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1

Sacks, Preston C. "Assisted human reproductive technology." Reproductive Toxicology 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6238(92)90028-r.

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2

Deep, JP. "Assisted Reproductive Technology." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 4, no. 1 (July 30, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i1.10840.

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All the treatment or procedure that includes the handling of both human sperm and oocytes or embryos in vitro for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy in order to bypass some pathological obstacles in human reproduction is known as Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART). Now we must be approaching 1.5 million Assisted Reproductive Technology birth since the birth of the world’s first in vitro fertilization baby, Louise Brown, in the United Kingdom. The infertility is caused by various reason and factors from either or both partners. Infertility affects worldwide by 8-15 percent of couples in general and defined as a disease of the reproductive system by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after one year or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v4i1.10840 Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014; 4(1): 1-10
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3

Boldt, Jeffrey. "Micromanipulation in human reproductive technology." Fertility and Sterility 50, no. 2 (August 1988): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60061-4.

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4

Orleans, Miriam, and Elina Hemminki. "ASSESSING REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, no. 1 (January 1999): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399015111.

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The cultural and emotional importance of having and raising healthy children is undisputed. Cross-cultural solutions to problems resulting from involuntary childlessness have included such strategies as adoption, finding new partners, and dissolving marriages that do not produce offspring. While both males and female infertility may result from heritable factors, environmental exposures, and disease, it is usually the result of functional incapacity in youth and in old age. The high value attached to reproduction is not puzzling. Human reproduction is protected by strong basic instincts. Childlessness is seldom met with stoicism by those who wish to have children. The happiness that follows the successful birth of a wanted child must not be discounted. Traditional definitions of “family” imply “offspring” before the acknowledgment of other memberships.
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5

Corral, Hernán. "Filiation and Assisted Reproductive Technology." Revue générale de droit 31, no. 4 (December 18, 2014): 701–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027998ar.

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This article deals with the various filiation issues arising from the application of assisted reproduction techniques. The author asserts that assisted reproduction techniques produce a dissociation between the blood and genetic elements of procreation and people's will to become parents, which causes hard judicial dilemma in paternity suits. Legislative and judicial criteria developed both under European and American legal systems to solve this case are systematized in the article, wherein the author directs criticism to those criteria that tend to undermine the natural physiology of human reproduction in spite of the "intent of reproduction" concept. This latest concept is criticized as being a form of contractualization of filiation links. The author suggests that a deeper understanding of the human dignity, and of the international standard of the best interest of the child should be useful to protect children from being a part of the new market-of-human-beings that could arise from the massive application of assisted reproduction techniques.
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6

Liselotte, Mettler. "Does Human Blastocyst Transfer Increase the Success Rate in Artificial Reproductive Technology (ART) Treatment." Women's Health Science Journal 4, no. 2 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/whsj-16000144.

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All over the world, many of the ART centres, especially those without experience perform Cleavage stage on not blastocyst transfers. Although it has been proved without doubt that Blastocyst transfer is better, the personal experience of failure after shifting to Blastocyst transfer has demotivated many from the shift. The aim of this article was to explain to the reader how we at the University hospital took evidence based decisions and improved our culture conditions while increasing our pregnancy rates. Although the outcome of an ART cycle depends on a multitude of clinical and laboratory factors, this study pursued to critically explore the various advantages and disadvantages of changing the protocol in a German lab to international standards where blastocyst culture is the norm. 1126 ART cycles were performed from 2014 to 2018 in the University Reproductive Medical Unit of UKSH, Kiel. There was an improvement in pregnancy rates from 2014 to 2018 in both cleavage stage transfer (day 3) and blastocyst transfer with a 1.4 time increase every year. Improvement in the lab culture conditions had profound effect in increasing pregnancy rates. The article aims at encouraging the reader to make decisions to improve lab blastocyst culture conditions before shifting to blastocyst culture to improve pregnancy rates and not blindly shift overnight to blastocyst for all.
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7

Ford, Norman M. "A Catholic ethical approach to human reproductive technology." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 17 (January 2008): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60329-x.

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8

Ceballos, Martha. "From the Grave to the Cradle: Looking for Answers to the Question of Consent to Reproduce Posthumously in New Zealand." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 50, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v50i3.5982.

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In New Zealand, posthumous reproduction is regulated by the Human Assisted Reproductive Technology Act 2004 (HART Act), which established two bodies, the Advisory Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ACART) and the Ethics Committee on Assisted Reproductive Technology (ECART). In 2000, the predecessor of ECART, the National Ethics Committee on Assisted Human Reproduction (NECAHR), issued "Guidelines for the Storage, Use, and Disposal of Sperm from a Deceased Man" designed to provide a legal framework for this technology. However, a recent application to the High Court by the partner of a man who unexpectedly died, requesting permission to have sperm retrieved from the deceased and the subsequent judgment handed down by the High Court in 2017, have highlighted the shortcomings of the current posthumous reproduction regulations. This has led to a recent consultation process by ACART to review and revise the guidelines. Relying on Re Lee, the landmark judgment of the High Court that found in favour of granting the permission sought and which sheds light on the legal aspects of posthumous reproduction in New Zealand, the current article discusses the approach endorsed by the HART Act regarding consent for posthumous retrieval and use of gametes.
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9

Taranilla, Raquel. "Desde la clínica de fertilidad: alianzas reproductivas, madres jubileas y bebés probeta / From the fertility clinic: reproductive alliances, jubilee mothers and test tube babies." Kamchatka. Revista de análisis cultural., no. 10 (December 29, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/kam.10.10523.

