/o gestacionales de su alcance o efectos. La mayoría de los ordenamientos jurídicos contemporáneos contemplan este derecho en la adopción; sea estableciéndolo juntamente con el deber de información, sea a través del sistema de la adopción abierta. A más reticencias se ha enfrentado su admisión en los supuestos de reproducción humana asistida. Sin embargo, por la década de los ochenta comenzaba a abrirse paso una primera corriente de países prohibiendo el llamado anonimato del donante (Suecia, Austria o Suiza). No obstante, es en estos últimos años en que se afianza un progresivo cambio de rumbo hacia la abolición del secreto y la admisión de la investigación de los orígenes biológicos (Noruega, Países Bajos, Reino Unido, Finlandia, Alemania, entre otros). Este trabajo emprende un amplio estudio del derecho a conocer los orígenes biológicos; caracterizándolo como un derecho humano, fundamental y autónomo, parte del derecho a la identidad personal; analizando los fundamentos interdisciplinarios y jurídicos que lo sostienen; indagando en el reconocimiento que recibe a nivel internacional, así como en España y Cataluña; y adentrándose en los conflictos de intereses que el mismo puede generar dentro del triángulo filial.
The forging of personal identity begins in the human being's past, in their own biological origins. Starting from this axiom, biological truth has become a key principie of Western family law. While it is a traditional paradigm of filiation by nature, its current significance extends far beyond this to the cases of filiation by adoption and by assisted human reproduction, thanks in large part to the influence of the CRC. This instrument has proved essential, first and foremost, in reaffirming the universal character of fundamental rights. Secondly, it demonstrates a common approach in comparative law in building current family law upon three pillars: the central importance of the person, the increasing value attached to autonomy of the will in family relationships, and public order as a means — functional to this — of ensuring fundamental rights. Finally, a change in the very notion of childhood and adolescence establishes children and adolescents as rights-holders. Their fundamental rights are doubly protected, since they are granted to them not only as persons, but also in virtue of their particular stage of life. Among the rights of children and adolescents, the enshrinement in the CRC of the right to know one's biological origins (articles 7 and 8) stands out. These provisions, along with the ban on discrimination on the grounds of birth or any other status (article 2.1), entail the extension of the principie of biological truth to all individuals. This includes those naturally conceived and then adopted and the offspring of assisted reproductive technology. The will to be parents as the foundation of filiation and the discordance between the legal and biological bonds, characteristic of both cases, prompt a joint study of this right, treated separately from filiation and dividing the knowledge of genetic and/or gestational origins from its scope and effects. Most contemporary legal systems contemplate this right in adoption, either by establishing it together with the duty of disclosure or by embracing an open adoption system. Allowing it in assisted human reproduction has met with greater resistance. Nevertheless, an initial trend towards the abolition of anonymity did emerge in the eighties (in Sweden, Austria or Switzerland). Despite this, however, it is only in the last few years that this tendency away from secrecy and in favour of the investigation of biological origins has become established (as shown by Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Finland and Germany, among others). This research undertakes an in¬depth study of the right to know one's biological origins; defming it as a human, fundamental and autonomous right, part of the right to personal identity; analysing its interdisciplinary and legal foundations; enquiring into its recognition at an international, national and Catalan level; and delving into the conflicts of interests that may occur among the parties of the filial triangle.
La identitat personal comença a forjar-se en el passat de l'ésser humà, en els seus mateixos orígens biològics. Des d'aquest axioma, la veritat biològica ha esdevingut un principi clau del dret de família occidental. Tradicional paradigma de la filiació per naturalesa, la seva transcendència s'estén en l'actualitat als supòsits de filiació adoptiva i per reproducció humana assistida, en gran mesura, impulsat per la C.D.N. Aquest instrument ha estat essencial, abans de res, per reafirmar el caràcter universal dels drets fonamentals. En segon lloc, evidencia una comunió entre els països de l'entorn en edificar el dret de família actual sobre tres pilars: el protagonisme de la persona, el major valor de l'autonomia de la voluntat en les relacions familiars i l'ordre públic com a mitjà —funcional a aquella— per garantir els drets fonamentals. Finalment, un canvi en la noció mateixa d'infància i adolescència enalteix el caràcter de subjectes de drets dels nens, nenes i adolescents. Els seus drets fonamentals reben una doble protecció, ja que els són reconeguts no només en quant a persones sinó també en virtut de l'etapa vital per la que travessen. Entre els drets dels infants i adolescents destaca la consagració que la C.D.N. fa del dret a conèixer els orígens biològics (articles 7 i 8). Aquests preceptes, juntament amb la prohibició de realitzar distincions per raó del naixement o qualsevol altra condició (article 2.1), exigeixen l'expansió del principi de la veritat biològica a favor de totes les persones, incloses les concebudes de forma natural que gaudeixen d'una filiació adoptiva i les nascudes per reproducció humana assistida. La voluntat parental com font de la filiació i la discordança entre el vincle jurídic i el biològic, característiques d'aquests dos casos, motiven un estudi conjunt d'aquest dret, fora de l'àmbit de la filiació i escindint el coneixement dels orígens genètics i/o gestacionals del seu abast o efectes. La majoria dels ordenaments jurídics contemporanis contemplen aquest dret en l'adopció; sigui establint-lo juntament amb el deure d'informació, sigui mitjançant el sistema d'adopció oberta. A més reticències si ha enfrontat la seva admissió en els supòsits de reproducció humana assistida. Tanmateix, a la dècada dels vuitanta començava a obrir-se pas una primera corrent de països prohibint l'anomenat anonimat del donant (Suècia, Àustria o Suïssa). No obstant això, és en aquests últims anys en que s'aferma un progressiu canvi de rumb cap a l'abolició del secret i l'admissió de la investigació dels orígens biològics (Noruega, Països Baixos, Regne Unit, Finlàndia, Alemanya, entre d'altres). Aquest treball empren un ampli estudi del dret a conèixer els orígens biològics; caracteritzant-lo com un dret humà, fonamental i autònom, part del dret a la identitat personal; analitzant els fonaments interdisciplinaris i jurídics que el sostenen; indagant en el reconeixement que rep a nivell internacional, així com a Espanya i Catalunya; i endinsant-se en els conflictes d'interessos que el mateix pot generar dins del triangle filial.

