Academic literature on the topic 'Human powered vehicles Environmental aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Human powered vehicles Environmental aspects"
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Farooq, Aamir. "Environmental Aspects of Toll Plazas & Vehicular Pollution." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39121.
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Abstract: The study aims to encapsulate the effects of toll plazas on environment. It is intended to outline various environmental aspects that are of serious concern and should be looked upon necessarily to curtail their long term ill effects on environment and humans. The rapid development in urban India has resulted in a tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles. Air pollution is a serious environmental health threat to humans. Adverse effects range from nausea, difficulty in breathing and skin irritations, birth defects, immunosuppression and cancer. Air pollution, particularly in the form of particulate matter, is a serious challenge in India, and transportation is a significant factor in the nation’s air quality problems. According to the 2017 Global Burden of Disease, some 1.1 million people in India die prematurely each year from diseases directly related to air pollution, making it the fifth leading cause of death in the country. Transportation sources account for approximately a third of PM pollution in India, and a somewhat higher proportion of nitrogen oxides, another set of compounds harmful to human health. Because its vehicle fleet is small relative to its large population, India has very low per capita transportation emissions. But that fleet is growing rapidly: total vehicle sales (including motorcycles) increased from about 10 million in 2007 to over 21 million in2016, and the total number of vehicles on the road is expected to nearly double to about 200 million by 2030. All these situations indicate that air pollution becoming a major problem in Indian context and there is an essential need to build up healthy environment and increase the level of research around the world. The study is based on the case study results from one of the toll plaza’s (KACHKOOT TOLL PLAZA) in j&k,India .. Keywords: (Air pollution, Vehicular emission, Carcinogenicity ,Air Quality Index, Toll, Diseases)
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Baldissera, Paolo, Cristiana Delprete, and Anatolii Zahar. "Design and Construction of a Moving Cassette Electronic Gear-Shift for Human Powered Vehicles." Machines 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines7030055.
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In this article, the design and implementation of an electronic bicycle gear-shift with moving cassette is presented. The niche context where the needs developed is explained and the project evolution over two versions is described. Technical aspects considered in the design phase are discussed and detailed explanations of hardware layout and control software logic are given. Performance of the two implemented versions are compared through data recorded during the target competition (pedaling cadence and torque), highlighting the higher reliability of the second design thanks to mechanical simplification and a more stable position feedback. An additional comparison with cadence data from other competitors in a speed-challenge competition is then presented to highlights the main benefit obtained: a reduced variance in cadence that enables the rider to pedal at his optimal rate since the early stage and through the whole run-up. Finally, the current development of the project under a Proof of Concept grant is presented by discussing its potential application on the standard bicycle market, the need for an assessment of its value proposition and the main obstacles to overcome for complying (or not) with the current market standards. The article offers an overview of practical aspects to be considered when designing high-speed human powered vehicle transmissions, including technical details of an innovative solution and critical considerations about the possibility of such a specific design to develop within the standard bicycle market.
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Tan, Qichen, Haoyu Bian, Siyang Zhong, and Xin Zhang. "Simulation of multi-rotor powered urban aerial mobility noise for environmental assessment." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 3854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2541.
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The operation of the rapidly growing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and the promising urban aerial mobility (UAM) could have a significant noise impact on the environment. In this work, we developed a cloud-based noise simulator to efficiently assess the environmental impact of UAM and UAV. The noise sources and long-distance propagation are computed by the propeller noise prediction models and an advanced Gaussian beam tracing method, respectively, in local high-performance computers. Users can define the working conditions and vehicle layer through a platform with a user-friendly graphical interface. In addition, the noise level distribution at the observers of interest such as the buildings can be visualized. By employing advanced interpolation methods or autonomous learning algorithms, the computations are efficiently accelerated such that the noise distributions are simultaneously displayed during flights of the vehicles. To better measure the noise impact on human perception, various noise metrics will be output for further analysis. By conducting the virtual flights using the simulator, the noise impact in each flight state and atmospheric condition of different vehicles can be predicted, which will then facilitate the low-noise flights for both UAV and UAM.