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Resumen: Este artículo comienza abordando el discurso producido en torno a la tecnología de la reproducción asistida. A partir de los textos emitidos por la clínica de fertilidad, se pretende comprender el papel actual de los tratamientos reproductivos y plantear, yendo más allá de las críticas que generan, en qué han ayudado a derribar estereotipos muy establecidos. En primer lugar, la generalización de las tecnologías de reproducción asistida ha acabado con el relato hegemónico sobre la concepción humana (en el que un espermatozoide poderoso logra conquistar un óvulo e iniciar una vida nueva). En segundo lugar, la clínica de fertilidad obliga a entender la reproducción humana como una tarea colectiva, en la que se generan relaciones fructíferas. En tercer lugar, también hace emerger nuevas subjetividades ligadas a la maternidad/paternidad y la filiación, que consiguen desestabilizar ciertas identidades de género y de familia que han sido privilegiadas hasta ahora. A modo de ejemplo de nueva subjetividad, se propone la maternidad jubilea, en cuya fusión de cuerpo y tecnología queda cuestionada con éxito la construcción social de la esterilidad. Palabras clave: clínica de fertilidad, tecnología de reproducción asistida, maternidad, filiación, subjetividad, discurso de la medicina. Abstract: This article addresses the discourse of assisted reproduction technology. By analyzing texts produced by fertility clinics, the aim is to describe the current role of reproductive treatments and to consider their benefits in undermining well-established stereotypes. First, the increase in the use of assisted reproductive technologies breaks down the hegemonic narrative of human conception (in which the powerful sperm conquers the egg to start a new life). Second, in fertility clinic human reproduction should be considered a collective task, in which fruitful relationships are developed. Third, assisted reproductive technology fosters the emergence of new subjectivities linked to motherhood/fatherhood and filiation, which destabilize prevailing gender and family identities. As an example of a new subjectivity, jubilee motherhood is proposed. The fusion of body and technology in it challenges the social construction of infertility. Keywords: fertility clinic, assisted reproductive technology, motherhood, filiation, subjectivity, medical discourse.
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10

Lam, Carla. "Thinking Through Post-constructionism: Reflections on (Reproductive) Disembodiment and Misfits." Studies in Social Justice 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v10i2.1352.

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In this article, I draw together feminist research on the distinct areas of assisted human reproduction (or new reproductive technology) and post-constructionist theory to examine some common methodological and epistemological issues fundamental for reproductive justice. I revisit the notion of technologically-assisted (reproductive) disembodiment (e.g., in vitro fertilization, surrogacy and egg donation) in light of theoretical developments in feminism, in particular post-constructionism. Specifically, I ask what light is shed on the paradox of reproduction (in particular disembodied reproduction) by feminist post-constructionism?
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11

Bjelica, Artur, and Svetlana Nikolic. "Development and achievements of assisted reproductive technology." Medical review 68, no. 9-10 (2015): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1510353b.

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History of marital infertility is as long as the history of human civilization. Becoming aware about the importance of procreation, as well as the problems with which people may confront, has been the subject of interest since the moment of the first human community creation. Historically, each stage of social development, hence the development of science, has carried within itself certain findings more or less acceptable from today?s point of view. The development of human awareness and acquisition of findings based on empirical evidence have contributed to understanding and solution of the problem which was considered to be a result of force majeure until that moment and therefore could not be influenced. This paper deals with the previously mentioned issues through the review of historical development of assisted reproductive technology and its importance. The authors? intention was to present the developmental road of assisted reproductive technology through history succinctly with a special emphasis on the moments which have been of the crucial importance and which have marked certain stages of its development.
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12

Pool, Thomas B. "Development of culture media for human assisted reproductive technology." Fertility and Sterility 81, no. 2 (February 2004): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.012.

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13

Kaneko, Satoru. "Human Sperm Processing in Assisted Reproduction Technology." Journal of Mammalian Ova Research 22, no. 1 (April 2005): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1274/jmor.22.24.

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14

Kiyani, Shazia, and Yasir Munir. "The Issue of Human Cloning: A Review in Semitic Religions’ Context." Al-Milal: Journal of Religion and Thought 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46600/almilal.v2i2.78.

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Human cloning has emerged as a new and innovative technology in the reproductive and therapeutic science in the recent past. So far it has not been practiced over human beings but owing to its huge potential and possible scope, it has attracted the attention of not only the masses (particularly the infertile couples and LGBTQs etc) but the other stakeholders including the religious scholars from worlds’ prominent religions have given their views on this technology in order to guide their followers. This paper examines and reviews the religious points of view on human cloning. For this purpose, three Semitic religions in the world i-e Judaism, Christianity, and Islām have been examined. As far as Islam is concerned, this portion has been divided into two broad sections elaborating the Shī‘ah and Sunnī schools’ opinions. Being an innovative topic, the religious teachings do not address it directly hence the injunctions related to the reproduction are most relevant to it. Three Semitic religions have been examined from the perspective of admissibility or non-admissibility of human cloning, the rationale behind the verdict on human cloning and the possible solutions to the issues and problems faced by the followers in the case of acceptance or rejection of this biomedical technology. Most of the religions emphasize over adaptability of the natural mode of reproduction only, where male and female genders contribute to the reproductive cycle. The Semitic religions reject the reproductive cloning generally. The religious experts need to conduct more focused and updated research before coming to any conclusion about the permissibility or non-permissibility of this technique.
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15

Syrkasheva, Anastasia G., Yana A. Petrosyan, and Natalia V. Dolgushina. "Gestagens in assisted reproductive technology programs." Gynecology 21, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2019.2.190238.