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33

Obokata, Tomoya. "Trafficking of human beings as a human rights violation : obligations and accountability under international human rights law." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408594.

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34

Brömdal, Annette. "Intersex - A Challenge for Human Rights and Citizenship Rights." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-890.

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The purpose with this dissertation is to study the Intersex phenomenon in South Africa, meaning the interplay between the dual sex and gender norms in society. Hence, the treatment by some medical institutions and the view of some non-medical institutions upon this ‘treatment’, have been studied in relation to the Intersex infant’s human rights and citizenship rights. The thesis has moreover also investigated how young Intersex children are included/excluded and mentioned/not mentioned within South Africa’s legal system and within UN’s Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Furthermore, because Intersex children are viewed as ‘different’ on two accounts – their status as infants and born with an atypical congenital physical sexual differentiation, the thesis’ theoretical framework looks at the phenomenon from three perspectives – ‘the politics of difference’, human rights, and citizenship rights directed towards infants. The theoretical frameworks have been used to ask questions in relation to the empirical data, i.e. look at how the Intersex infants are ‘treated’ in relation to their status as ‘different’; and also in relation to the concept of being recognized, respected and allowed to partake in deciding whether to impose surgery or not. Moreover, what ‘treatment’ serves the best interest of the Intersex child? This has been done through semi structured interviews.

In conclusion, some of the dissertation’s most important features are that since the South African society, like many other societies, strongly live by the belief that there are only two sexes and genders, this implies that Intersex infants do not fit in and become walking pathologies who must be ‘fixed’ to become ‘normal’. Moreover, since most genital corrective surgeries are imposed without being medically or surgically necessary, and are generally imposed before the age of consent (18), the children concerned, are generally not asked for their opinion regarding the surgery. Lastly because early corrective surgery can have devastating life lasting consequences, this ultimately means that the child’s human rights and citizenship rights are of a concern. These conclusions do however not ignore the consequences one has to endure for the price of being ‘different’.