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IDZIOR, Marek, and Edward CZAPLIŃSKI. "Environmental aspects of the impact of the technical condition of motor vehicles on environmental pollution." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-124.
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The article presents selected aspects related to the influence of toxic components of exhaust gases from vehicle transport vehicles on environmental pollution and human health. The paper describes the quantitative structure of motor vehicles that are operating in Poland. The structure of used passenger cars that were imported from abroad and first registered in Poland was presented. The procedure for periodic control tests in exhaust emission diagnostic stations is also described. The results of the study allowed to distinguish a group of vehicles that did not meet the limits of pollution established by the legislator.
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Menezes, Leonardo Silva, Antonio Carlos Peixoto Bitencourt, Antonio Gabriel Souza Almeida, and Luanda Kívia de Oliveira Rodrigues. "Handbike: Systematic review and prospective study." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 6 (May 20, 2021): e3810615342. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.15342.
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People with motor disabilities present diverse needs that the available products cannot fully addresses. Handbikes are human-powered vehicles that provide mechanical efficiency and can be used as a product for every day. The objective of this study is to understand how the design aspects of these vehicles have been investigated. As a methodology adopted, a systematic literature review was carried out, in order to find relevant scientific articles on the subject, and a prospective study, to verify the prospective scenario. For the selection criteria adopted, 21 scientific studies and 17 patents, none in Brazil, were found on the research platforms. These results demonstrate that there is potential to work with handbikes in the country due to the market gap.
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Emilia Szumska, Rafal Jurecki, and Marek Pawelczyk. "Assessment of Total Costs of Ownership for Midsize Passenger Cars with Conventional and Alternative Drive Trains." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 21, no. 3 (August 15, 2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2019.3.21-27.
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The number of alternatively powered vehicles in Poland and EU is growing steadily. Different type of vehicle drive trains determine variations in their performances from economical and environmental technological aspects. The aim of this paper was to investigate the cost efficiency and environmental aspects of midsize passenger cars equipped with different drive train technologies: conventional, hybrid, electric and LPG fueled engine. To this purpose, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method was used. Calculations were carried out by AFLEET Tool. The results show that the LPG fueled car has the lowest TCO, while the cars equipped with electric drivetrain indicate the highest TCO. However the electric car recorded the lowest cost of air pollutant emissions and externalities costs.
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Ammar, N. R., and I. S. Sediek. "Thermo-Economic Analysis and Environmental Aspects of Absorption Refrigeration Unit Operation Onboard Marine Vehicles: Ro- Pax Vessel Case Study." Polish Maritime Research 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2018-0100.
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Abstract Marine diesel engines lose a huge amount of fuel heat content in the form of exhaust gas and jacket cooling water, especially onboard high-powered marine vehicles such as Ro-Pax ships. In this paper, the possibility of using the waste heat of marine diesel engines as a source of heat for air conditioning absorption system is investigated. The thermodynamic analysis, in addition to the environmental and economic analysis of the air condition absorption cycle operated with two heat sources using lithium bromide as absorbent, are performed using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. The last 10 years have seen a steady growth in the passenger ferry and Ro-Pax market, with particularly strong growth in passenger numbers. As a case study, a Ro-Pax vessel operating in the Red Sea area is considered, regarding the profitability of using air conditioning absorption system. The results show specific economic benefits of the jacket cooling water operated absorption refrigeration unit (ARU) over the exhaust gas operated unit, with annual costs of capital money recovery of 51,870 $/year and 54,836 $/year, respectively. Environmentally, applying an ARU machine during cruising will reduce fuel consumption by 104 ton/year. This, in turn, will result in reducing NOx, SOx, and CO2 emissions with cost-effectiveness of 7.73 $/kg, 20.39 $/kg, and 0.13 $/kg, respectively.
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Rynne, Patrick F., and Karl D. von Ellenrieder. "Unmanned Autonomous Sailing: Current Status and Future Role in Sustained Ocean Observations." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.1.11.