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Background. Luteal phase (LP) drug support is an important step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs efficacy. Aim. To present up-to-date data on an efficacy of LP hormonal support during ART cycles as well as to conduct a comparative analysis of various gestagen drug effectiveness. Materials and methods. To write this review domestic and foreign publications were searched in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) for the last 8 years. The review includs articles from peer-reviewed literature. Results. LP drug support becomes an essential step in infertility treatment in various ART programs. Although human chorionic gonadotropin drug injections in the posttransfer period leads to an activation of endogenous steroid hormones synthesis, exogenous hormones use is currently preferred because of not having a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Conclusions. The variety of progesterone drugs is accompanied by a lack of algorithms for their use in various clinical situations. Further studies are required to evaluate progesterone drugs efficacy for various subgroups of patients.
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16

Duchesne, Véronique. "Mobile phones, non-human agents at the service of assisted reproduction: monitoring and gendered dual allegiance." Horizontes Antropológicos 27, no. 61 (December 2021): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832021000300005.

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Abstract For sub-Saharan women enrolled in a protocol for assisted reproductive technology (ART), the use of mobile phones entails dual allegiance: toward the services of reproductive medicine and toward their transnational family. Indispensable for medically monitoring women’s reproductive bodies, the mobile phone enters the process for producing female gametes and contributes to the gender asymmetry typical of biomedicalized procreation. It is also used to maintain contacts with transnational family members who, from a distance, obtrude in the woman’s reproductive life. The use of mobile phones extends biomedical power over the woman’s body into her everyday life and the normative power of her transnational family into reproduction. Paradoxically, the mobile telephone allows collateral relatives to support the woman seeking reproduction assistance while also “hypermedicalizing” the woman’s daily life. Also paradoxically, this everyday companion is conductive to individual autonomy while also being used for new forms of surveillance and control. The data come from fieldwork conducted in the greater Paris area between 2011 and 2013 within a network of ART professionals and their patients.
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Romanov, A. Yu, A. G. Syrkasheva, A. E. Donnikov, and N. V. Dolgushina. "Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technology." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 12 (September 19, 2021): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-12-360-364.

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Introduction. Vitamin D administration is recommended for women with vitamin D insufficiency, who are planning to undergo assisted reproductive treatment (ART). The action of the active form of vitamin D is mediated through its vitamin D receptor (VDR). The presence of VDR in the cells and tissues of the female reproductive system suggests that vitamin D plays an important role in human reproduction. However, the effect of VDR gene polymorphisms on human reproduction has not been adequately studied.Aim. To assess the effect of VDR gene polymorphisms on the folliculogenesis, embryogenesis and clinical outcomes of assisted reproduction programs.Materials and methods. The cross-sectional study included 300 patients without complications during the assisted reproduction cycle. The number of follicles, oocyte-cumulus complexes, mature and immature oocytes, the presence of oocyte dysmorphisms, number of zygotes, fertilization rate, and the number of obtained blastocysts were evaluated. The determination of three polymorphisms of the VDR gene (FokI – rs2228570, BsmI – rs1544410, TaqI – rs731236) was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results. The incidence of perivitelline space pathology of oocytes in FokI A/A genotype patients was 5.7%, in A/G genotype patients – 14.7%, in G/G genotype patients – 16.3% (p = 0.041 when comparing A/A genotype with A/G + G/G genotypes). Depending on the genotype, the pregnancy rate ranged from 38.5 to 52.8%, but no statistically significant differences were found.Conclusion. It was shown that the perivitelline space pathology of oocytes in the FokI A/G genotype patients is 2.6 times higher, and in the G/G genotype patients – 2.9 times higher than in the A/A genotype patients. However, there were no differences in pregnancy rate among patients with different genotypes of FokI, BsmI and TaqI gene polymorphisms of VDR.
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Park, Jin Hee, Do Gyeung Byeun, and Jung Kyu Choi. "Progress, prospects, and limitations of organoid technology." Organoid 2 (April 25, 2022): e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51335/organoid.2022.2.e9.

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Organoids are mini-organs generated through in vitro 3-dimensional culture that mimic some of the structural and physiological functions of real organs. In recent research, various organoids have been derived from pluripotent stem cells or multipotent organ-specific adult stem cells in vitro and have been used in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, precision medicine, toxicology studies, and drug discovery. However, research on reproduction-related organoids has not been comprehensive, and some limitations need to be addressed for culturing these organoids. In this review, we discuss the historical advances, major recent developments, limitations, and potential of organoid culture, including human reproductive organoids.
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Ahmed, Bipasha, Angel ., and Smita Sharma. "Human Embryos and Oocytes Cryopreservation in Human Assisted Reproductive Technology-A Case Study." Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports 08, no. 03 (March 25, 2020): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjmcr.2020.v08i03.032.

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20

Elsner, D. "Just another reproductive technology? The ethics of human reproductive cloning as an experimental medical procedure." Journal of Medical Ethics 32, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.013748.

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21

GUO, Weihua. "儒家倫理如何為“生命”的道德辯護——以“人類輔助生殖技術”為例進行的考察." International Journal of Chinese & Comparative Philosophy of Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ijccpm.101511.