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35

Mantouvalou, Virginia. "Labour rights under the European Convention on human rights." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437289.

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36

Hann, Matthew James. "Egalitarian rights recognition : a political theory of human rights." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9453/.

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This thesis sets out the theory of ‘egalitarian rights recognition’, which is based on a novel combination of aspects of the work of Thomas Hill Green and Hannah Arendt. In doing so, it makes three key arguments. First, human rights must be grounded in social recognition, rather than in the innate qualities of the human. Second, rights recognition requires a serious commitment to equality - conversely egalitarian rights recognition provides a critical lens through which the problems of rights recognised in situations of inequality can be more clearly seen. Third, human rights, if grounded by egalitarian social recognition, are important for human freedom and flourishing. The thesis concludes by applying the theory of egalitarian rights recognition to the international level, arguing that rights recognition can provide a more plausible basis for cosmopolitanism than natural rights, and thus for human rights, rather than rights within a certain state.

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Duduhacioglu, Basak Basak. "Discourse On Human Rights: Representation Of The Idea In Turkish Human Rights Conference Texts." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614982/index.pdf.

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The main concern of this thesis is to analyze the transformation of domestic human rights discourse by looking at the shifting representations of the idea of human rights. The representation of the idea of human rights in &lsquo
Turkey Human Rights Movement Conferences&rsquo
in different political contexts during the period 1998-2010 is evaluated with reference to three areas of literature on the idea of human rights and with a social constructionist perspective which begins with the proposition that ideas and practices concerning human rights are created by people in particular historical, social, and economic circumstances. The different conceptualizations of legitimation of the idea of human rights, the shifting representations of the idea of human rights as civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights and the varying constructions of domestic human rights language amongst local and universal claims in respect of human rights within different political contexts is explored. In this framework, the research design of the study is envisioned to evaluate these issues in the context of &lsquo
Turkey Human Rights Movement Conference&rsquo
texts. The final reports of eleven conferences held in the period 1998-2010 are analyzed by the method of &lsquo
qualitative content analyses&rsquo
.

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38

Mian, N. "Women's human rights in Islam and international human rights regime : the case of Pakistan." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419450.

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Kwan, Chinachote Sriprapha Petcharamesree. "Buddhism and human rights : forest monks' perspectives on human rights and the Songha administration /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd399/4536976.pdf.

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40

Bentley, Kristina Anne. "Human rights: an investigation into the importance of second generation rights." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002969.

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This study examines the notion of universal human rights in the context of the importance of social and economic rights for the agency and dignity of human beings. It argues that the recognition of basic rights to what is necessary for physical well-being is essential to any adequate theory of human rights, and that rights of the civil and political variety depend on the recognition of social and economic rights if they are to be exercised. Therefore the secondary status which is usually accorded to social and economic rights results in an imbalanced ideal of human rights both in theory and in practice. This study is an attempt to place second generation rights in their proper context and to argue for them as human rights of equal status and importance. It focuses on the derivation of human rights in general, and shows that second generation rights may be accommodated within this structure. It further supports this position by showing that the categorical differences which are asserted to exist between first and second generation rights are based on a mistaken conception of positive and negative rights and duties, as well as an inadequate conception of liberty. The thesis shows that all rights generate a variety of duties, both positive and negative, and that an adequate theory of rights has to be able to accommodate the inevitability of conflicts of rights at the level of their enforcement. Consequently, this study argues there is no reason to give either class of right primary importance, as both first and second generation human rights are essential to the agency and dignity of a human being, and they are thus interdependent. Furthermore, the thesis shows that human rights can be balanced at the level of the obligations which they generate without compromising the deontological nature of such rights. This thesis argues that a theory of rights which is rooted in the liberal democratic notion of rights, such as that characterised by the choice theory of rights, is inadequate. It therefore argues that a benefit theory of rights must be adopted in order to accommodate conflicts of rights when they arise. The thesis argues that as such conflicts of rights are" most common in cases involving the assertion of social and economic rights, this balancing of rights is of special significance for the enforcement of second generation rights. Furthermore, this thesis argues for a theory of minimal interdependence of first and second generation rights, in order to accommodate the notion of first and second generation rights of equal status and importance, as well as to prevent an inflation of rights claims which would compromise the balancing of rights. It is argued that a reordering of values is necessary to take account of material well-being, as well as civil freedom, as both of these generate fundamental rights of equal status and importance.