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AbstractThe use of unmanned autonomous sailing craft for sustained oceanographic observations could result in sea surface measurements that have higher spatial and temporal resolution than contemporary methods such as Lagrangian floats, moored buoys, manned expeditions and satellite observations. Mission-specific autonomous sailing platforms could provide energetically sustainable mission-specific systems to forecast environmental events and to trace the distribution of meteorological and ocean conditions over a long-term period. This paper briefly discusses the motivation for using wind-powered unmanned autonomous vehicles for oceanographic/meteorological measurements, comments on significant historical considerations, outlines some current and past work, introduces aspects of such a vehicle developed at Florida Atlantic University and concludes by presenting policy issues and recommendations for future work.
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Emilia M. Szumska, Rafal S. Jurecki, and Marek Pawelczyk. "Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Level of an Urban Transport Fleet with Differentiated Share of Buses with Alternative Drive Systems." Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina 22, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/com.c.2020.3.68-77.
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In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of buses operated by urban public transport companies powered by alternative fuels and equipped with alternative drive systems. In addition to economic factors, operators should also take environmental aspects into account when purchasing new vehicles. In this case, a useful criterion for selecting a vehicle is the Life Cycle Cost (LCC), which, in addition to the cost of purchasing a bus, takes into account the necessary expenses associated with its maintenance, operation, decommissioning, as well as emissions costs. This paper presents a study of the LCC values, estimated for the entire bus fleet based on several bus replacement variants, taking into account different shares of alternative buses in the transport fleet. Analyses have shown that replacing conventional buses by the compressed natural gas (CNG) powered buses will reduce life cycle cost by 27% compared to the LCC level in 2019. Increasing the share of electric buses in the fleet will significantly reduce the level of emissions of harmful substances contained in exhaust gases.
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Lakhan, Ram, Ranabir Pal, Arushi Baluja, Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar, and Amit Agrawal. "Important Aspects of Human Behavior in Road Traffic Accidents." Indian Journal of Neurotrauma 17, no. 02 (September 2, 2020): 085–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713079.
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AbstractWorldwide road traffic accidents have been increasing. Human behaviors and environmental factors are often responsible for such events. This being a serious public health concern, public health interventions are needed to minimize the rate of road traffic accidents. We aimed to identify broader human behaviors, sociodemographic factors, and environmental factors associated with the risk of road traffic accidents. We searched for the relevant studies in electronic database including PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and World Health Organization global health library. In addition, a manual search was also performed. Findings from scientific literature were presented in a summative form. Young age, male gender, speed, influence of substance, use of mobile phone, driving experience, temperament, attitude, aggression, stress, anxiety, emotionality, fatigue, lack of sleep, and road conditions were found closely associated with a risk of road traffic accidents. Despite having substantial driving training and ability to handling motor vehicles, professional drivers such as bus and taxi drivers are very vulnerable to road traffic accidents. This study reports that the increasing prevalence of road traffic accidents can be addressed significantly by applying behavior change theories. The health belief model was found useful in promoting safer driving.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Human powered vehicles Environmental aspects"
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Quigley, Christopher John 1962. "Refueling and evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds from gasoline powered motor vehicles." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3642.
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The United States Environmental Protection Agency has estimated that over 111 million people reside in areas that exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone. One major source of the chemical precursors (nitrogen dioxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) for ozone are motor vehicles. The overall goal of this research is to improve the knowledge base related to VOC refueling and evaporative emissions from motor vehicles. Refueling, running loss, hot soak, and diurnal loss total and speciated VOC emissions were investigated. A total of 12 uncontrolled refueling events were completed and involved the determination of volumetric flow rates of gasoline vapor during refueling, as well as total and speciated VOC concentrations. Total VOC emissions were compared with two commonly used algorithms. Speciated VOC vapor profiles were compared with two published gasoline vapor profiles and theoretical predictions based on knowledge of liquid composition and environmental conditions. An evaluation of refueling emissions impacts on ozone formation potentials using MIR was completed and results were compared against speciated emissions and MOBILE-based total VOC emissions estimates coupled with a default speciation profile. Refueling VOC emissions and resultant ozone formation potential may be underestimated in existing emission inventories, particularly during the summer ozone season, A model was developed to predict the speciation of VOCs associated with evaporative emissions from motor vehicles. Model-predicted speciation profiles were evaluated using SHED studies. Running loss, hot soak and diurnal emissions were included in each test. Total VOC emissions measured during each test were compared against MOBILE6 predicted emissions. An evaluation of evaporative emissions impacts on ozone formation potentials using MIR was completed, comparing measured and predicted emissions. The measured:predicted speciation results ranged between 0.93 and 1.11 and had an average value of 1.02. For the conditions tested, MOBILE6 underestimated evaporative emissions in 20 of 24 comparisons. MOBILE6-based ozone formation potentials may be underestimated.