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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.儒家倫理從“天道”的角度賦予人之生命以神聖性和超越性,而輔助生殖技術則通過技術使人之“生命”從神聖性、超越性的形上境遇被拋入到世俗境遇中,生命的“袪魅”成為這一趨勢的集中表現。並由此,引發了“生命”的形上界定和由技術展現世俗化的生命界定之間的矛盾和衝突。儒家倫理為技術干預下的“生命”進行道德辯護的關鍵在於:儒家倫理應以一種辯證、開放的態度為輔助生殖技術展現的世俗化的生命倫理提供形而上學的精神本源基礎。By profoundly intervening in human life, human assisted reproductive technology is challenging the convictions of all well-established ethics, Confucian ethics included. Through such technology, human life is thrown from the divine, transcendent metaphysical situation it has traditionally held into this-worldly circumstances. In particular, human assisted reproductive technology brings with it a series of ethical problems. First, the sanctity of life is put in jeopardy. From this perspective, every human life is unique and independent. However, human assisted reproductive technology has the potential to destroy such uniqueness and independence. Second, human subjectivity is lost. An essential attribute of human life is that humans exist as active subjects to be respected, rather than as passive objects to be manipulated. When human assisted reproductive technology is used to control human life, human subjectivity is thrown into crisis. Finally, the existence of human life is fragmented. Human beings are “group” animals, and they live in families built on the basis of blood and marriage. This basis is usually taken as the origin or foundation of Confucian ethics. However, human assisted reproductive technology (especially AIH and reproductive cloning technology) has broken the traditional family structure. It has caused a crisis in the notion of family as an ethical entity and life becomes nothing but “debris.”In the face of such moral crises, it is time to explore Confucian ethics to help people out of their plight. Traditionally, Confucian ethics has a profound and rich content. It takes human life as valuable, sacred, transcendent and eternal. From the Confucian perspective, human life means not only existence as a natural object, but also existence of value and significance in the universe. In developing a proper Confucian ethics to direct the application of human assisted reproductive technology and guide its technical intervention in human life, this essay argues that we must recognize the following crucial point: a dialectical exploration and an open attitude are needed to enable Confucian ethics to provide the Confucian spirit of metaphysical origins and concerns to a new bioethics of assisted reproductive technology. That is, on the one hand, a bridge must be built to connect the metaphysical condition of real life in Confucian ethics with the technical interference of human assisted reproductive technology. On the other hand, it must be noted that human assisted reproductive technology reveals that the problem domain is not merely a simple technology ethics, but also involves deep philosophical or ethical change. Such exploration provides formal support for considering the ethical problems of human assisted reproductive technology from a comic philosophical view that the Confucian bioethical discourse of life must undertake.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 60 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
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Sun, Christie L., Sally L. Catt, Kiri Beilby, and Mulyoto Pangestu. "Cyclic nucleotide in oocyte In vitro maturation in Assisted Reproductive Technology." Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 6, no. 3 (December 23, 2020): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jbtr.v6i3.9691.

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In vitro maturation (IVM) is a promising assisted reproductive technology (ART) for human infertility treatment. However, when cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) are removed from their follicular environment when manipulated in vitro, it can lead to a decrease of intra-oocyte cyclic adenosine 3’, 5’-monophosphare (cAMP) causing spontaneous nuclear maturation and an asynchrony with the oocytes’ cytoplasmic maturation, resulting in poor embryo developmental outcomes. Nuclear and cytoplasmic synchrony is important during oocyte maturation within antral follicles.It is maintained partially by the actions of c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) binding with natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2), supporting high cAMP levels thus holding the oocyte in meiotic arrest. Addition of CNP to pre-IVM media has the capacity of maintaining cAMP levels and thus improve synchrony. Moreover, in women with advanced maternal age, successful IVM of aging oocytes faces significant challenges due to the morphological and cellular changes. Inhibiting initiation of nuclear maturation by cAMP modulator, CNP during pre-IVM period and thus improve oocyte developmental competence regardless of oocyte age.
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Nagori, Chaitanya. "Sonoendocrinology and Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technology." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 4 (2016): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1488.

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ABSTRACT Reproductive function in a human being consists of continuous hormonal changes in the female. These hormonal changes are responsible for dynamic changes occurring in the ovarian and uterine morphology and vascularity. Ultrasound and Doppler are very useful modalities for assessing these changes, and therefore, very effective for diagnosis of hormonal derangements and monitoring the assisted reproductive technology (ART) treated cycles. Among the common hormones that need to be assessed, androgen can be correlated with high antral follicle count (AFC) and high uterine artery resistance and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) also has a positive correlation with AFC. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is reflected as follicular growth, and luteinizing hormone (LH) by ovarian stromal echogenicity and vascularity and endometrial hyperechogenicity. Estrogen adequacy can be judged by follicular and endometrial flow in preovulatory phase whereas progesterone adequacy can be judged by corpus luteal and endometrial flow in mid luteal phase. Day-to-day hormonal assessment can therefore be replaced by ultrasound and Doppler during ART. How to cite this article Panchal S, Nagori C. Sonoendocrinology and Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(4):376-386.
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JIN, Leyi. "Legal Identification of Parent-Child Relationship between Lesbian Partners From the Perspective of Using Human Assisted Reproductive Technology to Procreate Children." Theory and Practice of Social Science 3, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/tpss.030506.