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41

Altun, Damla. "Nietzsche And The Human Rights." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607696/index.pdf.

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Today the conception of human rights is an idea that preserves its intransitive, inalienable and indivisible quality with a cross-cultural reference. The idea of human rights, entering our lives from the 18th century onwards, has gained a worldwide recognition through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The idea occupies place both at the level of rules and principles as a project and at the level of our daily problem solutions, modifications and the daily course of our lives as a pragmatics. The political framework provides the idea of human rights such a justification that it constitutes a significant part of our decisions, thoughts and actions. On the other hand, the grounds of the idea has been questioned as a part of the Enlightenment project since it was first articulated and especially in recent decades certain radical criticisms originating from Nietzche&rsquo
s thought became prevalent. The thesis questions this easy alliance between Nietzsche and radical attacks to human rights thought. In the first chapter, I first provided a brief historical overview of the idea of human rights. Then, I had a closer look towards the principles of universality, equality, autonomy and is-ought distinction with special reference to Kantian formulations of these concepts and in the second chapter, I elaborate Nietzsche&rsquo
s perception of these same principles and our understanding of conventional morality in general, to reach an articulated answer to the question: Would Nietzsche be categorically against human rights? I conclude that his philosophical attitude to these four principles differ from each other. In this context the thesis regards Nietzschean informal structures over the Kantian formal ones as complementary for a full grasp of the idea of human rights by offering a connection of the transitionality between Kant and Nietzsche.

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42

McPherson, Ella Elizabeth. "Human rights reporting in Mexico." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252214.

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43

Reilly, Jonathan. "Human rights and global constitutionalism." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9474.

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This thesis examines the contributions to the global constitutional process made by the human rights machinery of the United Nations. To do this, it considers the philosophical and theoretical positions related to understanding constitutionalism either as government or as governance. This contrast is then used to help develop the idea of the constitutional process, which is followed by a translation of these ideas into the international realm. Subsequently, it examines the United Nations Human Rights Council from the perspective of a polycentric international society. This is then followed by an examination of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from a cosmopolitan perspective. Ultimately, it is concluded that, whilst the existing contributions made by these organs are seemingly negligible, the particular theoretical approach undertaken is successful in highlighting certain opportunities for reforms that have hitherto been unexamined.

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44

De, Varennes Fernand Joseph. "Language, minorities and human rights." Proefschrift, Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit limburg ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1996. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7024.

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45

Tomalty, Jesse. "On subsistence and human rights." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2556.

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The central question I address is whether the inclusion of a right to subsistence among human rights can be justified. The human right to subsistence is conventionally interpreted as a fundamental right to a basic living standard characterized as having access to the material means for subsistence. It is widely thought to entail duties of protection against deprivation and duties of assistance in acquiring access to the material means for subsistence (Shue 1996, Nickel, 2004, Griffin 2008). The inclusion of a right to subsistence among human rights interpreted in this way has been met with considerable resistance, particularly on the part of those who argue that fundamental rights cannot entail positive duties (Cranston 1983, Narveson 2004, O’Neill 1996, 2000, 2005). My purpose in this dissertation is to consider whether a plausible interpretation of the human right to subsistence can succeed in overcoming the most forceful and persistent objections to it. My main thesis is that a minimal interpretation of the human right to subsistence according to which it is a right not to be deprived of access to the means for subsistence provides the strongest interpretation of this right. Although the idea that the human right to subsistence correlates with negative duties is not new, discussion of these duties has been overshadowed in the literature by debate over the positive duties conventionally thought to be entailed by it. I show that the human right to subsistence interpreted as a right not to be deprived of access to the means for subsistence makes an important contribution to reasoning about the normative implications of global poverty.