Books on the topic "Human powered vehicles Environmental aspects"
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Transport, the environment and public health: Classic papers on non-motorised travel. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012.
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International Federation of Automobile Engineers' and Technicians' Associations. International Congress. The vehicle and the environment: Technical papers : XXIV FISITA Congress, 7-11 June, 1992, London : automotive technology serving society. London: published by Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd. for the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1992.
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Fuquan, Zhao, and Society of Automotive Engineers, eds. Advanced developments in ultra-clean gasoline-powered vehicles. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.
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Advanced Developments in Ultra-Clean Gas Powered Vehicles (Progress in Technology). Society of Automotive Engineers Inc, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Human powered vehicles Environmental aspects"
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Wilhelm, Erik, Wilfried Hahn, and Martin Kyburz. "KYBURZ Small Electric Vehicles: A Case Study in Successful Deployment." In Small Electric Vehicles, 143–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_11.
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AbstractThis paper is written from the perspective of a Swiss OEM which has been active in the small electric vehicle (SEV) market since 1991 and has put over 22,000 SEVs on the road around the world. KYBURZ Switzerland AG identified several important niche markets for SEVs and today sells vehicles to improve the mobility of senior citizens (e.g. KYBURZ Plus), to increase the efficiency of postal and logistics companies (e.g., KYBURZ DXP), and to imbue drivers with passion for electric vehicles (e.g., KYBURZ eRod). Most KYBURZ vehicles are currently homologated in the category L2e, L6e, or L7e. The company has also developed a Fleet Management product which gives its customers detailed insights into the performance of their electric as well as conventionally powered vehicles. Anonymized datasets from this Fleet Management system will be drawn upon in this paper to examine questions regarding their application, i.e., environmental and economic aspects. The unique feature which the authors from KYBURZ bring with this paper is that all their investigations are performed with real data gained from the field experience. The primary focus of this paper is on last-mile mobility services for postal organizations which help to increase efficiency and meet sustainability goals.
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Trillos, Juan Camilo Gomez, Dennis Wilken, Urte Brand, and Thomas Vogt. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Hydrogen and Fuel Cell RoPax Ferry Prototype." In Progress in Life Cycle Assessment 2019, 5–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50519-6_2.
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AbstractEstimates for the greenhouse gas emissions caused by maritime transportation account for approx. 870 million tonnes of CO2 tonnes in 2018, increasing the awareness of the public in general and requiring the development of alternative propulsion systems and fuels to reduce them. In this context, the project HySeas III is developing a hydrogen and fuel cell powered roll-on/roll off and passenger ferry intended for the crossing between Kirkwall and Shapinsay in the Orkney Islands in Scotland, a region which currently has an excess of wind and tidal power. In order to explore the environmental aspects of this alternative, a life cycle assessment from cradle to end-of-use using the ReCiPe 2016 method was conducted, contrasting the proposed prototype developed within the project against a conventional diesel ferry and a diesel hybrid ferry. The results show that the use of hydrogen derived from wind energy and fuel cells for ship propulsion allow the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of up to 89% compared with a conventional diesel ferry. Additional benefits are lower stratospheric ozone depletion, ionizing radiation, ozone formation, particulate matter formation, terrestrial acidification and use of fossil resources. In turn, there is an increase in other impact categories when compared with diesel electric and diesel battery electric propulsion. Additionally, the analysis of endpoint categories shows less impact in terms of damage to human health, to the ecosystems and to resource availability for the hydrogen alternative compared to conventional power trains.
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Kasemsap, Kijpokin. "Global Warming and Climate Change." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 44–68. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3379-5.ch004.