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With the innovation and development of assisted reproductive technology, it is possible for same-sex partners to have their children. More and more same-sex partners choose to have their children through assisted reproductive technology. However, China’s legislation on assisted reproductive technology is not perfect, and the reproductive rights of same-sex partners cannot be guaranteed. This paper selects the related issues of lesbian partners with assisted reproductive technology to have children, through literature research, case analysis, comparative research and other methods, based on the legitimacy of the reproductive rights of lesbian partners, to explore the feasibility of parent-child relationship legal identification of lesbian partners. In order to protect the interests of lesbian partners and their children born through human assisted reproductive technology, the corresponding legal recognition model of parent-child relationship should be constructed.
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Kaif, Mohd, and Akanksha Verma. "IS PATENTING A THREAT TO REPROUCTIVE RIGHTS?" Dogo Rangsang Research Journal 13, no. 06 (2023): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36893/drsr.2023.v13i5n5.149-156.

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Technology is the way to progress for the human race. Technology has changed the life of human beings from ancient times to the modern era. Law and society are interdependent on each other. Today’s modern society is standing on the crossroads of law, science, and technology. Technology, on the one hand, brings with it a vulnerability that cannot be neglected in the society like Invasion of privacy. On other hand there are technology that are introduced in modern times which helps one to procreate. With the extensive advances in medicine and medical technologies and to open a way to this manifestation of human mind, the medical sciences made an acute beginning by way of medically assisted human reproduction. Innovation in these technologies open a gateway for the innovator to apply for patent of these ideas to encourage economic and technological development and encourage competition by creating a financial incentive. But Patenting of ART can have an effect on reproductive rights in a number of ways. One of the main concerns is that it can make these technologies less accessible to people. It also raises ethical, social and legal issues. This study critically warrants the examination of current patent system with relation to the reproductive rights available under different legislations.
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Bavister, Barry. "The role of animal studies in supporting human assisted reproductive technology." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 7 (2004): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd04087.

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Although average success rates of human IVF have increased progressively during the past two decades, the efficiency of this technique, based on each embryo produced or transferred, is still low. High success rates are usually achieved by transferring several embryos to the patient, which is often associated with multiple pregnancies. The quality of in vitro produced embryos is a major area that needs attention. Because there is no in vivo database for human embryos, the properties of normal embryos are not known, and so it is difficult to know how to improve quality and viability. In addition, selection of the most viable embryos for transfer is a rather subjective process. The origins of human assisted reproductive technology (ART) are based on animal ART; however, the two areas of research (animal and human ART) appear to have become disconnected. Re-examination of progress in animal ART could help improve human embryo quality and thereby assist efforts to sustain high pregnancy rates with only one or two embryos transferred. Some key areas in which animal ART can help guide progress in human ART are discussed.
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Kumar, Sunil. "Road Traffic Pollution, Motor Driving Occupation and Human Reproductive Health- An Overview." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 05, no. 01 (January 22, 2024): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2401004.

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Generally, automobile vehicles discharge specific contaminants into the surrounding environment during operation, which might affect human and reproductive health. Additionally, a more extended period of sitting while driving is linked with the manifestation of heat in the pelvic region, which might also impact the driver’s semen quality. The data on motor traffic pollution, sitting posture duration while driving, and their impact on reproduction was collected by searching various websites. The data on the effects of traffic-related contamination on motorway tollgate workers indicated an alteration in semen quality parameters to some extent compared to control, i.e., nonexposed to traffic-connected pollution. Still, the data on other male reproductive endpoints are scanty. Some data on the impact of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on pregnancy outcomes are accessible based on the studies mostly carried out in women residing close to the main road, which suggests the adverse impact of TRAP on pregnancy outcomes. The comprehensive data on drivers with reverence to professional driving i.e., long duration of sitting while driving and reproductive health, is scanty and needs more studies. The available information suggests that vehicular pollution might affect the semen quality and pregnancy outcome to some extent. At the same time, the impact on the other reproductive endpoints of both sexes is inconsistent, and additional data is needed to conclude these aspects of human reproduction. Further, there is a need to adopt better efficient fuel engines to reduce TRAPs or use alternate technology or fuel to petrol/diesel.
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Drapkina, Yu A., N. P. Makarova, and V. Yu Smolnikova. "Analysis of the clinical efficiency of human menopausal gonadotropins in the assisted reproductive technology program." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 13 (October 16, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-13-34-41.

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Introduction. Comparative analysis of urinary and recombinant gonadotropins is ongoing to improve the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology programs. Particular interest focused on the identification of individual groups of patients with maximal efficacy of using certain ovarian stimulation drugs in an assisted reproductive technology program.Objective. To review the application of Menopur Multidose 1200 IU for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology protocols with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRH) or gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists (GnRH antagonists) in the current clinical practice.Materials and methods. The study retrospectively enrolled 4,080 women aged 20-43 years. Ovarian stimulation in the Assisted Reproductive Technology program was performed using the GnRH antagonist protocol in 65.8% of patients and the GnRH agonist protocol with Menopur Multidose 1200 IU with or without the additional Menopur 75 IU in 34.2% of women.Results. Clinical and laboratory data of the patients, stimulated cycle parameters, characteristics of the embryological stage, and results of the assisted reproductive technology program were analyzed. The frequency of obtaining degenerated oocytes did not exceed 5%. The relative number of blastocysts of good quality was 59.9%, while for patients in the older age group, the figure was 54.6. The average pregnancy rate in patients in the “Menopur Multidose 1200 IU p/k” group was 39.3%, which corresponds to high-performance indicators of the assisted reproductive technology program.Conclusions. Administration of highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) (Menopur Multidose 1200 IU) to stimulate ovarian function in patients of different ages is accompanied by an adequate number of mature oocytes, good quality blastocysts, and satisfactory clinical pregnancy rates. Thus, highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin is not inferior to recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone(r-FSH) concerning the efficacy of assisted reproductive technology programs.
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Pramanick, Kousik. "Plasticisers: A Potential Reproductive-toxicant for Humans." Chettinad Health City Medical Journal 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2278.2044.202206.