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46

McCall-Smith, Kasey Lowe. "Reservations to human rights treaties." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6320.

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This thesis examines the default application of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties reservation rules to reservations to human rights treaties. The contemporary practice of formulating reservations allows states to unilaterally modify their treaty obligations following the conclusion of negotiations. Though multilateral treaties address a broad spectrum of subjects and are negotiated using a variety of methods, all treaties are governed by the same residual reservation rules of the Vienna Convention when there is not a treaty-specific reservation regime in place. The Vienna Convention system is only engaged if a state seizes the opportunity to determine whether a reservation is valid pursuant to default rules or if a challenge regarding the validity of a reservation is brought before another competent mechanism of review, such as a dispute resolution mechanism. Even when applied, the Vienna Convention rules are ambiguous at best and have been criticised since their inception due to the high degree of flexibility in their application, especially in relation to human rights treaties. In light of the inherent flaws of the Vienna Convention reservation regime and the structural characteristics of human rights treaties, rarely will a reserving state be deprived of the benefit of the reservation even if it is determined to be invalid by another State Party. Though the consequences of an invalidity determination are more concrete when the decision is taken by a dispute resolution mechanism, such as a court, seldom are disputes over the validity of a reservation to a human rights treaty submitted to a competent mechanism. Using the core UN human rights treaties as a case study this research highlights that the past thirty years have revealed a practical impasse in treaty law when the default reservation rules are relied upon to regulate reservations to human rights treaties. Reservations of questionable validity gain the same status as valid reservations because the Vienna Convention rules do not address the consequence for a reservation determined to be invalid outwith the traditional inter se application of the reservation between the reserving and objecting states, which is not logical in the context of a human rights treaty. Against this background, this thesis examines whether the default reservation rules adequately govern reservations to human rights treaties. The conclusion affirms that the Vienna Convention reservation regime can regulate reservations to human rights treaties but only if there is a clearly defined final view on the validity of a reservation taken by an organ other than the state. Therefore, it is argued that treaty-specific supervisory mechanisms attached to each of the core UN human rights treaties should be invested with the competency to serve a determinative function with respect to evaluating reservations to human rights treaties in order to facilitate a stronger basis for the international human rights system.

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47

Yip, Lai-lin, and 葉麗蓮. "The ICAC and human rights." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978782.

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48

Bouandel, Youcef. "Human rights and comparative politics." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245815.

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49

Latif, Nazia. "Women, Islam and human rights." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/444.

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This thesis explores the position of women in contemporary Muslim societies. It examines whether restrictions placed on them are the result of Islamic edicts and how human rights documents address those restrictions. It looks at the position of women in the areas of family law, political and legal participation and veiling with particular reference to Pakistan and Iran. The thesis begins by exploring how Islamic scripture is used tn endorse opposing views of women. On the one hand is a body of literature, generally termed as conservative, that sees women as intellectually weak and in constant need of male guidance. I argue that this literature is actually based on an inconsistent approach to Islamic sources and show how Muslim women are using alternative, exegetical works and rulings from orthodox and contemporary scholars with classical training as a source of empowerment. Based on the findings of the case studies it is argued that human rights standards, embodied in the International Bill of Human Rights, overlook many aspects of Muslim women's suffering and in particular how their socio-economic status affects their ability to escape abuse suffered at the hands of private, non-state actors. I then contend that both Muslims and human rights advocates must begin by acknowledging that they have failed the plight of Muslim women. Muslims by acting on conservative arguments and human rights advocates by overlooking the reality of women's lives. I argue that both Islam and human rights can work together to empower women but firstly human rights advocates need to take on board the different criticisms levelled at their theory. Muslims also must endeavour to prove the authenticity of their challenges to conservative understandings of Islamic sources by educating at grassroots level and by taking on the task of Islamic scholarship through established centres of Islamic learning.

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50

Al-Marzouqi, Abraheem Abdulla Muhammed. "Human rights in Islamic law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252974.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Human Rights and technology'

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