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This chapter indicates the advanced issues of global warming, the significant aspects of climate change, climate change and crop production, climate change and risk issues, and the public perceptions of climate change. Global warming and climate change are the important environmental concerns that have a major impact on various environmental perspectives. The effects and impacts of global warming are climate change, sea level change, water balance, and human health. The problems of global warming and climate change can be controlled by minimizing the emission of greenhouse gases into the environment through conducting laws, reducing thermal power generating stations, planting trees, and sharing vehicles. Global warming and climate change must be recognized by local governments and environment-related international organizations in order to find the effective approaches to reducing their impacts in environmental settings.
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Roy, Siuli, Anurag D, and Somprakash Bandyopadhyay. "Testbed Implementation of a Pollution Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Network for the Protection of Public Spaces." In Networking and Telecommunications, 820–33. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-986-1.ch053.
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Air pollution is an important environmental issue that has a direct effect on human health and ecological balance. Factories, power plants, vehicles, windblown dust and wildfires are some of the contributors of to pollution. Reasonable simulation tools exist for evaluating large scale sensor networks, ; however, they fail to capture significant details of node operation or practical aspects of wireless communication. Real life testbeds, capture the realism and bring out important aspects for further research. In this paper, we present an implementation of a wireless sensor network testbed for automatic and real-time monitoring of environmental pollution for the protection of public spaces. The paper describes the physical setup, the sensor node hardware and software architecture for “anytime, anywhere” monitoring and management of pollution data through a single, Web-based graphical user interface. The paper presents practical issues in the integration of sensors, actual power consumption rates and develops a practical hierarchical routing methodology.
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Allen, Julian, Michael Browne, Jacques Leonardi, and Allan Woodburn. "The Role of Urban Consolidation Centres in Sustainable Freight Transport." In Supply Chain Innovation for Competing in Highly Dynamic Markets, 199–214. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-585-8.ch013.
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The chapter considers the role that urban consolidation centres (UCCs) can play in helping to reduce goods vehicle traffic and its environmental impacts in urban areas. A UCC is a logistics facility that is situated in relatively close proximity to the area that it serves. Goods destined for this area are dropped off at the UCC, and are sorted and consolidated onto goods vehicles for delivery to their final destinations, often using environmentally friendly vehicles such as electric and gas-powered goods vehicles, and electrically-assisted cycles. The development of UCCs since their first appearance in the 1970s is reviewed and the various types of UCC categorised. The freight transport and logistics advantages offered by UCCs are discussed. Case studies of four recent UCC trials are included. The objectives, operational and financial aspects and impacts of these UCCs are compared and their critical success factors identified.
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Mitchell, Peter. "New Worlds for the Donkey." In The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0013.
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One of the signature historical phenomena of the past 500 years has been the global expansion of European societies and their trans-Atlantic offshoots. The mercantile networks, commercial systems, and empires of conquest and colonization that formed the political and economic framework of that expansion involved the discovery and extraction of new mineral and agricultural resources, the establishment of new infrastructures of transport and communication, and the forcible relocation of millions of people. Another key component was the Columbian Exchange, the multiple transfers of people, animals, plants, and microbes that began even before Columbus, gathered pace after 1492, and were further fuelled as European settlement advanced into Africa, Australasia, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Donkeys evolved in the Old World and were confined there until the Columbian Exchange was underway. This chapter explores the introduction of the donkey and the mule to the Americas and, more briefly, to southern Africa and Australia. In keeping with my emphasis on seeking archaeological evidence with which to illuminate the donkey’s story, I omit other aspects of its expansion, such as the trade in animals to French plantations on the Indian Ocean islands of Réunion and Mauritius or, on a much greater scale, India to meet the demands of the British Raj. These examples nevertheless reinforce the argument that mules and donkeys were instrumental in creating and maintaining the structures of economic and political power that Europeans and Euro- Americans wielded in many parts of the globe. From Brazil to the United States, Mexico to Bolivia, Australia to South Africa, they helped directly in processing precious metals and were pivotal in moving gold and silver from mines to centres of consumption. At the same time, they aided the colonization of vast new interiors devoid of navigable rivers, maintained communications over terrain too rugged for wheeled vehicles to pose serious competition, and powered new forms of farming. Their contributions to agriculture and transport were well received by many of the societies that Europeans conquered and their mestizo descendants. However, they also provided opportunities for other Native communities to maintain a degree of independence and identity at and beyond the margins of the European-dominated world.