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The advancement in science and technology has led to the discovery and formulations of various cheaper alternatives to our day to day commodities. Plastic is one of them. Plasticisers include a group of chemicals that increase the flexibility of plastics so that they can be moulded into the forms of our use. The plasticisers have led to a number of health hazards when they leach out into the environment. This review is going to be a comparative discussion, on the effects of different plasticisers on human health, and the main focus on plasticiser-induced reproductive toxicity. This study revealed that there are anomalies in the male reproductive system like cryptorchidism, hypospadias acrosomal dysgenesis, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer. Reduced fertility, deterioration in sperm quality, drop in testosterone synthesis, and reduced anogenital distance reveal the feminising effects of phthalates. Mono phthalates are the metabolites of these chemicals and cause similar effects. Bisphenol A (BPA) also has similar endocrine-disrupting potential. DNA damage has been recorded in sperms along with disruption in the secretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone and plasma and intratesticular testosterone. Both spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis were highly affected due to exposure to these chemicals. Females exposed to plasticisers show oocyte incompetence, increased possibility of miscarriage, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and disrupted secretion of oestrogen and progesterone leading to ovulatory cycles. Abnormalities in oogenesis occur during the meiotic phases.
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30

Stock, Gregory. "Germinal choice technology and the human future." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 10 (January 2005): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62201-8.

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31

Hughes, Jennifer R., Sandra Soto-Heras, Charles H. Muller, and David J. Miller. "Phthalates in albumin from human serum: implications for assisted reproductive technology." F&S Reviews 2, no. 2 (April 2021): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.12.002.

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32

Lewis, Erin I., Heather Cook, and Alan H. DeCherney. "Luteal phase support with human chorionic gonadotropin in assisted reproductive technology." Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology 8, no. 4 (July 2013): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17474108.2013.811933.

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33

Gontar, Y. V., O. Y. Verlinsky, I. E. Ilyin, and O. M. Fedota. "Investigation of human aneuploidy and polyploidy in subcidiary reproductive technology programs." Visnik ukrains'kogo tovaristva genetikiv i selekcioneriv 14, no. 1 (June 20, 2016): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/visnyk.utgis.14.1.539.

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Aim. To evaluate the frequency of aneuploidy and polyploidy among sperm, preimplantation embryos, the embryos stopped in development, developing fetuses and adults studied in the framework of subsidiary reproductive technologies. Methods. To determine the chromosomes of cells from samples of different biological material cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic methods were used. Results. The highest frequency of aneuploidy is observed among the preimplantation embryos (69.1 %) and the embryos stopped in development (60.9 %). Aneuploid/euploid chromosome set ratio is similar for both genders in all research objects except embryos stopped in development: for females it was 1:1, for males – 1.8:1. Among the spermatozoa most frequent is aneuploidy along the 18th (27 %) and sex (30.3 %) chromosomes, among preimplantation embryos – along the 13th chromosome (31.1 %), among abortuses along the 18th chromosome (40 6 %), fetuses – along the 21st chromosome (72.2 %). Sex ratio among polyploid preimplantation embryos – 1:1, among the embryos stopped in development – 2.5:1 in favor of males. Conclusions. The high frequency of aneuploidy among the early embryos is a leading cause of implantation failure, spontaneous abortion at different timing or the presence of multiple fetal malformations. Preimplantation genetic screening is essential for reducing the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities and increase in the effectiveness of subsidiary reproductive technologies.Keywords: chromosomal abnormalities, aneuploidy, polyploidy, karyotype, preimplantation genetic screening.
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Fujiwara, Hiroyuki, Mitsuhiro Motoyama, Hiroaki Shibahara, Toshimitsu Koike, Shuichi Ogawa, and Mitsuaki Suzuki. "Predictive value of urine human chorionic gonadotropin after assisted reproductive technology." Fertility and Sterility 80, no. 4 (October 2003): 1055–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(03)01126-9.

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35

FUJIWARA, H., M. MOTOYAMA, T. KOIKE, S. OGAWA, H. SHIBAHARA, and M. SUZUKI. "Doubling time of urine human chorionic gonadotropin after assisted reproductive technology." Fertility and Sterility 84, no. 4 (October 2005): 1040–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.03.066.

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36

Frankfurter, David. "Human assisted reproductive technology: future trends in laboratory and clinical practice." Fertility and Sterility 98, no. 4 (October 2012): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.019.

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Zhang, Yu, Yan-Ling Zhang, Chun Feng, Yan-Ting Wu, Ai-Xia Liu, Jian-Zhong Sheng, Jie Cai, and He-Feng Huang. "Comparative proteomic analysis of human placenta derived from assisted reproductive technology." PROTEOMICS 8, no. 20 (October 2008): 4344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200800294.

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38

Elhddad, Agzail S., and Faiza M. Younis. "Does assisted reproductive technology has effect on human secondary sex ratio?" Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/23ayac75.