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Ozpinar, Alper, and Serhan Yarkan. "Vehicle to Cloud." In Web Services, 1223–42. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7501-6.ch063.
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The population of humanity has become more than seven billion. Daily used devices, machines, and equipment, are also increasing quicker than the human population. The number of mobile devices in use like phones, tablets and IoT devices already passed the two billion barrier and even more than one billion as vehicles are also on the roads. Combining these two will make the one of the biggest Big Data Environment about the daily life of human beings after the use of internet and social applications. For the newly manufactured vehicles, internet operated entertainment and information Systems are becoming a standard equipment delivering such an information to the manufacturers but most of the current vehicles do not have a system like that. This chapter explains the combined version of IoT and vehicles to create a V2C vehicle to cloud system that will create the big data for environmental sustainability, energy and traffic management by different technical and political views and aspects.
Conference papers on the topic "Human powered vehicles Environmental aspects"
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Orecchini, Fabio, Federico Villatico Campbell, and Adriano Alessandrini. "The HOST Vehicle Concept: Human Oriented Sustainable Transport." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74072.
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HOST is an innovative vehicle concept suitable for the urban transport of both persons and goods. To lower the impact of mobility on the cities, cleaner vehicles are not enough: an integrated passenger and freight strategy must be adopted. Cleaner vehicles must be specifically designed for the purpose to be better than conventional ones under any aspect, including costs. To lower such costs and to start up the Low Polluting Vehicles (LPV) market the versatility of LPVs has to be enhanced. HOST aims at developing a fully versatile low-cost LPV concept. Versatility is achieved by making HOST vehicle modular and cost reduction is obtained by using the same vehicle for different purposes, simply changing different cabins on the same chassis. The main four tasks HOST is conceived for are: • Nocturne collective taxi; • Daytime car sharing services; • Daytime freight collection and distribution; • Nocturne garbage collection. The four mentioned services are not the only ones HOST may be used for, but are those for which it is specifically studied. Such choice is made for one very simple reason: all of the four tasks belong to the same family of “municipal services”. Using the same chassis to operate all the different services is feasible and can finally create the critical mass of final users, so to reach convenient prices. The four services chosen, two addressing passenger mobility and two addressing freight mobility, go all in the way of reducing city mobility impact. Car sharing and nocturne collective taxi systems, if integrated with public transport, can increase its attractiveness, pushing more people to use it. Freight pick-up and delivery and garbage collection need a low polluting alternative to be re-organised, so to become sustainable. The powertrain layout and the possibility to easily vary the platform main dimensions enable HOST to be equipped with very different bodyworks, which let the car manufacturer provides both private and public bodies, such as municipalities or urban mobility authorities. More in detail the energy system is all included in the HOST platform and it is conceived in shaped boxes, so that its modules become inter-exchangeable. A series hybrid configuration let HOST to be equipped with an internal combustion engine (ICE) coupled with an energy recovery system (batteries+supercapacitors), anyhow is already designed to utilise fuel cells (FC) powered by pure hydrogen just changing the energy module (and the tank), being this last the final purpose of the concept design. Thanks to these two solutions HOST is able to run as a zero emission vehicle for a limited period (ICE) or for the whole driving cycle (FC). A full drive-by-wire solution is adopted and the only mechanical connections between the cabin and the platform will be a specifically designed mechanical anchorage, these solutions will allow the easy installation/removal of any cabin. The vehicle has four wheel drive capability (4WD), thus featuring a good grip even on slippery roads. The four electric motors (one per wheel) allow an easy traction control, ensuring stability and safety. The chassis has a four wheel total steering (4WS) configuration, that enables the vehicle to rotate around its vertical axis as well as the to shift horizontally. These characteristics give HOST decisive advantages for the missions it has been conceived for. The 4WS capability gives to the vehicle easy manoeuvring in little streets in the cities centres and they are useful for the accurate positioning to be easily accessible by wheel chairs, during freight loading/unloading operations and while it runs as a garbage truck. Only a modular vehicle featuring the reusing concept can cover contemporarily all the selected services: one vehicle chassis with different sizes interchangeable energy generation modules and different bodies, depending on the service it is used for. Such concept, other than abating the environmental impact, will allow: • a reduction of costs: one chassis can fit several bodies compensating the higher cost of a low environmental impact energy and traction system; • a reduction of occupied space: the vehicle is always in use, night and day; • a reduction of waste materials, increasing their lifetime; • an increased life of vehicles, due to the possibility of changing bodies and energy generation modules; • traffic congestion reduction: using and reusing one vehicle for several services.
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Hsu, Tai-Ran, Raymond K. Yee, and Thuy T. Le. "Design of Zero-Emissions Vehicles by Multidisciplinary Student Teams in Multi-Years: A Model for Engineering Design Education." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-29224.
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This paper presents a unique experience in educating students from mechanical and electrical engineering majors in a course on senior design projects involving the design and production of two proof-of-concept electric vehicles, the mini-ZEM and ZEM (stands for Zero EMissions) vehicles. The ZEM vehicles combined positive aspects and latest technologies in electric vehicle design, solar/electric power conversions, and ergonomic human power into one affordable and environmentally sustainable vehicle for urban transportation. The 55 mechanical and 10 electrical engineering majors plus 7 students from business participated in this multidisciplinary project spanned over three academic years. The students involved in this multi-year endeavor gained valuable experiences in real-world working environment with multifunctional and multi-year subgroups. The success of this new attempt in conducting senior design projects classes have set a model for faculty members in the authors’ university in conducting similar courses.
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Fischer, Lutz, Daniel Holder, and Benedikt Weiss. "Factors influencing the perception of safety in automated vehicles interiors." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100944.
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While driving automated, the driver becomes a passenger and the relief from the driving task allows the occupants to use and enjoy their travel time for secondary activities. The subjective driving experience, perception of safety and the resulting trust are essential for the acceptance of automation. Within this contribution we provide an overview of factors influencing the need for safety based on both a broad literature review and an online survey. A self-reflective questionnaire was created to determine the participants’ personal willingness to take risks and their perception of safety in vehicles. The focus was on the factors "environmental factors" and "protective effect". The participants were largely able to answer the questions targeting subjective safety. In particular, questions regarding "environmental factors" could be answered precisely in the online format. The differentiability into various aspects of the “protective effect” was not conclusively possible in the online format.
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Tarsitano, Davide, Laura Mazzola, Federico Cheli, and Ferdinando Mapelli. "Modeling of the Internal Combustion Engine by Means of Willans Line Approach for the Study of Hybrid Electric Powertrain." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36867.
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The use of road vehicles has always represented a major contribution to the growth of modern society: it facilitates goods and people mobility, meeting most of the daily needs and it represents a backbone for the development of world economy, (i.e. the industrial field). Nowadays, this mean of transportation, however, given the high number of vehicles on the roads, has a negative impact both on the environment and on the quality of human life. Moreover it leads to an increase in additional costs (i.e. the costs related to environment pollution, global warming and depletion of resources). Such a negative aspect is due to the fact that the drive systems are often characterized by high variability of the load, hence the propulsion system works in areas with low efficiencies and high pollutant emissions. In order to overcome these problems, and to allow the compliance of the road transport system with new European guidelines (i.e White paper, and Horizon 2020), it is necessary to develop innovative technologies able to: - increase the overall powertrain efficiency; - introduce a sustainable alternative fuels strategy including also the appropriate infrastructure; - reduce carbon emission through a decarbonisation approach; In this perspective, in recent years, the technology of electric and hybrid vehicles has been developed, and nowadays it has become a feasible solution in the context of means of transportation. Car/truck-makers and operators look at further developments and innovation in this field in order to optimise the existing solutions and reduce the production costs. The current solution for hybrid vehicles aims to couple a conventional engine with an electrical motor; these two propulsion system are coordinated by an opportune algorithm in order to let the conventional engine operate in its higher efficiency range. Hence the technology foresees the action of endothermic and electrical motors. It is then pivotal for the success of this transport the optimisation of the whole system (electrical and endothermic) in terms of efficiency, sizing and of the control algorithm that coordinate the two propulsion systems. For the modeling of the internal combustion engine conventional approaches, based on the numerical simulation