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assisted reproduction technology (ART) is up-trending, therefore number of babies born by ART is increasing. ART may influence the secondary sex ratio (SSR) compared to natural conception. to evaluate the effect of ART on SSR. a pilot retrospective medical records review study was conducted on 201 live-birth babies born to couples attended Albayda Fertility Centre. 97 babies were born by ART procedures [intrauterine insemination (IUI) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)] and the remaining were born by non-ART (medical treatment or post-hysteroscopy). The overall SSR was 46%, SSR for non-ART babies was (54.8%) higher than that for the ART offspring (47.4%), however, the difference was non-significant. More girls were born as a result of ICSI (SSR= 43.7%). In contrast, more males were born following IUI (SSR=47.7%) but the difference was insignificant. Regarding the stage of embryo transfer (ET) in babies born by ICSI, a higher but a non-significant difference (Fisher’s Exact test = 0.9) was found in blastocyst stage than the cleavage stage. ART might cause a bias in sex ratio at birth and this change in SSR was found to be affected by the ART procedure applied. The mechanism of these effects is still controversial, larger and multi-centric studies are still warranted.
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Preston, Claudia C., Emily C. Storm, Riley J. Leonard, and Randolph S. Faustino. "Emerging roles for nucleoporins in reproductive cellular physiology." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 97, no. 4 (April 2019): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2018-0436.

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Nucleoporins are a specialized subset of nuclear proteins that comprise the nuclear pore complex and regulate nucleocytoplasmic transport. Recent demonstrations of roles for individual nucleoporins in multiple paradigms of differentiation via mechanisms independent of nuclear trafficking represent conceptual advances in understanding the contributions of nucleoporins to cellular development. Among these, a functional role for nucleoporins in reproductive fitness and gametogenesis has been identified, supported by robust models and clinical studies that leverage the power of next generation sequencing technology to identify reproductive-disease-associated mutations in specific nucleoporins. Proper nucleoporin function manifests in different ways during oogenesis and spermatogenesis. However, nonhuman models of gametogenesis may not recapitulate human mechanisms, which may confound translational interpretation and relevance. To circumvent these limitations, identification of reproductive pathologies in patients, combined with next generation sequencing approaches and advanced in silico tools, offers a powerful approach to investigate the potential function of nucleoporins in human reproduction. Ultimately, elucidating the role of nucleoporins in reproductive biology will provide opportunities for predictive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies to address reproductive disorders.
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40

Lombardi, Lia. "The Medicalization of Human Reproduction: Body and Gender." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2009): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-en2012.

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- This article is focussed on the medicalization of human reproduction and its effects on the body and on the gender. Particularly, the analysis is carried under two perspectives. The first one is the social construction and the social control on the body in Western society. Specifically, the question is how medicine surveilles bodies and behaviors of women and men. Moreover, the first part of this article analyses sexualities, reproduction/procreation and gender relationships. The second subject regards how stereotypes on gender and parenthood are connected to the social construction of infertility and of articial reproduction. All the topics are analysed through the lences of the sociology of health and of the body, in connection with the most recent advances in biomedical technologies. The gender perspective and a critical approach are the theoretical mainframes which have driven this research.Keywords: body, Gender, medicalization, human reproduction; reproductive technology, sociology of health.Parole chiave: genere, medicalizzazione, riproduzione umana, tecnologie riproduttive, sociologia della salute.
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Рыбаков, О., O. Rybakov, С. Тихонова, and S. Tikhonova. "THE CONVERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGIES, HUMAN REPRODUCTION AND NATURAL LAW: THE PHILOSOPHY OF TRANSHUMANISM." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2017, no. 2 (June 25, 2017): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2017-2-100-105.

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<p>The article deals with analysis of transhumanist prospects for the philosophy of law. Modern transhumanists consider morphological freedom as a concept, revealing the natural right to happiness. The authors take this idea as a starting point and consider the logic of the convergent biotechnology development. They believe that the extension of natural law has the character of a dialectical strategy of assumptions and tactics of the local bans in the sphere of human reproduction. This situation is typical of biomedical technology in general. The legislator authorizes a technology by endorsing forms of reproductive relationships and blocking technologies that support immoral forms. As a result, it gradually enhances understanding of how technology must be applied to ensure the human natural rights. Convergence of technologies makes real a hypothetical design of rights to reproduction, while the conflict of morality and the imperatives of technological development can be resolved from the standpoint of the primacy of natural law.</p>
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42

Bloomfield, Brian P., and Theo Vurdubakis. "On the naming of monsters." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 33, no. 7 (September 15, 2014): 575–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-04-2012-0028.

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Purpose – The pupose of this paper is twofold. First, to consider the cultural reception of recent developments in genetic technology and human reproduction, particularly in relation to the prospect of human cloning and the advent of the “designer human”; and second, to explore the ways in which public discussion of these developments presuppose and recast issues of diversity, difference and (in)equality. Design/methodology/approach – The research draws upon UK print media sources (broadsheet and tabloid newspapers) over the past two decades to examine the ways in which cultural expectations concerning developments in reproductive technology are commonly expressed. It does not aim at a quantitative examination of the content of what was said; rather it seeks to explore how it was said and thus the discursive resources that were employed in doing so. Findings – The paper suggests that images of “technology” function simultaneously as “mirrors of society”, providing a means for articulating and rhetorically rehearsing the various philosophical antinomies and moral conflicts that characterize social organization. Originality/value – The paper adopts a novel approach to the question of diversity, difference and (in)equality by considering the “monsters” discursively associated with recent developments in genetic and reproductive technology as well as the “monstrous” forms of social organization that they foreshadow.
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Foster, Warren G. "Endocrine Disruption and Human Reproductive Effects: An Overview." Water Quality Research Journal 36, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.015.

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Abstract Humans of all ages interact with their environment on a daily basis and are thus exposed to a variety of both man-made and naturally occurring chemicals through the air they breath, the water they drink and the food they eat. The potential for exposure to environmental contaminants to impact the function of the reproductive system and affect normal development of the reproductive tract has become an area of increasing concern at all levels of society. Environment Canada and Health Canada jointly organized a workshop to review the current state of knowledge on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and to establish a national science agenda on the scientific assessment of EDCs. This report summarizes the key scientific literature pertaining to the role of EDCs in a number of selected human reproductive/developmental outcomes. Change in the frequency of health outcome trends, epidemiological evidence of an association between the health outcome of concern and exposure to EDCs, and mechanistic evidence of receptor-mediated effects were the criteria used to evaluate the strength of the evidence. While it cannot be concluded that EDCs cause reproductive effects in the general Canadian population, the weight of evidence provides cause for continued concern.
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Chauhan, Anjali, Neeti Tiwari, Gaurav Majumdar, Ruma Satwik, Shweta Mittal, and Abha Majumdar. "POSEIDON group prevalence in assisted reproductive technology cycles: A retrospective analysis from an Indian tertiary assisted reproductive technology center." Fertility Science & Research 10, no. 4 (October 2023): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/fsr.fsr_38_23.

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Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of “low prognosis” patients using POSEIDON criteria undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle in Indian population. Study Design: This is a retrospective cohort study. Period of Study: It included data from the recruitment period from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2021. Study Settings: The study was conducted at the Center for IVF and Human Reproduction, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi. Methodology: Out of the 3032 IVF stimulation cycles with oocyte aspirations, 596 cycles were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. The study focused on 2436 IVF/ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) stimulation cycles that met inclusion criteria. Each cycle was categorized into one of the four groups defined by the POSEIDON criteria along with a fifth non-POSEIDON group. Prevalence was observed for each POSEIDON group and the non-POSEIDON group. Results: Out of the analyzed cycles, 1210 were classified under POSEIDON groups, representing a prevalence of 49.67%. The distribution of cycles in POSEIDON groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 31.4, 23.2, 19.17, and 26.19%, respectively. Conclusion: Low prognosis patients based on POSEIDON criteria, represented about half of the population.
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Bonnicksen, Andrea L. "Human Embryos and Genetic Testing: A Private Policy Model." Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400017202.

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The practice of medicine, which traditionally falls outside the sphere of substantive governmental control, poses challenges to political scientists who perceive the need for oversight regarding problematic new technologies. The challenge is even greater when the technologies involve reproduction, in which constitutional liberties are at stake. This article suggests a private policy model for overseeing one problematic emerging reproductive technology—the diagnosis of chromosomal and genetic disorders in human embryos. It bids political scientists to examine and recommend creative private sector policies appropriate to biomedicine. Rules developed in the private sector, if regarded as obligatory by clinicians, offer a theoretically interesting bridge between voluntary ethical principles and mandatory public sector rules.
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Annas, George J. "The Impact of Medical Technology on the Pregnant Woman’s Right to Privacy." American Journal of Law & Medicine 13, no. 2-3 (1987): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800008340.

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In the context of the bicentennial of the Constitution and science's relationship to society, it has been argued that “the advance of science and technology in the West has changed not only the relation of man to nature but of man to man.“ This seemingly immodest statement may soon prove an understatement. In the arena of human reproduction, the marriage of science and technology in medicine may change not only the relationship of man to nature and man to man, but more significantly, the very concept of what it means to be human. This, in turn, will directly affect how we define the “rights” this “new human” may properly claim.This article begins to explore developing reproductive medical technology with a view toward examining the way it might change our concept of humanness, and how this change might be accommodated, encouraged, or truncated by the relationship between the government and its pregnant citizens as defined by the United States Constitution and the “right to privacy.”
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47

Evans, John H. "Religious Belief, Perceptions of Human Suffering, and Support for Reproductive Genetic Technology." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 31, no. 6 (December 2006): 1047–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-2006-019.

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48

Hoozemans, Diederik A., Roel Schats, Cornelis B. Lambalk, Roy Homburg, and Peter GA Hompes. "Human embryo implantation: current knowledge and clinical implications in assisted reproductive technology." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 9, no. 6 (January 2004): 692–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61781-6.

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Li, Guoqiang, Yang Yu, Yong Fan, Congru Li, Xiaocui Xu, Jialei Duan, Rong Li, et al. "Genome wide abnormal DNA methylome of human blastocyst in assisted reproductive technology." Journal of Genetics and Genomics 44, no. 10 (October 2017): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2017.09.001.

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50

Maleshina, Anastasia. "Taking Human Reproductive Rights Seriously: The Russian Perspective." Russian Law Journal 8, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 25–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-1-25-59.

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The very idea of human reproductive rights seems challenging. For much of human history, they were not discussed seriously as being a part of the right to privacy, liberty, security, equality, health, and non-discrimination. The situation changed drastically in the 1990s with the development of reproductive technologies. These technologies do not only help infertile couples to conceive, they allow single men and women, no matter their status and sexual preferences, to have offspring of the same genetic origin. We can affirm that in the 21st century assisted reproductive technology (ART) has completely changed what it means to have a baby and to be a parent. Despite their benefits, reproductive technologies leave space for ethical and medical concerns. A few of the many issues raised by reproductive technologies include: the reproductive right to abortion, legal status of the human fetus, ethical aspects regarding the use and storage of embryos, sex selection, surrogacy and gamete donation, and the right and accessibility to medical sterilization. This article sets forth the existing ethical and human rights standards on these issues and illustrates the need for further development and clarity on balancing these rights and interests in the Russian Federation.
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