of the combustion process, cannot be used because of their complexity in term of time needed for computing activity. For hybrid power train the general approach to simulated a drive cycle, that usually last at least a few minutes, is based on engine map approach [1–2]. The main burden to the described process is the identifications of maps of torque and consumption for the internal combustion engine, which are normally not predictable in detail, nor are provided by the manufacturers, but they can only be determined by means of experimental tests. Such a process can become extremely expensive and time consuming. Hence in this work the concept of virtual optimisation is introduced basing on the identification of torque and fuel consumption maps for internal combustion engines on analytical methods considering the similarities with engine of the same class. In this regard, a model of the system is developed based on the “Willans Line Method” approach, subsequently to a theoretical definition of the model, the identification of maps is carried out for two different engines (one diesel heavy-duty engine and one spark ignition engine) in order to consider the existing configurations of hybrid vehicles. Eventually the calculated maps are validated considering experimental data from existing experimental campaign. Providing the validity of the method and its usefulness in the hybrid vehicle design.
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Zoss, Adam, and H. Kazerooni. "Architecture and Hydraulics of a Lower Extremity Exoskeleton." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80129.
Full textAbstract:
Wheeled vehicles are often incapable of transporting heavy materials over rough terrain or up staircases. Lower extremity exoskeletons supplement human intelligence with the strength and endurance of a pair of wearable robotic legs that support a payload. This paper summarizes the design and analysis of the Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton (BLEEX). The anthropomorphically-based BLEEX has seven degrees of freedom per leg, four of which are powered by linear hydraulic actuators. The selection of the degrees of freedom, critical hardware design aspects, and initial performance measurements of BLEEX are discussed.
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Braz, Soraya, Rodrigo Dorta, Caio dos Santos, Fernando Fogliano, Renato Hildebrand, Bárbara Milano, Fabio Nunes, Tiago Rubini, and Milton Sogabe. "Water, sustainability and poetics in the works of the cAt group." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.91.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2015, the cAt (science, Art, technology) research group from the Arts Institute of UNESP (São Paulo State University) has reflected upon Art-technology productions, that raise concerns about sustainability related to energy sources and alternative possibilities for energy generation without the direct use of computers and complex technology apparatus, while maintaining relevant aspects of the digital interactive works, such as the use of technology, interaction with the audience and a systemic view. These concerns were initially introduced in the production of the work “Sopro” (“Blow”), started in 2015, which is an interactive work powered by the audience participation through the strength of a wind blow on a pinwheel. This work is based on the use of a simple technological system, seeking the poetic dimension of the act of blowing and primary scientific principles. Upon the development of this work, the group sought the possibility of creating a series of works focused on concerns about sustainability with original interaction dynamics, thus creating new systems and works in which the body of the audience becomes the power source. In this context, not only the resulting works are important, but especially the creative process, in which artists focus their concerns and researches on socio-environmental issues, thus assuming a new view of the world, seeking new attitudes, new relationships with individuals and communities involved within this process, transforming their ways of life and materializing that into Art.In this paper we present the works that are part of the triptych, with each of the works having a different aspect, but related to the others. The works are presented in spherical, cubic and cylindrical formats. The public's physical relationship with the work takes place through a bodily activity, being blowing, touching and moving a part of the piece. The water is always present, but in a different physical state in each one, being part of the technological system and the poetic construction.In this article we focus on the water element, although other technological and symbolic aspects are present in the works. In the work “Sopro”, in the liquid state, water represents the context in which life arises. In the second work, “Toque”, in solid state, water serves as part of the technological process, in partnership with human contact, with the hot and cold contrast for energy generation. And in the third work, “Gesture”, water represents the symbolic part of the work, related to the passage of water from a liquid to a gaseous state, such as the condensation that occurs in the rain process.